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2024年饮用水新污染物防控热点回眸

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李江 ¹ , 张婷 ² , 王晶 ³ , 李媛 ⁴ , 潘章斌 ⁵ , 王涛 ¹ , 王斌 ¹ , 侯立安 ⁶^,*

科技导报 | 本刊专稿 2025,43(6): 21-28

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科技导报 |本刊专稿 2025 , 43 (6) : 21 -28

2024年饮用水新污染物防控热点回眸

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李江¹, 张婷², 王晶³, 李媛⁴, 潘章斌⁵, 王涛¹, 王斌¹, 侯立安⁶^,*

作者信息

1. 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵阳 550025

2. 中国科学院过程工程研究所, 北京 100190

3. 河南大学能源科学与技术学院, 郑州 450046

4. 安徽大学信息材料与智能感知安徽省实验室, 物质科学与信息技术研究院, 合肥 230601

5. 山东省城市供排水水质监测中心, 济南 250014

6. 北京师范大学环境学院, 北京 100875

通讯作者:

侯立安(通信作者), 正高级工程师, 中国工程院院士, 研究方向为饮用水安全保障、分散点源生活污水处理和人居环境空气净化等, 电子信箱: h20091957@126.com

Review of the hot topics in the prevention and control of emerging contaminants in drinking water in 2024

Jiang LI¹, Ting ZHANG², Jing WANG³, Yuan LI⁴, Zhangbin PAN⁵, Tao WANG¹, Bin WANG¹, Li'an HOU⁶^,*

Affiliations

1. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China

2. Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

3. School of Energy Science and Technology, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China

4. Anhui University Information Materials and Intelligent Perception Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Institute of Material Science and Information Technology, Hefei 230601, China

5. Shandong Urban Water Supply and Drainage Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan 250014, China

6. School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01868

文章导航

摘要

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2024年，在饮用水新污染物防控领域取得了显著进展。系统回顾和分析了饮用水新污染物组成特征、新污染物环境效应及人体健康风险、饮用水处理工艺对新污染物的去除，以及新污染物去除领域的新技术与新材料研究进展，进一步提出了饮用水中新污染物防控策略与建议。研究表明，饮用水中全氟化合物、抗生素、微塑料及消毒副产物等新污染物的赋存特征备受关注，人工智能技术的融入以及传统饮用水处理工艺与新膜技术的耦合，显著提升了新污染物的削减效率。此外，新型改性活性炭吸附、光催化降解技术、紫外线高级氧化和功能型膜分离技术有助于饮用水新污染物的去除。为进一步强化新污染物的防控和治理工作，基于全生命周期理念，建议从饮用水源新污染物动态筛查、新污染物高效去除工艺与装备研发、环境健康风险评估及完善饮用水源新污染物标准体系等方面持续发力，以保障居民用水安全。

关键词

饮用水 / 新污染物 / 健康风险 / 防控策略 / 热点回眸

Abstract

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In recent years, with the emerging contaminants (ECs) in drinking water sources frequently detecting, water quality safety issues have become a focal point of widespread social concern. In 2024, significant progress has been achieved in preventing and controlling ECs in drinking water. This paper firstly systematically analysis the characteristics of ECs in drinking water, delving into their environmental impacts and potential risks to human health. Subsequently, it reviews the research progress of the latest technologies and materials designed to remove these ECs. Finally, it proffers strategic insights and recommendations aimed at effectively managing ECs in drinking water. Research indicates that the occurrence characteristics of ECs such as perfluorinated compounds, antibiotics, microplastics, and disinfection by-products in drinking water have attracted widespread attention. Traditional treatment technology coupled with advanced membrane technologies as well as the integration of artificial intelligence has significantly enhanced the efficiency of reducing ECs. Additionally, modified activated carbon adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, ultraviolet-assisted advanced oxidation, and functional membrane separation have demonstrated effectiveness in removing emerging contaminants. To further strengthen prevention and control efforts, a life-cycle-based approach is recommended. This includes dynamic screening of contaminants in water sources, development of high-efficiency removal processes and equipment, comprehensive environmental health risk assessments, and improvements to regulatory standards for drinking water quality. Continuous efforts in these areas aim to ensure safe water supply for residents while addressing ecological and public health challenges.

Key words

drinking water / emerging contaminants / health risks / prevention and control strategies / hot topics

引用本文

李江, 张婷, 王晶, 李媛, 潘章斌, 王涛, 王斌, 侯立安. 2024年饮用水新污染物防控热点回眸. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (6) : 21 -28 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01868

Jiang LI, Ting ZHANG, Jing WANG, Yuan LI, Zhangbin PAN, Tao WANG, Bin WANG, Li'an HOU. Review of the hot topics in the prevention and control of emerging contaminants in drinking water in 2024[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (6) : 21 -28 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01868

正文

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1 饮用水新污染物组成特征

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新污染物作为全球经济增长的直接后果，目前在国际社会广泛关注下，其核心类别主要包括持久性有机污染物（persistent organic pollutants，POPs）、内分泌干扰物（endocrine disrupting chemicals，EDCs）、抗生素（antibiotics）、微塑料（microplastics）和消毒副产物（disinfection by-products）。这些人工合成或自然产生的新污染物在多种环境中广泛分布，如工业排放源、农田径流、废水排放等（图 1^[1]）。一旦这些新污染物被释放到环境中，它们将经历降解、挥发和生物积累等一系列复杂的转化过程，从而影响在饮用水水源中的分布^[1]。

全氟和多氟烷基化合物（per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances，PFASs）作为POPs的代表，因其潜在的毒性和在环境中的广泛分布，已成为监管的焦点。Gao等^[2]对15个不同国家的自来水及瓶装水中的10种PFASs进行了测量，结果表明全氟辛酸（perfluorooctanoic acid，PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（perfluorooctane sulfonate，PFOS）在瓶装水中最为常见，并占据主导地位。尽管自来水中PFASs的暴露量高于瓶装水，但总体风险相对较低。煮沸和活性炭过滤均能有效降低水中PFASs的浓度，其中活性炭过滤的去除效率随碳链长度的增加而提升。据全国抗生素排放量调查显示，长江流域的抗生素排放量在全国排名前3，年排放量高达60.0 kg/km2，地表水的抗生素污染状况堪忧^[3]。Wan等^[4]研究团队对黄河中游无定河的表层水和沉积物中微塑料的分布特征进行了深入研究。结果表明，无定河表层水和沉积物中的微塑料平均丰度分别为0.69 ± 0.38个/L和608 ± 255个/kg，其中以纤维状微塑料为主，且大多小于0.5 mm。Tang等^[5]通过检测8个饮用水处理厂中22种内分泌干扰物，其中有18种物质浓度最高达到142.8 ng/L。此外，在近期的一项研究中，科学家们发现了氯硝酰胺阴离子^[6]，这是消毒剂氯胺分解的最终产物。通过对美国40个经过氯胺处理的饮用水样本进行分析，研究人员发现所有样本均含氯硝酰胺阴离子，其中位浓度约为23 μg/L。这一发现提示有必要重新评估氯胺处理水体的安全性，以应对潜在的公共卫生关切。

2 饮用水新污染物环境效应和人体健康风险

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2024年，《The Innovation》发表的一篇综述，从“One Health”（同一健康）的宏观视角出发，全面剖析了新污染物对地球生态系统健康的影响，并强调采用“同一健康”策略来应对这些污染物的重要性^{[1, 7−8]}。Liang等^[9]研究表明，双酚A类似物（BPs）能够通过多种途径释放到水环境，并在全球范围内广泛分布。水生植物能够吸收并转化BPs，然而BPs的暴露可对植物的生长、光合作用及结构完整性等多方面产生影响。南京理工大学杨先海团队^[10]对29种新污染物与稀有鮈鲫甲状腺素转运蛋白（CrmTTR）的结合亲和力和结合机制进行了研究，发现其中14种新污染物具有潜在CrmTTR干扰能力。Niu等^[11]研究发现，PFASs可影响肋骨条藻光合作用过程中的卟啉代谢、叶绿素蛋白复合物产生和光固碳等作用。PFASs还可能通过干扰藻类的基因表达，影响海洋藻类的正常生长。Huang等^[12]研究发现PFASs与病人认知功能障碍有着潜在联系。此外，新污染物具有迁移性，可通过生物累积作用，一定程度上对人体健康产生潜在影响（图 2）^[13]。

新污染物潜入动物和人体，可引发诸多健康问题。浙江大学医学院附属医院李兰娟团队通过对小鼠进行食源性和空气传播的聚乳酸微纳米塑料暴露实验，发现聚乳酸微纳米塑料可能导致小鼠肝功能损害、血清抗氧化活性破坏及肝肺病理变化^[14]。张铭团队采用热解气相色谱-质谱法对冠状动脉和颈动脉的粥样硬化斑块以及无斑块的主动脉进行检查，发现人体动脉中存在微塑料，平均浓度约为118 μg/g，表明微塑料可能与人类动脉粥样硬化有关（图 3）^[15]。中国科学院大连化学物理研究所与华中科技大学等研究人员从中国15个省（自治区、直辖市）招募了5000余名志愿者，包括健康人群和慢性疾病患者，检测了他们血清样中200余种新污染物的水平。研究发现，新污染物暴露与人体高脂血症、肥胖、代谢综合征和高尿酸血症等存在一定关联^[16]。

总体来说，人类暴露新污染物的途径众多，目前少有直接证据证实饮用水中新污染物对人体的危害。然而，新污染物可能通过水循环、碳循环、食物链进入动物和人体，引发健康风险。因此，饮用水中新污染物对人体危害的研究尚需进一步深入开展。

3 饮用水处理工艺对新污染物的削减

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在当前中国饮用水处理实践中，主流的净水工艺为混凝−沉淀−过滤−消毒，对于水源水中出现的消毒副产物前体物、农药、工业化学品等新污染物的控制效果尚未达到理想水平。同时，广泛采用的氯消毒工艺可促进水体中有机物与氯反应生成消毒副产物，这些副产物及污染物残留对人体健康产生不利影响^[17]。因此，在常规处理基础上增加深度处理单元，成为提升河网地区饮用水水质的重要措施。目前，耦合工艺如传统工艺与高级氧化、传统工艺与膜技术、传统工艺与高级氧化+膜技术的组合，因其具有高氧化效率、氧化剂余量可直接利用、去除率高等优点，已成为饮用水深度处理工艺的重要选择^[18−19]。然而，这些深度处理工艺往往伴随着“增碳”过程，因此，实现低碳再生与水质安全的协同，需要突破现有的技术体系和工艺范式，开发更为高效的深度处理工艺。生物离子交换（BIEX）工艺通过吸附、离子交换及生物作用去除水中污染物。在BIEX工艺中，树脂的吸附保留作用延长了污染物在系统中的停留时间，为生物降解提供了条件。同时，树脂上的生物膜展现出良好的生物活性和丰富的菌群结构，对污染物的降解效果显著^[20]。饮用水处理过程中的能耗和碳排放取决于水量、水质和处理要求以及能耗来源。将传统能源与可再生能源耦合使用，是缓解传统能源消耗和污染物去除的有力方式（图 4^[21]）。膜系统作为能源密集过程，会产生大量的碳排放。研究表明，通过优化能源输送系统，可以节省高达20% 的能源消耗量，并有效去除污染物^[21]。此外，借助人工智能（AI）系统，对工艺流程和多目标控制进行系统化梳理和优化，是构建低碳再生与水质安全协同的工艺优化调控策略的重要手段。机器学习技术在饮用水源的水质评估和预测中展现出强大的识别能力，从而提高处理效率。Koyama等^[22]利用机器学习模型预测颗粒活性炭对难降解有机微污染物的去除效率，通过编制和分析难降解有机微污染物突破曲线，对模型进行校准，分析影响去除的主要因素，最终提高了去除效率和环境修复的适宜性。

4 饮用水新污染物去除新技术与新材料

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实践应用结果表明，传统饮用水处理技术对于新污染物的去除效能存在明显局限性，迫切需要采用深度处理手段以提升水质安全。目前，深度处理工艺主要包括臭氧−活性炭、膜分离、高级氧化技术及其组合工艺。这些技术的单独优化及复合工艺的整合均能显著提升新污染物的去除效果，但在使用前应评估其对人体健康和环境安全构成的风险，防止二次污染，尤其重点关注微纳米新材料产生的健康风险问题。例如，通过球磨处理活性炭（PAC），可以显著提高PAC的比表面积和孔隙率，从而提高其对新污染物的吸附效率。研究数据表明，将PAC的粒径从38 μm减小到1 μm时，其对疏水农药的吸附率可提高20倍^[23]。此外，与传统的臭氧-生物活性炭（BAC）工艺相比，臭氧/过氧单硫酸盐-BAC工艺（O₃/PMSBAC）不仅降低了抗生素耐药性风险，而且在新污染物去除效果上表现出更佳的性能^[24]。

膜分离技术具有高效、节能和自动化程度高等优势，在新污染物分离和去除中展现巨大的应用潜力。膜材料是膜分离的核心部件，在实际应用中因其存在选择权衡效应（trade-off效应）的限制，且易发生膜污堵，导致能耗和运行费用增加。将二维（2D）层状材料通过表面接枝、表面涂覆以及基质共混等方式引入聚合物膜结构中，制备二维材料改性聚合物膜（2DNMPMs），通过对其片层结构组装和堆叠，可以构筑出具有限域传质通道的二维纳米片膜（2DNMs），可以显著提升膜的渗透通量、抗污染能力和机械能力^[25]。新膜工艺的构建旨在实现各工艺优势的最大化。例如，侯立安团队开发了一种疏松纳滤膜后接臭氧高级氧化或者活性炭的组合工艺，该工艺能够高效去除饮用水中的新污染物，同时保留钙镁等有益矿物离子，为生产高品质饮用水提供了新的工艺思路（图 5^[26]）。

光催化技术在降解含氟化合物方面表现出显著的效果。美国科罗拉多州立大学研究者^[27]开发了一种光催化策略，能够高效活化含氟化合物上的C—F键，实现PFASs和含氟聚合物的高效还原，为解决“永久化学品”污染问题提供了新的解决方案。微纳米气泡（MNBs）技术通过界面反应在辅助高级氧化方面具有高效便捷、无二次污染物引入的优势^[28]。李激团队^[29]将MNBs与电催化臭氧工艺相结合，提高了O₂/O₃在水中的溶解和传质效果，并通过MNBs爆破时产生的能量活化O₃/H₂O₂，显著提升了水中痕量药物污染物的去除效果。

紫外线高级氧化技术可有效去除饮用水新污染物。KrCl准分子灯（UV222）作为一种替代低压汞灯（UV254）的技术，具有更高的自由基产率和环保性。Bai等^[31]研究表明，UV222对氧化剂的活化效果优于UV254，而Zhao等^[30]研究发现，UV222-AOPs对某些新污染物的去除率略高于UV254-AOPs，但UV222光解能力弱于UV254（图 6^[30]）。此外，机器学习和深度学习技术被用于预测新污染物浓度、识别污染物类型和优化技术参数。Gong等^[32]采用机器学习模型预测和分析沿海河流微塑料污染情况，同时借助microplastic abundance（MPA）模型动态描述微塑料的迁移，并能够指出主要影响因素（图 7）。Ahmed等^[33]利用hist gradient boosting（HGB）模型进行了环丙沙星抗生素被吸附能力预测分析。通过特征重要性分析实现模型透明度，并采用差分进化算法确定输入最优参数，以实现纳米吸附剂最大吸附效率，机器学习算法的加入，成功地预测了环丙沙星的吸附率，减少实验工作量。

5 饮用水源新污染物防控策略与建议

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面对饮用水源中新污染物浓度低、种类繁多、物化性质复杂等特点，当前研究主要集中在新污染物赋存特征、转化路径、健康风险评价、削减及去除新技术与新材料研发方面，并取得了显著的成果^[34−35]。然而，为了更有效地防控新污染物，还需要在以下几个方面开展系统性工作。

1）建立智能一体化高效监测平台，构建饮用水源新污染物动态筛查体系。利用物联网和大数据等新技术，发展多功能一体化的水质在线智能监测平台，实现新污染物的实时监测与筛查。针对中国重要饮用水水源地，梳理新污染物动态清单，构建实时监测耦合动态筛查的方法体系。

2）推进关键核心技术攻关，研发新污染物高效去除工艺与装备。基于纳米材料、新膜、吸附/高级氧化耦合等新材料、新装备、新工艺的新污染物高效去除技术，实现饮用水中新污染物的精准控制与矿物质保留。结合新建−已建工程工艺特点，试点新工艺−原工艺融合，全面提升饮用水水厂新污染物削减能力。综合评估最优工艺路径的性能−成本，加快建立饮用水源新污染物防治技术体系。

3）提升新污染物风险管控水平，建立环境健康风险评估体系。开展新污染物生物毒性和健康风险评价体系研究，深化新污染物健康风险分子水平深度认知，研究长期低水平暴露对健康的影响机制。持续研究新污染物迁移转化规律，开展新污染物与常规污染物复合的风险评价方法学研究；结合多模型联动和耦合方法，遵循全生命周期环境风险管理理念，建立饮用水源中多污染物复合的环境健康风险评估体系。

4）加快出台相关政策与法律法规，完善饮用水源新污染物标准体系。继《新污染物治理行动方案》和《重点管控新污染物清单（2023年）》发布后，《新污染物生态环境监测标准体系表（2024年版）》给出了新污染物生态环境监测标准体系框架图和体系项目表，系统规划了生态环境中新污染物监测标准制定计划，有助于开展标准预研究工作。然而，新污染物的检测和控制未纳入企业排放标准和废水监测标准，缺乏分类治理、全过程环境风险管控的依据和基础。现行《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749—2022）尚未包含微塑料、抗生素等重点管控新污染物，亟需加快出台和完善饮用水源新污染物标准。加强农村地区饮用水新污染物的防治，建立保障农村饮用水安全的规范制度。发挥政府和相关行业主导性，参考国际饮用水新污染物标准与限值，建立适宜中国国情的饮用水源新污染物标准体系。

6 结论

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2024年，饮用水源新污染物的防控领域取得了显著的科研成果。全球科技工作者从污染物溯源、处理工艺、技术革新、管理策略和健康效应等多个层面，积极为解决新污染物问题贡献了智慧。本文综合分析了全球范围内新污染物组成与分布特征的研究进展、典型新污染物环境效应和人体健康风险的研究、水处理工艺对新污染物的削减效果、去除新技术与新材料的应用，以及防控策略与建议等科技热点和亮点。展望2025年，期待饮用水新污染物防控领域涌现出更多具有原创性和突破性的成果。

基金

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中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2023-JB-05)

参考文献

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文献

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2025年第43卷第6期

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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01868

接收时间：2024-12-19
首发时间：2025-06-29
出版时间：2025-03-28

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收稿日期：2024-12-19
修回日期：2025-01-23

基金

中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2023-JB-05)

作者信息

1. 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵阳 550025

2. 中国科学院过程工程研究所, 北京 100190

3. 河南大学能源科学与技术学院, 郑州 450046

4. 安徽大学信息材料与智能感知安徽省实验室, 物质科学与信息技术研究院, 合肥 230601

5. 山东省城市供排水水质监测中心, 济南 250014

6. 北京师范大学环境学院, 北京 100875

通讯作者:

侯立安(通信作者), 正高级工程师, 中国工程院院士, 研究方向为饮用水安全保障、分散点源生活污水处理和人居环境空气净化等, 电子信箱: h20091957@126.com

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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