Article(id=1301137645300633704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.00979, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723046400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-08, revisedDate=1781452800000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788144988607, onlineDateStr=2026-08-31, pubDate=1786550400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788144988607, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788144988607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788144988607, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301137643908128824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786550400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788144988276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788145858754, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=103, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301137645569069161, articleId=1301137645300633704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=New reactions of cross oxidative coupling of C—H bonds using air oxygen, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Air oxygen oxidation cross coupling is one of the most important and economical coupling reactions, using air as a oxidant replacing external oxidants can construct C—C and C—X (X=N, O, S or P) bonds through oxidative coupling of C−H bonds, which can effectively introduce new functional groups into heterocyclic compounds and have practical value for the development of drugs, agricultural chemicals, and functional materials. This paper reviews the research progress of air oxygen−mediated cross−oxidative coupling reactions of C—H bonds, with a particular focus on the synthetic systems of nitrogen−containing heterocyclic compounds. It elaborates novel strategies for the construction of C—C, C—N, and C—P bonds in heterocyclic compounds under transition−metal catalysis (e.g., nickel, palladium, copper, and iron), as well as metal−free and photocatalytic systems. The reaction characteristics, substrate applicability, and reaction mechanisms of various catalytic systems are summarized, and the research achievements including rare−earth−catalyzed coupling reactions between heterocycles and ethers as well as the novel amination reaction via aldehyde group exchange are also outlined. The environmentally friendly air oxidation reaction is expected to be further applied in industrial production.

, authors=Naixing WANG, authorsList=Naixing WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301137654704263340, articleId=1301137645300633704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=C—H键空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

空气氧氧化交叉偶联是最重要和经济的偶联反应之一,使用空气作为可持续的外部氧化剂,通过C—H键的氧化偶联能够构建C—C和C—X(X = N, O, S或P)键,可以在杂环化合物中有效地引入新官能团,对开发药物和农用化学品以及功能材料具有实际价值。综述了空气氧参与的C—H键氧化交叉偶联反应研究进展,重点聚焦含氮杂环化合物的合成体系,分别阐述镍、钯、铜、铁等过渡金属催化及无金属、光催化体系下,杂环化合物的C—C、C—N、C—P键构建新方法,总结各类催化体系的反应特征、底物适用性与反应机理,同时梳理稀土催化杂环与醚类偶联、醛基交换酰胺化新反应等研究成果。环境特别友好的空气氧化反应有望在工业生产方面得到进一步应用。

, authors=王乃兴, authorsList=王乃兴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王乃兴,研究员,罗马尼亚技术科学院院士,研究方向为手性技术、绿色转换等有机合成,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=lJD38DqqwaaqIYfYvy5kww==, magXml=JMS7mooN0FDciSwtmkHb5A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+5wA3bmdzt61zULxWRp8ig==, pdfFileSize=3381383, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XHUEKwgibeO9bEV0sEIt0w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=O5xkjyDcJDC7f/Io5EXw+Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1301137655014641841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137645300633704, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=nxwang@mail.ipc.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1301137655085945010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137645300633704, authorId=1301137655014641841, language=EN, stringName=Naixing WANG, firstName=Naixing, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1301137655153053875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137645300633704, authorId=1301137655014641841, language=CN, stringName=王乃兴, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio={"content":"

王乃兴,研究员,罗马尼亚技术科学院院士,研究方向为手性技术、绿色转换等有机合成,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王乃兴,研究员,罗马尼亚技术科学院院士,研究方向为手性技术、绿色转换等有机合成,电子信箱:

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C—H键空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应
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王乃兴
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(15): 103-120
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C—H键空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应
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王乃兴,研究员,罗马尼亚技术科学院院士,研究方向为手性技术、绿色转换等有机合成,电子信箱:

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王乃兴,研究员,罗马尼亚技术科学院院士,研究方向为手性技术、绿色转换等有机合成,电子信箱:

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王乃兴
作者信息
  • 中国科学院理化技术研究所,北京 100190
作者简介:

王乃兴,研究员,罗马尼亚技术科学院院士,研究方向为手性技术、绿色转换等有机合成,电子信箱:

New reactions of cross oxidative coupling of C—H bonds using air oxygen
Naixing WANG
Affiliations
  • Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2026-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.00979
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空气氧氧化交叉偶联是最重要和经济的偶联反应之一,使用空气作为可持续的外部氧化剂,通过C—H键的氧化偶联能够构建C—C和C—X(X = N, O, S或P)键,可以在杂环化合物中有效地引入新官能团,对开发药物和农用化学品以及功能材料具有实际价值。综述了空气氧参与的C—H键氧化交叉偶联反应研究进展,重点聚焦含氮杂环化合物的合成体系,分别阐述镍、钯、铜、铁等过渡金属催化及无金属、光催化体系下,杂环化合物的C—C、C—N、C—P键构建新方法,总结各类催化体系的反应特征、底物适用性与反应机理,同时梳理稀土催化杂环与醚类偶联、醛基交换酰胺化新反应等研究成果。环境特别友好的空气氧化反应有望在工业生产方面得到进一步应用。

空气氧  /  氧化交叉偶联  /  杂环化合物  /  官能团  /  环境友好

Air oxygen oxidation cross coupling is one of the most important and economical coupling reactions, using air as a oxidant replacing external oxidants can construct C—C and C—X (X=N, O, S or P) bonds through oxidative coupling of C−H bonds, which can effectively introduce new functional groups into heterocyclic compounds and have practical value for the development of drugs, agricultural chemicals, and functional materials. This paper reviews the research progress of air oxygen−mediated cross−oxidative coupling reactions of C—H bonds, with a particular focus on the synthetic systems of nitrogen−containing heterocyclic compounds. It elaborates novel strategies for the construction of C—C, C—N, and C—P bonds in heterocyclic compounds under transition−metal catalysis (e.g., nickel, palladium, copper, and iron), as well as metal−free and photocatalytic systems. The reaction characteristics, substrate applicability, and reaction mechanisms of various catalytic systems are summarized, and the research achievements including rare−earth−catalyzed coupling reactions between heterocycles and ethers as well as the novel amination reaction via aldehyde group exchange are also outlined. The environmentally friendly air oxidation reaction is expected to be further applied in industrial production.

air oxygen  /  oxidative cross coupling  /  heterocyclic compounds  /  functional groups  /  environmentally friendly
王乃兴. C—H键空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (15) : 103 -120 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.00979
Naixing WANG. New reactions of cross oxidative coupling of C—H bonds using air oxygen[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (15) : 103 -120 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.00979
空气氧氧化交叉偶联是使用空气作为氧化剂构建C—C和C—X(X=N、O、S或P)键的最直接和原子经济的方法之一。气候变化的紧迫性催促着化学家必须采用环境友好的绿色方法,有责任感的化学家应该密切关注人类赖以生存的地球环境的变化。
C—H键的空气氧氧化交叉偶联可以通过C—H键活化引入新的官能团,或者通过串联2个或多个连续化学键形成新的杂环结构,从而有效地增加其分子结构的复杂性,进一步拓展这些结构在天然产物、药品、农用化学品和功能材料中的应用范围。本文简要论述2010年以来使用空气氧作为氧化剂的C—H键的绿色氧化偶联反应的新进展[1]
近年来,用空气氧作为氧化剂引起人们普遍关注,因为空气氧作为氧化剂具有点石成金之妙,原子经济性强而且完全绿色,就空气氧作为氧化剂本身而言,不造成任何污染,科学意义深远,研究价值很大,特别是在工业应用方面前景广阔。在自然界中,非血红素铁酶使用氧气生成高自旋四价铁氧物种,用于各种氧化反应。多年来,合成化学家一直尝试在人造系统中模拟这一过程——像酶一样活化氧气生成高自旋四价铁氧物种。Hou等[2]报道了一种新型的金属−有机框架(MOF)材料,其中含有的二价铁位点局部结构与双加氧酶的活性中心类似,在低温(低至100 K)下可以与氧气直接反应,生成高自旋四价铁氧物种,研究成果于2023年11月3日在线发表于《Science》。这一成果模拟了生命体中氧气被活化的过程,该人工合成MOF材料能够很好地模拟自然界的酶,活化氧气生成高自旋Fe(IV)=O中间体,来催化碳氢化合物的氧化反应,包括将乙烷氧化为乙醇。这项工作为本文论述的内容开拓了一个新生面。C—H键空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应,如果能够使用这种模拟酶来活化空气氧,使空气中的氧气首先生成Fe(IV)=O活性中间体,将对有机化合物C—H键空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应起到非常大的促进作用。
近年来,活化相对惰性的C—H键已成为现代有机化学研究的热点[35]。其中,过渡金属催化C—H键直接氧化偶联越来越引起人们兴趣[610]。常用的氧化剂包括无机氧化剂(如Cu2+、Ag1+、Fe3+、K2S2O8[11]和有机氧化剂(如2,3−二氯−5,6−二氰基−1,4−苯醌(DDQ[12])、过氧化苯甲酰(BPO[13])、过氧化二叔丁基(DTBP[14])和过氧化叔丁基(TBHP[15]))等。然而,这些氧化剂的加入使整个催化循环过程复杂化,并带来副反应。空气氧与上述氧化剂相比,具有原子经济性和环境友好等特点,适合于工业催化应用,因此使用空气氧作为氧化剂在交叉偶联反应中受到合成有机化学家的青睐[16]
杂环化合物由于氮、磷、氧、硫等杂原子的存在,具有独特的生物活性,广泛存在于天然产物中,并应用于药品、农用化学品和功能材料[17]。空气氧对C—H键的氧化偶联在含氮杂环等方面得到很好应用[18]。笔者研究组在空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应方面也做了一些工作[19]
镍催化剂以及其他过渡金属催化剂对现代合成化学的发展做出了重大贡献,表现为氧化加成/还原消除特征。然而,与钌和钯等其他过渡金属相比,镍催化剂在C—H氧化交叉偶联反应中受到的关注较少,尤其是当与环境友好的氧结合作为交叉脱氢偶联(CDC)反应的绿色氧化剂时。如图1所示,Hachiya等[20]介绍了唑类化合物(1)与芳基硼酸(2)的直接镍−空气催化氧化芳基化反应。值得一提的是,该催化体系使用空气氧作为唯一的氧化剂。在机理研究中,涉及Ni(II)与有机硼氧化加成得到芳基镍中间体,然后在K3PO4的作用下对咪唑进行镍化,最后通过还原消除得到产物(3)和Ni(0)。
钯催化的芳烃与芳基硼酸的C—H芳基化反应的C—H/C—B偶联得到广泛关注。Yamaguchi等[21]使用含有Pd(II)−亚砜−恶唑啉配体(7)和铁−酞菁(8)的双催化剂体系,实现了与芳烃(4)和芳基硼酸(5)的空气氧氧化交叉偶联(C—H/C—B偶联)(图2)。这种催化方法可以在空气中合成杂芳基和苯乙烯衍生物(6)。
图3所示,Wang等[3]开发了Cu(ClO42·6H2O催化的氮杂杯芳烃吡啶(9)与芳基、链烯基和烷基硼酸(10)的氧化交叉偶联反应,通过使用空气作为氧化剂来合成各种功能化的大环(图3[1,3,22]。芳香硼酸与有机铜化合物之间的化学计量反应表明,参与催化的是有机金属中间体芳香铜(II)(12)而不是芳香铜(III)(15)。利用大环氮杂杯芳烃吡啶与对甲苯硼酸的模型反应,运用各种实验和理论计算,通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、电子顺磁共振波谱(EPR)、氢核磁共振波谱(1H NMR)、高分辨质谱(HRMS)和紫外吸收光谱(UV)表征,并结合瞬态电子结构和能量学的计算和分析,系统地研究了这种氧化交叉偶联的机理[23]
含氮杂环化合物的制备和进一步应用引起了人们极大兴趣。Huang等[24]使用空气氧作为氧化剂,在CuBr的催化下,成功地将杂芳烃如中氮茚、咪唑、吲哚和苯胺(17)与N,N−二甲基苯胺(16)转化为各种烷基化杂芳烃(18)(图4)。关键的亚氨基阳离子中间体是通过分子氧氧化苯胺中与氮相邻的C—H键形成的,分子氧与中氮茚进行Friedel−Crafts反应生成产物。
与氮原子相邻的C(sp3)—H键的氧化产生活性亚氨基中间体,然后进攻碳亲核试剂,这已成为形成C—C键的策略之一。四氢异喹啉(THIQ)是医药和天然产物中普遍存在的结构,三氟甲基在药物中具有重要意义,因为三氟甲基通常会增加药物分子的脂溶性,从而促进其吸收。使用Rose Bengal(RB,荧光素类染料)作为光催化剂,Fu等[25]报道了THIQ衍生物(19)与三氟甲基硅烷和末端炔烃的空气氧化偶联(图5(a))。在温和的条件下获得一系列1−炔基化的(20)或1−三氟甲基化的(21)THIQ。在机理研究中,RB*的还原猝灭、RB的激发态、RB自由基阴离子和分子氧在可见光照射下实现了催化循环。结果表明,RB自由基阴离子给分子氧一个电子,产生RB双氧自由基阴离子,该阴离子从胺自由基阳离子(22)的α−位提取一个氢原子,得到亚氨基中间体(23)并释放HO2。亚胺中间体与TMSCF3/KF或炔基铜进行加成,得到最终的产物。
Xie等[26]开发了使用金催化的叔胺与硝基烷烃(24)和酮(27)的双氧化C—C偶联,使用空气作为唯一的氧化剂(图5(c))。这种方法是方便的、环境友好的,具有广泛的普适性,并且具有较好的收率。
Liu等[27]发现,使用空气作为唯一的氧化剂,N−芳基THIQ与5H−恶唑−4−酮(29)的直接CuBr催化氧化CDC(图5(d))。他们成功地合成了一系列烷基化四氢异喹啉衍生物(30),产率高,非对映选择性好。
Huo等[28]描述了通过C—C、C—P交叉偶联对N−芳基THIQ的有效氧化,该偶联由市售的稳定的六氯锑酸三(4−溴苯基)铵(TBPA+·SbCl6)(31)引发(图6(a))。值得注意的是,选择催化量甚至化学计量的H2O2或TBHP作为氧化剂,但搅拌24 h后起始反应物保持不变,这意味着过氧化物不能作为最终氧化剂。后来,他们发现,使用空气氧作为氧化剂实现了N−芳基THIQ与非活化酮(36)的氧化Mannich反应[29]
图6的合成中,空气作为氧化剂,起着至关重要的作用。该方法避免了使用金属催化剂、酸或碱添加剂。值得注意的是,在该转化中还提供了6个分子内环化产物(37)的实例(图6(c))。在这些转化的机理研究中,Ar3N自由基阳离子在亚氨基离子的产生中起2个作用(42):第一,作为单电子氧化剂产生底物;第二,提取底物的α−H,然后可以用亲核试剂如酮捕获亚氨基得到产物(图6(d))。
Xiao等[30]描述了一种通过与叔胺和重氮化合物的交叉脱氢偶联合成β−氨基−α−重氮化合物(44)的方法(图7(a))。用一系列取代的N, N−二甲基苯胺(47)与重氮乙酸乙酯反应,得到相应的α−氨基重氮化合物(46),产率良好(图7(a))。该反应使用空气或O2作为氧化剂,在温和且无金属的条件下以良好的产率获得目标产物。通过选择合适的过渡金属催化剂,所产生的产物可以进一步用于合成具有高区域选择性的4−或5−酯N−芳基−2,3−二氢苯并[d]氮杂环产物。Zhang等[31]开发了一种CuBr催化的N−芳基THIQ和3,5−二烷基−4−硝基异恶唑(49),在水中通过以空气为氧化剂的直接乙烯基交叉脱氢偶联反应(图7(c))。这种新方法为获得一系列异恶唑取代的四氢异喹啉衍生物提供了一种环境友好的方法(见化合物50)。
Ramana等[32]研究了四氢喹啉(51)和吲哚(52)在铜催化下,在水溶剂中与空气中的氧发生脱氢交叉偶联反应,制备2−吲哚基−四羟基喹啉(53)的方法(图8)。这种方法的最大特点是使用了廉价的铜催化剂和水溶剂,而且实验易于操作。
用廉价的金属催化剂代替昂贵的金属催化剂进行C—H键活化反应引起了有机化学家的极大兴趣。Li等[33]报道了Cu(OAc)2催化的2−位唑类(54和55)的空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应,通过C—H键活化产生双唑类(56和57)(图9)。一个特色是,在转化中唯一的副产物是H2O。
Kim等[34]开发了Pd(PPh34催化的唑类(58)与末端炔烃(59)的氧化炔化反应(图10)。钯催化剂和碱的应用是该反应的关键因素,当反应在空气中进行时,产物获得了更高的产率。动力学同位素效应研究表明,C—H键的断裂不是该氧化炔化的速率决定步骤。
三氟甲基具有较强的吸电子性质和较大的疏水结构域,可以显著改变靶分子的生物利用度和稳定性。因此,三氟甲基化杂芳烃广泛存在于医药和农药的合成中[35]。以铜介导的末端炔烃的氧化三氟甲基化的第一个例子为线索,Chu等[36]继续探索了铜催化的杂芳烃的氧化三氟甲烷化(61)以及通过直接C—H键活化具有亲核CF3SiMe3(62)的高度缺电子芳烃。在1,10−菲罗啉作为配体和叔BuONa/NaOAc作为共催化剂的存在下,使用空气或过氧化二叔丁基作为氧化剂,将各种杂芳烃转化为其相应的三氟甲基化衍生物(63)。机理研究表明,CF3Cu(Phen)络合物在催化循环中起到关键作用(图11[37]
通过C—H键官能团化直接芳基化杂芳烃已成为有机合成中最流行的方法之一。Guchhait等[38]开发了一种钯催化的缺电子3−吲哚基酮的C(sp2)—H键的分子内双氧化偶联,产物(65)是使用空气作为氧化剂合成的(图12),这是一种罕见的缺电子芳烃的双C—H键官能化。茚并[1,2−b]吲哚−10(5H)−酮(65)以中等至良好的收率被得到。Pd(II)−催化和新戊酸作为共催化都被证明是该反应的关键。值得一提的是,相应的产物在没有吲哚N—H键被保护的情况下仍然可以很好地发生反应。
通常吲哚核的反应是通过苯的C—H键位点选择性活化来实现的。目前,通过选择性官能化吲哚中的C−7或C−5在形成C—C键方面取得了重大进展,也发展了一些官能团化吲哚的C−6和C−4位置的方法。Jiao等[39]报道了钯(II)催化的吲哚啉(66)在C−7位的交叉脱氢偶联,使用尿素作为引导基团(图13)。该方法是在低温下进行的空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应。在50℃的开瓶中使用Cu(OAc)2可以活化未取代吲哚啉的C2—H和C3—H键,从而扩大了底物的范围。
含有吡咯环的有机化合物对生物筛选具有很高的吸引力。吡咯和吲哚取代的氮杂芳族化合物含有连接2个芳族链段的C—C键,在天然物质和医药分子中都很常见。Utepova等[40]报道了一种在TiO2催化下,氮杂芳烃与吡咯(71)和吲哚(70)的双C—H/C—H的空气氧氧化交叉偶联的高选择性的新方法,可以得到各种杂环化合物(图14)。
不对称C—H键官能团化由于在有机合成中的重要应用,引起了化学家的广泛关注。Gao等[41]报道了二茂铁(74)和杂芳烃(75)之间的Pd催化的不对称氧化交叉偶联反应(图15(a))。在这种转化中,空气氧作为绿色氧化剂,通过双C—H键活化催化不对称二芳基偶联反应。为了进一步证明这种方法的实用性,可以选择其中一种偶联产物来制备现有方法难以制备的平面手性配体(图15(b))。
2−芳基吲哚和3−芳基吲哚存在于许多生物碱中,具有独特的生物活性。因此,开发有效的合成方法来构建不同的取代吲哚衍生物是一个持续被关注的研究领域。Liu等[42]报道了在空气氧氧化条件下,钯/铜共催化吲哚(81)与简单芳基肼(82)的氧化偶联反应,产生芳基吲哚(83)(图16)。在空气氧存在的条件下,在PdCl2、CuI和对甲苯磺酸的催化下,一系列芳酰基肼在二甲基亚砜和硝基甲烷(1∶1)的混合物中与吲哚顺利进行氧化芳基化,以中等至良好的产率得到结构多样的吲哚。当吲哚在2位具有取代基时,芳基就会在3位形成。
Yamaguchi等[43]实现了吲哚和丙二酸酯的2个C—H键的光催化分子内空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应(84)。该反应使用空气中的氧作为氧化剂,并在室温下的可见光照射下以良好至优异的产率获得环化产物(85)(图17)。机理研究表明,在可见光照射下,碳中心自由基通过C—I键的匀裂产生,是反应中的关键自由基中间体。
双杂芳基结构是许多生物活性分子、天然产物和有机功能材料中的有效成分。因此,通过C—H键官能团化直接构建杂芳基−杂芳基键在化学合成中具有重要的科学意义。Guo等[44]报道了钯催化的咪唑吡啶(86)与偶氮(87)的C—H/C—H氧化交叉偶联反应,使用空气氧作为氧化剂合成3−唑基−咪唑吡啶化合物(88)(图18)。值得一提的是,通过生物学评估和阳性对照,与5−氟尿嘧啶相比,2种新合成的化合物具有显著的抗肺癌细胞增殖的活性。
吲哚和呋喃是2种具有多种生物活性的富电子杂环化合物,常见于药物和天然产物中。Fernandes等[45]报道了Cu(I)催化的吲哚(90)和呋喃(89)衍生物的空气氧氧化交叉偶联,使用空气作为氧化剂,以中等至良好的产率获得了一系列二芳基化合物(91)(图19)。进一步的研究表明,呋喃衍生物中的肟醚基团的结构,对反应物活化至关重要。
尽管芳基吡咯得到了很好的应用,但由于其强的反应性和易于聚合,在有机化学研究中仍然存在挑战。Kocaoǧlu等[46]报道了N−甲基吡咯(92)通过苯肼盐的空气氧化的自由基芳基化(93)。在不存在过渡金属催化剂的情况下,N−甲基吡咯和芳基的简单偶联使得C−2芳基吡咯能够直接合成(图20)。
在羰基的α−位引入杂芳烃是有机合成中的研究课题之一。Sudo等[47]开发了一种以分子碘为催化剂,噻吩(95)和羰基化合物(96)为原料的光催化、空气氧氧化分子间C—H键的偶联反应(图21)。在这种转化中,空气中的氧分子也可以用于再生分子碘。
大量的羧酸已被用作多用途和环境友好的反应物。由于低毒、高稳定性以及易于储存和加工,它们已成为化学转化中许多有机卤化物的替代品,特别是可以用作容易获得的酰化剂的来源,通过脱羧偶联反应将羰基部分转换到有机分子上。Kittikool等[48]报道了在Cu(OAc)2和K2S2O8催化下,使用N−取代的吡唑酮(98),在空气中以α−氧代羧酸(99)作为酰基源进行氧化C—H键酰化,以中等至优异的产率获得了4−酰基吡唑酮产物(100)(图22)。
在过去的几年里,利用过渡金属催化C(sp3)—H的官能团化来构建新的C—C键引起了人们的极大兴趣。其中,2种不同化合物的C(sp3)—H键的官能化受到了高度关注,因为它避免了2种底物的预官能团化步骤,节省了时间并减少了浪费。Hu等[49]开发了吲哚−2−酮(101)和烷基取代的N−杂芳烃(102)之间2个不同类型的C(sp3)—H键的铁催化直接烷基化和羟基化反应,合成了一系列C3烷基化的3−羟基吲哚−2−酮衍生物(103),这些衍生物是许多天然产物和农用化学品中的活性结构(图23(a))。在这种转化中,空气中的氧分子作为氧化剂和氧源。他们还使用FeCl2·4H2O作为催化剂,随后利用吲哚−2−酮与吲哚(104)在温和、无配体和无碱的条件下进行了C—H键交叉偶联,以空气氧作为氧化剂,合成了一系列具有优异化学选择性的具有全碳四元中心的3,3−二取代吲哚(105)(图23(b))[50]
反应首先通过吲哚−2−酮形成铁络合物来进行,然后其进一步被空气氧氧化产生吲哚−2−酮自由基(106)。在与分子氧偶联后,获得过氧化物自由基(107),其从吲哚−2−酮中提取氢原子以产生吲哚−2−酮过氧化物氢化物(108)。Wu等[50]认为(108)失去一个羟基并与Fe(III)配位形成阳离子中间体(109),然后被吲哚进攻并失去一个H2O分子,得到偶联中间体(110),进而氧化脱氢得到(111)。可能的机理是,在阳离子中间体(109)与另外一个吲哚作用后失去H2O分子的过程中,反应中引入的吲哚脱质子(中间体109脱OH)双键重排后产生关键中间体(111),(111)最后被另一个吲哚分子进攻,得到最终产物(105)(图23(c))。
二芳基酮是药物分子的有效成分,广泛存在于吲哚和吡啶等含氮芳基化合物中,在生物医学领域都有广泛应用。通过C(sp3)—H键的氧化偶联一步构建二杂芳基化合物具有重要的学术意义和实用价值。
2023年,王乃兴课题组报道了甲基杂芳基化合物(包括2−甲基喹啉、1−甲基异喹啉、2−甲基苯并噻唑和2−甲基苯甲恶唑)(113)与吲哚(112)的空气氧氧化的偶联反应,利用空气中的氧分子作为清洁和可持续的绿色氧化剂,一步构建了双杂芳基羰基化合物(114)(图24(a))[19]。这种绿色转化极大地丰富了二氢芳基酮的骨架结构,为便捷获得具有潜在药理性质的复杂分子提供了一种有价值的新策略。在机理研究中,通过自由基捕获实验证实了Cu(II)催化的自由基过程。此外,反应物对照实验研究(甲苯和对硝基甲苯作为反应底物)表明,杂环化合物中的氮原子与Cu(II)之间存在螯合作用,这在空气氧氧化的偶联反应绿色转化中起着至关重要的作用(图24(b))。通过对自由基中间体和TEMPO的加合产物进行的检测和分离,进一步证实了所提出的反应机理的合理性和可靠性(图24(c))[19]
Liu等[51]在一锅反应中结合钯催化的C—H键芳基化和铜催化的芳基磺酸(124)C—N键断裂氧化,合成了一系列连芳基磺酰胺(126)(图25)。β氨基酸部分最初在反应中起到引导作用,在CuI的催化下,以空气为氧化剂成功地去除了引导基团,最终以磺酰胺的形式稳定下来。吸电子官能团和给电子官能团都能稳定地存在于产物中。
光催化有机合成由于使用清洁可再生的光进行化学转化而引人注目。Tan等[52]开发了一种可见光诱导方法,用于通过2−t−Bu−AQN催化的交叉脱氢偶联反应合成6−氧烷基化1,2,4−三嗪3,5−(2H,4H)−二酮(129),使用1,2,4−二嗪−3,5−(3H,4H−)−二酮类(127)和醚类(128)作为空气氧氧化的偶联反应物(图26)。此外,该反应可以放大到克量级,一步获得生物活性分子的关键中间体,通过点击化学(Click)反应转化为氮杂尿嘧啶AzT(130)作为1型艾滋病病毒逆转录酶(HIV−1 RT)抑制剂,证明了该合成方法的实用性。
杂芳烃的C—H键官能团化极大提高了有机合成的整体合成效率,实现了更高的原子经济性。Li等[53]报道了一种在温和条件下由Cu(OAc)2·H2O催化的杂芳烃(131)与甲酰胺(129)或叔胺的氧化交叉偶联,有效地合成了含氮杂环化合物(图27)。在这个绿色转化过程中,唑类的C—N键是通过与甲酰胺脱羧偶联和在空气条件下与仲胺胺化来构建的,从而得到各种取代的苯并恶唑−2−胺。
C—N键广泛存在于有机化合物中,研究构建C—N键的新方法,在有机合成中具有重要意义。在C—N键形成反应中,通过直接氧化相关C—H键并且以官能团化的方法来形成C—N键是合成含氮化合物的一种有吸引力的方法,为传统的C—N键合成提供了一种经济环保的有价值的途径。Yao等[54]报道了在环境温度下由Cu(ClO42催化的C—H键和叠氮基的氧化交叉偶联反应,使用便宜的NaN3作为反应物,空气氧作为绿色廉价氧化剂(图28)。芳基铜(II)(136)中间体被游离铜(II)氧化,转化为芳基铜(III)(136),与叠氮化物交叉偶联形成芳基叠氮化物产物。
四氢呋喃存在于许多重要的有机化合物中。N−取代的唑类化合物不仅广泛存在于药物和农用化学品中,而且被广泛用作N−杂环卡宾(NHC)和离子液体的前体。Zhang等[55]开发了一种简单温和的催化方法,在可见光作用下用空气氧作为氧化剂对四氢呋喃(140)的C(sp3)—H进行氧化胺化(图29)。此外,多种取代的唑类衍生物(139)可以耐受该反应过程,这为N−取代的唑类化合物合成提供了新的绿色途径(141)。
长期以来,C—N键的构建一直是有机合成领域的一个重要研究方向,而芳香胺合成的最具经济效益的方法就是使用非活性C—H键的直接胺化。Wei等[56]开发了一种可见光诱导的C(sp2)—H/N—H交叉脱氢偶联胺化反应,该反应是在室温下使用初级和次级脂肪胺(143)作为胺源在空气中进行的(图30(a))。该光催化反应在不添加任何外部氧化剂的情况下用空气氧氧化交叉偶联直接胺化生成3−氨基喹喔啉−2−酮(142)。机理研究表明,反应是通过自由基历程进行的。Neogi等[57]建立了有机光催化2H−吲唑(145)的C—H胺化的策略。该反应在空气氧作用下,使用一系列伯、仲脂族胺、唑类和磺酰亚胺作为胺源(146)(图30(b))。
Zhao等[58]报道了由CuBr催化,易得的吲哚(148)与吩噻嗪(149)通过空气氧氧化的直接C—H/N—H交叉偶联(图30(c)),获得了相应的产物(150),该反应为C—N键形成的氮基源提供了新途径。
含有氨基和膦酰基的α−氨基膦酸酯是有机磷家族中的一种特殊的结构。Xie等[59]报道了在空气中,亚磷酸二烷基酯(152)的C(sp3)—H键的金催化氧化膦化反应(图31(a))。值得一提的是,这是第1个使用具有不稳定的仲氧化膦作为C—P偶联反应的偶联试剂的例子。Cai等[60]使用空气作为环境友好的氧化剂,并使用廉价的铁盐[Fe(NO33·9H2O]作为催化剂,对N−芳基N−芳基衍生物(151)进行了空气氧氧化磷化,合成了具有生物活性的α−氨基膦酸酯(153)(图31(b)),这种新方法以高产率提供了一种方便易得的α−氨基膦酸化合物。Xia等[61]还开发了一种多相CoNiFe水滑石催化N−芳基衍生物与各种亚磷酸酯二烷基酯和氧化二芳基膦(157)的膦化反应,该反应利用空气氧作为氧化剂(图31(c))。
王乃兴课题组报道了苯乙烯衍生物与溶剂类分子的双官能团化反应[6268],该反应可把苯乙烯衍生物一步转化为γ酮腈等系列双官能团化(王反应)[15,69],在上述脱氢偶联反应的基础上,还报道了空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应[1,19]
饱和链醚和环醚都非常稳定,反应性不高,经常作为溶剂使用。该研究组发现,在稀土催化剂Y(OTf)3催化下,以过氧化二叔丁基作为自由基引发剂,氮杂芳烃与醚类化合物能够直接发生偶联反应(图32),该反应属于C(sp3)—H键的官能团化的交叉脱氢偶联反应,具有原子经济、选择性很强等特点。
王乃兴课题组发现稀土催化剂Y(OTf)3的催化效果比Cu(OAc)2等催化剂好。稀土化合物中的化学键以离子键为主同时具有一定的共价性,4f轨道由于极强的屏蔽作用而不参与成键。而RE—C σ键、RE—N σ键有较强的离子性,具有很好的反应活性。该反应底物适用范围广,氮杂芳烃与醚还有硫醚均能得到C(sp3)—H键的官能团化产物。硫醚反应产物停留在醚阶段,而未被进一步氧化得到亚砜及砜类化合物。除链醚以外,环醚也可以有效地发生C(sp3)—H键的官能团化反应。这项研究成果发表在有机化学核心刊物[14]。此外,该研究组还发现了醛基交换的酰胺化新反应方法,反应经历1,3氢迁移过程[70]
王乃兴课题组利用CuI作为催化剂,以叔丁基过氧化氢作为自由基引发剂,实现了二级胺和醛基化合物的醛基交换的酰胺化反应(图33)。产物二级酰胺含有一个稳定的醛基,为进一步合成复杂分子提供了把手[14,65]。该反应底物适用范围广(>40底物),(杂)芳香醛和脂肪醛均能以中等以上的收率得到目标产物,收率最高达到89%。该醛基交换的酰胺化反应具有操作简便、原子经济性好等优势。该研究组使用游离基捕获和中间体验证实验,证明此反应为游离基历程,并成功地用高分辨质谱检测到了反应机理中涉及的关键中间体,提出并证实了一种涉及铜(I/II/III)循环催化与1,3−氢迁移相结合的反应机理。这项研究成果发表在有机化学核心刊物[70]
2026年,笔者论述了杂芳环化合物的偶联反应及杂芳环的直接C—H键偶联方法可参见文献[71];关于C—H键直接的双官能团化,可以参考笔者专著《有机反应——多氮化物的反应及若干理论问题》(第六版)[72]。2026年6月,Ding等详细和较为全面地评述了苯乙烯和苯乙烯衍生物与溶剂类分子的双官能团化反应(王反应),可参见文献[73]。
本文论述了C—H键空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应的进展,主要涉及含氮杂环化合物,并简要讨论了反应机理研究。希望化学家为应对气候变化,积极采用环境友好的绿色合成方法。在C—H键的氧化偶联中有许多普适性的反应,主要是在各种过渡金属或无金属条件下,通过传统的热化学、光化学和电化学在空气氧中直接催化杂环化合物,以合成更复杂的具有生物活性的杂环化合物。进一步深入研究,能够为空气氧氧化交叉偶联带来新的机遇和应用价值。
目前,空气氧氧化交叉偶联反应还存在一些问题:(1) 目前只有为数不多的有机反应可以使用空气氧作为氧化剂,已有的空气氧氧化交叉偶联中,贵金属仍然普遍用作催化剂,无疑会限制其进一步的工业应用;(2) 清洁的光化学和电化学在空气氧氧化交叉偶联方面具有很大的优势,但在工业应用方面存在着一些瓶颈;(3) 使用空气氧作为氧化剂的不对称氧化偶联很少被报道,利用空气氧氧化交叉偶联来合成手性化合物面临较大挑战。从理论上讲,尚需有机化学家进行更详细的反应机理研究,以便进一步揭示反应途径,从而促进新催化剂和某些催化助剂的设计和发现。
(根据本刊惯例,正文文献引用处只出现第一作者)

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2026年第44卷第15期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.00979
  • 接收时间:2024-08-08
  • 首发时间:2026-08-31
  • 出版时间:2026-08-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-08
  • 修回日期:2026-06-15
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    中国科学院理化技术研究所,北京 100190
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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