Article(id=1208361636591678280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, articleNumber=null, orderNo=20, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01806, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734624000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-20, revisedDate=1737561600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-23, acceptedDate=1753977600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-01, onlineDate=1766025464437, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1757692800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762358400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766025464437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079942553, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208361635656352181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757692800000', pubDateStr='2025-09-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766025464214, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330860874, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196994169189037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196994169189038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=85, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208361638055490378, articleId=1208361636591678280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Frontier technological innovations and applications in metal additive manufacturing, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper reviews the latest research advancements and hot applications of Metal Additive Manufacturing in 2024, covering areas such as the development and application of new materials, breakthroughs in manufacturing processes, improvements in automation and intelligence, new progress in software development, the latest applications in key industries, and new dynamics in industry standards and policies. With the continuous emergence of new metal alloy materials, metal additive manufacturing has been widely applied in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and healthcare. Innovations in manufacturing processes and the integration of intelligent technologies have significantly improved production efficiency and quality control. Despite challenges such as high material costs and low production efficiency, metal additive manufacturing shows promising prospects in the ongoing development of technology, standards, and markets, especially in the fields of intelligent manufacturing, green manufacturing, and personalized customization, with the potential for broader applications in the future.

, authors=null, authorsList=Fanli DONG, Bing ZHANG, Jianying YANG, Weiwei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208361640135865182, articleId=1208361636591678280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=金属增材制造的前沿技术创新与应用, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

回顾了2024年金属增材制造的最新研究进展与热点应用,涵盖了新材料开发与应用、制造工艺的新突破、自动化与智能化的提升、软件开发的新进展、重点行业的最新应用以及行业标准与政策新动态等方面。随着新型金属合金材料的不断出现,金属增材制造在航空航天、汽车、医疗等行业得到了广泛应用。制造工艺的创新和智能化技术的结合显著提升了生产效率和质量控制。尽管面临材料成本高、生产效率低等挑战,金属增材制造在技术、标准和市场的不断发展中展现出广阔的前景,尤其在智能制造、绿色制造和个性化定制领域具有巨大潜力,未来有望实现更广泛的应用。

, authors=

董樊丽,副研究员,研究方向为新材料战略研究,电子信箱:

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Crystals, 2024, 14(2): 149., articleTitle=Numerical microstructure prediction for lattice structures manufactured by electron beam powder bed fusion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144682294194663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361636591678280, doi=10.1108/RPJ-12-2023-0422, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=30, issue=9, pageStart=1911, pageEnd=1928, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=70, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=Rapid Prototyping Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kjer M B, Nadimpalli V K, Budden C L, et al. Applying systems engineering principles to develop an open source laser based metal powder bed fusion system[J]. 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研究方向研究内容关键技术/方法参考文献
高性能金属合金通过创新技术提高合金的强度、延展性、
耐高温和耐腐蚀性
激光粉末床熔融、过冷效应、
合金元素优化
[211]
功能梯度与复合材料提升功能梯度和复合材料合金的强度和延展性异质多梯度结构、激光熔融调控相变、
陶瓷颗粒强化
[1216]
新型金属粉末和油墨材料提升液态金属3D打印的热导率、
硬度和力学性能
液态金属3D打印、复合材料、
形状记忆合金
[1720]
生物兼容金属材料提升钛合金植入体和多孔钛合金支架在骨整合、
骨修复和肿瘤治疗中的性能
表面改性、金属涂层、药物载体结合[2123]
), ArticleFig(id=1242144674161439111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361636591678280, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

新材料的开发与应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究方向研究内容关键技术/方法参考文献
高性能金属合金通过创新技术提高合金的强度、延展性、
耐高温和耐腐蚀性
激光粉末床熔融、过冷效应、
合金元素优化
[211]
功能梯度与复合材料提升功能梯度和复合材料合金的强度和延展性异质多梯度结构、激光熔融调控相变、
陶瓷颗粒强化
[1216]
新型金属粉末和油墨材料提升液态金属3D打印的热导率、
硬度和力学性能
液态金属3D打印、复合材料、
形状记忆合金
[1720]
生物兼容金属材料提升钛合金植入体和多孔钛合金支架在骨整合、
骨修复和肿瘤治疗中的性能
表面改性、金属涂层、药物载体结合[2123]
), ArticleFig(id=1242144674224353672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361636591678280, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究方向研究内容关键技术/方法参考文献
热管理与改善应力通过金属增材制造过程中的热管理和应力优化,
提升材料性能和分辨率
激光诱导表面等离子共振、支撑基质
成分调节、烧结工艺控制
[2532]
提升力学性能提高金属合金的力学性能,优化其强度与延展性,
平衡合金结构的塑性与强度
线弧增材、热轧工艺、异质微观结构设计、
超声表面轧制
[3341]
优化工艺参数优化增材制造过程中的工艺参数,减少裂纹、
孔隙率等缺陷,提高打印质量与力学性能
激光粉末床熔合、液氮冷却、激光冲击、
加工参数调节
[4245]
改进表面质量与后处理提高金属表面质量,增强其致密性、
电导率等,改进后处理技术
超光致发光投影技术、绿色激光粉床熔融
工艺、喷丸工艺
[4649]
), ArticleFig(id=1242144674299851145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361636591678280, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

增材制造工艺的新突破

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究方向研究内容关键技术/方法参考文献
热管理与改善应力通过金属增材制造过程中的热管理和应力优化,
提升材料性能和分辨率
激光诱导表面等离子共振、支撑基质
成分调节、烧结工艺控制
[2532]
提升力学性能提高金属合金的力学性能,优化其强度与延展性,
平衡合金结构的塑性与强度
线弧增材、热轧工艺、异质微观结构设计、
超声表面轧制
[3341]
优化工艺参数优化增材制造过程中的工艺参数,减少裂纹、
孔隙率等缺陷,提高打印质量与力学性能
激光粉末床熔合、液氮冷却、激光冲击、
加工参数调节
[4245]
改进表面质量与后处理提高金属表面质量,增强其致密性、
电导率等,改进后处理技术
超光致发光投影技术、绿色激光粉床熔融
工艺、喷丸工艺
[4649]
), ArticleFig(id=1242144674358571402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361636591678280, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究方向 研究内容 关键技术/方法 参考文献
机器学习与人工智能 利用机器学习识别缺陷并预测疲劳寿命、
机械性能、熔池动态,支持工艺优化
机器学习框架、卷积神经网络、多层
感知器回归、自适应控制
[5055]
在线监测与控制 激光金属沉积过程的实时监控,优化激光定向能量
沉积工艺,提升质量与力学性能的一致性
多元非参数EWMA控制图、去自相关性、
机器视觉实时监测
[5657]
数值模拟 热力学有限元模型构建,激光粉末床融合与X射线
成像分析孔隙结构,优化微观结构预测
线源热力学模型、自动化框架、X射线
成像系统、扫描分解方法
[5861]
), ArticleFig(id=1242144674417291659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361636591678280, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

自动化与智能化的提升

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究方向 研究内容 关键技术/方法 参考文献
机器学习与人工智能 利用机器学习识别缺陷并预测疲劳寿命、
机械性能、熔池动态,支持工艺优化
机器学习框架、卷积神经网络、多层
感知器回归、自适应控制
[5055]
在线监测与控制 激光金属沉积过程的实时监控,优化激光定向能量
沉积工艺,提升质量与力学性能的一致性
多元非参数EWMA控制图、去自相关性、
机器视觉实时监测
[5657]
数值模拟 热力学有限元模型构建,激光粉末床融合与X射线
成像分析孔隙结构,优化微观结构预测
线源热力学模型、自动化框架、X射线
成像系统、扫描分解方法
[5861]
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金属增材制造的前沿技术创新与应用
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董樊丽 1, 2 , 张兵 1 , 杨剑英 1, 3 , 李薇薇 1
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(17): 85-99
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (17) : 85 -99
金属增材制造的前沿技术创新与应用
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董樊丽1, 2 , 张兵1, 杨剑英1, 3, 李薇薇1
作者信息
  • 1. 上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院,上海 200240
  • 2. 上海交通大学内蒙古研究院,呼和浩特 010010
  • 3. 上海交通大学包头材料研究院,包头 014020
Frontier technological innovations and applications in metal additive manufacturing
Fanli DONG1, 2 , Bing ZHANG1, Jianying YANG1, 3, Weiwei LI1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2. Inner Mongolia Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hohhot 010010, China
  • 3. Baotou Materials Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Baotou 014020, China
出版时间: 2025-09-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01806
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回顾了2024年金属增材制造的最新研究进展与热点应用,涵盖了新材料开发与应用、制造工艺的新突破、自动化与智能化的提升、软件开发的新进展、重点行业的最新应用以及行业标准与政策新动态等方面。随着新型金属合金材料的不断出现,金属增材制造在航空航天、汽车、医疗等行业得到了广泛应用。制造工艺的创新和智能化技术的结合显著提升了生产效率和质量控制。尽管面临材料成本高、生产效率低等挑战,金属增材制造在技术、标准和市场的不断发展中展现出广阔的前景,尤其在智能制造、绿色制造和个性化定制领域具有巨大潜力,未来有望实现更广泛的应用。

金属增材制造  /  新材料  /  制造工艺  /  自动化  /  行业应用

This paper reviews the latest research advancements and hot applications of Metal Additive Manufacturing in 2024, covering areas such as the development and application of new materials, breakthroughs in manufacturing processes, improvements in automation and intelligence, new progress in software development, the latest applications in key industries, and new dynamics in industry standards and policies. With the continuous emergence of new metal alloy materials, metal additive manufacturing has been widely applied in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and healthcare. Innovations in manufacturing processes and the integration of intelligent technologies have significantly improved production efficiency and quality control. Despite challenges such as high material costs and low production efficiency, metal additive manufacturing shows promising prospects in the ongoing development of technology, standards, and markets, especially in the fields of intelligent manufacturing, green manufacturing, and personalized customization, with the potential for broader applications in the future.

metal additive manufacturing  /  new materials  /  manufacturing process  /  automation  /  industry application
董樊丽, 张兵, 杨剑英, 李薇薇. 金属增材制造的前沿技术创新与应用. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (17) : 85 -99 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01806
Fanli DONG, Bing ZHANG, Jianying YANG, Weiwei LI. Frontier technological innovations and applications in metal additive manufacturing[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (17) : 85 -99 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01806
随着制造业创新和技术需求多元化,金属增材制造在航空航天、汽车、医疗和能源等领域的应用不断拓展。相比传统制造方式,金属增材制造通过逐层堆积金属材料,实现了复杂结构、轻量化设计和定制化生产,提升了制造灵活性与精度。2024年,该技术的热点包括高性能金属材料的开发、制造工艺的突破、自动化与智能化发展以及软件开发的新进展。尽管面临设备和材料成本高、精度与稳定性要求高等挑战,但金属增材制造的技术进步和市场需求推动其在各行业的广泛应用,未来有望突破现有瓶颈,推动行业的持续创新和发展。
增材制造市场近年来增长迅猛,预计在未来几年将持续扩大,金属增材制造市场增速领跑增材制造行业。根据Wohlers Report预测,到2026年增材制造收入规模将达到362亿美元,到2032年增材制造收入规模将达到1027亿美元。根据AMPOWER数据,从需求端测算,预计2026年将达到75.8亿欧元,年均增长率达25%,从供给端测算预计2026年将达到78.1亿欧元,年均增长率达26%。由IDTechEx发布的报告预测,到2028年金属3D打印市场全球规模有望达到120亿美元(约合806亿元人民币)。据《中国增材制造产业发展现状与趋势展望》预计,2023—2027年中国3D打印市场规模有望从400亿增长至1000亿。根据中商情报网数据,预计2025年中国增材制造市场规模将超过630亿元,年均增长率超20%,其中,金属材料占比合计39%,钛合金在原材料中占比超过50%。
2024年,金属增材制造技术在新材料的开发和应用上取得了显著进展。新型合金材料的开发提升了增材制造在高性能要求下的稳定性,实现了高强度、耐高温、轻量化和耐腐蚀等特性。这些材料不仅满足严苛的应用条件,还具备良好的加工性和结构完整性,特别是在复杂形状和高精度制造方面表现突出。
2024年,澳大利亚昆士兰大学的Zhang等[1]提出了一种设计策略,通过在Ti−5Al−5Mo−5V−3Cr合金凝固过程中加入纳米钼颗粒,促进晶粒细化以改善合金的微观结构,增强了材料的强度和塑性,为3D打印中获得理想的均匀机械性能提供了新思路,如图1[1]所示。
关于高性能金属合金的最新研究成果,Li等[2]采用激光粉末床熔融技术,通过增强纳米结构中的平面缺陷结合时效处理增加纳米沉淀,从而制备了具有超细异质结构与纳米级面缺陷强化的Al−4.71Mg−0.85Mn−1.28Sc−0.56Zr合金,适用于复杂零件(图2[2])。Zhang等[3]发现通过低氮低氧下的间隙原子凝固增强屈服强度,由体心立方基体分解促进的位错运动机制改善延展性,制备了Ti42Hf21Nb21V16耐火高熵合金,屈服强度提高32%,延展性增加2%,如图3[3]所示。Chang等[4]利用铁元素的过冷效应和快速凝固消除了组织不均匀性,制备了高铁含量的亚稳钛合金,具有高强度和良好的延展性。Zhang等[5]通过加入Nb元素优化了的晶粒尺寸,激活了固溶强化和晶界强化机制,制备了超高强度和超强延展性的高熵合金。Brooke等[6]通过过冷效应抑制大尺寸柱状晶粒的生长,并通过细化Ti2Cu颗粒及固溶强化提高了合金的强度,开发了适用于增材制造的Ti−Cu−Fe三元贝氏体合金。Ouyang等[7]利用激光定向能量沉积技术,通过少量碳的添加增强晶界凝聚力以减缓微裂纹扩展,结合高温下的位错钉扎效应,制备了高温强度优异的高熵合金。Zhao等[8]通过锆元素优化了合金微观结构,促进了细小的ZrC碳化物均匀分布以形成基体畸变条纹从而改善蠕变抗性和长期热稳定性,开发了镍基高温合金Haynes 230AM,该合金无裂纹且具有优异的高温性能。Park等[9]在低温下通过提高流动应力促进变形孪生和纳米碳化物协同作用,研发了碳掺杂高熵合金,在低温下表现出卓越的机械性能,在太空探索等极端环境中具有应用潜力。Hariharan等[10]采用定向能量沉积工艺细化了二次相,从而抑制了析出物对腐蚀坑点的形成,处理了Ni基625合金,显著提高了其耐腐蚀性。An等[11]通过原位合金化形成微裂纹和纳米粒子,抑制磁畴壁运动并减少涡流损耗,制备的新型软磁高熵合金CoFeAlMnCr具有低矫顽力和高电阻率,展现了优异的软磁性能。
关于功能梯度与复合材料的最新研究成果,Dan等[12]通过铝的扩散促进了异质多梯度结构的形成,通过多梯度应变的协同作用实现了强度和延展性的优异结合,设计出非均质多梯度α−TiAl合金,屈服强度接近760 MPa,延展性略微下降(图4[12])。Zhu等[13]通过激光粉末床熔融过程实现了固溶态镍的成分梯度,调控了马氏体和奥氏体之间的相容性以实现定制化的滞回特性和相变温度,成功地制备了功能梯度镍钛形状记忆合金。Zhang等[14]通过添加陶瓷颗粒改进CrMnFeCoNi高熵合金,陶瓷颗粒在合金基体中的溶解诱发固溶强化,在低温下通过位错与高密度变形孪晶的相互作用提升了强度和延展性。Bhadeliya等[15]通过分析镍基合金的低周疲劳和裂纹扩展行为,揭示了STAL15合金与铸造247DS合金界面处的疲劳裂纹扩展延迟现象,并指出屈服强度失配、残余应力和晶粒结构差异对疲劳性能的影响。Awasthi等[16]通过引入铌和碳元素,激活共晶固化并防止氧在晶界的偏析,从而提高了钨合金的晶界结合力,改善了抗裂性和机械性能,成功开发了无裂纹的W−Nb−C合金。
关于新型金属粉末和油墨材料的最新研究成果。Lin等[17]通过高体积分数的液态金属分散相提供优异的弹性和电毛细现象实现乳化分离与电连接,开发了一种液态金属高内相乳化凝胶油墨,结合水凝胶和液态镓铟合金,实现了高分辨率的3D打印,在柔性电子器件中具有应用潜力(图5[17])。Lee等[18]提出了一种结合喷墨和激光粉末床熔融制备316 L不锈钢铜复合材料的方法,通过激光扫描激活铜前驱体墨水的转化形成连续铜网络,以提高复合材料的热导率和硬度,并研究了油墨转化率、铜捕获率和导热性能的提升。Jiang等[19]发现通过调控预热温度和热循环次数影响相组成和相变行为,从而优化TiNiHf高温形状记忆合金的相变温度和稳定性。Ibrahim等[20]使用亚微米级粉末促成了细小微观结构的形成,导致了强化效应和显著的晶粒长大抑制,从而提高了SS316L样品的力学性能,尤其在抗拉屈服强度和抗拉强度方面优于传统工艺。
关于生物兼容金属材料的最新研究成果。Hu等[21]通过飞秒激光处理表面缺陷并形成纳米锥状结构用于3D打印钛合金植入体,提升了其骨整合、抗腐蚀和抗疲劳性能,该研究作为骨科植入物表面修饰具有潜力(图6[21])。Huang等[22]通过金属配位自组装策略在3D打印支架表面构建了具有可调厚度的Cu−HHTP涂层,提升了支架的光热转换能力和细胞亲和性,从而有效实现骨肿瘤的消融和骨修复,该研究在骨肿瘤治疗和骨缺损重建中具有潜力。Jing等[23]通过结合辛伐他汀和热敏水凝胶载体,促进骨生成、骨整合和骨肉瘤的死亡,开发了3D打印多孔钛合金支架,增强了骨肉瘤治疗中的骨缺损重建和抗肿瘤效果。2024年,金属增材制造技术在新材料的开发和应用上的进展如表1所示。
2024年,金属增材制造工艺在整体性能优化和制造效率提升方面取得了重要进展。通过对制造过程的深入分析,结合先进的技术手段,生产过程中出现的材料浪费、热变形和表面质量等问题得到了有效改善。新的制造工艺不仅提高了生产速度和精度,还实现了多材料融合和功能定制,推动了更复杂、更高性能部件的制造。这些优化和创新使得金属增材制造在高端制造领域的应用前景更加广阔。
2024年,中国科学院金属研究所Qu等[24]通过对相变和晶粒生长的同步性研究,开发了消除微孔洞的增材加工技术,在钛合金Ti−6Al−4V中重建了接近无孔洞的组织,显著提高了材料的抗疲劳性能,抗疲劳强度提升了106%,该材料展示了在航空航天等领域的应用潜力,如图7[24]所示。
关于热管理与改善应力的最新研究成果。Wang等[25]通过精确调节支撑基质成分和采用嵌入式烧结工艺,实现了分辨率低于10 μm的金属图案高保真3D打印。Shang等[26]通过引入异质微观结构和纳米尺度的中熵金属间化合物,增强了铝合金的强度和塑性变形能力,如图8[26]所示。Shang等[27]优化了激光粉末床熔合加工参数并引入柔性支架,调节裂纹扩展以减少因残余应力引起的裂纹,实现了无裂纹的高强度Al92Ti2Fe2Co2Ni2合金打印。Wang等[28]利用激光诱导的表面等离子共振增强的光学力促进纳米团簇聚集,突破了纳米制造分辨率瓶颈。Yan等[29]通过优化电弧增材的热线电流和脉冲频率,降低了合金的孔隙率并细化晶粒,结合Al−Cu−Mg−Ag的定制回火处理提升力学性能,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提升42.6%和112%。Gao等[30]发现亚临界退火处理通过形成梯度微观结构以改善钛合金的各向异性,提高了在沉积方向的抗拉强度和垂直方向的伸长率。Chen等[31]研究了增材制造中4种非均相微结构及其对力学性能的影响,通过诱导异质微观结构优化金属和合金的机械性能。Mathews等[32]通过优化设计和材料沉积顺序减少残余应力集中,降低裂纹形成和传播的风险,减少大尺寸金属3D打印的残余应力。
关于提升力学性能的最新研究成果,Xiang等[33]通过软硬层之间的反向应力强化、位错硬化及界面层间高约束效应,采用线弧增材制造和热轧工艺制备了性能优于传统铝合金复合板的5356/7A48铝合金非均质板。Wu等[34]设计了一种基于榫卯结构的机械互锁网络结构,结合异构变形诱导强化、位错缠结等机制,增强了3D打印高熵合金的强度和延展性。Zhou等[35]发现超声表面轧制工艺通过细化微结构、增强位错源和硬化能力,显著提高了Ti6Al4V合金的力学性能,并实现强度与延展性的良好平衡。Sui等[36]通过异质变形诱导硬化和位错协同滑移,优化了AlCoCrFeNi2.1共晶高熵合金在增材制造中强度与塑性之间的平衡。Liao等[37]提出了一种新型固态金属增材制造工艺,通过激光冲击诱导的绝热剪切现象促进了金属间的高质量接合,实现多种金属的固态3D打印。胡伟南等[38]提出了一种自适应加工层角度划分技术,提高了激光选区熔化的成形效率并降低了成本。Yao等[39]通过优化参数形成均匀精细的贝氏体微观结构,避免了元素偏析和不稳定的残余奥氏体,提高了高强度低合金钢的机械性能。Wang等[40]分析了高能量输入对金属增材制造的成分演化及挥发性元素蒸发对微观结构和力学性能的影响。Li等[41]通过双机器人协同系统提供更均匀的温度分布,降低了温度梯度,从而实现了更均匀的应力分布,减少了部件的残余应力和变形,提升了精度和结构稳定性。
关于优化工艺参数的最新研究成果,Wang等[42]提出了液氮冷却策略,通过细化晶粒、缩短氢气过饱和区域和促进氢气气泡逸出,降低了铝铜合金在电弧增材中的孔隙率并优化了机械性能。Maurya等[43]采用填充线结合喷丸工艺,通过减少熔池渗透深度和优化晶粒结构实现更高效的晶粒细化,提升了Ti−6Al−4V合金的晶粒细化效率和力学性能。Zheng等[44]提出了一种基于3D打印的自由形态多材料组装工艺,通过激光诱导技术实现了多材料的精确和灵活组装,提升了电子设备的制造效率与功能性。Elsayed等[45]制造了无缺陷的NiTi形状记忆合金部件,利用镍钛形状记忆合金的形状记忆效应,提升了互锁超表面的功能性,使合金具备较高的锁定力、形状恢复能力和循环稳定性。
关于改进表面质量与后处理的最新研究成果,Ning等[46]优化了绿色激光粉床熔融技术的工艺参数,提高了铜部件的致密性,并通过控制缺陷来提高电导率,实现了高质量纯铜器件的增材制造。Tertuliano等[47]开发了一种工艺,通过在金属粉末表面引入纳米级凹槽,增强了光的集中与多重散射效应,提高了粉末吸收率和打印性能。Choi等[48]提出了一种超光致发光投影技术,通过利用低强度二极管发光的空间和时间相干性,快速打印复杂金属纳米结构,并提高其导电性。Argumedo等[49]通过显微技术分析电弧增材制造双金属材料的界面微观结构,揭示了不同组织分布对力学性能的影响,为性能预测提供依据。2024年,金属增材制造工艺在整体性能优化和制造效率提升方面的重要进展如表2所示。
2024年,金属增材制造在自动化和智能化方面取得了显著进展(表3),提高了生产效率和制造精度。新型自动化控制系统通过实时监控和闭环反馈精确调节工艺参数,减少误差,提升稳定性。结合机器学习和大数据分析,智能故障预测和质量检测系统能够实时识别并修复问题,降低缺陷率。自动化生产线的引入使增材制造具备了规模化和批量化生产的能力,进一步提升了效率和交付速度。这些进展加强了金属增材制造在高精度、复杂结构件生产中的优势,推动了行业发展。
关于机器学习与人工智能的最新研究成果,Hu等[50]提出了利用机器学习识别缺陷并预测疲劳寿命的框架,提供了疲劳寿命评估方法。Gunasegaram等[51]讨论了自适应控制的相关问题,提出了机器学习辅助闭环控制的框架,讨论了缺陷的原因、检测和控制,总结了机器学习辅助现场控制的应用,并强调了技术整合以实现自主控制。Akbari等[52]提出了一种基于机器学习的框架,预测金属增材制造中的机械性能,为零件可靠性提供预测方法。Xiao等[53]利用卷积神经网络和多层感知器回归,精确预测熔池动态,支持工艺优化。Guirguis等[54]通过红外成像和机器学习,实时识别热积累区域,优化工艺参数并控制微观结构。Liu等[55]开发了基于高斯过程回归的机器学习方法,优化激光粉末床熔合过程,提高力学性能预测精度。
关于在线监测与控制的最新研究成果,Liu等[56]开发了多元非参数指数加权移动平均(exponential weighted moving average,EWMA)控制图,通过消除熔池图像的自相关性,实时监控激光金属沉积过程,提升了质量控制。Yu等[57]提出基于机器视觉的实时监测方法,优化激光定向能量沉积工艺,提升质量与力学性能的一致性。
关于数值模拟的最新研究成果,Yang等[58]提出了一种基于线源的热力学模型,利用自动化框架构建金属增材制造的热力学有限元模型,减少了工艺参数与模型的误差。Tian等[59]研究了激光粉末床融合与X射线成像系统,分析了发泡剂对多孔金属孔隙度的影响,为优化孔隙结构提供了新思路。Proell等[60]提出了扫描分解方法,优化了Ti−6Al−4V激光粉末床熔融过程中的微观结构预测,提高了模拟效率。Oshima等[61]通过数值模拟预测Ti−6Al−4V钛合金支架性能,分析参数对微观结构密度的影响,为支架设计提供了参考。
2024年多个研究机构开发了先进的仿真与优化软件,旨在提高增材制造过程的效率、精度和质量。这些软件通过创新的算法和模型,优化打印参数、减少试错、预测材料行为,并推动跨领域的技术协作。
关于过程优化与仿真软件开发的最新研究成果,Yang等[62]开发了仿真软件SAMPLE2D,具有跳跃扫描、增加等待时间、平移扫描和旋转扫描等创新模式,以优化制造过程。通过分析激光束和粉末床参数对大尺寸金属玻璃部件的影响,发现跳跃扫描能有效减少晶化并保持较高密度。Macedo等[63]提出了一种优化方法,通过调整打印参数减少制造时间、控制空隙率和尺寸公差,集成在自主开发的仿真软件VOLCO−X中,能高效预测材料分布且避免试错。Alam等[64]开发了一种新的数值模拟工具,研究选择性激光熔化过程中纳米颗粒分布对微观结构的影响,通过耦合三维计算流体力学和二维元胞自动机模型,分析TiB2纳米颗粒在铝合金中的分布对晶粒结构的影响。Dimopoulos等[65]推出了Web平台,生成支撑结构并预测热机械行为,以提高打印质量并减少材料浪费。Hachimi等[66]开发了将熔融沉积成型技术(FDM)工艺G−code转为Abaqus脚本的工具,应用于工程仿真软件中,优化3D打印工艺并提高生产效率。
材料与结构分析软件开发了最新研究成果,Fox等[67]开发了基于Python和PyQt6的软件,使用计算流体力学仿真预测增材制造后处理中的材料去除速率,支持磨料加工和机器人精加工的简易工作流程。Safdar等[68]开发了模块化软件MicroSegQ+,用于快速分割和量化增材制造金相图像,特别针对金属基复合材料,并评估了卷积神经网络和自注意力模型在图像分割中的表现。
跨领域仿真与建模软件开发了最新研究成果,Koepf等[69]开发了一种数值预测工具,结合热有限差分模型和元胞自动机模型,预测电子束粉床熔化制造的格子结构的晶粒结构。Kjer等[70]开发了开源激光金属粉末床熔融系统,支持多材料打印,并共享源代码和技术图纸以推动开放协作,已在多个机构应用。
2024年,金属增材制造市场持续增长,主要受到以下因素推动。首先,航空航天、汽车、医疗器械等领域对定制、复杂和轻量化部件的需求增加,促使该技术成为重要生产工具。其次,高性能金属合金的研发,使增材制造能够满足高强度、耐高温和耐腐蚀等苛刻条件,推动了技术普及。随着打印设备和工艺的优化,生产效率提高、成本降低,金属增材制造逐步实现从原型到小批量,再到中大批量生产的转型,拓宽了应用领域。技术进步提升了设计自由度和生产灵活性,满足了现代制造对创新和高效能的需求。智能化和自动化的融合,通过大数据和机器学习优化工艺,降低人工干预,提升了生产精度、效率,帮助金属增材制造在竞争中脱颖而出。该技术不仅在高端市场得到应用,也正在渗透到中低端市场,成为推动智能制造和工业升级的关键力量,预计未来将迎来更广泛的应用和更强劲的增长。
2024年,金属增材制造技术在航空航天、汽车、医疗和工业制造等领域得到了广泛应用,提升了零部件的轻量化、定制化和性能。并且帮助降低成本、缩短生产周期,推动了智能制造和个性化生产,代表性的行业应用如图9所示。
在航空航天领域,增材制造广泛应用于复杂发动机零部件和结构件的生产,通过优化设计和材料,减轻部件重量并提升性能。欧洲航天局的金属3D打印机于2024年1月发射至国际空间站,5月成功打印S型测试曲线并在8月完成太空微重力环境下的金属部件打印。金属3D打印技术助力东方空间的引力一号火箭成功发射。GE Aerospace公司开发了3D打印高超音速双模喷气发动机,并于2024年3月开始测试,缩短了制造时间并加速测试迭代。嫦娥六号带回月背样品,100多台3D打印的新型火箭发动机完成任务。SAB Aerospace发布了公司最大、最复杂的3D打印火箭发动机喷嘴。SpaceX利用金属3D打印技术提高发动机推力超20%并减轻重量。NASA于2024年2月利用3D打印引擎将Nova−C月球探测器送入跨月轨道。2024年6月,九州云箭龙云发动机完成飞行回收试验,多个零部件由金属增材制造完成。美国Ursa Major公司获得千万资金推动铜铬合金3D打印火箭发动机研发。美国国防部与Aerojet公司签订2200万美元合同,推动高超音速推进技术。德国弗劳恩霍夫激光技术研究所研发零排放氢发动机,支持可持续航空航天制造。西安铂力特增材技术股份有限公司开发的金属3D打印设备可精准修复航空发动机涡轮叶片,成本仅为重新制造的20%。洛克希德·马丁空间系统公司斥资4.5亿美元收购Terran Orbital推动卫星组件批量生产。Quadrus公司制造了世界首个双金属旋转爆震火箭发动机喷射器。
在汽车制造领域,增材制造为汽车提供了定制化零部件解决方案。法拉利F80超跑采用金属3D打印生产悬架叉臂。沃尔沃使用冷喷涂金属3D打印技术提高汽车维修效率并降低成本。Prima Additive与Comau合作推出金属3D打印高速制动盘涂层系统,减少颗粒排放以符合欧盟新规定。宝马2024年通过3D打印生产超过40万个零部件。斯图加特大学赛车团队的新电动赛车增加了多达160个3D打印零件,覆盖电池、电力系统、制动系统及车身底盘等。阿斯顿马丁的Valiant跑车采用3D打印副车架,实现理想的动力重量比。布加迪Tourbillon车型通过3D打印优化车身结构。兰博基尼Temerario车型利用3D打印改进气缸盖以提高冷却效率。2024年10月,通用汽车投资1000万美元用于开发电动汽车电池的3D打印技术。PIX Moving公司推出了配备AI情绪感应的金属3D打印微型电动车。
在医疗领域,利用增材制造定制个性化假体和植入物以提供精准治疗。增材制造研究机构的报告显示,截至2034年3D打印医疗设备市场预计将达到165亿美元,年均增长率为12%。2024年2月,大洲医学推出全球首款钽金属3D打印骨填充重建棒,获得国家药监局三类医疗器械注册证。中诺恒康的增材制造椎间融合器和脊柱矫形器获批上市。三帝科技展示了自主研发的3D打印钛合金定制助听器。春立医疗的3D打印钛合金锚钉也获批上市。
在其他领域,增材制造推动了零部件设计和小批量生产的发展,提升了生产精度和效率。Stark Future实现了电动越野摩托车钛合金部件批量生产。2024年9月,Heavy Bikes推出了3D打印铝合金一体式车架,强度和耐用性超越传统焊接车架。涡轮机械公司RMS制造了首个用于炼油的3D打印超大离心压缩机叶轮,直径达60 cm。Vallourec通过电弧增材制造生产了油井部件。7月,美国海军陆战队开发了3D打印铰刀,提升了寿命和维护效率。SPEE3D为美军提供按需打印金属零件的解决方案,修复受损船舶。川崎重工为船舶安装3D打印镍铝青铜螺旋桨叶片,强度提高40%。西屋电气用3D打印技术生产核反应堆的底部过滤喷嘴,提升安全性和效率。Designer和Cobra Golf推出了3D打印钛合金高尔夫球杆,提升了平衡性和控制力。Avoda Golf推出定制3D打印高尔夫球杆。All Design Lab与Protolabs合作推出首款金属3D打印网球拍。荣耀发布的Magic Vs3手机采用3D打印钛合金铰链,耐折叠50万次。苹果的Apple Watch首次使用3D打印部件,提升了性能和尺寸。
2024年,金属增材制造领域的行业标准和政策有了一些新的动态。国家发展和改革委员会将增材制造技术纳入《产业结构调整指导目录(2024本)》并鼓励相关装备和材料的发展,包括金属、非金属、生物增材制造装备及专用材料、关键零部件及增材制造软件和服务。国家发展和改革委员会在《2024年标准化工作部署》中指出,要加快增材制造专用材料和关键金属件检测标准的制定,推动技术普及。工业和信息化部在《工业重点行业领域设备更新和技术改造指南》中提到七大行业涉及增材制造技术,推动传统制造业智能化转型。工业和信息化部等八部门联合印发《关于加快传统制造业转型升级的指导意见》,提出3D打印技术将成为中国传统制造业向高端化、智能化、绿色化、融合化转型的关键。此外,中华医学会等发布了《骨科3D打印技术临床应用指南》,以提高3D打印技术应用的规范化。美国发布了《美国制造业战略计划2024》,强调增材制造的重要地位和创新方向,并在国防授权法案中提出增加3D打印在军事设备中的应用。
金属增材制造面临一系列挑战,主要包括材料多样性与性能稳定性、制造精度与后处理技术、生产效率与成本问题、标准化与规范化缺乏问题、技术壁垒与产业化进程缓慢问题、设备技术及维护以及环境与可持续性问题。应对策略涵盖材料研发和性能验证、精度优化与先进后处理、提升生产速度与成本控制、制定统一标准与认证体系、突破技术瓶颈并推动产业化进程、智能化设备与维护优化以及绿色制造和生命周期管理。通过跨学科合作和技术创新,金属增材制造有望解决这些难题,推动航空航天、汽车、医疗等行业的技术进步和转型升级。
金属增材制造的未来研究方向主要集中在材料创新与性能提升、精度控制与自动化制造、高效生产与规模化应用以及数字化与智能化等方面。首先,材料创新将聚焦于新型高性能金属材料的研发,如钛合金、铝合金和高温合金,以解决增材过程中出现的性能瓶颈,同时通过先进的模拟技术和机器学习优化合金配方,提高材料的力学性能、耐高温性和抗腐蚀性,材料的可回收性和环保性也将成为重点。其次,随着精度要求的提升,实时监测与反馈控制技术将推动精度控制与自动化制造的发展,通过人工智能自适应制造技术实现生产过程的精准调控。未来,提升生产效率和降低成本是研究重点,结合传统制造工艺与增材制造技术,推进规模化应用并增强自动化水平。数字化与智能化也将成为关键方向,通过数字孪生技术、智能感知系统和云平台优化生产过程,提升灵活性和质量管理水平。
金属增材制造在多个行业中具有广阔的市场潜力,尤其在航空航天、汽车制造和医疗器械领域。它能实现复杂部件的高效生产,降低成本并提高设计自由度,特别适合个性化定制和小批量生产。随着设备成本的降低和技术普及,中小企业将逐步成为市场的重要参与者,利用增材制造优化生产与提升竞争力。同时,增材制造与智能制造、大数据等技术的融合,推动了产业链整合,创造了更多市场机会。
2024年金属增材制造的热点聚焦于多个关键领域。首先,新材料的开发与应用成为核心,尤其是高性能合金、复合材料和新型金属粉末等;制造工艺上则实现了新的突破,主要聚焦于新的制造工艺和通过性能分析优化制造工艺;自动化与智能化的深度融合进一步提升了生产效率、质量监控与故障预测能力;仿真软件的开发及优化,提升了材料性能预测和过程控制的能力。重点行业,如航空航天、汽车、医疗等,正加速应用金属增材制造技术,推动定制化和复杂部件的制造。随着技术的普及,行业标准化建设逐步推进。同时,未来的发展面临着材料性能提升、生产成本降低和技术可持续性等新挑战。金属增材制造将在材料创新、工艺优化和行业应用等多方面迎来快速发展,并推动制造业向智能化、绿色化转型。
  • 内蒙古科技兴蒙专项(2023XYJG0001−01−01)
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2025年第43卷第17期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01806
  • 接收时间:2024-12-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-20
  • 修回日期:2025-01-23
  • 录用日期:2025-08-01
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内蒙古科技兴蒙专项(2023XYJG0001−01−01)
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    1. 上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院,上海 200240
    2. 上海交通大学内蒙古研究院,呼和浩特 010010
    3. 上海交通大学包头材料研究院,包头 014020
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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