Article(id=1208354094968848416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=20, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.06.00643, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717516800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-05, revisedDate=1740326400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766023666373, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1755014400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757260800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766023666373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079842786, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208354088958407437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755014400000', pubDateStr='2025-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766023664940, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330848910, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196943967568110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196943967568111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=90, endPage=101, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208354095291809847, articleId=1208354094968848416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Predicted risk of heavy rainfall and flooding in Pakistan's premontane plains, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events around the world in recent years, the floods caused by them seriously threaten the safety of human life and property. Due to the abundant rainfall, undulating terrain, and good runoff conditions in mountainous areas. After rain, the flood flow of rivers rises sharply. Serious floods often form in the plains in front of mountains where human activities are frequent. To reduce the impact of floods on the human living environment, it is urgent to research the risk of heavy rainfall floods in the plains in front of mountains. This research will provide scientific guidance for flood prevention and mitigation. In this paper, the Piedmont area in northwestern Balochistan, severely affected by the 2022 floods in Pakistan, is taken as the study area. Two factors were selected as the flood indicators: substrate and climate. The weights of hierarchical analysis and mean squared difference decision method is assigned using the combination of weighting rules. The risk of the study area is calculated by combining the flood hazard resistance of different surface types, infrastructure, and economic development levels. The results show that the flood inundation prediction based on the combined weighting rule is consistent with reality. The predicted inundation area encompasses 90.31% of the actual inundated area. The results indicate that areas of very high risk are primarily located in regions with abundant farmland, low topography, and weak flood resistance. In these areas, floodwaters tend to accumulate.The study demonstrates that this inundation model can accurately predict flood inundation areas. The evaluation results can guide disaster prevention and mitigation efforts in the study area and similar regions along the "Belt and Road" to reduce the risk of flooding.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ming CHANG, Kangchi ZHOU, Liang CHEN, Bo YU, Xiaoping ZHAO, Fenghuan SU, Xisong ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kangchi ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208354098047467746, articleId=1208354094968848416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=巴基斯坦山前平原暴雨洪涝灾害风险预测, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

山区地形复杂,暴雨易导致山洪暴发,洪峰汇聚到山前平原,形成严重洪涝,特别是在防灾能力薄弱的发展中国家。因此,亟须辨识山前平原的洪涝灾害风险,以提供科学的防洪减灾指导。以2022年巴基斯坦特大洪涝灾害中受灾严重的俾路支省西北部山前平原区为研究区,从下垫面、气候2类因素选取洪水产汇流集指标,利用组合赋权规则对层次分析法和均方差决策法作权重分配,结合不同地表类型、基础设施及经济发展水平差异构成的抗洪涝风险能力,综合计算研究区风险。结果表明基于组合赋权规则的洪涝淹没程度预测符合实际,其中预测淹没范围包含90.31% 的实际淹没范围,所得结果中极高风险主要位于耕地多、地势低、抗洪条件弱的洪水易聚集区域。

, authors=

常鸣,教授,研究方向为地质灾害防治与应急管理,电子信箱:

, authorsList=常鸣, 周康驰, 陈亮, 余波, 赵小平, 苏凤环, 朱习松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周康驰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周康驰(通信作者),硕士研究生,研究方向为遥感与地质灾害风险评价,电子信箱:
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常鸣,教授,研究方向为地质灾害防治与应急管理,电子信箱:

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常鸣,教授,研究方向为地质灾害防治与应急管理,电子信箱:

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审图号:GS(2020)4393号

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审图号:GS(2020)4393号

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注:H1:高程,H2:坡度,H3:地表切割深度,H4:岩性,H5:归一化植被指数,H6:河流密度,H7:地表粗糙度,H8:雨季累计降雨量,H9:雨季大雨日数
审图号:GS(2020)4393号

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(a)模型ROC曲线;(b)实际淹没范围;(c)预测淹没程度
审图号:GS(2020)4393号

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注:V1:GDP,V2:人口密度,V3:POI密度,V4:建筑密度,V5:土地利用类型
审图号:GS(2020)4393号

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分类 数据来源 分辨率/m
数字高程模型(DEM) 地理空间数据云 30
实际淹没范围 巴基斯坦数据服务共享系统 30
2022年7、8月日降雨历年雨季月降雨 GloH2O 1000
遥感影像 高分一号 16
高分六号 2
植被覆盖度(NDVI) Landsat8 30
兴趣点(POI) 高德
GDP 年鉴
), ArticleFig(id=1242144174422696935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354094968848416, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 数据来源 分辨率/m
数字高程模型(DEM) 地理空间数据云 30
实际淹没范围 巴基斯坦数据服务共享系统 30
2022年7、8月日降雨历年雨季月降雨 GloH2O 1000
遥感影像 高分一号 16
高分六号 2
植被覆盖度(NDVI) Landsat8 30
兴趣点(POI) 高德
GDP 年鉴
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主指标 主指标权重 子指标 子指标权重
层次分析法 均方差决策法 组合赋权 层次分析法 均方差决策法 组合赋权
淹没程度 0.6848951 0.502488 0.585643 高程 0.184 0.191 0.189
坡度 0.157 0.175 0.165
地表切割深度 0.116 0.115 0.116
岩性 0.112 0.088 0.103
NDVI 0.014 0.120 0.059
河流密度 0.116 0.086 0.094
地表粗糙度 0.122 0.042 0.092
降雨量 0.109 0.104 0.105
雨季大雨日数 0.071 0.080 0.077
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洪涝灾害淹没程度预测指标权重

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主指标 主指标权重 子指标 子指标权重
层次分析法 均方差决策法 组合赋权 层次分析法 均方差决策法 组合赋权
淹没程度 0.6848951 0.502488 0.585643 高程 0.184 0.191 0.189
坡度 0.157 0.175 0.165
地表切割深度 0.116 0.115 0.116
岩性 0.112 0.088 0.103
NDVI 0.014 0.120 0.059
河流密度 0.116 0.086 0.094
地表粗糙度 0.122 0.042 0.092
降雨量 0.109 0.104 0.105
雨季大雨日数 0.071 0.080 0.077
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面积/km2 TP FP
FN 3753.02 5676.992
TN 446.877 19866.48
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预测淹没程度与实际淹没范围检验混淆矩阵

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面积/km2 TP FP
FN 3753.02 5676.992
TN 446.877 19866.48
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主指标 主指标权重 子指标 子指标权重
层次分析法 均方差决策法 组合赋权
抗风险能力 0.414357 建筑密度 0.127 0.271 0.235
POI密度 0.266 0.058 0.093
土地利用类型 0.137 0.221 0.208
GDP 0.091 0.187 0.151
人口密度 0.379 0.263 0.313
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抗风险能力指标权重

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主指标 主指标权重 子指标 子指标权重
层次分析法 均方差决策法 组合赋权
抗风险能力 0.414357 建筑密度 0.127 0.271 0.235
POI密度 0.266 0.058 0.093
土地利用类型 0.137 0.221 0.208
GDP 0.091 0.187 0.151
人口密度 0.379 0.263 0.313
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巴基斯坦山前平原暴雨洪涝灾害风险预测
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常鸣 1 , 周康驰 1, * , 陈亮 1 , 余波 1 , 赵小平 2 , 苏凤环 3 , 朱习松 1
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(15): 90-101
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (15) : 90 -101
巴基斯坦山前平原暴雨洪涝灾害风险预测
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常鸣1 , 周康驰1, * , 陈亮1, 余波1, 赵小平2, 苏凤环3, 朱习松1
作者信息
  • 1. 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,成都 610059
  • 2. 中国电建成都勘测设计研究院有限公司,成都 610031
  • 3. 中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,成都 610213
通讯作者:
周康驰(通信作者),硕士研究生,研究方向为遥感与地质灾害风险评价,电子信箱:
Predicted risk of heavy rainfall and flooding in Pakistan's premontane plains
Ming CHANG1 , Kangchi ZHOU1, * , Liang CHEN1, Bo YU1, Xiaoping ZHAO2, Fenghuan SU3, Xisong ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 2. POWERCHINA Chengdu Engineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610031, China
  • 3. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS, Chengdu 610213, China
出版时间: 2025-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.06.00643
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山区地形复杂,暴雨易导致山洪暴发,洪峰汇聚到山前平原,形成严重洪涝,特别是在防灾能力薄弱的发展中国家。因此,亟须辨识山前平原的洪涝灾害风险,以提供科学的防洪减灾指导。以2022年巴基斯坦特大洪涝灾害中受灾严重的俾路支省西北部山前平原区为研究区,从下垫面、气候2类因素选取洪水产汇流集指标,利用组合赋权规则对层次分析法和均方差决策法作权重分配,结合不同地表类型、基础设施及经济发展水平差异构成的抗洪涝风险能力,综合计算研究区风险。结果表明基于组合赋权规则的洪涝淹没程度预测符合实际,其中预测淹没范围包含90.31% 的实际淹没范围,所得结果中极高风险主要位于耕地多、地势低、抗洪条件弱的洪水易聚集区域。

山前平原  /  巴基斯坦  /  洪涝灾害风险  /  淹没程度  /  抗风险能力

With the frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events around the world in recent years, the floods caused by them seriously threaten the safety of human life and property. Due to the abundant rainfall, undulating terrain, and good runoff conditions in mountainous areas. After rain, the flood flow of rivers rises sharply. Serious floods often form in the plains in front of mountains where human activities are frequent. To reduce the impact of floods on the human living environment, it is urgent to research the risk of heavy rainfall floods in the plains in front of mountains. This research will provide scientific guidance for flood prevention and mitigation. In this paper, the Piedmont area in northwestern Balochistan, severely affected by the 2022 floods in Pakistan, is taken as the study area. Two factors were selected as the flood indicators: substrate and climate. The weights of hierarchical analysis and mean squared difference decision method is assigned using the combination of weighting rules. The risk of the study area is calculated by combining the flood hazard resistance of different surface types, infrastructure, and economic development levels. The results show that the flood inundation prediction based on the combined weighting rule is consistent with reality. The predicted inundation area encompasses 90.31% of the actual inundated area. The results indicate that areas of very high risk are primarily located in regions with abundant farmland, low topography, and weak flood resistance. In these areas, floodwaters tend to accumulate.The study demonstrates that this inundation model can accurately predict flood inundation areas. The evaluation results can guide disaster prevention and mitigation efforts in the study area and similar regions along the "Belt and Road" to reduce the risk of flooding.

piedmont  /  Pakistan  /  floods disaster risk  /  degree of inundation  /  risk resilience
常鸣, 周康驰, 陈亮, 余波, 赵小平, 苏凤环, 朱习松. 巴基斯坦山前平原暴雨洪涝灾害风险预测. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (15) : 90 -101 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.06.00643
Ming CHANG, Kangchi ZHOU, Liang CHEN, Bo YU, Xiaoping ZHAO, Fenghuan SU, Xisong ZHU. Predicted risk of heavy rainfall and flooding in Pakistan's premontane plains[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (15) : 90 -101 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.06.00643
洪水是国际社会高度关注的重大自然灾害,其特点在于频繁、广泛和造成的损失巨大,对人类的生存和发展构成了重大威胁[12]。近年的洪水事件进一步突显了这一现实,2021年的郑州“7·20”特大洪水,给中国带来了巨大的灾难,导致292人死亡、47人失踪,而直接经济损失更是高达5.32×106万元[3]。自2022年的6月中旬以来,巴基斯坦多个省份也遭受了多轮暴雨的袭击,导致严重的洪涝灾害。至9月底,巴基斯坦国内已有大约1559人因此丧生,有超过198万所房屋被摧毁,这次洪涝灾害也对巴基斯坦的社会和经济造成巨大打击。面对极端洪水灾难事件凸显的破坏力和影响力,迫切需要提高洪水的监测、预警和应对能力,以减轻巨灾的冲击性影响。
在洪水发生初期,准确地预测洪水的范围对于灾害评估、紧急救援行动以及资源合理分配至关重要[4]。在洪灾发生前的预测方面,一种常见方法是采用地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)和暴雨水文模型(storm water management model,SWMM)的联合应用,这种方法可以用来计算城市地区的洪水范围和深度,从而建立城市暴雨淹没分析模型[57],以及根据以往洪涝灾害样本构建S型函数对未来情况进行预测[8],同时,洪水脆弱性和危害标准可以用来生成洪水风险图,辅助洪灾预测工作。此外,GIS和层次分析法已被应用于洪水灾害风险评估[9]。同时,合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)技术和深度学习方法也被广泛利用,以提取洪水淹没范围的相关信息[1011]。洪涝灾害评价体系的建立可以实现区域灾害风险的可视化。现有对区域洪灾受损情况研究主要集中在2个方面,一方面是构建快速预测洪灾损失的评价模型,能够定量预测洪水对特定地区的损失情况[1215];另一方面,基于水深的单变量确定性水损失模型与基于过程驱动与数据驱动的径流模型也得到了广泛研究,通过研究不同重现期洪水所引发的直接损失,以估算潜在的洪水损失[1617]。此前的研究主要通过地形因素对洪水淹没可能性进行预测,或结合年降雨数据进行预测[18],未能反映一次淹没事件前后短期降雨下的淹没程度,而洪涝灾害的发生不是单一影响因素作用的结果,其受到多种地形、气候等因素的影响,因此,如何全面考虑这些洪涝灾害的影响因素,并对受灾范围以及受灾程度进行准确预测,目前还具有一定的不足。
中巴经济走廊是“一带一路”项目的一个重要组成部分,预测巴基斯坦洪水淹没范围,可以有效降低后续洪水灾害风险损失,研究成果对促进中巴经济走廊的建设具有很重要的意义[19]。因此,本文针对以往研究中不能准确预测山前平原区域洪灾受损情况,结合本次巴基斯坦特大洪涝灾害,将耦合各孕灾因子对洪灾的影响,构建巴基斯坦山前平原洪涝灾害淹没程度预测模型,并结合区域承灾体分布情况,分析不同类型承灾体抗风险能力,绘制洪涝灾害下的全面风险图件。
巴基斯坦是典型的热带国家,气温高,降水稀少,但在2010年和2022年都发生了巨大洪水事件。2010年,洪水影响1200万人,超1600多人死亡[20]。2022年,巴基斯坦遭受史上最大的洪灾,3290多万人受影响,洪水淹没了33000 km2的地区,其中11000 km2是农田。洪水形成了巨大的“内陆湖”,给巴基斯坦造成了巨大的损失。本文选择了俾路支省西北部Nasirabad所在的山前平原区作为研究区(图 1)。
该区域的降雨虽然总体不如山区集中,但其水文响应对山地洪水的影响仍然显著,所处的位置具有典型的山前平原降雨特征,同时该区是受灾严重地区,该区的研究对于理解城市系统的水文响应和灾害风险具有重要意义。地理位置跨越67°11′0.7″E—69° 44′11.0″E,27°53′30.2″N—29°41′7.8″N,该地区人口约30万人,主要从事畜牧业和农业,国内生产总值(GDP)约187.6亿元。根据多源加权集合降雨(multi−ource weighted−sensemble precipitation,MSWEP)数据,该地区降雨量超过历史同期2倍。研究还发现,2022年8月印度夏季风指数与该地区降水异常呈显著正相关,尤其在俾路支省存在显著相关区域(图 2)。
根据此次巴基斯坦异常多次强降雨天气导致大范围洪涝灾害,利用巴基斯坦数据服务共享系统可以查询实时洪水淹没情况,并根据2022年7、8月高分影像对研究区域内受洪水威胁对象进行遥感解译,主要数据来源如表 1所示。
研究中将耦合洪涝灾害主要产流汇集指标,利用层次分析与均方差赋权法综合分析各评价因子的权重,建立巴基斯坦洪水淹没范围预测评价体系。结合区域承灾体分布情况,分析暴雨条件下形成的洪涝风险。主要研究技术路线如图 3所示。
将洪水淹没程度评价指标作为随机变量,使用极值标准化对其进行无量纲处理,用正向指标处理方法分析越大越好的指标,反之用负向指标处理式(1)和(2):
正向指标:
$x_{i j}=\frac{x_j-x_{\min }}{x_{\max }-x_{\min }}$
负向指标:
$x_{i j}=\frac{x_{\max }-x_j}{x_{\max }-x_{\min }}$
式中,xij为归一化值,xj为指标值,xmax为指标最大值,xmin为指标最小值。
层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)是一种多目标评价决策方法,用于构建、表达、关联和量化问题的元素[21]。其计算各指标权重的步骤包括创建递阶层次结构分析模型,利用Saaty的1—9标度法[22]构建判断矩阵,对影响因子进行两两比较,以确定权重Wij′,计算公式为:
$W_{i j}^{\prime}=\frac{c_{i j}}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n c_{i j}}$
式中,cij为因素ci与因素cj的重要性比较。
使用随机一致性(CR)比率检验矩阵,其计算方法为:
$C R=\frac{C I}{R I} $
$C I=\frac{1}{n-1}\left(\lambda_{\max }-n\right) $
$\lambda_{\max }=\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n \frac{(A \cdot W)_i}{W_i} W_{i j}^{\prime}$
式中,CR为一致性比率,结果表示CR < 0.1时,矩阵的一致性检验合格;n为两两比较的元素个数;CI为一致性指标;RI为随机一致性指标;λmax为最大特征值;(A·W)iA·W的第i个分量。
均方差决策法简便且具有明确的含义。该方法通过计算各指标的随机变量均方差来反映其离散程度[23]。本文基于洪水淹没程度评价指标体系,通过无量纲化处理和计算各指标的随机变量均方差,得出各指标的权值。其具体计算步骤为:
求随机变量均值:
$E\left(B_i\right)=\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n Y_{i j}$
求均方差:
$\sigma\left(B_i\right)=\sqrt{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(Y_{i j}-E\left(B_i\right)\right)^2}$
求得权系数:
$u_j=\frac{\sigma\left(B_i\right)}{\sum\limits_{j=1}^m \sigma\left(B_i\right)}$
式中,E(Bi)为Bi各指标的均值;Yij为无量纲化的第i个评价因素对应j项指标的标准化值;σ(Bi)为其均方差;uj为第j项评价指标的权重值。
层次分析法和均方差决策法存在主观误差和过度依赖数据规律的问题。为避免主客观因素和数据差异影响,采用距离函数概念表征差异程度,确保权重的准确性和一致性[24]
设上述两者权重的距离函数为d(Vi, ui),其公式为:
$d\left(V_i, u_i\right)=\left[\frac{1}{2} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(V_i-u_i\right)^2\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}$
组合权重值由两者权重进行线性加权组合计算wi得到,其公式为:
$w_i=\alpha V_i+\beta u_i$
式中,αβ是权重的分配系数。
为保证Viui中因子权重与αβ的差异程度一致,假设式(10)中距离函数与分配系数一致,建立权重赋值分配系数方程,代入式(11)从而计算出组合权重值,其方程组如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}d\left(V_i, u_i\right)^2=(\alpha-\beta)^2 \\\alpha+\beta=1\end{array}\right.$
$H=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i \times x_{i j}$
式中,H为淹没程度综合评价值;wi为洪水产流汇集指标数据的权重;xij为洪水产流汇集指标超标威胁,不同地表类型、基础设施类型以及经济发展水平差异在一定程度上决定了标准化后值。
应对洪涝灾害发生后地区受损程度,也在一定程度上决定了抵抗风险、削弱风险的能力。
$V=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n V_i \times b_i$
式中,V为抗风险能力;Vi为抗风险能力指标标准化后值;bi为抗风险能力指标数据权重。
$R=H \times w_H-V \times w_v$
式中,wH为淹没程度主权重;wv为抗风险能力主权重;R为洪涝灾害的风险。
影响流域产流汇集的形成洪水的因素有2个,即下垫面和气象。连续强降雨为致灾因子,即为气象因素,包含降雨量和降雨时长[25],本文选择雨季累计降雨量和雨季累计大雨降雨日数作为气象因素评价因子。雨季累计降雨量反映了在整个雨季内降水的总量,是衡量一个地区在特定时间段内总体水分供应情况的关键指标,较高的累计降雨量通常意味着该地区在雨季期间承受了大量的降水,可能导致土壤饱和、河流水位升高以及潜在的洪水风险增加。雨季累计大雨降雨日数用于衡量大雨,频繁的大雨可能使地表径流增加,并减少土壤吸收降水的能力,进一步加大洪水发生的可能性。下垫面因素分为地形参数和地表参数,地形参数包括高程、坡度及地表切割深度,地表参数包括岩性、地表粗糙度及植被覆盖度(图 4)。
本文首先对拟选取洪水产流汇集指标进行皮尔逊相关性分析(图 5),结果显示,所选取指标相关性|R|≤0.3,表示所选指标均满足洪水淹没程度评价[26]。其中高程、坡度及地表切割深度是分析洪水灾害的重要影响因子,直接影响地表径流的流动与汇集,高山陡坡容易形成短时间、破坏力强的山洪灾害,而低洼平坦地区地表径流因势能减弱导致滞留汇集,多处径流汇集形成影响时间长、受灾面积广的洪涝灾害。岩性、地表粗糙度和植被覆盖度对拦蓄降雨、增加入渗、减少地表径流对地表的冲刷破坏具有重要意义,进而影响地区的涵水蓄水能力和入渗性能,影响地表径流和地表蓄水能力[27],本研究中运用归一化植被指数表征植被覆盖度。此外,河流与湖泊密度表征其区域分布特征,河流湖泊在大面积洪水灾害中也具有重要的影响,作为常备流通及储水设施,洪水发生初期往往伴随着此类设施的失效,河流湖泊的溃决直接影响着洪水灾害的规模,甚至成为部分区域洪水灾害的直接诱发因素。此次巴基斯坦特大洪水灾害中已有多处河流湖泊溃决及处于溃决边缘,对灾害产生极大的影响。降雨是导致洪水灾害的直接因素,本次巴基斯坦7—8月均经历了异常强降雨,降雨量和降雨天数(图 6)是影响洪水产流的指标,其中强降雨是洪水发生的重要诱因。
根据式(12)计算评价因子在不同方法下的指标权重(表 2),高程与坡度在洪水淹没中占主要影响,植被影响相对较小。通过ArcGIS将各因子进行赋权计算得到巴基斯坦洪水淹没分级图,其中由于高程与坡度因子与洪水淹没呈负相关,因此在计算中将其进行倒置计算。通过巴基斯坦数据服务共享系统获取的洪灾淹没范围(图 7(b))与本研究预测范围进行对比和准确度检验,经表 3混淆矩阵[28]分析可知淹没程度预测结果准确率ACC=0.794,精确率Pre=0.398,灵敏度TPR=0.894,特异性TNR=0.778,ROC曲线AUC=0.876(图 7(a)),混淆矩阵计算如公式(16)~(18)。根据自然断点法[2930]将研究区淹没程度分为4级(图 7(c)),其中90.31% 的实际淹没区域与预测成果的高、中、低淹没程度相符,高淹没程度的实际淹没面积为2985.081 km2,占总淹没范围的71.08%,证明结果具有真实性和可靠性。预测结果与实际淹没结果误差来源主要是基础数据精度限制,研究区内道路、田埂均稍高于周围地物,河道沟渠两岸堤坝也会高出地表,这些精细地貌在本次研究精度下无法进行精确分割,导致实际淹没区域周边还存在很多预测未淹没的区域,使得预测为淹没而实际为非淹没的区域偏多,从而混淆矩阵中精确率Precision数值偏小,但研究证明预测效果仍可用于后续防灾研究。
$A C C=\frac{T P+T N}{T P+T N+F P+F N} $
${Pre}=\frac{T P}{T P+F P}$
${Rec}=\frac{T P}{T P+F N} $
${Spec}=\frac{T N}{T N+F P}$
式中,ACC为模型准确率,表示整个研究区内预测正确的面积占比;Pre(Precision)为模型精确率,表示模型预测在淹没中实际淹没的面积占比;Rec(Recall)为模型召回率,表示实际淹没区中预测为淹没区的面积占比;Spec(Specificity)为模型特异性,表示实际为非淹没区中预测为非淹没区的面积占比;TP表示预测为淹没区,实际也为淹没区的面积;TN表示预测为非淹没区,实际也为非淹没区的面积;FP表示预测为淹没区,而实际为非淹没区的面积;FN表示预测为非淹没区,而实际为淹没区的面积。
为进一步分析验证本文预测洪水淹没范围模型的科学性与可行性,将实际淹没范围按照区域性淹没程度划分为3类,其中Ⅰ类代表区域内绝大多数地物均被淹没,Ⅱ类代表区域内大部分地物被淹没,Ⅲ类代表区域内零星淹没,共划分出9个区域与预测分级图层叠加(图 7(a))。
预测淹没程度高的区域主要集中于Ⅰ类区域,该区域内地势低洼,农业沟渠交错分布,不利于洪涝排泄;淹没程度中高相间的区域主要分布于Ⅱ类区域,该区域内地势稍高,淹没程度相较于Ⅰ类区域有所缓解;淹没程度低中相间的区域主要分布于Ⅲ类区域,该区域位于平原向山地过渡地带,区域内均为5°~10°坡度下的农田,较Ⅰ、Ⅱ区更利于洪涝排泄,有田埂的存在使得地势高低起伏,其淹没区域往往是农田内部耕种部分,对于淹没程度为非淹没区域主要集中于两侧山区,地形相对陡峭,泄洪能力强,其水流汇集方向也主要为中部低洼区域,加剧中部区域洪水汇集,与实际非淹没区吻合,因此本文洪水淹没范围预测模型能较好应用于防灾减灾工作中。
在洪水灾害预测研究中,抗风险能力通常指一个区域、社区、基础设施或生态系统在面临洪水灾害时,能够有效抵御、应对、减轻影响并迅速恢复的能力。此次巴基斯坦山前平原洪涝灾害带来的损失主要体现在社会易损、经济易损、人口易损、物质易损方面,因此本文选取GDP、人口数据、土地利用类型、建筑密度和POI数据为抗风险能力指标(图 8)。GDP作为国内生产的广泛指标,它为特定城市区域的经济状况提供了全面评估。人口密度指的是每单位土地面积内居住的人口数量,是评估特定国家或地区居民空间分布的重要指标。土地利用类型反映土地利用特征、自然属性和分布模式的基本区域实体。建筑密度表示建筑物覆盖面积的程度,这一测量指标反映了指定土地区域内的开放空间和建筑密度。兴趣点(point of interest,POI)指的是代表对人们日常生活产生直接影响的重要地标和实体的地理坐标,包括教育机构、医疗设施、商业中心和娱乐区域等。它在某种程度上反映了城市活动的多样性。
其中GDP和人口数据主要来源于巴基斯坦年鉴下市级尺度的数据统计,根据洪涝时期高分遥感影像对地表覆盖类型解译获得土地利用类型和建筑密度,因人口数据为市级尺度,精度较差,目前可通过高德地图对外开放的应用程序编程接口(application programming interface,API)免费获得带属性信息(坐标、名字等)的POI数据,能够获得包括餐饮、景区、医院、政府等一些与生活密切相关的地标建筑和地理实体的点数据,因此本文通过python,利用OSMnx库和高德key,获取研究区POI数据,提高人口分布的准确度。利用式(12)计算抗风险能力指标权重(表 4),利用式(14)计算研究区抗风险能力(图 9),结果显示,研究区域的GDP、人口密度、建筑密度以及POI密度相对较高区域集中在Nasirabad南部区域,土地利用类型主要是建设用地与农田用地(图 8)。抗风险能力高及以上的区域集中在研究区南部,该区域人员聚集、基础设施建设全面、水库池塘较多。抗风险能力较低的区域在研究区中北部,该区域人员分布较少,基础设施建设较为落后,大多属于山地丘陵地区。
通过式(15)、表 2表 4计算巴基斯坦山前平原区洪涝淹没程度与抗风险能力结合下的风险值,利用自然断点法得到研究区洪涝灾害风险评估(图 10)。经分析,研究区中极高风险占10.21%,分布于Nasirabad西南、Jhal Magsi南部,该区域处于降雨大、降雨时长多的区域,地势低洼,耕地多,河流湖泊较少,泄洪能力弱,洪水易聚集,洪涝淹没程度大,且该区域内建筑较多,人员分布较广,耕地多,经济财产破坏较大,这些区域一旦遭受暴雨袭击,将会面临被洪水完全淹没造成重大财产损失的威胁;高风险区占17.87%,主要分布于Jafarabad全境、Jhal Magsi东部,该区域农田多,地势低,降雨天数多但不集中,洪涝灾害易发,但该区域内人员密集分布,基础设施建设较为完善,水系沟渠建设较多,洪水容易排泄,相对于极高风险区威胁较低(图 11)。
基于组合赋权规则,选取产流汇集形成洪水的下垫面和气候指标对研究区淹没程度进行预测,利用巴基斯坦数据服务共享系统中本次洪灾实际淹没范围对模型进行验证,应对洪涝灾害威胁,不同地表类型、基础设施类型以及经济发展水平差异构建抗风险能力指标,主要结论如下:(1)根据下垫面和气候指标选取淹没程度评价指标,基于组合赋权规则结合层次分析法和均方差决策法对研究区淹没程度进行预测,利用实际淹没范围验证中高淹没程度内包含71.08% 的实际淹没区,表明模型效果较好。(2)选取抵抗洪涝灾害能力相关的5个因子,对不同区域内抵抗洪灾能力进行定量评判,结果表明研究区内对洪灾有较好抵抗力的是人员多、基础设施建设完善,水库池塘水系较多的区域,通过与淹没程度相互影响计算,表明洪涝灾害对农田、人员稀疏、基础设施不齐全区域造成破坏和经济损失最大。(3)研究区高风险及以上区域主要在Nasirabad西南、Jhal Magsi南部区域,该区域地势低洼、泄洪能力较弱,一旦遭受洪涝灾害,洪水便聚集该区难以排出,导致该区风险等级最高。同时该区人员分布集中,建筑与耕地较多,发生洪涝灾害将对经济财产破坏较大。因此,应当提高当地民众的防洪意识,修建简易工程增强防洪能力;针对极高风险区,应当修建防洪堤、排洪闸等,整治上游河道,增强防洪排泄能力。该研究评价结果为建立更准确的风险评估和预警系统提供依据;通过识别洪涝灾害的主要影响因素,相关部门可以更精确地预测潜在的灾害风险,采取相应的预防和减灾措施;对巴基斯坦西北部研究区乃至全境的防灾减灾工作具有一定的指导意义。(4)本文研究模型适用性受地理环境的限制,适用于山区和山前平原地区等非城市区,因其考虑了下垫面和气候等山区洪涝灾害关键因素,然而在城市环境中受限,排水系统、城市化程度、建筑结构等因素对洪涝灾害影响比自然因素更为重要,因此在城市洪涝灾害中,需要对模型进行调整或修正。
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2025年第43卷第15期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.06.00643
  • 接收时间:2024-06-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-05
  • 修回日期:2025-02-24
基金
四川省中央引导地方科技发展专项(2024ZYD0121)
四川道孚抽水蓄能电站泥石流专题(CD2C20230954)
2024年“双一流”哲学社会科学学科群建设重大指标攻关类项目(24GSPY001)
作者信息
    1. 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,成都 610059
    2. 中国电建成都勘测设计研究院有限公司,成都 610031
    3. 中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,成都 610213

通讯作者:

周康驰(通信作者),硕士研究生,研究方向为遥感与地质灾害风险评价,电子信箱:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.06.00643
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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