Article(id=1157769346945826851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1157769345825947680, articleNumber=null, orderNo=19, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724428800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-24, revisedDate=1733932800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753963322626, onlineDateStr=2025-07-31, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1739894400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-02-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753963322626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079400022, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1157769345825947680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737993600000', pubDateStr='2025-01-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753963322359, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330990473, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197537721627315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1157769345825947680, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197537721627316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1157769345825947680, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=62, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157769347654664234, articleId=1157769346945826851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Quantum dots and their applications in the field of displays, columnId=1157769347117793317, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive: New Display Science and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yansong LI, Heng LIU, Zebang ZHAO, Suling ZHAO, Zheng XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Suling ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1157769476247830997, articleId=1157769346945826851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=量子点及其在显示领域研究进展, columnId=1157769347289759783, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题:新型显示科学与技术专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

量子点以其高色纯度、高效率、可调光谱、广泛的光谱覆盖范围,以及低成本的溶液加工等诸多优点,成为新兴的显示领域材料。然而,无论是以光致发光为主的显示技术,还是发光二极管(QLEDs)显示技术,都面临着一些挑战,如器件寿命低、蓝光效率低、镉基量子点毒性、图案化困难等。总结了量子点的物理特性、量子点的种类、发光机制及在显示领域的研究进展,介绍了镉基量子点QLEDs的研究进展,报道了最新三基色QLEDs的发光亮度、效率和器件寿命。总结了量子点图案化技术,分析了不同技术的优势和劣势。为进一步提高量子点在显示领域的应用,科研人员需要不断开拓和创新,攻克量子点的应用难题,实现自发光量子点显示。

, authors=

李彦松,博士研究生,研究方向为发光与显示,电子信箱:

, authorsList=李彦松, 刘衡, 赵泽邦, 赵谡玲, 徐征, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵谡玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵谡玲(通信作者),教授,研究方向为发光与显示,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=IPIG3NDFNGGE5g2xViyf5Q==, magXml=IPIG3NDFNGGE5g2xViyf5Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=MVKeS/SAzfFGPP4s2+JTuA==, pdfFileSize=15469110, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=nz1Q3rPSv8aPG9cr/mk8qA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/T9S8QmnsJsM6P8blOKXzw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242142340463276135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=21111105@bjtu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242142340530385001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, authorId=1242142340463276135, language=EN, stringName=Yansong LI, firstName=Yansong, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242142340593299562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, authorId=1242142340463276135, language=CN, stringName=李彦松, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044, bio={"content":"

李彦松,博士研究生,研究方向为发光与显示,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

李彦松,博士研究生,研究方向为发光与显示,电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242142340383584355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340391972964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340400361573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044)])]), Author(id=1242142340672991340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242142340744294510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, authorId=1242142340672991340, language=EN, stringName=Heng LIU, firstName=Heng, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242142340811403375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, authorId=1242142340672991340, language=CN, stringName=刘衡, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242142340383584355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340391972964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340400361573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044)])]), Author(id=1242142340865929329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242142340945621107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, authorId=1242142340865929329, language=EN, stringName=Zebang ZHAO, firstName=Zebang, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242142341016924276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, authorId=1242142340865929329, language=CN, stringName=赵泽邦, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242142340383584355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340391972964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340400361573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044)])]), Author(id=1242142341109198967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=slzhao@bjtu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242142341180502137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, authorId=1242142341109198967, language=EN, stringName=Suling ZHAO, firstName=Suling, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242142341230833786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, authorId=1242142341109198967, language=CN, stringName=赵谡玲, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242142340383584355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340391972964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340400361573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044)])]), Author(id=1242142341306331260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242142341377634430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, authorId=1242142341306331260, language=EN, stringName=Zheng XU, firstName=Zheng, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242142341436354687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, authorId=1242142341306331260, language=CN, stringName=徐征, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242142340383584355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340391972964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340400361573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242142341578961024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=quantum dots), Keyword(id=1242142341641875585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=photoluminescence), Keyword(id=1242142341713178754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=quantum dot light-emitting diode), Keyword(id=1242142341776093315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=electroluminescence), Keyword(id=1242142341839007876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=quantum dot patterning), Keyword(id=1242142341939671173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=量子点), Keyword(id=1242142342010974342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=光致发光), Keyword(id=1242142342073888903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=量子点发光二极管), Keyword(id=1242142342174552200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=电致发光), Keyword(id=1242142342245855369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=量子点图案化)], refs=[Reference(id=1242142349745270987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1126/science.aaz8541, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=373, issue=6555, pageStart=eaaz8541, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=García de Arquer F P, Talapin D V, Klimov V I, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference= García de Arquer F P , Talapin D V , Klimov V I , et al. Semiconductor quantum dots: Technological progress and future challenges[J]. Science, 2021, 373 (6555): eaaz8541., articleTitle=Semiconductor quantum dots: Technological progress and future challenges, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142349808185548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=118, issue=1, pageStart=S15, pageEnd=S17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=Ekimov A I, Onushchenko A A, journalName=JETP Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Ekimov A I , Onushchenko A A . Quantum size effect in three-dimensional microscopic semiconductor crystals[J]. JETP Letters, 2023, 118 (1): S15- S17., articleTitle=Quantum size effect in three-dimensional microscopic semiconductor crystals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142349871100109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1063/1.445676, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1983, volume=79, issue=11, pageStart=5566, pageEnd=5571, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=Brus L E, journalName=The Journal of Chemical Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Brus L E . A simple model for the ionization potential, electron affinity, and aqueous redox potentials of small semiconductor crystallites[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1983, 79 (11): 5566- 5571., articleTitle=A simple model for the ionization potential, electron affinity, and aqueous redox potentials of small semiconductor crystallites, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142349946597582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1063/1.445834, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1983, volume=79, issue=2, pageStart=1086, pageEnd=1088, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=Rossetti R, Nakahara S, Brus L E, journalName=The Journal of Chemica Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Rossetti R , Nakahara S , Brus L E . Quantum size effects in the redox potentials, resonance Raman spectra, and electronic spectra of CdS crystallites in aqueous solution[J]. The Journal of Chemica Physics, 1983, 79 (2): 1086- 1088., articleTitle=Quantum size effects in the redox potentials, resonance Raman spectra, and electronic spectra of CdS crystallites in aqueous solution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350005317839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/ja00072a025, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=115, issue=19, pageStart=8706, pageEnd=8715, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=Murray C B, Norris D J, Bawendi M G, journalName=Journal of the American Chemical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Murray C B , Norris D J , Bawendi M G . Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E=sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1993, 115 (19): 8706- 8715., articleTitle=Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E=sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350068232400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14756-5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=1, pageStart=937, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=Pu C D, Dai X L, Shu Y F, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Pu C D , Dai X L , Shu Y F , et al. Electrochemically-stable ligands bridge the photoluminescence-electroluminescence gap of quantum dots[J]. Nature Communications, 2020, 11 (1): 937., articleTitle=Electrochemically-stable ligands bridge the photoluminescence-electroluminescence gap of quantum dots, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350139535569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/nmat3539, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=12, issue=5, pageStart=445, pageEnd=451, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=Chen O, Zhao J, Chauhan V P, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Chen O , Zhao J , Chauhan V P , et al. Compact high-quality CdSe-CdS core-shell nanocrystals with narrow emission linewidths and suppressed blinking[J]. Nature Materials, 2013, 12 (5): 445- 451., articleTitle=Compact high-quality CdSe-CdS core-shell nanocrystals with narrow emission linewidths and suppressed blinking, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350202450130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/jp046481g, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=108, issue=49, pageStart=18826, pageEnd=18831, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=Talapin D V, Mekis I, Götzinger S, journalName=The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Talapin D V , Mekis I , Götzinger S , et al. CdSe/CdS/ZnS and CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS Core-Shell-Shell nanocrystals[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2004, 108 (49): 18826- 18831., articleTitle=CdSe/CdS/ZnS and CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS Core-Shell-Shell nanocrystals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350273753299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/nl504328f, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=15, issue=2, pageStart=1211, pageEnd=1216, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=Shen H B, Cao W R, Shewmon N T, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Shen H B , Cao W R , Shewmon N T , et al. High-efficiency, low turn-on voltage blue-violet quantum-dot-based light-emitting diodes[J]. Nano Letters, 2015, 15 (2): 1211- 1216., articleTitle=High-efficiency, low turn-on voltage blue-violet quantum-dot-based light-emitting diodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350349250772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41566-023-01344-4, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=18, issue=null, pageStart=186, pageEnd=191, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=Xu H Y, Song J J, Zhou P H, journalName=Nature Photonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Xu H Y , Song J J , Zhou P H , et al. Dipole-dipole-interaction-assisted self-assembly of quantum dots for highly efficient light-emitting diodes[J]. Nature Photonics, 2024, 18: 186- 191., articleTitle=Dipole-dipole-interaction-assisted self-assembly of quantum dots for highly efficient light-emitting diodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350424748245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41566-022-00999-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=505, pageEnd=511, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=Deng Y Z, Peng F, Lu Y, journalName=Nature Photonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Deng Y Z , Peng F , Lu Y , et al. Solution-processed green and blue quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with eliminated charge leakage[J]. Nature Photonics, 2022, 16: 505- 511., articleTitle=Solution-processed green and blue quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with eliminated charge leakage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350496051414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41467-024-44894-z, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=783, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=Zhang W J, Li B, Chang C, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Zhang W J , Li B , Chang C , et al. Stable and efficient pure blue quantum-dot LEDs enabled by inserting an anti-oxidation layer[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15 (1): 783., articleTitle=Stable and efficient pure blue quantum-dot LEDs enabled by inserting an anti-oxidation layer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350558965975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/smll.202002454, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=16, issue=32, pageStart=e2002454, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=Chen B, Li D Y, Wang F, journalName=Small, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Chen B , Li D Y , Wang F . InP quantum dots: Synthesis and lighting applications[J]. Small, 2020, 16 (32): e2002454., articleTitle=InP quantum dots: Synthesis and lighting applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350638657752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02851, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=5, issue=4, pageStart=1316, pageEnd=1327, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=Jang E, Kim Y, Won Y H, journalName=ACS Energy Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Jang E , Kim Y , Won Y H , et al. Environmentally friendly InP-based quantum dots for efficient wide color gamut displays[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2020, 5 (4): 1316- 1327., articleTitle=Environmentally friendly InP-based quantum dots for efficient wide color gamut displays, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350701572313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=13, issue=27, pageStart=32022, pageEnd=32030, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=Eren G O, Sadeghi S, Bahmani Jalali H, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Eren G O , Sadeghi S , Bahmani Jalali H , et al. Cadmium-free and efficient type-Ⅱ InP/ZnO/ZnS quantum dots and their application for LEDs[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13 (27): 32022- 32030., articleTitle=Cadmium-free and efficient type-Ⅱ InP/ZnO/ZnS quantum dots and their application for LEDs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350777069786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1771-5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=575, issue=7784, pageStart=634, pageEnd=638, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=Won Y H, Cho O, Kim T, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Won Y H , Cho O , Kim T , et al. Highly efficient and stable InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. Nature, 2019, 575 (7784): 634- 638., articleTitle=Highly efficient and stable InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dot light-emitting diodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350839984347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08197-z, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=635, issue=8040, pageStart=854, pageEnd=859, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=Bian Y Y, Yan X H, Chen F, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Bian Y Y , Yan X H , Chen F , et al. Efficient green InP-based QD-LED by controlling electron injection and leakage[J]. Nature, 2024, 635 (8040): 854- 859., articleTitle=Efficient green InP-based QD-LED by controlling electron injection and leakage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350907093212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01066, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=18, issue=6, pageStart=3792, pageEnd=3799, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=Milstein T J, Kroupa D M, Gamelin D R, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Milstein T J , Kroupa D M , Gamelin D R . Picosecond quantum cutting generates photoluminescence quantum yields over 100% in ytterbium-doped CsPbCl3 nanocrystals[J]. Nano Letters, 2018, 18 (6): 3792- 3799., articleTitle=Picosecond quantum cutting generates photoluminescence quantum yields over 100% in ytterbium-doped CsPbCl3 nanocrystals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142350970007773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/nl5048779, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=15, issue=6, pageStart=3692, pageEnd=3696, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=Protesescu L, Yakunin S, Bodnarchuk M I, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Protesescu L , Yakunin S , Bodnarchuk M I , et al. Nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3, X=Cl, Br, and I): Novel optoelectronic materials showing bright emission with wide color gamut[J]. Nano Letters, 2015, 15 (6): 3692- 3696., articleTitle=Nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3, X=Cl, Br, and I): Novel optoelectronic materials showing bright emission with wide color gamut, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351058088158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/ncomms9056, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=8056, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=Yakunin S, Protesescu L, Krieg F, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Yakunin S , Protesescu L , Krieg F , et al. Low-threshold amplified spontaneous emission and lasing from colloidal nanocrystals of caesium lead halide perovskites[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 8056., articleTitle=Low-threshold amplified spontaneous emission and lasing from colloidal nanocrystals of caesium lead halide perovskites, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351129391327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01226, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=3, issue=2, pageStart=329, pageEnd=334, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=Dutta A, Dutta S K, Das Adhikari S, journalName=ACS Energy Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Dutta A , Dutta S K , Das Adhikari S , et al. Tuning the size of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals: All at one constant temperature[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2018, 3 (2): 329- 334., articleTitle=Tuning the size of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals: All at one constant temperature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351196500192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=8, issue=42, pageStart=28824, pageEnd=28830, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=Liang Z Q, Zhao S L, Xu Z, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Liang Z Q , Zhao S L , Xu Z , et al. Shape-controlled synthesis of all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals with bright blue emission[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8 (42): 28824- 28830., articleTitle=Shape-controlled synthesis of all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals with bright blue emission, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351259414753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/adma.202008820, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=33, issue=15, pageStart=e2008820, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=Li H M, Lin H, Ouyang D, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Li H M , Lin H , Ouyang D , et al. Efficient and stable red perovskite light-emitting diodes with operational stability > 300 H[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33 (15): e2008820., articleTitle=Efficient and stable red perovskite light-emitting diodes with operational stability > 300 H, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351326523618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41467-023-36118-7, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=397, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=Wang K, Lin Z Y, Zhang Z H, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Wang K , Lin Z Y , Zhang Z H , et al. Suppressing phase disproportionation in quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14 (1): 397., articleTitle=Suppressing phase disproportionation in quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351397826787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/adma.202302283, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=35, issue=39, pageStart=e2302283, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=Bai W H, Xuan T T, Zhao H Y, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Bai W H , Xuan T T , Zhao H Y , et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency exceeding 30[J]. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35 (39): e2302283., articleTitle=Perovskite light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency exceeding 30, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351481712868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41566-022-01046-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=637, pageEnd=643, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=Guo B B, Lai R C, Jiang S J, journalName=Nature Photonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Guo B B , Lai R C , Jiang S J , et al. Ultrastable near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. Nature Photonics, 2022, 16: 637- 643., articleTitle=Ultrastable near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351548821733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1557/mrs.2013.182, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=38, issue=9, pageStart=721, pageEnd=730, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=Bae W K, Brovelli S, Klimov V I, journalName=MRS Bulletin, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Bae W K , Brovelli S , Klimov V I . Spectroscopic insights into the performance of quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. MRS Bulletin, 2013, 38 (9): 721- 730., articleTitle=Spectroscopic insights into the performance of quantum dot light-emitting diodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351611736294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/nphoton.2012.328, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=13, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=Shirasaki Y, Supran G J, Bawendi M G, journalName=Nature Photonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Shirasaki Y , Supran G J , Bawendi M G , et al. Emergence of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting technologies[J]. Nature Photonics, 2013, 7: 13- 23., articleTitle=Emergence of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting technologies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351674650855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/370354a0, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=370, issue=null, pageStart=354, pageEnd=357, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=Colvin V L, Schlamp M C, Alivisatos A P, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Colvin V L , Schlamp M C , Alivisatos A P . Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer[J]. Nature, 1994, 370: 354- 357., articleTitle=Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351737565416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00695, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=123, issue=8, pageStart=4663, pageEnd=4692, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=Jang E, Jang H, journalName=Chemical Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Jang E , Jang H . Review: Quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2023, 123 (8): 4663- 4692., articleTitle=Review: Quantum dot light-emitting diodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351804674281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1063/1.366452, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=82, issue=11, pageStart=5837, pageEnd=5842, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=Schlamp M C, Peng X G, Alivisatos A P, journalName=Journal of Applied Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Schlamp M C , Peng X G , Alivisatos A P . Improved efficiencies in light emitting diodes made with CdSe (CdS) core/shell type nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1997, 82 (11): 5837- 5842., articleTitle=Improved efficiencies in light emitting diodes made with CdSe (CdS) core/shell type nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351875977450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/adma.200602373, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=19, issue=20, pageStart=3371, pageEnd=3376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=Niu Y H, Munro A, Cheng Y J, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Niu Y H , Munro A , Cheng Y J , et al. Improved performance from multilayer quantum dot light-emitting diodes via thermal annealing of the quantum dot layer[J]. Advanced Materials, 2007, 19 (20): 3371- 3376., articleTitle=Improved performance from multilayer quantum dot light-emitting diodes via thermal annealing of the quantum dot layer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142351951474923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/nphoton.2011.171, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=543, pageEnd=548, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=Qian L, Zheng Y, Xue J G, journalName=Nature Photonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Qian L , Zheng Y , Xue J G , et al. Stable and efficient quantum-dot light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed multilayer structures[J]. Nature Photonics, 2011, 5: 543- 548., articleTitle=Stable and efficient quantum-dot light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed multilayer structures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142352035361004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/nphoton.2013.70, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=407, pageEnd=412, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=Mashford B S, Stevenson M, Popovic Z, journalName=Nature Photonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Mashford B S , Stevenson M , Popovic Z , et al. High-efficiency quantum-dot light-emitting devices with enhanced charge injection[J]. Nature Photonics, 2013, 7: 407- 412., articleTitle=High-efficiency quantum-dot light-emitting devices with enhanced charge injection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142353478201583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/nature13829, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=515, issue=7525, pageStart=96, pageEnd=99, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=Dai X L, Zhang Z X, Jin Y Z, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Dai X L , Zhang Z X , Jin Y Z , et al. Solution-processed, high-performance light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots[J]. Nature, 2014, 515 (7525): 96- 99., articleTitle=Solution-processed, high-performance light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142353557893360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04986-z, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=2608, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=Cao W R, Xiang C Y, Yang Y X, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Cao W R , Xiang C Y , Yang Y X , et al. Highly stable QLEDs with improved hole injection via quantum dot structure tailoring[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9 (1): 2608., articleTitle=Highly stable QLEDs with improved hole injection via quantum dot structure tailoring, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142353625002225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41566-019-0364-z, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=192, pageEnd=197, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=Shen H B, Gao Q, Zhang Y B, journalName=Nature Photonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Shen H B , Gao Q , Zhang Y B , et al. Visible quantum dot light-emitting diodes with simultaneous high brightness and efficiency[J]. Nature Photonics, 2019, 13: 192- 197., articleTitle=Visible quantum dot light-emitting diodes with simultaneous high brightness and efficiency, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142353704694002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/adma.202106276, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=34, issue=4, pageStart=e2106276, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=Lee T, Kim B J, Lee H, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Lee T , Kim B J , Lee H , et al. Bright and stable quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34 (4): e2106276., articleTitle=Bright and stable quantum dot light-emitting diodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142353771802867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=18, pageStart=21263, pageEnd=21269, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=Fang Y F, Bai P L, Li J Y, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Fang Y F , Bai P L , Li J Y , et al. Highly efficient red quantum dot light-emitting diodes by balancing charge injection and transport[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14 (18): 21263- 21269., articleTitle=Highly efficient red quantum dot light-emitting diodes by balancing charge injection and transport, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142353834717428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/nature01217, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=420, issue=6917, pageStart=800, pageEnd=803, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=Coe S, Woo W K, Bawendi M, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Coe S , Woo W K , Bawendi M , et al. Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices[J]. Nature, 2002, 420 (6917): 800- 803., articleTitle=Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142353897631989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/anie.200600317, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=45, issue=35, pageStart=5796, pageEnd=5799, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=Steckel J S, Snee P, Coe-Sullivan S, journalName=Angewandte Chemie (International Ed), refType=null, unstructuredReference= Steckel J S , Snee P , Coe-Sullivan S , et al. Color-saturated green-emitting QD-LEDs[J]. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed), 2006, 45 (35): 5796- 5799., articleTitle=Color-saturated green-emitting QD-LEDs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142353960546550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/nphoton.2015.36, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=259, pageEnd=266, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=Yang Y X, Zheng Y, Cao W R, journalName=Nature Photonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Yang Y X , Zheng Y , Cao W R , et al. High-efficiency light-emitting devices based on quantum dots with tailored nanostructures[J]. Nature Photonics, 2015, 9: 259- 266., articleTitle=High-efficiency light-emitting devices based on quantum dots with tailored nanostructures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354019266807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/anie.200453728, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=43, issue=16, pageStart=2154, pageEnd=2158, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=Steckel J S, Zimmer J P, Coe-Sullivan S, journalName=Angewandte Chemie International Edition, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Steckel J S , Zimmer J P , Coe-Sullivan S , et al. Blue luminescence from (CdS) ZnS core-shell nanocrystals[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2004, 43 (16): 2154- 2158., articleTitle=Blue luminescence from (CdS) ZnS core-shell nanocrystals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354090569976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1039/b509196a, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=null, issue=36, pageStart=4616, pageEnd=4618, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=Jun S, Jang E, journalName=Chemical Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Jun S , Jang E . Interfused semiconductor nanocrystals: Brilliant blue photoluminescence and electroluminescence[J]. Chemical Communications, 2005 (36): 4616- 4618., articleTitle=Interfused semiconductor nanocrystals: Brilliant blue photoluminescence and electroluminescence, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354157678841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=9, issue=30, pageStart=25506, pageEnd=25512, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=Liu Y, Li F S, Xu Z W, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Liu Y , Li F S , Xu Z W , et al. Efficient all-solution processed quantum dot light emitting diodes based on inkjet printing technique[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9 (30): 25506- 25512., articleTitle=Efficient all-solution processed quantum dot light emitting diodes based on inkjet printing technique, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354220593402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41467-019-10406-7, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=10, issue=1, pageStart=2409, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=Liu Y, Han F, Li F S, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Liu Y , Han F , Li F S , et al. Inkjet-printed unclonable quantum dot fluorescent anti-counterfeiting labels with artificial intelligence authentication[J]. Nature Communications, 2019, 10 (1): 2409., articleTitle=Inkjet-printed unclonable quantum dot fluorescent anti-counterfeiting labels with artificial intelligence authentication, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354291896571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1364/PRJ.7.000416, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=7, issue=4, pageStart=416, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=46, authorNames=Huang Chen S W, Shen C C, Wu T Z, journalName=Photonics Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Huang Chen S W , Shen C C , Wu T Z , et al. Full-color monolithic hybrid quantum dot nanoring micro light-emitting diodes with improved efficiency using atomic layer deposition and nonradiative resonant energy transfer[J]. Photonics Research, 2019, 7 (4): 416., articleTitle=Full-color monolithic hybrid quantum dot nanoring micro light-emitting diodes with improved efficiency using atomic layer deposition and nonradiative resonant energy transfer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354363199740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1007/s13391-022-00373-5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=19, issue=1, pageStart=19, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=47, authorNames=Qin F, Liu C, Wu W H, journalName=Electronic Materials Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Qin F , Liu C , Wu W H , et al. Inkjet printed quantum dots color conversion layers for full-color micro-LED displays[J]. Electronic Materials Letters, 2023, 19 (1): 19- 28., articleTitle=Inkjet printed quantum dots color conversion layers for full-color micro-LED displays, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354468057341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/admt.202301370, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=9, issue=3, pageStart=2301370, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=48, authorNames=Lin C T, Zhuan Y L, Jung N T, journalName=Advanced Materials Technologies, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Lin C T , Zhuan Y L , Jung N T , et al. Design of quantum dot color convertors for inkjet-printed optoelectronic devices: Violet-converted full color mini-LED[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2024, 9 (3): 2301370., articleTitle=Design of quantum dot color convertors for inkjet-printed optoelectronic devices: Violet-converted full color mini-LED, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354535166206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/adom.202101069, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=9, issue=22, pageStart=2101069, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=49, authorNames=Jia S Q, Tang H D, Ma J R, journalName=Advanced Optical Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Jia S Q , Tang H D , Ma J R , et al. High performance inkjet-printed quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with high operational stability[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2021, 9 (22): 2101069., articleTitle=High performance inkjet-printed quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with high operational stability, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354602275071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1007/s12274-021-3352-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=14, issue=11, pageStart=4125, pageEnd=4131, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=50, authorNames=Chen M, Xie L M, Wei C T, journalName=Nano Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Chen M , Xie L M , Wei C T , et al. High performance inkjet-printed QLEDs with 18.3% EQE: Improving interfacial contact by novel halogen-free binary solvent system[J]. Nano Research, 2021, 14 (11): 4125- 4131., articleTitle=High performance inkjet-printed QLEDs with 18.3% EQE: Improving interfacial contact by novel halogen-free binary solvent system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354669383936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1016/j.cej.2022.138413, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=450, issue=null, pageStart=138413, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=51, authorNames=Yang Z W, Lin G L, Bai J Y, journalName=Chemical Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Yang Z W , Lin G L , Bai J Y , et al. Inkjet-printed blue InP/ZnS/ZnS quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 450: 138413., articleTitle=Inkjet-printed blue InP/ZnS/ZnS quantum dot light-emitting diodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354736492801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1039/D2NA00862A, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=5, issue=4, pageStart=1183, pageEnd=1189, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=53, rfOrder=52, authorNames=Wang H W, Zhang Y M, Liu Y, journalName=Nanoscale Advances, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Wang H W , Zhang Y M , Liu Y , et al. High-efficiency and high-resolution patterned quantum dot light emitting diodes by electrohydrodynamic printing[J]. Nanoscale Advances, 2023, 5 (4): 1183- 1189., articleTitle=High-efficiency and high-resolution patterned quantum dot light emitting diodes by electrohydrodynamic printing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354795213058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/jsid.1217, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=31, issue=5, pageStart=355, pageEnd=362, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=54, rfOrder=53, authorNames=Zhang Y M, Yuan X, Chen Z, journalName=Journal of the Society for Information Display, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Zhang Y M , Yuan X , Chen Z , et al. Development of the ink-jet printing technology for 55-inch 8K AMQLED display[J]. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 2023, 31 (5): 355- 362., articleTitle=Development of the ink-jet printing technology for 55-inch 8K AMQLED display, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354853933315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/admt.201900054, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=4, issue=9, pageStart=1900054, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=54, authorNames=Shulga A G, Yamamura A, Tsuzuku K, journalName=Advanced Materials Technologies, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Shulga A G , Yamamura A , Tsuzuku K , et al. Patterned quantum dot photosensitive FETs for medium frequency optoelectronics[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2019, 4 (9): 1900054., articleTitle=Patterned quantum dot photosensitive FETs for medium frequency optoelectronics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354916847876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1007/s12274-020-2883-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=13, issue=9, pageStart=2485, pageEnd=2491, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=55, authorNames=Mei W H, Zhang Z Q, Zhang A D, journalName=Nano Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Mei W H , Zhang Z Q , Zhang A D , et al. High-resolution, full-color quantum dot light-emitting diode display fabricated via photolithography approach[J]. Nano Research, 2020, 13 (9): 2485- 2491., articleTitle=High-resolution, full-color quantum dot light-emitting diode display fabricated via photolithography approach, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142354983956741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/admi.202200835, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=9, issue=22, pageStart=2200835, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=56, authorNames=Lee J Y, Kim E A, Han J S, journalName=Advanced Materials Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Lee J Y , Kim E A , Han J S , et al. Nondestructive direct photolithography for patterning quantum dot films by atomic layer deposition of ZnO[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2022, 9 (22): 2200835., articleTitle=Nondestructive direct photolithography for patterning quantum dot films by atomic layer deposition of ZnO, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355046871302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/nl3022863, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=12, issue=8, pageStart=4404, pageEnd=4408, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=57, authorNames=Mentzel T S, Wanger D D, Ray N, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Mentzel T S , Wanger D D , Ray N , et al. Nanopatterned electrically conductive films of semiconductor nanocrystals[J]. Nano Letters, 2012, 12 (8): 4404- 4408., articleTitle=Nanopatterned electrically conductive films of semiconductor nanocrystals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355113980167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00701, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=20, issue=5, pageStart=3710, pageEnd=3717, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=58, authorNames=Zou C, Chang C, Sun D, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Zou C , Chang C , Sun D , et al. Photolithographic patterning of perovskite thin films for multicolor display applications[J]. Nano Letters, 2020, 20 (5): 3710- 3717., articleTitle=Photolithographic patterning of perovskite thin films for multicolor display applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355172700424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41467-022-29538-4, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=1, pageStart=1862, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=59, authorNames=Bae J, Shin Y, Yoo H, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Bae J , Shin Y , Yoo H , et al. Quantum dot-integrated GaN light-emitting diodes with resolution beyond the retinal limit[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13 (1): 1862., articleTitle=Quantum dot-integrated GaN light-emitting diodes with resolution beyond the retinal limit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355244003593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/adfm.202006283, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=31, issue=1, pageStart=2006283, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=61, rfOrder=60, authorNames=Xing D, Lin C C, Ho Y L, journalName=Advanced Functional Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Xing D , Lin C C , Ho Y L , et al. Self-healing lithographic patterning of perovskite nanocrystals for large-area single-mode laser array[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31 (1): 2006283., articleTitle=Self-healing lithographic patterning of perovskite nanocrystals for large-area single-mode laser array, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355311112459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/adfm.202310338, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=34, issue=10, pageStart=2310338, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=62, rfOrder=61, authorNames=Guo W S, Chen J, Ma T, journalName=Advanced Functional Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Guo W S , Chen J , Ma T , et al. Direct photolithography patterning of quantum dot-polymer[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2024, 34 (10): 2310338., articleTitle=Direct photolithography patterning of quantum dot-polymer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355365638412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1038/s41467-022-34453-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=1, pageStart=6713, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=63, rfOrder=62, authorNames=Zhang P P, Yang G L, Li F, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Zhang P P , Yang G L , Li F , et al. Direct in situ photolithography of perovskite quantum dots based on photocatalysis of lead bromide complexes[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13 (1): 6713., articleTitle=Direct in situ photolithography of perovskite quantum dots based on photocatalysis of lead bromide complexes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355441135885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1007/s12274-022-4466-4, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=15, issue=8, pageStart=7681, pageEnd=7687, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=64, rfOrder=63, authorNames=Liu X, Li J J, Zhang P P, journalName=Nano Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Liu X , Li J J , Zhang P P , et al. Perovskite quantum dot microarrays: in situ fabrication via direct print photopolymerization[J]. Nano Research, 2022, 15 (8): 7681- 7687., articleTitle=Perovskite quantum dot microarrays: in situ fabrication via direct print photopolymerization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355504050446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=43, pageStart=48995, pageEnd=49002, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=64, authorNames=Srivastava S, Lee K E, Fitzgerald E A, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Srivastava S , Lee K E , Fitzgerald E A , et al. Freestanding high-resolution quantum dot color converters with small pixel sizes[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14 (43): 48995- 49002., articleTitle=Freestanding high-resolution quantum dot color converters with small pixel sizes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355562770703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01019, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=8, issue=10, pageStart=4210, pageEnd=4217, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=66, rfOrder=65, authorNames=Lee J, Ha J, Lee H, journalName=ACS Energy Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Lee J , Ha J , Lee H , et al. Direct optical lithography of colloidal InP-based quantum dots with ligand pair treatment[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2023, 8 (10): 4210- 4217., articleTitle=Direct optical lithography of colloidal InP-based quantum dots with ligand pair treatment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355621490960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00146, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=5, pageStart=2000, pageEnd=2008, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=67, rfOrder=66, authorNames=Fu Z, Zhou L K, Yin Y, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Fu Z , Zhou L K , Yin Y , et al. Direct photo-patterning of efficient and stable quantum dot light-emitting diodes via light-triggered, carbocation-enabled ligand stripping[J]. Nano Letters, 2023, 23 (5): 2000- 2008., articleTitle=Direct photo-patterning of efficient and stable quantum dot light-emitting diodes via light-triggered, carbocation-enabled ligand stripping, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355692794129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/adma.202205504, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=34, issue=43, pageStart=e2205504, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=68, rfOrder=67, authorNames=Yang J, Lee M, Park S Y, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Yang J , Lee M , Park S Y , et al. Nondestructive photopatterning of heavy-metal-free quantum dots[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34 (43): e2205504., articleTitle=Nondestructive photopatterning of heavy-metal-free quantum dots, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355755708690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04230, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=24, issue=4, pageStart=1254, pageEnd=1260, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=69, rfOrder=68, authorNames=Qie Y, Hu H L, Yu K B, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Qie Y , Hu H L , Yu K B , et al. Ligand-nondestructive direct photolithography assisted by semiconductor polymer cross-linking for high-resolution quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24 (4): 1254- 1260., articleTitle=Ligand-nondestructive direct photolithography assisted by semiconductor polymer cross-linking for high-resolution quantum dot light-emitting diodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242142355814428947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, doi=10.1002/anie.202202633, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=61, issue=23, pageStart=e202202633, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=70, rfOrder=69, authorNames=Lu S Y, Fu Z, Li F, journalName=Angewandte Chemie (International Ed), refType=null, unstructuredReference= Lu S Y , Fu Z , Li F , et al. Beyond a linker: The role of photochemistry of crosslinkers in the direct optical patterning of colloidal nanocrystals[J]. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed), 2022, 61 (23): e202202633., articleTitle=Beyond a linker: The role of photochemistry of crosslinkers in the direct optical patterning of colloidal nanocrystals, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242142349569110218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, awardId=12474399, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(12474399), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242142340383584355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340391972964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142340400361573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, companyId=1242142340383584355, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242142342447181962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sofatbbOHsZ4x6p5iwM4yA==, figureFileBig=nz1Q3rPSv8aPG9cr/mk8qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142342514290827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图1, caption=量子点材料随其直径变化而带隙变化的理想模型, figureFileSmall=sofatbbOHsZ4x6p5iwM4yA==, figureFileBig=nz1Q3rPSv8aPG9cr/mk8qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142342707228812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=I5b75SKk8Zo+vOVwJ1mMeQ==, figureFileBig=6Kt4gnHG7br1iFnreNWpkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142342774337677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图2, caption=常用镉系量子点结构, figureFileSmall=I5b75SKk8Zo+vOVwJ1mMeQ==, figureFileBig=6Kt4gnHG7br1iFnreNWpkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142342862418062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LneABx+trGLGRLmo32BMZg==, figureFileBig=hpB1+LjJTKPl14aHt8H2+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142342963081359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同类型量子点的核壳相对能级示意, figureFileSmall=LneABx+trGLGRLmo32BMZg==, figureFileBig=hpB1+LjJTKPl14aHt8H2+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142343034384528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CJpZl7scRURqfBYOQTMXiw==, figureFileBig=18WsG2qLR4JNuLpLR/qtPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142343122464913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图4, caption=红、绿、蓝量子点发光二极管器件性能, figureFileSmall=CJpZl7scRURqfBYOQTMXiw==, figureFileBig=18WsG2qLR4JNuLpLR/qtPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142344573694098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VfmPFUl+lg91F8SteJ8gRw==, figureFileBig=xzj6Wg1zVnT39QmV0c+eVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142344636608659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图5, caption=InP量子点材料及其QLEDs器件性能, figureFileSmall=VfmPFUl+lg91F8SteJ8gRw==, figureFileBig=xzj6Wg1zVnT39QmV0c+eVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142344703717524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3apy/Eu5vpYBPQK8qQUoag==, figureFileBig=hJbe8OSvxaicd6wx3KR8zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142344766632085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于InP/ZnSe/ZnS核壳结构量子点的器件特性, figureFileSmall=3apy/Eu5vpYBPQK8qQUoag==, figureFileBig=hJbe8OSvxaicd6wx3KR8zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142344842129558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DKAjZ2OxzJJalnbp4TMbxQ==, figureFileBig=a2Vjxp5X95taN5MrK+0uIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142344909238423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同阴离子组分的CsPbX3纳米晶, figureFileSmall=DKAjZ2OxzJJalnbp4TMbxQ==, figureFileBig=a2Vjxp5X95taN5MrK+0uIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142344988930200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=st64EyFPVCk40gg/lhoefw==, figureFileBig=jaGY00wB/Z2FMcrMiG7/vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345072816281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图8, caption=量子点材料发光波长随尺寸的变化

从左至右,粒径逐渐增大

, figureFileSmall=st64EyFPVCk40gg/lhoefw==, figureFileBig=jaGY00wB/Z2FMcrMiG7/vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345139925146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sVpOEi7IOZDciyZggclyeQ==, figureFileBig=zswIIPNx1Qr+wpHqgc10cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345207034011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图9, caption=量子点3种发光机理, figureFileSmall=sVpOEi7IOZDciyZggclyeQ==, figureFileBig=zswIIPNx1Qr+wpHqgc10cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345269948572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=aJC6IUjDoLUClBc/eBfaWA==, figureFileBig=1RvVkyjsJD9KziiwA3yQaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345337057437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图10, caption=QLEDs与OLEDs的发光对比及CIE图, figureFileSmall=aJC6IUjDoLUClBc/eBfaWA==, figureFileBig=1RvVkyjsJD9KziiwA3yQaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345404166302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=E6x9ce8Efq/FyLyOl8mUwg==, figureFileBig=NXBZMlVt0OWorS/M3CmiUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345462886559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图11, caption=量子点色彩增强膜/光扩散板显示器及其性能对比, figureFileSmall=E6x9ce8Efq/FyLyOl8mUwg==, figureFileBig=NXBZMlVt0OWorS/M3CmiUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345517412512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JBaUFenXbAK0Ts9xIKTl3g==, figureFileBig=wYxdktQxXq+ZZvysHBhKgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345576132769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图12, caption=量子点色彩转换片结构示意, figureFileSmall=JBaUFenXbAK0Ts9xIKTl3g==, figureFileBig=wYxdktQxXq+ZZvysHBhKgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345634853026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=d2p31OpKaU9gmb+CDW9o0Q==, figureFileBig=ZqKvB4E2CSuUnSqrq2cX+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345693573283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图13, caption=量子点色彩转换片的图案化, figureFileSmall=d2p31OpKaU9gmb+CDW9o0Q==, figureFileBig=ZqKvB4E2CSuUnSqrq2cX+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345756487844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lN2zj/NyqoHhZhD3MsqoFw==, figureFileBig=shzJtk7DQ5JTAxIiF2ojHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345840373925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图14, caption=量子点发光二极管显示器件, figureFileSmall=lN2zj/NyqoHhZhD3MsqoFw==, figureFileBig=shzJtk7DQ5JTAxIiF2ojHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345903288486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VD71UUVvgd+feOg7jvA0mg==, figureFileBig=nGSCFy3VsEXvVYYRWZcGRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142345966203047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图15, caption=QLEDs器件中载流子传输和发光示意, figureFileSmall=VD71UUVvgd+feOg7jvA0mg==, figureFileBig=nGSCFy3VsEXvVYYRWZcGRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346033311912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gStsH/0sqIGo+LvX6Uti+Q==, figureFileBig=jzF/y4lny0p6TJdwyYCxkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346092032169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图16, caption=量子点发光二极管的器件结构, figureFileSmall=gStsH/0sqIGo+LvX6Uti+Q==, figureFileBig=jzF/y4lny0p6TJdwyYCxkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346163335338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ehc7SAhoq7PMAUfWUzsBsA==, figureFileBig=cd41uWF8F+n3/p35K0yaeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346222055595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图17, caption=量子点发光二极管的出光方向, figureFileSmall=ehc7SAhoq7PMAUfWUzsBsA==, figureFileBig=cd41uWF8F+n3/p35K0yaeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346280775852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QOrJ1N432aP04n8AQuMvgQ==, figureFileBig=Z/5EfNjO4szu+UO9KfDJmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346339496109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图18, caption=QLEDs外量子效率EQE的进展, figureFileSmall=QOrJ1N432aP04n8AQuMvgQ==, figureFileBig=Z/5EfNjO4szu+UO9KfDJmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346394022062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=g9PamZ66vB7F/aOhA0/8Hw==, figureFileBig=DYtRw11Kz3Yz1drc6Y15OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346452742319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图19, caption=红光QLEDs的部分研究进展, figureFileSmall=g9PamZ66vB7F/aOhA0/8Hw==, figureFileBig=DYtRw11Kz3Yz1drc6Y15OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346515656880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NFBnT9BoemntP6NFnHBX9w==, figureFileBig=glLKEk38NGb7u5QyPB2QYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346582765745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图20, caption=绿光QLEDs器件, figureFileSmall=NFBnT9BoemntP6NFnHBX9w==, figureFileBig=glLKEk38NGb7u5QyPB2QYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346641486002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qE2YtoOoyS+woVj8rL84IQ==, figureFileBig=dn0C5FHFQ0tFyrMMY8f9qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346696011955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图21, caption=蓝色QLEDs的器件结构图及器件J-L-V特性和EQE, figureFileSmall=qE2YtoOoyS+woVj8rL84IQ==, figureFileBig=dn0C5FHFQ0tFyrMMY8f9qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346763120820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VEEYsFpP70Nsk2IjgT4Ilg==, figureFileBig=xubfWUsx5dHK70uPLaYanw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346838618293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图22, caption=QLEDs常用的空穴传输层和电子传输层的能级结构, figureFileSmall=VEEYsFpP70Nsk2IjgT4Ilg==, figureFileBig=xubfWUsx5dHK70uPLaYanw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346901532854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QcjLjRaM0POtnMoomMFTBQ==, figureFileBig=0mwrqOeRpwOCBXHFKcJLxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142346964447415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图23, caption=量子点的喷墨打印, figureFileSmall=QcjLjRaM0POtnMoomMFTBQ==, figureFileBig=0mwrqOeRpwOCBXHFKcJLxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142347023167672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YXfHgI07y0ZkHiagc8Xp/g==, figureFileBig=I+2tJ+UwHfI/gql5P6cuvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142347086082233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图24, caption=一种基于蓝色Micro LED的新型全彩显示器, figureFileSmall=YXfHgI07y0ZkHiagc8Xp/g==, figureFileBig=I+2tJ+UwHfI/gql5P6cuvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142347148996794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Apzchrz9E0G/OmK7vcmGLg==, figureFileBig=nQQerkmkLSd5aR1uMDUGiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142347203522747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图25, caption=基于喷墨打印所制备的红绿蓝QLEDs的像素大小及器件性能, figureFileSmall=Apzchrz9E0G/OmK7vcmGLg==, figureFileBig=nQQerkmkLSd5aR1uMDUGiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142347279020220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yOfS+ObQ0iUey1c3ckWxng==, figureFileBig=SasD1tjNcW1KpwnZN3KFgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142347350323389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图26, caption=喷墨打印制备的红绿蓝QLEDs性能及原型显示屏, figureFileSmall=yOfS+ObQ0iUey1c3ckWxng==, figureFileBig=SasD1tjNcW1KpwnZN3KFgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142347409043646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JfrZSNdlqC+9dsMtOrrMOw==, figureFileBig=9Mg+8LOqsrK3yXJ4kX7Kbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142347480346816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图27, caption=辅助光刻QLEDs, figureFileSmall=JfrZSNdlqC+9dsMtOrrMOw==, figureFileBig=9Mg+8LOqsrK3yXJ4kX7Kbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142347543261377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LkHvVg2oFhNsnTWKy2FPXA==, figureFileBig=1Xb9EQURnCX9vvtYuln9KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142349028044995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图28, caption=CdSe和PbS薄膜的电子显微图、荧光图及AFM图, figureFileSmall=LkHvVg2oFhNsnTWKy2FPXA==, figureFileBig=1Xb9EQURnCX9vvtYuln9KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142349107736772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jUU/ykmEnWI/MK3ZGlyLxg==, figureFileBig=9Oh4nVLjzPJcHWNFpL6WEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142349166457029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图29, caption=3种不同直接光刻工艺体的光交联剂, figureFileSmall=jUU/ykmEnWI/MK3ZGlyLxg==, figureFileBig=9Oh4nVLjzPJcHWNFpL6WEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142349241954502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=z2F5KzlSWOWlD6ZJ1QRRqQ==, figureFileBig=aRRr0uTB5fkWajAQ3yKHpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142349309063367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图30, caption=基于量子点的颜色转换器及相应光谱, figureFileSmall=z2F5KzlSWOWlD6ZJ1QRRqQ==, figureFileBig=aRRr0uTB5fkWajAQ3yKHpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142349367783624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bJ5BmqoaNg1w/U1gFqBP5w==, figureFileBig=BmIa6tKzjrJY9ChveYLLYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242142349439086793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769346945826851, language=CN, label=图31, caption=量子点的直接光刻图案化性能, figureFileSmall=bJ5BmqoaNg1w/U1gFqBP5w==, figureFileBig=BmIa6tKzjrJY9ChveYLLYw==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1125356956822126595, delFlag=0, nameCn=科技导报, nameEn=Science & Technology Review, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-7857, eissn=, cn=11-1421/N, coden=null, periodic=3, language=CN, oaType=0, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Sci Technol Rev, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1774230116083, createdBy=null, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=S, firstLetterEn=S, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, subjectName=自然科学, subjectCodeEn=Natural Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, picEn=yjSfclmpNm7ihn9NbTZ69g==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1242774439910290156, language=CN, name=科技导报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=中国科学技术协会, sponsoredBy=中国科学技术协会, publishedBy=科技导报社, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/CN/home, createdTime=1774230116107, updatedTime=1774230116107, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/CN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kjdbauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionReviewUrl=https://kjdbauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1242774439960621805, language=EN, name=Science & Technology Review, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/EN/home, createdTime=1774230116119, updatedTime=1774230116119, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/EN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kjdbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://kjdbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146031591421210625, websiteList=[Website(id=1146104741081231361, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031591421210625, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751182263881, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1751778001962, updateBy=18614031015, name=科技导报, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=科技导报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148021146403992296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751639170504, updateTime=1751639170504, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146378826469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751639170498, updateTime=1751639170498, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146366243556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=9GHSf7eGlIPH0Tv/OOdstA==, createTime=1751639170495, updateTime=1751639170495, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146395603687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751639170502, updateTime=1751639170502, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146387215078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751639170500, updateTime=1751639170500, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1146105254833139715, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031591421210625, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1751182386363, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753500121937, updateBy=18614031015, name=科技导报, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Science & Technology Review, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155838567709528217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753502988984, updateTime=1753502988984, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567692750998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753502988980, updateTime=1753502988980, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567688556693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic?fileId=9GHSf7eGlIPH0Tv/OOdstA==, createTime=1753502988979, updateTime=1753502988979, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567705333912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1753502988983, updateTime=1753502988983, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567701139607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1753502988982, updateTime=1753502988982, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=科技导报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Science & Technology Review, journalPhotoCn=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, journalPhotoEn=yjSfclmpNm7ihn9NbTZ69g==, journalFirstLetter=S, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=1, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=0.91, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=null, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01030, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01030, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01030, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01030, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1737993600000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
量子点及其在显示领域研究进展
收藏切换
PDF下载
李彦松 , 刘衡 , 赵泽邦 , 赵谡玲 * , 徐征
科技导报 | 特色专题:新型显示科学与技术专题 2025,43(2): 62-89
收起
收藏切换
科技导报 | 特色专题:新型显示科学与技术专题 2025, 43(2): 62-89
量子点及其在显示领域研究进展
全屏
李彦松 , 刘衡, 赵泽邦, 赵谡玲* , 徐征
作者信息
  • 北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044
  • 李彦松,博士研究生,研究方向为发光与显示,电子信箱:

通讯作者:

赵谡玲(通信作者),教授,研究方向为发光与显示,电子信箱:
Quantum dots and their applications in the field of displays
Yansong LI , Heng LIU, Zebang ZHAO, Suling ZHAO* , Zheng XU
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information (Beijing Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01030
文章导航
收藏切换

量子点以其高色纯度、高效率、可调光谱、广泛的光谱覆盖范围,以及低成本的溶液加工等诸多优点,成为新兴的显示领域材料。然而,无论是以光致发光为主的显示技术,还是发光二极管(QLEDs)显示技术,都面临着一些挑战,如器件寿命低、蓝光效率低、镉基量子点毒性、图案化困难等。总结了量子点的物理特性、量子点的种类、发光机制及在显示领域的研究进展,介绍了镉基量子点QLEDs的研究进展,报道了最新三基色QLEDs的发光亮度、效率和器件寿命。总结了量子点图案化技术,分析了不同技术的优势和劣势。为进一步提高量子点在显示领域的应用,科研人员需要不断开拓和创新,攻克量子点的应用难题,实现自发光量子点显示。

量子点  /  光致发光  /  量子点发光二极管  /  电致发光  /  量子点图案化
quantum dots  /  photoluminescence  /  quantum dot light-emitting diode  /  electroluminescence  /  quantum dot patterning
李彦松, 刘衡, 赵泽邦, 赵谡玲, 徐征. 量子点及其在显示领域研究进展. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (2) : 62 -89 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01030
Yansong LI, Heng LIU, Zebang ZHAO, Suling ZHAO, Zheng XU. Quantum dots and their applications in the field of displays[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (2) : 62 -89 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01030
量子点(quantum dots,QDs)发光因具有色纯度高、发光谱峰窄且分布对称、发射光谱可调、色彩表现力好、发光效率高、光稳定性好、具有实现纳米级像素潜力等优点,在显示技术领域受到了广泛关注,有望为实现高分辨、高色彩饱和度、宽色域的显示提供可能,这是下一代显示器的必要条件。量子点在显示技术领域的应用主要包括2个方面:基于量子点光致发光特性的量子点背光源(quantum dots-backlight unit,QD-BLU)技术,以及基于量子点电致发光特性的量子点发光二极管(quantum dots light emitting diode displays,QLEDs)技术。
量子点是准零维的半导体纳米晶体,由少量原子构成,形态上一般为球形或类球形,直径在2~20 nm范围内。当材料尺寸接近激子玻尔半径或电子德布罗意波长时,会产生明显的量子限域效应,载流子在材料中的运动会受到限制,动能增加,能量量子化,因此,量子点会产生具有类似分子特性的离散能级,如图 1所示[1]。随着量子点粒径的减小,能隙增大,发光峰蓝移。利用这一性质,制备不同尺寸大小的量子点,可以得到覆盖可见光范围的发光。常见的量子点主要由Ⅱ-Ⅵ族或Ⅲ-Ⅴ族元素组成,其晶格的生长状况及量子点的尺寸大小决定了其发出的光的波长和荧光量子产率(photoluminescence quantum yield,PLQY)。20世纪80年代早期,Ekimov等[2]在有色玻璃中发现了依赖于尺寸的量子效应,这种颜色变化来自氯化铜纳米颗粒,证明了粒子大小通过量子效应影响玻璃的颜色。几乎同时,Brus[3]也在研究Ⅱ-Ⅵ族半导体纳米晶的胶体溶液时,偶然间发现了尺寸变化所引起颜色变化。1983年,Rossetti等[4]提出量子点的概念,在实验上也实现了玻璃基质中的纳米硫化镉(CdS)晶体的发光特性随其尺寸改变的现象。1993年,Murray等[5]革新了量子点的化学合成方法,第一次制备出了大小均一的、近乎完美的量子点粒子,其高品质对于实际应用是必不可少的。
经过40多年的发展,科学界涌现了很多制备量子点的方法,如基于物理真空技术的制备方法及基于溶液化学的湿化学合成方法。随着这些方法的不断发展和优化,研究人员对量子点的生长机理逐渐产生了深刻的认识,量子点也从单一结构发展到具有不同组分和结构的复杂系统。目前用于发光和显示的量子点结构一般包含3个部分:发光核心、半导体壳层及最外层的配体,这样做的目的是用能隙更宽的材料保护中央的发光核心。为了保证具有高效率和稳定性的核壳量子点以防止氧化和降解,核和壳体材料在电子能带结构(带隙和带偏移)之间应具有良好的一致性,晶格常数失配也应尽可能地小,这样利于量子点在显示领域,如LCD(液晶显示器)、Micro-LED(微发光二极管)等显示器中的商业应用。此外,量子点不仅在发光、显示领域受到广泛应用和重视,其作为生物探针在生物医学标记和检测、太阳能电池、量子信息等领域的应用,也取得了许多重要进展。
量子点通常由Ⅱ-Ⅵ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ或Ⅳ族元素组成,有硅量子点、锗量子点、硫化镉量子点、硒化镉量子点、碲化镉量子点、硒化锌量子点、硫化铅量子点、硒化铅量子点、磷化铟量子点、砷化铟量子点、钙钛矿量子点等。在发光和显示领域研究较多的量子点材料主要包括3大类:(1)Ⅱ-Ⅵ族量子点,如CdSe、PbS等,它们通常具有良好的发光特性,诸如发光效率高、色域表现力更为宽广等,但其因含有重金属元素镉而不可避免地含有毒性;(2)主要由量子点Vision所采用的Ⅲ-Ⅴ族量子点,如InP等,由于不含金属元素镉,毒性较小,不受欧盟RoHS标准的限制,但其光学性能不如Ⅲ-Ⅵ族量子点;(3)主要由Nanoco所采用的卤化物钙钛矿量子点,如CsPbCl3、CsPbBr3和CsPbI3等,因其合成简单、发光效率高引起了人们的极大兴趣,但其环境稳定性差、易降解的特点阻碍了其进一步发展。
镉系量子点因其显著的光学和电学特性,是迄今为止研究最多、应用最为广泛的量子点之一,一般为球形结构。目前市场上常用的镉系量子点材料多为如图 2所示的带有表面配体的核壳结构量子点[6]。这是由于量子点材料合成后其表面存在大量缺陷态,且容易发生团聚的缺点,极大影响了材料的光学性能和稳定性,因此需要通过添加壳层结构和表面配体包覆的方法有效改善量子点的荧光性能,增强光电效应。
按照构成核与壳材料的能级的差异,核壳结构量子点可分3类:Type Ⅰ、Type Ⅱ和反Type Ⅰ型结构,如图 3所示。在Type Ⅰ型量子点中,核材料的带隙小于壳的带隙,壳材料的价带、导带能级可将核材料的能级“包裹”,这样可以将电子和空穴有效地限制在核材料中,同时壳层还可以钝化裸核量子点的表面悬挂键,因此容易获得较高的发光效率。在这种结构中,壳层起到使光激活核的表面与周围介质物理分离的作用,降低了裸核表面局部环境对水、氧的敏感性,因此发光性能稳定。采用这种方法合成的CdSe/ZnS量子点,是制备电致发光器件最常使用的量子点材料。为减小核材料与壳材料之间的晶格失配,科学家在Type Ⅰ型结构的基础上,将外壳替换成梯度合金结构壳,为了进一步优化梯度合金壳结构的量子点中可能存在的电子波函数离域,可在梯度合金壳外再添加一层外壳,并将合金壳层做薄,形成能级渐变的核壳量子点。在Type Ⅱ型量子点中,壳材料的价带或导带能级位于核的带隙中,外壳不能同时限制电子和空穴,因此量子点被激发后,电子和空穴分离,分别存在于核、壳区域中;此时,载流子复合概率变小,载流子的寿命较长,发光波长受到核壳材料的共同调控,可以获得其他半导体材料不能直接实现的发光波段。在反Type Ⅰ型量子点中,核材料的带隙大于壳带隙,电子和空穴容易被离域到壳材料中,发光波长由壳材料决定。典型的有CdS/CdSe、CdS/HgS、ZnSe/CdSe量子点等。
镉基量子点自问世以来,便因其具备完全满足100% DCI-P3色域协议的能力,被显示屏产业广泛应用。镉基量子点可实现超过90%的最高内部量子效率,但因其含有剧毒重金属元素镉,所以其使用受到ROHS限制。1993年,Murray等[5]以氧化三辛基膦(TOPO)和三辛基膦(TOP)为溶剂制备了CdSe量子点。许多研究人员采用这些前驱体实现了高达80%的高荧光量子产率的量子点。2013年,Chen等[7]报道了核壳结构红光量子点CdSe/CdS,荧光量子产率高达97%,其闪烁(blinking)性质也十分优异,光致发光(photoluminescence,PL)过程中“on time”的占比达到了94%。然而,这种采用CdSe/CdS结构的量子点只在红光到橙色的光谱范围内才能保证高效率,这是因为CdSe和CdS之间的导带能级差太小,会使CdSe导带上的电子离域到CdS中,相当于无外壳的情况,因此很难获得短波长发光。为了得到绿光和蓝光量子点,研究者开发出了一种合金壳的材料结构(alloy shell)。Talapin等[8]制备了绿光CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS核-壳-壳量子点,通过调整壳的厚度,得到了85% 的PLQY。2015年,Shen等[9]合成了具有梯度外壳结构的蓝光量子点ZnCdS/ZnS,并将长链的油酸配体替换为短链的辛硫醇,使其PLQY达到了90%,所制备的蓝光QLEDs的外量子效率首次突破10%,其最大外量子效率(external quantum efficiency,EQE)达到了12.2%。
作为一种理想的显示技术,QLEDs一直吸引着研究人员和工程师的关注,近年来,镉基QLEDs也取得了非常大的进展,这主要源于量子点本身性能的提高、关键新型功能材料的开发、器件结构设计合理等协同发展。2024年,Du等[10]通过快速成核过程,制备了半径为13.5 nm纤锌矿(WZ)结构的Cd1-xZnxSe核,用其作为模板外延生长高质量闪锌矿(ZB)结构的ZnS壳,获得了ZB和WZ共存结构的红色量子点,如图 4(a)~(b),其红光QLEDs实现了35.6%的EQE,图 4(c)所示是目前报道最高效率的红色QLEDs器件,并且在初始亮度为1000 cd·m-2的情况下,能够连续工作4.5年,性能损失仅约5%。2022年,Deng等[11]以绿色镉基CdSe/CdZnSe/ZnS核壳量子点为发光层、以PF8Cz作为空穴传输层制备了绿色QLEDs器件,因为PF8Cz可以有效阻挡电子漏掉,因此获得了流明效率和电流效率分别为162 lm/W和127 cd/A的绿光器件,器件的EQE达到了28.7%,如图 4(d)~(e)。镉基蓝光QLEDs器件的效率也得到了迅速提高,Zhang等[12]通过设计大尺寸核和非单调梯度壳层结构(ZnCdSe/ZnSeS/ZnCdS/ZnS)来减弱量子点表面-体相耦合效应,同时保持良好的电荷注入能力,使蓝光QLEDs器件在不同发光波长(467~482 nm)下均实现了创纪录的稳定性(1000 cd·m-2下T95寿命75~227 h)和效率(EQE>20%),如图 4(f)~(i),为解决蓝光QLEDs的稳定性问题提供了新思路。
镉基量子点虽然发光效率高,但具有毒性,这是限制镉基量子点应用的关键问题之一,因此,发展无镉量子点是当前量子点领域的热点。其中,铟基量子点是镉基量子点在显示领域的强劲对手,诸如InP量子点具有稳定的结构和较长的发光寿命,在光吸收与发光性能上展现出了巨大的潜能,非常适用于LEDs器件的制备,因此被视为镉/铅基量子点的理想替代品[13]。与镉基量子点相比,铟基量子点的发展仍处于探索阶段。早期的铟基量子点,如InP量子点不含有壳结构,其表面存在大量的缺陷和陷阱,导致严重的非辐射复合,其PL光谱通常显示出宽发射、不对称等特性,与镉系量子点相比表现出较差的光学特性。这些问题与发生非辐射复合的表面陷阱密切相关,PL在很大程度上受到抑制,此外发射光谱的半峰宽度(full width at half maxima,FWHM)有时会因为粒径分布不均展宽,因此需要严格控制合成条件。而Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体具有比Ⅱ-Ⅵ族半导体更小的晶格离子,共价键的形成需要更严格的反应条件,如高反应温度、长反应时间和高反应前体。这些条件通常不利于量子点的形状和大小的精确控制。为了获得高质量的材料,必须优化前驱体的活性和反应条件。此外,InP量子点等Ⅲ-Ⅴ半导体相较于Ⅱ-Ⅵ量子点(如CdSe)对空气更敏感,这使得大部分合成是在无氧条件下进行的。
随着合成技术的不断发展,InP量子点的发光性能得到了很大改善,研究人员解决了其PL光谱不对称、PL光谱中发射宽、长尾的问题。为了提高InP量子点的PLQY,研究人员通常采用宽带隙的半导体,如ZnS,通过在InP上生长ZnS壳层,形成InP/ZnS核壳结构以钝化量子点表面的悬挂键,提高光致发光;但由于有效钝化壳的活性前体和替代品不足,与Ⅱ-Ⅵ族量子点相比,改进InP量子点的合成技术仍然是一项挑战[14]。随后,Eren等[15]合成了Type Ⅱ型InP/ZnO/ZnS量子点,通过调整ZnS的厚度,实现了发光峰值波长在585~618 nm范围内可调,得到了最高为90.8% 的PLQY。虽然使用铟量子点的产品符合ROHS的要求,但是其成本要比镉基QLEDs的产品贵很多。
尽管其发光性能与镉基量子点相比仍有一定差距,但得益于新技术的不断涌现,铟基量子点在过去10年间取得了显著进步。2019年,韩国三星先进技术研究院Eunjoo Jang团队与韩国延世大学合作,介绍了一种制备均匀InP核和高度对称的红色InP/ZnSe/ZnS核/壳量子点的合成方法,其PLQY约为100%[16]。经过优化红色QLEDs的EQE最大为21.4%,最大亮度为100000 cd/m2,在100 cd/m2的条件下使用寿命长达1百万h,如图 5所示,可与最先进的含镉QLEDs相媲美。2024年,Bian等[17]在揭示器件电子输运机制的基础上,提出并发展了新型大尺寸、高量子产率InP/ZnSe/ZnS核壳结构量子点的合成和结构调控方法,通过厚ZnSe中间壳层的包覆,同时实现电子注入提升和电子泄漏抑制,成功构筑峰值EQE达到26.68%、亮度达270000 cd/m2、1000 cd/m2初始亮度下T95寿命长达1241 h的绿色InP基QLEDs,如图 6所示,这刷新了世界纪录。
金属卤化物钙钛矿量子点,尤其是全无机钙钛矿量子点因其具有高荧光量子产率[18]、可通过调节材料中的卤化物组分来调谐发光波长、发光峰窄且对称、色纯度高等优异的光学性能被认为是下一代薄膜LED的发光材料。钙钛矿的分子通式为ABX3,其原子构成比例为1∶1∶3,又名“113结构”。从组分上看,早期的研究主要是针对氧化物钙钛矿材料,如SrTiO3、KTaO3和BiFeO3等。如今,金属卤化物钙钛矿已然成为科研领域的热门话题,特别是2015年瑞士Protesescu等[19]发布的一项关于合成胶体卤化物钙钛矿量子点的相关报道,如图 7所示,不仅象征着全无机钙钛矿CsPbX3的研究正式迈入纳米尺寸的新纪元,更催生了钙钛矿纳米材料在合成方法、性能优化、器件制备及应用领域等多方面的研究热潮。目前关于如何调节无机铅卤钙钛矿发光波长的思路主要有2种。一种是利用阴离子和禁带宽度的关系,通过调节卤素离子的种类或比例调节发光波长[20];阴离子源可以是有机盐也可以是无机盐等,可在合成的过程中(如调节PbBr2和PbI2的比例)或之后将其引入。另一种是利用量子限域效应,主要是通过多种方式控制材料的形貌和尺寸来实现对发光波长的调节[21-22]。影响纳米材料形貌的因素有合成温度、配体的种类浓度和比例、前驱体浓度、合成方法和反应时间等。
因镉基量子点材料珠玉在前,人们对钙钛矿的应用和发展寄予了厚望,相信其在下一代商用光源和显示器中有着巨大的前景。钙钛矿在发光领域的应用可以分为光致发光和电致发光,根据应用种类的不同会被制备成荧光粉和QLEDs的发光层。在钙钛矿荧光粉的应用中,研究人员通常会选用经济有效、可靠性高的InGaN芯片作为激发光源,通过控制荧光粉的阴离子种类或比例,或将其混合其他种类的荧光粉,制备出可见光范围内的单色光或者是白光。钙钛矿电致QLEDs的研究主要分为钙钛矿发光二极管(perovskite light-emitting diodes,PeLEDs)和钙钛矿纳米材料QLEDs 2个方向。自2015年以来钙钛矿量子点和PeLEDs 2个方向的研究报道和成果都呈现出迅猛增长的态势。如红光纯无机PeLEDs方面,Li等[23]制备了稳定的β-CsPbI3纳米晶体并制备了LT50超过310 h的高效红色PeLED,其外量子效率更是高达17.8%。目前报道的红光和绿光PeLEDs的外量子效率均已超过26%[24-25],PeLEDs寿命(LT50)最长也达到32675 h(3.2 mA/cm2[26]。但同镉基QLEDs的对比,还相差甚远。PeLEDs寿命短、稳定性差、效率滚降等问题是制约其商业应用的绊脚石,这主要归因于材料本征稳定性差、缺陷复杂且密度高、易受外界环境影响等问题,即使是具有较低缺陷态密度和长载流子寿命的钙钛矿单晶材料在光照、热、偏压等环境下性能也会受到影响。
当半导体材料的尺寸大小在纳米尺度,接近或小于其激子波尔半径时,其电子在三维空间中的运动会受到束缚,这时会引起能带结构的离散化,其电子能量结构也会由体材料连续的能带分布转变为分立的能级。随着材料尺寸的逐渐减小,电子和空穴的受限程度将显著增强,进而引发量子限域能的增大。这一变化会导致材料的禁带宽度明显加宽,使得吸收光谱和发射光谱均发生蓝移现象。如图 8所示,通过改变量子点的尺寸大小可以改变其发光光谱,进而实现发光颜色可调。
量子点作为纳米级的半导体材料,拥有极高的比表面积与体积比。当材料的尺寸逐渐减小时,其比表面积会逐渐增大,这意味着处于材料表面的原子数量将增多。与内部原子相比,这些表面原子由于周围缺少足够的相邻原子而配位不足,因此不饱和键和悬挂键的数量会增多,这种变化对量子点的光学和电学性质产生显著的影响。这些未饱和的表面状态在电子与空穴的复合过程中充当非辐射复合中心,导致能量的非辐射损耗,进而降低了量子点的发光效率并影响了其稳定性。因此,对量子点表面状态的控制和修饰成为了提升其性能的关键环节。通过采用诸如有机配体、无机壳层封装或表面原子修饰等手段,对量子点表面进行钝化处理,可以有效地减少非辐射复合中心,从而显著提升量子点的发光效率并增强其稳定性。
在经典物理学的框架内,粒子无法跨越能量高于其自身的障碍。然而,在量子力学的世界里,情况则截然不同。即便微观粒子(如电子)的能量低于势垒的高度,它们依然能够穿越这一势垒。这种看似违反经典物理学原理的现象,实际上正是量子隧穿效应的体现。它基于量子力学的波函数和不确定性原理,揭示了即使粒子没有足够的能量来克服势垒,它们仍然存在一定的概率从势垒的一侧隧穿到另一侧的现象。这种效应在微观世界中占据着举足轻重的地位,对众多量子现象的理解,以及现代科技的应用都起到了关键性的影响。
介电限域效应是指当材料尺寸缩减到纳米级别时,其介电性质发生变化的现象。这种效应通常发生在纳米材料或纳米结构中,如纳米颗粒、薄膜或量子点。由于表面效应和量子限域效应的影响,材料的介电常数会因为尺寸的减小而发生变化。随着尺寸的减小,材料内部的电荷分布、电场分布和极化机制可能会发生变化,从而导致其宏观介电常数发生变化。
量子点的发光原理与体半导体相似。如图 9(a)所示,当量子点受到光或电激发时,若外界能量等于或超过其带隙能量,价带中的电子会吸收这些能量并跃迁至导带,形成激发态。同时,在价带中会留下一个空穴。随后,电子和空穴会经过振动弛豫过程,分别到达导带的底部和价带的顶部。由于量子点的限域效应,电子和空穴被限制在其内部,它们之间因库仑相互作用而形成电子-空穴对,即激子。激子的复合过程使电子返回到价带与空穴复合,同时释放出一个与激子束缚能相等的光子,这一过程被称为辐射复合,也是量子点发光的主要方式,通常被称为带边发射。量子点的发光波长与其尺寸密切相关,较小的量子点拥有较大的能带间隙,发射的光波长较短,表现为蓝色或紫色光;而较大的量子点具有较小的能带间隙,发射的光波长较长,常呈现为红色或近红外光。
除了带边发射之外,量子点的缺陷状态同样可能引发光发射现象。如图 9(b)所示,在量子点的生长过程中,其表面往往容易出现阴、阳离子的悬挂键,进而形成表面缺陷态。这些表面缺陷具备捕获光生载流子的能力,使得电子或空穴以振动弛豫和/或电子隧穿的方式直接进入缺陷能级。被捕获的电子或空穴随后存在2种复合概率:辐射复合(即缺陷状态发光,defect state luminescence)和无辐射复合。值得注意的是,与激子状态相比,缺陷状态的发光效率较低,并且发射波长通常会发生红移。为避免缺陷状态对量子点发光性能的不利影响,研究者需寻求一种高效的策略来消除其表面缺陷。表面修饰,如配体交换、表面钝化或覆盖无机壳层等手段,被证明是减少非辐射复合中心、提高量子点发光效率的关键途径。
当量子点中存在杂质原子时,这些杂质会在原本的带隙中引入额外的能级。电子与空穴在这些新增的杂质能级上的复合过程,便会导致杂质能级发光(impurity level luminescence)现象的出现。杂质能级发光的特性往往与掺杂的杂质类型及其浓度紧密相关。具体来说,施主杂质(那些能引入额外电子的杂质)和受主杂质(能引入额外空穴的杂质)均有可能引发杂质能级发光,如图 9(c)所示。
独特的量子效应使量子点表现出优异的光学特性。
1)宽频带、强吸收。纳米材料因其表面存在大量的缺陷态,通常展现出宽频带的强吸收光谱特性。举例来说,纳米金属颗粒对可见光的吸收能力极强,几乎呈现为黑色;此外,宽禁带半导体纳米材料如ZnO、TiO2、ZnS等,对紫外光展现出较强的吸收作用。
2)窄发射谱、高色饱和度。量子点的能级分立,其荧光谱峰呈现出窄且对称的特性,发光线宽通常在10~20 nm之间。这一特性使得量子点在实现高色纯度显示器件方面具有显著优势。如图 10(a)所示[27],将三基色QLEDs与有机发光二极管(OLEDs)的电致发光光谱进行对比时,可以明显观察到QLEDs器件的FWHM远小于OLEDs,这进一步印证了量子点在发光性能上的优越性。此外,QLEDs的CIE(国际照明委员会)色度图如图 10(b)所示[28],其色度分布精准且满足超高清显示的要求,为显示技术的发展提供了有力支持。
3)波长可调谐。由于量子尺寸效应和表面效应等影响,量子点的发光波长可以通过其尺寸或化学组分调谐,其发射波长能够覆盖可见光甚至红外光区域。
4)发光效率高,能耗低。量子点不受自旋统计的限制,光致发光的量子产率较高,有利于制备高效率的电致发光器件。
量子点不仅具备高稳定性,还具有可溶液加工等诸多优势。量子点主要由无机材料构成,其对水、氧等化学物质的稳定性表现较好,同时兼具良好的热稳定性。因此,在制备器件时,对封装的要求相对较低,在一定程度上降低了生产成本。此外,量子点的表面通常覆盖有有机配体,这些配体的多样性使得量子点能够溶解于不同的溶剂之中。研究人员可以通过旋涂、喷墨打印和微接触打印等简便方法将量子点加工成薄膜。这一制备过程不仅简单,而且成本相对较低,使得量子点成为制备柔性器件的理想选择。
基于以上量子点的独特特性,其应用也广泛涵盖了光电子器件、生物医学、量子计算,以及显示等多个领域。特别是在显示领域,基于量子点光致发光的背光源技术QD-BLU和基于电致发光的QLEDs技术,为显示行业提供了更加丰富的色彩选择和更高的图像质量。
目前商业化的量子点显示产品主要基于光致发光原理,属于量子点光致发光与液晶显示相结合的产物。量子点背光技术作为当前显示技术领域的一项重要突破,以其高分辨率、广色域和低能耗的特性备受瞩目。其核心原理在于利用半导体量子点通过光、电和热辐射等方式吸收并发射特定波长的光,从而实现对背光光源的发光调制。通过精确控制量子点的大小和成分,可以调谐其能带结构,赋予其特定的能带宽度和波长特性。当外部光源激发量子点时,它们会释放出比激发光源更为纯净、更为饱和的色彩,显著提升显示屏的色彩表现力,进而大幅改善图像质量。这项技术已广泛应用于电视、显示器、笔记本电脑、平板电脑、车载设备,以及虚拟现实(VR)等领域,成为市场上最成熟且主流的量子点光致发光显示技术解决方案之一。传统LCD显示屏仅需将背光中的白色LED光源替换为蓝色LED光源,并添加一层纳米量子点薄膜,即可实现出色的色彩表达能力。为了进一步提升光效和扩大视角,量子点光致发光在显示领域还衍生出了另一种应用——量子点色转换技术,即量子点色彩转换片(QDCC)。通过将量子点转换片置于上偏振片的上侧,这样不仅优化了整体结构,还降低了制作难度。下面将根据量子点薄膜的作用位置,分别讨论量子点色彩增强膜/光扩散板(quantum dot enhancement film,QDEF)和QDCC 2种技术。
QDEF采用了新一代纳米半导体量子点材料和高性能聚合物材料,其独特的“三明治”结构设计使得量子点层上下均覆盖有水氧阻隔膜,从而增强了产品的稳定性和耐用性,如图 11所示。当这款产品应用于液晶显示屏的背光模组中,放置在导光板(或直下式中扩散板)上方,与蓝光LED结合使用时,通过远程激发技术,蓝光在穿越量子点薄膜的过程中,部分蓝光会转化为明亮的绿光和鲜艳的红光。与此同时,未被转换的蓝光与量子点发出的绿光、红光混合,共同形成纯净的白光,为液晶显示屏提供光源。这种量子点色彩增强膜的光谱在RGB三色的半峰宽也很窄,即使经过滤光片后,出射后的RGB三色的半峰宽也保持狭窄的特性,从而赋予了显示器极高的单色色纯度。而普通液晶显示器采用普通白光LED作为背光源,其光谱在红绿波段互相干扰,经过滤色片后,RGB三色的半峰宽很宽,这使得液晶显示器的色纯度低,色域也偏低,一般在72%NTSC(NTSC,美国标准电视广播传输和接收协议)左右。这一特性不仅能有效提升液晶显示器的色域,还带来了色彩表现优异、可靠性高、能耗低、成本低等诸多优点。因此,它广泛应用于电视、显示器、平板和手机等终端产品,为用户带来更为出色的视觉体验。
QDCC技术革新之处在于将传统的彩色滤光片中的光阻材料替换为量子点。其基本原理如图 12(a)~(b)所示,在蓝色背光的激发下,量子点色彩转换片能够发出色纯度极高的三原色,从而显著提升显示器的色域范围。与传统滤色器模型相比,量子点在这里的角色更像是一个有源元件。QDCC的作用不是简单地阻挡光线,而是积极转换通过它的光。由于量子点图案直接形成在蓝色背光之上,这不仅简化了显示结构,还实现了真正的发射显示。这种设计带来了诸多优势,如完美的黑色表现、出色的可视角度、纯正的RGB颜色,且无需白色子像素。此外,量子点的可溶液加工特性也大大简化了制造工艺,为显示技术的发展开辟了新的道路。
QDCC能够与传统的LCD技术相融合,这是因为量子点被放置得更为接近屏幕,它们能够在各个方向上发出纯净且可调的光,从而实现了更为宽广的视角和更为丰富的色域表现。此外,由于组件数量的减少,量子点相较于传统的彩色滤光片能够允许更多的光线通过,这不仅使得显示器更加轻薄,而且电源效率和亮度都可以得到显著提升,甚至可以提高2倍以上。同时,QDCC技术也可以与Micro-LED和OLED等先进技术相结合,这种结合摒弃了LCD模块,使得显示设备的背光厚度大幅降低,从而实现了超薄显示和柔性显示的可能性。
QDCC技术为量子点的性能设定了更高的标准。首先,在高蓝光激发环境下,量子点必须维持高效率,这意味着必须有效避免重吸收、共振能量转移等问题。同时,为了防止色彩串扰,必须确保绿光不会激发相邻像素的红光量子点。其次,量子点在高蓝光吸收下保持高稳定性至关重要。对于量子点CC的应用而言,量子点对蓝光的吸收至少需达到90%以上,以确保色彩的高纯度和高色域。最后,量子点色彩转换片的图案化是另一项关键技术挑战,如图 13(a)所示,可通过光刻工艺和喷墨打印工艺实现。光刻工艺能够产生小至5 μm的图案,而喷墨打印的最小图案尺寸为50 μm,如图 13(b)所示。尽管喷墨打印在材料利用上更有效率,但两者均要求量子点与工艺过程兼容。这意味着量子点必须能够配制成光刻胶(PR)或墨水溶液,且这些材料必须在空气中保持稳定,以适应现有的制造设备。此外,这些材料在涉及的各种热处理和化学处理步骤中也必须保持稳定,这无疑对量子点的稳定性提出了更为严苛的要求。
在量子点背光技术的发展道路上,研究人员仍面临着一些挑战。首要难题在于量子点的合成稳定性和均匀性,这直接关系到技术的成熟度和整体可靠性。此外,量子点背光技术需要额外的光源和光调制器作为支撑,这无疑增加了产品的复杂性和制造成本,对于市场推广和消费者接受度构成了一定压力。同时,也不能忽视量子点背光技术在环境和可持续性方面所面临的问题,例如,对重金属的依赖性和纳米颗粒可能对环境产生的潜在影响,这些问题都亟待解决。随着技术的持续突破和应用的逐步推广,这些难题有望逐一解决,量子点背光技术也有望在未来实现更广泛和深入的应用。
QLEDs是一种拥有独特薄膜结构的新型发光器件,它通过电激发机制实现量子点层的发光,展现出了宽色域、高亮度、长寿命、快响应的特点,同时具备超轻薄、低能耗、色彩纯度高等一系列优点,是第3代量子点显示技术。QLEDs有效避免了蓝光LED中的冷白光缺陷。同时,在OLED的发光不稳定、颜色不可调和操作工艺复杂等问题上也取得了显著进展,如图 14所示。这一特点不仅使得QLEDs能够实现柔性显示,更拓宽了其在各种显示应用场景中的适用性。因此,QLEDs无疑是新一代显示技术发展的主要方向,它也引领着未来显示领域的创新与突破。
有机-无机复合QLEDs的发光过程通常被认为与OLEDs相类似,其核心机制是直接电荷注入激发量子点发光。这一过程主要包括4个关键步骤:载流子的注入、传输、激子的形成,以及激子通过辐射跃迁产生发光。具体来说,空穴和电子分别通过空穴传输层(HTL)和电子传输层(ETL)注入到量子点中,在量子点上直接形成激子,并通过辐射复合的方式产生发光,如图 15所示。影响电荷注入效率的2个主要因素是界面注入势垒以及传输层的载流子迁移率。在载流子注入的过程中,电子和空穴需要在电压的驱动下克服界面间的势垒,才能成功注入到下一层功能材料中。这一机制通常涉及Richadson-Schottky热电子发射理论和Fowler-Nordheim隧穿理论。然而,对于镉基量子点材料来说,其价带能级与有机空穴传输材料的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)能级之间往往存在较大势垒,这导致空穴注入到量子点发光层比电子更为困难。载流子在成功注入各功能层后,会在电场的辅助下进行传输。然而,由于有机材料不具备连续的能带结构,电荷在有机材料中的传递是通过“跳跃”的方式在能级之间进行,因此,相较于无机半导体,有机材料的载流子迁移率通常低1~2个量级。由于上述2个电荷注入和传输方面的问题,QLEDs经常出现发光层中载流子不平衡的问题,这将对器件的性能和稳定性产生不利影响。
多年来,通过不断对量子点以及各功能层材料的优化和精心选择,QLEDs的性能在过去20年间取得了长足的进步,也出现了多种不同的器件结构。目前高性能的QLEDs普遍采用了有机-无机复合的“三明治”式器件结构,这种结构的核心在于将量子点发光层巧妙地夹在有机HTL和金属氧化物ETL之间,同时引入了空穴注入层(HIL)以进一步提升器件性能。这种结构的优势在于结合了有机和无机两种材料的特性,从而显著提升了器件的整体性能。传统的正型器件结构如图 16(a)所示,依次为阳极(anode)/HIL/HTL/量子点发光层/ETL/阴极(cathode)。
为了更贴近显示器件的实际应用和生产需求,使阴极能够更方便地与薄膜晶体管(TFT)相连,构建出有源矩阵显示器,研究者们也对反型结构器件进行了深入探索。这种反型结构器件的功能层沉积顺序和电场方向与正型器件相反,其简化的器件结构示意图如图 16(b)所示。这种结构的设计旨在进一步优化器件性能,以满足显示技术的不断发展需求。
QLEDs根据出光方向可分为如图 17所示的3类:底发射、顶发射和透明器件。底发射器件衬底一侧电极通常选用高透过率的铟锡氧化物(ITO),顶部采用常规金属电极,发出的光经过衬底射出。顶发射器件衬底一侧电极通常选用高反射率材料,且选取高透过率的金属薄层作为顶部电极,光从器件顶部出射。由于金属薄层的透过率有限,顶发射器件两电极之间会形成光学微腔,产生微腔效应。顶部和底部电极均选用高透过率材料则可制备透明器件,器件两侧均可出光。
QLEDs是通过载流子注入量子点后所发出的电致发光而实现的一种显示技术,也被称为终极理想的显示器,这是因为QLEDs具备以下优点:(1)高效率(不需要使用单独的背光);(2)通过每个像素调控实现完美对比度;(3)极薄的器件结构(亚微米级),适用于纤薄设计;(4)低成本的解决方案过程,如喷墨打印,这对于各种屏幕尺寸的显示非常重要;(5)可应用于柔性衬底。这些优势吸引了研究人员和工程师的广泛关注,开展了QLEDs的研发和应用等一系列工作
自1994年Colvin等[29]在《Nature》上发表文章,将无机纳米材料CdSe作为发光层,搭配有机材料聚对苯撑乙炔(PPV)聚合物构成有机无机混合发光器件以来,经过近30年的发展,QLEDs在效率、寿命、亮度等方面都取得了十分显著的进展,如图 18所示[30]。其中,镉基和铅基量子点,如CdSe、CdS、CdTe或PbS由于具有显著的光学和电学特性,是迄今为止研究最多的量子点。最常见的Ⅱ-Ⅵ族半导体量子点是CdSe和CdTe,常用于制备QLEDs进行照明和显示应用。因此,主要介绍镉基量子点在QLEDs的研究和应用。
1)红光QLEDs。红光QLEDs是研究最早的量子点电致发光器件。1994年,Colvin等[29]将CdSe量子点和聚合物PPV复合制备了QLEDs,成功实现了CdSe量子点的红光发射,亮度约为100 cd/m2,器件的EQE仅为0.001%~0.01%。1997年,Schlamp等[31]进一步将核壳结构的CdSe/CdS量子点和PPV复合,将红光亮提高到了600 cd/m2,器件EQE提升到了0.22%。2007年,Niu等[32]制备了2种核壳CdSe/CdS和CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS量子点并作为发光层制备了红色QLEDs器件,获得了6000 cd/m2的红光发射,器件EQE提升到了1.6%。2011年,Qian等[33]利用ZnO纳米颗粒作为电子传输层、CdSe/ZnS核壳量子点作为发光层,将红光QLEDs器件的亮度和EQE分别提升到了31000 cd/m2和1.7%,如图 19(a)~(c)所示。2013年,Mashford等[34]利用CdSe/CdS核壳量子点作为发光层制备了反型红光QLEDs器件,器件的最大亮度超过50000 cd/m2,EQE达到18%。同年,Dai等[35]通过在CdSe/CdS量子点和ZnO之间引入一层聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)来阻挡过量电子的注入,进一步将红光QLEDs亮度在低电压下提高到42000 cd/m2以上,EQE也创了当时纪录,达到20.5%,在亮度为100 cd/m2时的LT50超过100000 h,如图 19(d)~(f)所示。
2018年,Cao等[36]通过创新性地设计和合成了CdSe/Cd1-xZnxSe/ZnSe核壳结构量子点来替代传统的CdSe/Cd1-xZnxSe1-ySy/ZnS结构量子点,利用ZnSe较窄的能带隙特性显著降低了量子点与空穴传输层之间的能级差,有效改善了空穴注入效率,不仅使器件达到了15.1% 的EQE,更重要的是实现了在1000 cd·m-2初始亮度下超过2300 h的T95寿命(相当于在100 cd·m-2下超过220万h的LT50寿命),使QLEDs的性能达到显示产业应用的要求,为QLEDs技术的商业化应用铺平了道路。2019年,Shen等[37]通过采用CdSe/ZnSe核壳结构量子点(Se贯穿整个核壳区域)和优化器件结构,实现了红、绿、蓝三基色QLEDs的高效率(EQE分别为21.6%、22.9%、8.05%)和高亮度(分别为35.6万、61.4万、6.26万cd/m²)的同时突破,并在100 cd/m²亮度下获得了超长工作寿命(分别为160万、170万、0.7万h),首次使QLEDs同时满足显示和照明应用的亮度和效率要求。Lee等[38]精心制备了一种具有多壳层结构的CdSe/CdxZn1−xSe/ZnSe/ZnSeyS1−y核壳量子点,成功实现了接近100%的PLQY,并展现出了卓越的红光发射性能,通过抑制Auger复合过程、提升光耦合输出效率,以及降低焦耳热效应等措施,有效提升了QLEDs的性能。在此基础上,他们成功开发出一种沉积在硅衬底上的高亮度、稳定性出色的QLEDs器件。这种QLEDs器件的表现令人瞩目,其最高亮度达到了330万cd/m2,电流效率也高达75.6 cd/A。更令人印象深刻的是,在亮度为20万cd/m2的条件下,器件的寿命LT50达到了143 h。若换算为对应亮度为L0=100 cd/m2时的寿命,这一数值更是达到了12500万h。Fang等[39]通过混合有机空穴材料TFB和CBP制备了ITO/PEDOT∶PSS/TFB∶CBP/R-量子点/MgZnO/Ag的红色器件,该器件发光波长位于628 nm,FWHM为24 nm,其红光亮度最高为963433 cd·m-2,最大电流效率为38.7 cd/A,EQE达到了30.0%。
2)绿光QLEDs。作为三基色之一的绿光量子点材料及其器件性能也是显示和照明领域关注的焦点。2002年,Coe等[40]在TPD和Alq3之间制作了单层CdSe/ZnS量子点的绿光QLEDs,获得了2000 cd/m2的亮度,器件EQE达到0.52%。随后,Steckel等[41]制备了基于CdZnSe/CdZnS核/壳结构、彩色饱和绿色发光QLEDs,在527 nm处显示出宽色域的理想电致发光。2011年,Qian等[33]实现了最高亮度为68000 cd/m2、最高EQE为1.8% 的绿光QLEDs。2015年,该团队进一步提高了绿光QLEDs的性能,器件的最高EQE为14.5%,在亮度为100 cd/m2的LT50超过了90000 h,这已经达到了显示要求,并制备了4.3英寸的AMQLEDs(主动矩阵量子点发光二极管)原型器件[42],如图 20所示。
3)蓝色QLEDs。QLEDs被视为新一代高效、低成本、大面积、柔性电致发光器件的候选者,然而,绿色和蓝色QLEDs与红色QLEDs相比性能较差,是QLEDs在显示和固态照明应用中商业化的绊脚石。2004年,具有20%~30% PLQY的CdS/ZnS核壳结构量子点被用来制备QLEDs[43],该器件在高电流下显示出蓝色量子点和相邻有机层在460~480 nm范围内的混合发射,器件EQE达到0.1%。2005年,Jun等[44]将具有混合合金结构、PLQY大于60% 的CdSe/ZnS量子点用于制备器件,所制备的蓝光QLEDs在470 nm处显示出纯蓝色的电致发光,EQE为2.1%。2011年,Qian等[33]利用ZnO作为电子传输层,实现了最高亮度为4200 cd/m2、最高EQE为0.22% 的深蓝光QLEDs。2015年,其团队进一步提高了蓝光QLEDs的性能,器件的最高EQE为10.7%,在6 V驱动下的器件亮度为4000 cd/m2[42]。2015年,Shen等[9]用1-辛硫醇配体替换原始油酸配体制备了蓝紫色ZnCdS/ZnS分级核壳量子点,增加了量子点的电子迁移率,所制备的蓝光QLEDs显示出高达12.2% 的EQE,发光性能提高了1.7倍,如图 21所示。2022年,Deng等[11]成功研发出高效率的蓝色QLEDs,实现了注入载流子几乎100% 转化为发射激子的优异性能。在QLEDs中,由于有机HTL的能量无序以及量子点与HTL之间的尺寸差异,电子从量子点泄漏到HTL的现象尤为突出。为了有效抑制这种电子泄漏,作者对HTL材料进行了精心调制,旨在实现浅层最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)并减少能量无序。这种策略取得了显著成效,使得QLEDs中的电荷载流子几乎全部转化为激子。基于这一突破,研究人员成功开发出绿色和蓝色QLEDs器件,蓝色器件EQE达到21.9%,寿命也达到了4400 h。
鉴于QLEDs在理论发光效率、波长可调性、溶液加工,以及成本控制方面的诸多优势,它无疑是自发光显示器件领域的理想之选。对于商业化显示器件而言,高效且稳定的性能至关重要,特别是在严苛工艺条件下的性能稳定性,更是实际应用中不可或缺的一环。然而,目前QLEDs在效率、稳定性以及实现商业化所需的喷墨打印工艺等方面仍面临诸多挑战,特别是在蓝色QLEDs领域。在提升QLEDs性能方面,EQE、量子点的PLQY以及载流子注入平衡是关键因素。为实现量子点的高PLQY,研究人员在设计量子点结构时需精细选择元素组成、调控大小与形状、优化分布、精准排列核−壳能级以及壳层结构,并严格把控厚度、表面/界面缺陷及表面配体等细节。同时,为优化电荷平衡,需提升或同步改善功能层的电荷迁移率,并减小空穴/电子注入势垒。然而,由于量子点的胶体性质,发光层与ZnO基电子传输层内可能存在空洞或残留有机物,这不仅限制了连续、均匀层的形成,还可能影响界面的清洁度,进而对制备工艺提出更高要求。此外,镉基量子点通常具有比InP基量子点更深的价带能级(VBM,价带最高能量位置的能级),导致空穴从空穴传输层注入时需克服更高的势垒。因此,开发具有高传导特性的空穴注入/传输材料显得尤为关键。对于ZnO基电子传输层,其VBM虽有助于量子点发光层俘获空穴,但低导带能级(CBM)也形成了阻碍电子注入到量子点的势垒。为此,研究人员在ZnO基电子传输层上进行了大量掺杂工作,以调整其能级位置。图 22展示了目前QLEDs常用的功能层材料[30],这些材料的优化与选择对于提升QLEDs性能至关重要,尤其是提升蓝光QLEDs的器件性能。
为了将量子点发光技术成功融入下一代高端显示技术中,如何实现高精度的红、绿、蓝像素阵列已成为追求高质量、生动图像显示的关键研究问题,同时这也成为了推动大面积显示技术商业化的基石。然而,目前材料的不稳定性和对工艺环境的高要求等难题仍然阻碍着高质量图案化的发展。目前,研究人员面临着两大核心挑战:一是如何在量子点层实现高分辨率的图案化;二是如何进一步提升量子点发光器件的稳定性。因此,业界亟须开发出更多具有高分辨率、大面积且成本低效益高的先进制造技术,以推动量子点图案化的工业化生产进程。由此,将重点介绍2种图案化技术,以期为解决这些问题提供新的思路和方法。
喷墨打印技术以其独特的优势逐渐成为基于溶液法加工量产制备大尺寸QLEDs显示器件的可行技术路径之一,其不需要掩膜板的特点使其在大面积显示制造技术中展现出先天优势。相较于OLEDs所使用的蒸镀技术,喷墨打印生产设备的成本更低,同时在生产过程中能耗和材料损耗也明显减少。如图 23示,作为一种非接触式的液相成膜技术,在不需要掩膜板的情况下,通过精确控制墨滴的落点,可以在相应的基底上制备出任意图案的薄膜,这种增材制造方式具有极高的材料利用率,超过90%。因此,喷墨打印技术为量子点发光器件的图案化制备提供了一种高效、经济的解决方案。
对于喷墨打印技术的使用,研究人员还需注意以下2点。
1)量子点墨水的开发。量子点表面的配体结构决定了其在不同溶剂中的溶解度和稳定性,而溶剂的表面张力、黏度以及挥发速度等特性又决定了喷墨打印过程中墨滴的形成和运动轨迹以及最终量子点薄膜的成膜质量。
2)打印工艺的开发。为了达到高精度打印,必须控制打印过程中墨滴的形态和轨迹,使墨滴精确落入像素点内,并避免墨滴飞行过程中产生的卫星斑。打印过程控制也是取得像素点内部与像素点之间一致性和均匀性的关键步骤。另外,多喷头打印的工艺下各喷头之间的窜扰问题也需要密切关注。
喷墨打印技术的关键在于量子点墨水的制备,墨水的黏度直接影响喷墨过程及薄膜干燥过程,是衡量喷墨打印效果的重要参数。量子点墨水通常由量子点材料分散在有机试剂中,由于量子点材料本身是纳米颗粒,所以很难得到高黏度的墨水,墨水黏度过低,使得打印过程中墨滴不易控制,易出现卫星点、边缘厚中间薄的咖啡环等问题,从而导致量子点膜厚度不一致,均匀性很差。在实际印刷之前,必须测试量子点油墨的流变性能以确保可印刷性。打印头喷嘴的流量受到油墨黏度的显著影响,黏度在打印头墨室内的墨水填充过程中也起着至关重要的作用,墨水的表面张力(ST)控制墨滴的扩散过程以及与承印材料的接触角,与墨水通道的浸润能力影响墨滴的形貌和卫星点。接触角(CA)是液体润湿固体表面能力的指标。如果CA < 90°,则表面被认为是可润湿和亲水的,这对印刷至关重要。印刷时液滴在表面上的蒸发过程是复杂的,涉及粒子-粒子、粒子-基底、粒子流和粒子界面相互作用,液滴边缘和顶点的干燥速率对在油墨沉积后实现平坦图案(CRE)提出了挑战。
大量研究表明,在量子点墨水的配制过程中,可通过优化溶剂配方及配比,适当添加黏度调节剂、引发剂及其他助剂等方法以适当提高墨水黏度,解决墨水因黏度过低而导致的上述喷墨打印的难题,使其能够满足喷墨打印工艺要求,实现稳定出墨、稳定铺展、干燥均匀、成膜均一等技术要求。2017年,Liu等[45]通过引入双溶剂的方式成功抑制了咖啡环效应的产生,从而沉积出了均匀的量子点薄膜。这一创新性的方法使得该团队能够制备出完整的图案化量子点发光器件,其开启电压低至2.0 V,最大亮度为12100 cd/m2,最大电流效率为4.44 cd/A。2019年,该课题组选择红、绿、蓝3种量子点作为墨水,打印在经表面修饰的基底上来制备安全标签,该基底表面是以PMMA纳米颗粒作为随机钉扎点,这会影响量子点沉积而形成独特花状图案[46]。在打印过程中,墨水液滴接触基底后,三相接触线受钉扎点影响,量子点在钉扎点沉积,随着溶剂蒸发,液滴形状变化,最终形成不可克隆的花状图案,若基底无PMMA纳米颗粒,会形成咖啡环或中心凸起图案。
然而,传统的喷墨打印技术受限于针头大小和对准精度,通常情况下,喷墨打印的最小图案尺寸大多在几十到几百微米。为了突破这一限制,2019年Huang等[47]采用了超精细喷墨打印系统,成功实现了1.65 μm的超窄线宽量子点图案。2023年,南京大学和上海天马微电子有限公司合作报道了一种基于蓝色Micro LED的新型全彩显示器,该显示器具有通过喷墨打印(IJP)制造的图案化红色和绿色QDCC层,而后通过优化红/绿QDCC层的厚度和蓝色Micro LED背光的波长,成功制造出分辨率为228 ppi、尺寸为1.11英寸的全彩QDCC-LED显示器,并显示出卓越的性能(图 24[48]。Lin等[49]提出一种用于喷墨打印和紫外线固化量子点聚合物基油墨和颜色转换薄膜的设计和开发策略,将设计的量子点油墨作为颜色转换膜印刷在由2个紫色mini芯片组成的mini-LED面板上,以产生红色和绿色发射,蓝色发射直接来自蓝色mini芯片,QDCC在mini-LED面板上的最终转换效率为35%~45%,显示出在光电器件中的应用前景。
2021年,Jia等[50]基于喷墨打印纳米材料技术,通过调控墨水组元,开发相对应的新型梯度真空退火方式,用来打印制备高性能QLEDs,其中红色QLEDs的使用寿命(LT50@1000nit)可超过25000 h,绿色超过20000 h,如图 25(a)~(e)。Chen等[51]建立了一种新型基于十氢萘和正十三烷的无卤烷烃溶剂混合的环保二元溶剂体系,用于配制量子点油墨,改善界面接触,喷墨打印的红色QLEDs实现了最高18.3% 的EQE,达到了旋涂QLEDs的93%,如图 25(d)。2022年,上海交通大学和福州大学的研究人员提出了使用蓝色InP/ZnS/ZnS量子点作为发射层来喷墨打印具有高颜色纯度QLEDs的一种有效方法[52],如图 25(e)所示,实验上采用2步加热和厚壳策略制备蓝色InP/ZnS/ZnS量子点,通过使用喷墨打印制备的像素化蓝色InP QLEDs具有472 nm的电致发光发射波长峰值、43 nm的半峰宽、91 cd/m2的最大亮度和0.15%的EQE,这些结果可以促进用于大面积电致发光全彩显示器的蓝色InP QLEDs的开发。
2023年,京东方科技集团的团队利用电流体打印方法成功制备出了分辨率为500 ppi的底部发射和顶部发射电致量子点发光器件,其最大电流效率分别为14.4 cd/A和16.5 cd/A,如图 26(a)~(b)所示[53]。同年,开发了高稳定性的量子点和ZnO油墨材料,利用顶部发射器件结构和稳定的油墨材料,通过控制喷墨打印后的干燥过程来优化每层薄膜的形态,实现了像素边界清晰、单个亚像素内的电致发光形态均匀、像素之间的发光没有显著差异的器件,并组装制造了一个55英寸8K AMQLEDs显示器,色域为116%NTSC,如图 26(c)~(f)所示[54]
光刻是一种兼具高精度和大面积制备等优点的成熟工艺,量子点光刻技术在构建高分辨、RGB全彩、均匀量子点阵列方面具有独特优势。同时也是一种复杂的图案化方法,它涉及通过各种技术将光敏材料与量子点集成在一起,主要包括传统光刻、剥离(lift-off)及量子点直接光刻3种技术。这3种技术各具优劣势,都不可避免地会影响器件性能,如光刻胶的引入将抑制量子点层电荷传输能力,lift-off工艺则会严重影响量子点薄膜以及其他功能层质量,而基于量子点配体工程的直接光刻工艺不可避免地产生新的表面缺陷、改变量子点层电荷输运特性,导致器件性能衰减。
传统的光刻工艺具备诸多优势,包括高分辨率、低成本,以及适宜大面积生产等特性,使其成为实现量子点图案化的重要手段。其基本过程如下:首先,在衬底上均匀旋涂一层光刻胶;接着,通过曝光和显影工艺,精确地构建出量子点像素槽,这些槽位将用于定义量子点像素的大小和位置;随后,在带有图案化光刻胶的基板上沉积特定颜色的量子点,使量子点精准地填充在像素槽内;最后,通过剥离多余的光刻胶,即可获得单色量子点图案。为了获得全彩量子点图案化阵列,只需要重复以上的步骤,将不同位置的像素槽与不同颜色的量子点材料巧妙地组合在一起。
利用传统光刻,Shulga等[55]展示了PbS量子点薄膜在处理后的玻璃或氧化铝表面上的图案化,通过对PbS量子点采用TBAI配体交换技术,克服了量子点表面油酸(OA)长脂肪族配体带来的绝缘特性,所制备的场效应管(FET)的电子迁移率显著增强,通过测试器件的光响应(在11.6 mA/W@920 nm及26.7 mA/W@ 440 nm),表明传统光刻并没有影响量子点的光学特性。2020年,Mei等[56]通过牺牲层辅助光刻方法成功地制备出了一个分辨率为500 ppi的全彩色无源矩阵量子点发光器件原型,如图 27(a)~(b)所示,检测结果表明图案化量子点层子像素中未出现杂色。Lee等[57]开发了一种非破坏性光刻技术,用于CdSe和InP的量子点薄膜进行图案化(图 27(c)~(e))。通常,在正性光刻胶中使用的光活性化合物(PAC)中包含磺酸基团,其中重氮萘醌(DNQ)特别受欢迎,但它们都会显著降低量子点的光致发光效率。为了规避这个问题,研究人员采用了二乙基锌(DEZ)前驱体在量子点薄膜上沉积ZnO层,而后通过原子层沉积(ALD)ZnO层来屏蔽保护量子点,并在电致发光器件中充当电子传输层,实现了优异的发光性能。
剥离技术代表了对传统光刻技术的改进。该方法首先在基板上涂覆光刻胶层,然后使用光刻法对其进行图案化。随后,在该图案化的光刻胶层上制备量子点涂层。下一步涉及使用剥离溶液溶解多余的光刻胶和任何上覆的量子点膜,从而在基板上留下所需的量子点图案[58-61]。这种方法将图案化过程的重点从量子点层直接转移到基板上,从而避免了蚀刻对量子点性能的潜在不利影响。该技术的关键方面是确保量子点均匀沉积在图案化的光刻胶上。此外,完全去除光刻胶而不留下残留物是一个重大挑战。剥离解决方案对量子点性能的影响也是一个关键的考虑因素。目前,该工艺的改进旨在在量子点和光刻胶层与基板之间加入功能涂层或缓冲层,以在剥离阶段保护量子点。然而,为该功能层选择合适的材料仍然是一个复杂的问题。虽然剥离方法减轻了蚀刻对量子点性能的影响,但它并不能完全消除量子点性能退化的可能性。
影响剥离工艺的因素有很多,每一个因素都对量子点器件的最佳图案化至关重要,包括以下3点。(1)光刻胶的厚度:过厚的光刻胶层会影响量子点器件的分辨率,而过薄的层可能会阻碍有效的剥离。(2)光刻胶的类型:紫外光刻和电子束光刻是常见的光刻工艺,但这2种工艺选择的光刻胶类型差异很大。对于紫外光刻,由于其机制,负性光刻胶(如AR-N4340)比正性光刻胶更容易形成下切,而图案反转胶(如AR-U4000)将形成更完美的下切形状。对于电子束光刻,由于电子和光刻胶的散射,正光刻胶(如PMMA)比负光刻胶更容易形成下切。(3)涂层方法:最常用的涂层方法是蒸发和溅射。蒸发涂层倾向于以辐射图案将量子点沉积在光刻胶上,确保良好的方向性并促进后续剥离。另一方面,溅射过程将量子点分散在整个真空室中,缺乏方向性,这可能会完全包裹光刻胶并使剥离复杂化。Mentzel等[58]成功开发了一种半导体纳米晶体的纳米图案薄膜,首次通过应用电子束光刻和剥离技术,最终达到30 nm的图案分辨率,实现了显著的导电性和结构完整性。该过程涉及沉积正性光刻胶聚合物PMMA在衬底上,随后,通过电子束光刻制作所需图案,然后将涂有正丁胺的PbS量子点浇铸到PMMA图案化模具上,以创建图案化的量子点薄膜(图 28)。值得注意的是,这些纳米级薄膜的电导率是大型薄膜的180倍,而大型薄膜通常会发生聚集和开裂。
直接光刻技术利用量子点溶液的光敏性及其在光照后的不同溶解度来促进图案化。光照会触发量子点光敏化合物混合物中的一系列光化学反应,使显影剂能够选择性地洗掉高可溶性区域,从而产生所需的量子点图案,这种方法消除了对光刻胶的需求,从而通过避免光刻胶和量子点之间复杂的相互作用简化了工艺,并消除了蚀刻对性能的不利影响。光刻胶层的缺失允许在基板上均匀沉积量子点,这有利于创建高分辨率图案。这项技术的本质在于选择与量子点混合的聚合物材料,选定的化合物应表现出:与量子点的兼容性,以保持其稳定性和光学性能;可调光敏特性,以创建精确的量子点图案;支持器件制造工艺的合适的内在特性(如耐水性和耐氧性以及与量子点和器件材料的优异兼容性)。直接光刻的程序步骤类似于传统光刻,使该技术为商业应用奠定了基础,并可扩展到大规模生产。可以采用各种策略来创建必要的溶解度差异,通常涉及量子点光敏聚合物复合材料、量子点配体工程或用作量子点中间体的光交联剂(图 29[62]
光敏聚合物复合材料技术,是直接光刻的基础,包括量子点和光敏材料的集成。这种方法在直接光刻技术中因简单而脱颖而出。它包括2种主要方式:一种涉及将量子点直接混合到光刻胶等感光材料中,利用商业光刻胶(如SU-8)或环氧树脂基负性光刻胶。通过将量子点均匀地分散在光刻胶溶液中,制备出一种均匀的量子点-PR复合材料,利用这2种成分的固有特性来增强光刻应用。另外一种方式是量子点可以与光敏聚合物单体(如PGMEA或PMMA)合并,在紫外线照射后,所得量子点复合薄膜的溶解度会随着单体的聚合反应而变化。这种溶解度差异允许选择性地去除未聚合区域,从而促进精确的图案化。光敏单体和量子点之间的兼容性,对实验设置的要求最低,但聚合物结构的复杂性可能会影响量子点在聚合物单体内的均匀分散。此外,用于掺杂的光敏聚合物的电导率一般都很差,这导致了该光刻技术在量子点器件中的应用主要局限于光致发光器件,而在电致发光器件中的应用受到显著限制。
量子点配体工程是另一种直接光刻量子点的方法,通过改变量子点表面的配体来改变量子点的极性,从而影响它们在非极性溶剂中的溶解度来实现光刻。这项技术可分为2种主要策略:第1种策略涉及使用高能辐射源,如电子束或X射线,以化学方式改变量子点表面的烷基配体,从而改变它们在有机溶剂中的溶解度。照射区域和非照射区域之间的溶解度对比有助于图案形成,但高能照射会存在破坏量子点结构和性能的风险。第2种策略涉及量子点和极性溶剂(如乙醇、甲苯)中的单体之间的配体交换。这种方法通过光反应配体交换改变一些量子点在非极性溶剂中的溶解度来实现图案化,这将打破量子点的天然配体键,与单体配体形成新的键,为配体连接提供新的结合位点。这种配体交换虽然为量子点的功能化和保护提供了潜力,但不可避免地会导致一些性能下降,选择合适的新配体及其与量子点的最佳配置对于减轻这种影响至关重要。与辐射诱导方法相比,配体交换具有潜在增强量子点功能的优势,但由于其复杂性,多配体交换的趋势既带来了机遇,也带来了挑战。总体而言,量子点配体工程为操纵量子点性质提供了有前景的途径,每种方法都有其独特的优势和考虑因素。
光交联剂作为量子点中间体技术,是通过在相邻量子点之间加入光敏添加剂作为光交联剂,可以简化直接光刻,从而形成交联结构。这种结构显著降低了照明区域的溶解度,与非照明区域形成了明显的溶解度对比。这种方法的优点在于简单性,只需要一种光敏添加剂,不需要复杂的光敏聚合物,这不仅简化了工艺,而且最大限度地减少了复杂的聚合物与量子点之间相互作用对量子点固有特性产生的不利影响。此外,该技术避免了与配体工程相关的复杂性,从而避免了与配体交换过程相关的性能下降。
Zhang等[63]发展了一种直接有效的方法来制备钙钛矿纳米晶(PNC)图案化的方法,将光敏剂与钙钛矿前体混合,然后在光照下进行光刻,利用与溴化铅络合物PbBr42-的光催化反应实现了图案化。Liu等[64]开发了一种新的原位直接印刷光聚合技术,用于生产PNC微阵列。该技术将喷墨打印与前体油墨的光聚合过程协同,直接在基材上合成PNC。所制备的PNC微阵列具有优异的PL特性和三维半球形形状,使其非常适合量子点颜色转换应用。重要的是通过微调打印参数和基板选择,显著改善了微阵列的物理属性,包括100°的接触角和0.42的纵横比,高度可达17 μm。此外,通过调节前体油墨中的卤素离子,PNC微阵列可以显示一系列颜色——蓝色、绿色、红色和混合荧光,具有广泛色谱、高分辨率、大规模应用的潜力。Srivastava等[65]创造了一种革命性的基于量子点的颜色转换器,采用蓝对蓝配置,改善了无机蓝色LED的下光转换,该转换器整合了CdSe/ZnS核壳量子点,将其封装在由TuTu化石基板形成的腔体内,所有这些量子点都设置在紫外线固化聚合物基质中(图 30),这种新技术能够精确调节量子点层厚度和像素尺寸,有助于生产单色红绿转换器。这些转换器可以实现高达7 μm的量子点薄膜、实现窄的半峰全宽发射,并确保持久耐用所制备的像素尺寸为5 μm×5 μm,分辨率高达3600 ppi。
Lee等[66]设计了一种使用2-(4-甲氧基乙基)-4, 6-双(三氯甲基)-1, 3, 5-三嗪(MBT)作为光敏剂形成InP基量子点高分辨率图案的技术,图案化InP量子点薄膜的PLQY可以恢复到原始量子点PLQY的约67%,量子点图案精度为1 μm。Fu等[67]介绍了一种通过光触发碳阳离子配体剥离(CELS)方法,从量子点中去除配体,促进了QLEDs的直接光图案化。通过去除量子点表面天然配体,改变量子点的极性并降低其在非极性溶剂中的溶解度,同时,光解产生的路易斯碱性氯离子(Cl-)可以附着在量子点表面的金属位点上,有助于钝化缺陷。这种双重作用导致图案化的量子点PLQY不受影响,利用该方法可以制备最小特征尺寸为4 μm的量子点和亚像素尺寸为5 μm×125 μm的RGB量子点图案,所制造的RGB QLEDs表现出显著的EQE和寿命,红色的EQE为19.1%,绿色为17.5%,蓝色为12.0%,绿色QLEDs在1000 cd下T95达到了8700 h。这些指标与无图案设备的指标相比具有一定竞争力,使CELS定位为一种有前景的制备高性能QLEDs显示和集成器件的技术
Yang等[68]介绍了一种使用含有多个叠氮化物基团的光驱动LiXers技术非侵入性直接光刻无重金属量子点的方法,通过改变LiXer的分子组成,实现天然脂肪族量子点表面配体的有效光交联,在不损害其光电性能的情况下提高了量子点之间的交联效率,成功地制备了最小特征尺寸为1 μm的RGB量子点薄膜,同时保留了量子点固有的发光特性(图 31(a)~(b))。这种非破坏性方法很适应工业规模生产,并显著延长了器件寿命。使用这种光刻技术,该团队展示了分辨率超过3000 ppi的全彩RGB量子点像素图案。Qie等[69]介绍了一种简单的直接光学光刻技术,无需改变表面配体即可产生适用于量子点阵列的高质量量子点图案。为了实现量子点的空间限制,这种方法需要将它们封装在半导体聚(9, 9-二辛基芴-co-N-(4-丁基苯基)联苯胺)(TFB)框架内,通过在紫外光下交联来实现(图 31(c))。掺入半导体聚合物TFB可以增强空穴注入,显著减少电子注入,从而实现更平衡的载流子注入,提高器件性能。这种方法在很大程度上独立于所使用的特定半导体聚合物和量子点配体类型。利用这种方法,制造了最小像素尺寸为1.5 μm的图案化QLEDs,分辨率约为10000 ppi,EQE为16.25%,在8 V下的峰值亮度为146413 cd/m2图 31(d)图 31(e)[70]。这种简单的方法在制备全彩色、高分辨率、大面积QLEDs上具有非常大的潜力,尤其是应用在显示技术上。
量子点因具备高色纯度、高效率、光谱可调性、广泛的光谱覆盖以及低成本溶液加工等优点,已逐渐崭露头角,成为新兴显示领域的焦点,吸引了科研与产业界的广泛关注。量子点在显示领域的应用主要有2条技术路径,一是光致发光,二是电致发光QLEDs。然而,无论是光致发光还是QLEDs显示技术,都面临着诸多挑战,如器件寿命的延长、蓝光效率的提升、Cd基量子点毒性的降低以及图案化的精确实现等。为了攻克这些难题,科研人员需致力于量子点合成方法的改进、器件结构的优化以及图案化技术的创新,这都需要高精尖的设备和复杂的工艺流程,需要较长的研发周期和更高的投入成本。相信在未来,随着技术的不断进步,量子点显示器的色域将进一步扩大,亮度、对比度、稳定性将进一步提高,量子点技术将继续朝着更高性能、更低成本的方向发展。总而言之,量子点技术作为显示领域的一项革命性突破,具有巨大的发展潜力和广阔的应用前景,会带来更加精彩的视觉体验。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(12474399)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
García de Arquer F P , Talapin D V , Klimov V I , et al. Semiconductor quantum dots: Technological progress and future challenges[J]. Science, 2021, 373 (6555): eaaz8541.
2
Ekimov A I , Onushchenko A A . Quantum size effect in three-dimensional microscopic semiconductor crystals[J]. JETP Letters, 2023, 118 (1): S15- S17.
3
Brus L E . A simple model for the ionization potential, electron affinity, and aqueous redox potentials of small semiconductor crystallites[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1983, 79 (11): 5566- 5571.
4
Rossetti R , Nakahara S , Brus L E . Quantum size effects in the redox potentials, resonance Raman spectra, and electronic spectra of CdS crystallites in aqueous solution[J]. The Journal of Chemica Physics, 1983, 79 (2): 1086- 1088.
5
Murray C B , Norris D J , Bawendi M G . Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E=sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1993, 115 (19): 8706- 8715.
6
Pu C D , Dai X L , Shu Y F , et al. Electrochemically-stable ligands bridge the photoluminescence-electroluminescence gap of quantum dots[J]. Nature Communications, 2020, 11 (1): 937.
7
Chen O , Zhao J , Chauhan V P , et al. Compact high-quality CdSe-CdS core-shell nanocrystals with narrow emission linewidths and suppressed blinking[J]. Nature Materials, 2013, 12 (5): 445- 451.
8
Talapin D V , Mekis I , Götzinger S , et al. CdSe/CdS/ZnS and CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS Core-Shell-Shell nanocrystals[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2004, 108 (49): 18826- 18831.
9
Shen H B , Cao W R , Shewmon N T , et al. High-efficiency, low turn-on voltage blue-violet quantum-dot-based light-emitting diodes[J]. Nano Letters, 2015, 15 (2): 1211- 1216.
10
Xu H Y , Song J J , Zhou P H , et al. Dipole-dipole-interaction-assisted self-assembly of quantum dots for highly efficient light-emitting diodes[J]. Nature Photonics, 2024, 18: 186- 191.
11
Deng Y Z , Peng F , Lu Y , et al. Solution-processed green and blue quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with eliminated charge leakage[J]. Nature Photonics, 2022, 16: 505- 511.
12
Zhang W J , Li B , Chang C , et al. Stable and efficient pure blue quantum-dot LEDs enabled by inserting an anti-oxidation layer[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15 (1): 783.
13
Chen B , Li D Y , Wang F . InP quantum dots: Synthesis and lighting applications[J]. Small, 2020, 16 (32): e2002454.
14
Jang E , Kim Y , Won Y H , et al. Environmentally friendly InP-based quantum dots for efficient wide color gamut displays[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2020, 5 (4): 1316- 1327.
15
Eren G O , Sadeghi S , Bahmani Jalali H , et al. Cadmium-free and efficient type-Ⅱ InP/ZnO/ZnS quantum dots and their application for LEDs[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13 (27): 32022- 32030.
16
Won Y H , Cho O , Kim T , et al. Highly efficient and stable InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. Nature, 2019, 575 (7784): 634- 638.
17
Bian Y Y , Yan X H , Chen F , et al. Efficient green InP-based QD-LED by controlling electron injection and leakage[J]. Nature, 2024, 635 (8040): 854- 859.
18
Milstein T J , Kroupa D M , Gamelin D R . Picosecond quantum cutting generates photoluminescence quantum yields over 100% in ytterbium-doped CsPbCl3 nanocrystals[J]. Nano Letters, 2018, 18 (6): 3792- 3799.
19
Protesescu L , Yakunin S , Bodnarchuk M I , et al. Nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3, X=Cl, Br, and I): Novel optoelectronic materials showing bright emission with wide color gamut[J]. Nano Letters, 2015, 15 (6): 3692- 3696.
20
Yakunin S , Protesescu L , Krieg F , et al. Low-threshold amplified spontaneous emission and lasing from colloidal nanocrystals of caesium lead halide perovskites[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 8056.
21
Dutta A , Dutta S K , Das Adhikari S , et al. Tuning the size of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals: All at one constant temperature[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2018, 3 (2): 329- 334.
22
Liang Z Q , Zhao S L , Xu Z , et al. Shape-controlled synthesis of all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals with bright blue emission[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8 (42): 28824- 28830.
23
Li H M , Lin H , Ouyang D , et al. Efficient and stable red perovskite light-emitting diodes with operational stability > 300 H[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33 (15): e2008820.
24
Wang K , Lin Z Y , Zhang Z H , et al. Suppressing phase disproportionation in quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14 (1): 397.
25
Bai W H , Xuan T T , Zhao H Y , et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency exceeding 30[J]. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35 (39): e2302283.
26
Guo B B , Lai R C , Jiang S J , et al. Ultrastable near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. Nature Photonics, 2022, 16: 637- 643.
27
Bae W K , Brovelli S , Klimov V I . Spectroscopic insights into the performance of quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. MRS Bulletin, 2013, 38 (9): 721- 730.
28
Shirasaki Y , Supran G J , Bawendi M G , et al. Emergence of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting technologies[J]. Nature Photonics, 2013, 7: 13- 23.
29
Colvin V L , Schlamp M C , Alivisatos A P . Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer[J]. Nature, 1994, 370: 354- 357.
30
Jang E , Jang H . Review: Quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2023, 123 (8): 4663- 4692.
31
Schlamp M C , Peng X G , Alivisatos A P . Improved efficiencies in light emitting diodes made with CdSe (CdS) core/shell type nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1997, 82 (11): 5837- 5842.
32
Niu Y H , Munro A , Cheng Y J , et al. Improved performance from multilayer quantum dot light-emitting diodes via thermal annealing of the quantum dot layer[J]. Advanced Materials, 2007, 19 (20): 3371- 3376.
33
Qian L , Zheng Y , Xue J G , et al. Stable and efficient quantum-dot light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed multilayer structures[J]. Nature Photonics, 2011, 5: 543- 548.
34
Mashford B S , Stevenson M , Popovic Z , et al. High-efficiency quantum-dot light-emitting devices with enhanced charge injection[J]. Nature Photonics, 2013, 7: 407- 412.
35
Dai X L , Zhang Z X , Jin Y Z , et al. Solution-processed, high-performance light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots[J]. Nature, 2014, 515 (7525): 96- 99.
36
Cao W R , Xiang C Y , Yang Y X , et al. Highly stable QLEDs with improved hole injection via quantum dot structure tailoring[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9 (1): 2608.
37
Shen H B , Gao Q , Zhang Y B , et al. Visible quantum dot light-emitting diodes with simultaneous high brightness and efficiency[J]. Nature Photonics, 2019, 13: 192- 197.
38
Lee T , Kim B J , Lee H , et al. Bright and stable quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34 (4): e2106276.
39
Fang Y F , Bai P L , Li J Y , et al. Highly efficient red quantum dot light-emitting diodes by balancing charge injection and transport[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14 (18): 21263- 21269.
40
Coe S , Woo W K , Bawendi M , et al. Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices[J]. Nature, 2002, 420 (6917): 800- 803.
41
Steckel J S , Snee P , Coe-Sullivan S , et al. Color-saturated green-emitting QD-LEDs[J]. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed), 2006, 45 (35): 5796- 5799.
42
Yang Y X , Zheng Y , Cao W R , et al. High-efficiency light-emitting devices based on quantum dots with tailored nanostructures[J]. Nature Photonics, 2015, 9: 259- 266.
43
Steckel J S , Zimmer J P , Coe-Sullivan S , et al. Blue luminescence from (CdS) ZnS core-shell nanocrystals[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2004, 43 (16): 2154- 2158.
44
Jun S , Jang E . Interfused semiconductor nanocrystals: Brilliant blue photoluminescence and electroluminescence[J]. Chemical Communications, 2005 (36): 4616- 4618.
45
Liu Y , Li F S , Xu Z W , et al. Efficient all-solution processed quantum dot light emitting diodes based on inkjet printing technique[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9 (30): 25506- 25512.
46
Liu Y , Han F , Li F S , et al. Inkjet-printed unclonable quantum dot fluorescent anti-counterfeiting labels with artificial intelligence authentication[J]. Nature Communications, 2019, 10 (1): 2409.
47
Huang Chen S W , Shen C C , Wu T Z , et al. Full-color monolithic hybrid quantum dot nanoring micro light-emitting diodes with improved efficiency using atomic layer deposition and nonradiative resonant energy transfer[J]. Photonics Research, 2019, 7 (4): 416.
48
Qin F , Liu C , Wu W H , et al. Inkjet printed quantum dots color conversion layers for full-color micro-LED displays[J]. Electronic Materials Letters, 2023, 19 (1): 19- 28.
49
Lin C T , Zhuan Y L , Jung N T , et al. Design of quantum dot color convertors for inkjet-printed optoelectronic devices: Violet-converted full color mini-LED[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2024, 9 (3): 2301370.
50
Jia S Q , Tang H D , Ma J R , et al. High performance inkjet-printed quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with high operational stability[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2021, 9 (22): 2101069.
51
Chen M , Xie L M , Wei C T , et al. High performance inkjet-printed QLEDs with 18.3% EQE: Improving interfacial contact by novel halogen-free binary solvent system[J]. Nano Research, 2021, 14 (11): 4125- 4131.
52
Yang Z W , Lin G L , Bai J Y , et al. Inkjet-printed blue InP/ZnS/ZnS quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 450: 138413.
53
Wang H W , Zhang Y M , Liu Y , et al. High-efficiency and high-resolution patterned quantum dot light emitting diodes by electrohydrodynamic printing[J]. Nanoscale Advances, 2023, 5 (4): 1183- 1189.
54
Zhang Y M , Yuan X , Chen Z , et al. Development of the ink-jet printing technology for 55-inch 8K AMQLED display[J]. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 2023, 31 (5): 355- 362.
55
Shulga A G , Yamamura A , Tsuzuku K , et al. Patterned quantum dot photosensitive FETs for medium frequency optoelectronics[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2019, 4 (9): 1900054.
56
Mei W H , Zhang Z Q , Zhang A D , et al. High-resolution, full-color quantum dot light-emitting diode display fabricated via photolithography approach[J]. Nano Research, 2020, 13 (9): 2485- 2491.
57
Lee J Y , Kim E A , Han J S , et al. Nondestructive direct photolithography for patterning quantum dot films by atomic layer deposition of ZnO[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2022, 9 (22): 2200835.
58
Mentzel T S , Wanger D D , Ray N , et al. Nanopatterned electrically conductive films of semiconductor nanocrystals[J]. Nano Letters, 2012, 12 (8): 4404- 4408.
59
Zou C , Chang C , Sun D , et al. Photolithographic patterning of perovskite thin films for multicolor display applications[J]. Nano Letters, 2020, 20 (5): 3710- 3717.
60
Bae J , Shin Y , Yoo H , et al. Quantum dot-integrated GaN light-emitting diodes with resolution beyond the retinal limit[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13 (1): 1862.
61
Xing D , Lin C C , Ho Y L , et al. Self-healing lithographic patterning of perovskite nanocrystals for large-area single-mode laser array[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31 (1): 2006283.
62
Guo W S , Chen J , Ma T , et al. Direct photolithography patterning of quantum dot-polymer[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2024, 34 (10): 2310338.
63
Zhang P P , Yang G L , Li F , et al. Direct in situ photolithography of perovskite quantum dots based on photocatalysis of lead bromide complexes[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13 (1): 6713.
64
Liu X , Li J J , Zhang P P , et al. Perovskite quantum dot microarrays: in situ fabrication via direct print photopolymerization[J]. Nano Research, 2022, 15 (8): 7681- 7687.
65
Srivastava S , Lee K E , Fitzgerald E A , et al. Freestanding high-resolution quantum dot color converters with small pixel sizes[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14 (43): 48995- 49002.
66
Lee J , Ha J , Lee H , et al. Direct optical lithography of colloidal InP-based quantum dots with ligand pair treatment[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2023, 8 (10): 4210- 4217.
67
Fu Z , Zhou L K , Yin Y , et al. Direct photo-patterning of efficient and stable quantum dot light-emitting diodes via light-triggered, carbocation-enabled ligand stripping[J]. Nano Letters, 2023, 23 (5): 2000- 2008.
68
Yang J , Lee M , Park S Y , et al. Nondestructive photopatterning of heavy-metal-free quantum dots[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34 (43): e2205504.
69
Qie Y , Hu H L , Yu K B , et al. Ligand-nondestructive direct photolithography assisted by semiconductor polymer cross-linking for high-resolution quantum dot light-emitting diodes[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24 (4): 1254- 1260.
70
Lu S Y , Fu Z , Li F , et al. Beyond a linker: The role of photochemistry of crosslinkers in the direct optical patterning of colloidal nanocrystals[J]. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed), 2022, 61 (23): e202202633.
2025年第43卷第2期
PDF下载
4638
2413
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01030
  • 接收时间:2024-08-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-31
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-08-24
  • 修回日期:2024-12-12
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(12474399)
作者信息
    北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室, 北京 100044

通讯作者:

赵谡玲(通信作者),教授,研究方向为发光与显示,电子信箱:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01030
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏