Article(id=1208354097598673909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=23, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00569, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716825600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-28, revisedDate=1737129600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766023667001, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1755014400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757260800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766023667001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079852717, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208354088958407437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755014400000', pubDateStr='2025-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766023664940, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330848910, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196943967568110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196943967568111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=122, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208354097909052416, articleId=1208354097598673909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Low−carbon green urban renewal: Connotation, progress and realization path, columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Practising low−carbon and green principles in urban renewal is an inevitable choice to cope with climate change and achieve the goal of "double carbon". At the same time, it is an important opportunity to promote the energy technology revolution. By analyse the connotation of low−carbon and green urban renewal, combining the existing exploration of low−carbon and green urban renewal in terms of policy system, technology and low−carbon economy at home and abroad. From this, it summarises the shortcomings of our country. This paper puts forward the realisation path of low−carbon and green urban renewal, which include: Low−carbon and green policy governance tools; Multi−level and multi−dimensional planning system; Multi−disciplinary approach to carbon reduction technologies Building a low−carbon regeneration industry chain; Innovative investment and operation and maintenance methods; and Carbon market and trading for urban regeneration, etc.

, authors=null, authorsList=Tian CHEN, Muhan LI, Yixuan WANG, Minghao ZUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yixuan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208354099507081259, articleId=1208354097598673909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=低碳绿色城市更新:内涵、进展与实现路径, columnId=1150494643549991220, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=政策建议, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在城市更新中践行低碳绿色原则是应对气候变化和实现“双碳”目标的必然选择,同时是推动能源技术革命的重要契机。通过解析低碳绿色城市更新的内涵,结合国内外低碳绿色城市更新在政策体系、更新技术和低碳经济等方面的既有探索及中国的不足,提出低碳绿色城市更新的实现路径,包括:低碳绿色政策治理工具、多层次多维度规划体系、多领域的减碳技术方法、搭建低碳更新产业链条、创新的投资与运维方式以及城市更新碳市场与交易。

, authors=

陈天,教授,研究方向为城市规划、城市设计及其理论,电子信箱:

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王逸轩(通信作者),博士研究生,研究方向为生态城市设计、韧性城市,电子信箱:
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Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022, 2022: 9566640., articleTitle=Measures and suggestions for smart community development based on urban renewal, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144219222057266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354097598673909, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=38, issue=16, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=王成山, 武震, 李鹏, journalName=电力系统自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王成山, 武震, 李鹏. 分布式电能存储技术的应用前景与挑战[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2014, 38 (16): 1- 8., articleTitle=分布式电能存储技术的应用前景与挑战, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144219276583219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354097598673909, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=48, issue=3, pageStart=29, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=任洪波, 刘家明, 吴琼, journalName=暖通空调, refType=null, unstructuredReference=任洪波, 刘家明, 吴琼, . 城市空间结构对区域分布式能源系统节能减排效果的影响分析[J]. 暖通空调, 2018, 48 (3): 29- 34., articleTitle=城市空间结构对区域分布式能源系统节能减排效果的影响分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144219335303476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354097598673909, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=南头古城. 关于南头[EB/OL]. [2024−01−25]. https://www.nantoucity.com/about.html., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144219394023733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354097598673909, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=58, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=孟岩, 林怡琳, 饶恩辰, journalName=时代建筑, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孟岩, 林怡琳, 饶恩辰. 村/城重生城市共生下的深圳南头实践[J]. 时代建筑, 2018 (3): 58- 64., articleTitle=村/城重生城市共生下的深圳南头实践, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144219452743990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354097598673909, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=17, issue=11, pageStart=2473, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=Boumaiza A, journalName=Energies, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Boumaiza A . Carbon and energy trading integration within a blockchain−powered peer−to−peer framework[J]. Energies, 2024, 17 (11): 2473., articleTitle=Carbon and energy trading integration within a blockchain−powered peer−to−peer framework, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242144213102567677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354097598673909, awardId=52378066, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52378066), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144205720592560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354097598673909, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144205728981169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354097598673909, companyId=1242144205720592560, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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国家 政策体系 实施机制
德国 2008年《德国适应气候变化战略》,主张通过法律和规划工具的调整、完善来支持气候适应;
2017年“适应气候变化的城市更新”项目,整合全国气候适应项目与大型城市更新项目的相关内容;
2017年《城市绿地白皮书》,加强城市绿色与公共空间保护,简述未来绿色城市发展的主要政策方针
强调促进多部门的网络化合作,注重可行性的政策工具制定与应用,采取灵活的区域管理模式;选取试点城市进行气候适应的城市高质量绿化
瑞典 20世纪90年代,瑞典开始打造以低碳、零碳为建设理念的低碳示范城镇 政府规划主导,通过国家层面资助资源可持续发展项目,如可再生能源开发与利用、增加生物多样性、加强水管理等
新加坡 2020年《规划新加坡低碳和适应气候的未来》,从能源、工业、交通、建筑、家庭、垃圾和水6个方面提出节能减排对策;计划在2030年左右达到6500万t的峰值,到2050年碳排放峰值减半;
2021年,《2030年新加坡绿色发展蓝图》,在城市绿化、可持续生活和绿色经济等方面制定明确目标
国家发展部下设城市重建局(URA),全权负责全国空间规划的编制与实施管理,制定各类经济和税收激励政策,鼓励私人投资者投标
韩国 2006年,“城市更新”被纳入国土交通部的十大重点研发项目;“低碳绿色增长”成为新型国家战略;
2010年《低碳绿色增长基本法》,环境部“温室气体综合信息中心”设立
国家力量发挥了重要的组织和先导作用,政府专门成立了直属于总统的“绿色增长委员会”,以统率相关事务和落实国家决策
日本 1969年《都市再开发法》、2002年《都市再生特别措置法》;
2002年《都市再生特别措置法》,UR(都市再生机构)负责4个主要的“领域”:城市复兴、居住环境、灾难重建和郊区环境
综合低碳社会模式:项目引导、市场搭台和社会参与的低碳社会建设模式
), ArticleFig(id=1242144211441623288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354097598673909, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型国外低碳绿色城市更新政策机制与侧重点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家 政策体系 实施机制
德国 2008年《德国适应气候变化战略》,主张通过法律和规划工具的调整、完善来支持气候适应;
2017年“适应气候变化的城市更新”项目,整合全国气候适应项目与大型城市更新项目的相关内容;
2017年《城市绿地白皮书》,加强城市绿色与公共空间保护,简述未来绿色城市发展的主要政策方针
强调促进多部门的网络化合作,注重可行性的政策工具制定与应用,采取灵活的区域管理模式;选取试点城市进行气候适应的城市高质量绿化
瑞典 20世纪90年代,瑞典开始打造以低碳、零碳为建设理念的低碳示范城镇 政府规划主导,通过国家层面资助资源可持续发展项目,如可再生能源开发与利用、增加生物多样性、加强水管理等
新加坡 2020年《规划新加坡低碳和适应气候的未来》,从能源、工业、交通、建筑、家庭、垃圾和水6个方面提出节能减排对策;计划在2030年左右达到6500万t的峰值,到2050年碳排放峰值减半;
2021年,《2030年新加坡绿色发展蓝图》,在城市绿化、可持续生活和绿色经济等方面制定明确目标
国家发展部下设城市重建局(URA),全权负责全国空间规划的编制与实施管理,制定各类经济和税收激励政策,鼓励私人投资者投标
韩国 2006年,“城市更新”被纳入国土交通部的十大重点研发项目;“低碳绿色增长”成为新型国家战略;
2010年《低碳绿色增长基本法》,环境部“温室气体综合信息中心”设立
国家力量发挥了重要的组织和先导作用,政府专门成立了直属于总统的“绿色增长委员会”,以统率相关事务和落实国家决策
日本 1969年《都市再开发法》、2002年《都市再生特别措置法》;
2002年《都市再生特别措置法》,UR(都市再生机构)负责4个主要的“领域”:城市复兴、居住环境、灾难重建和郊区环境
综合低碳社会模式:项目引导、市场搭台和社会参与的低碳社会建设模式
), ArticleFig(id=1242144211508732153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354097598673909, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市名称 施行时间 政策名称 政策机制
北京 2023.03.01 “1+N+X”体系
“1”:《北京市城市更新条例》
N”:相关配套规范性文件
X”:各类规范和技术标准
建立城市更新组织领导和工作协调机制,明确各级政府责任和义务;
落实绿色发展要求,开展既有建筑节能绿色改造,提升建筑能效水平,发挥绿色建筑集约发展效应,打造绿色生态城市
2021.08.21 《北京市城市更新行动计划(2021—2025年)》 构建了城市更新行动政策清单,明确了综合类、规划类、建设管理类、资金类政策的实施内容和责任单位
深圳 2009.12.01 《深圳市城市更新办法》 建立了城市更新工作的机制架构,明确城市更新单元规划是管理城市更新活动的基本依据
2021.03.01 《深圳经济特区城市更新条例》 以城市更新条例为统领,以城市更新办法及其实施细则为核心的特区法规、政府规章、技术规范和操作指引四位一体的政策体系
广州 2020.09.09/2020.09.17 “1+1+N”体系
“1”:《广州市关于深化城市更新工作推进高质量发展的实施意见》《广州市深化城市更新工作推进高质量发展工作方案》
N”:15个配套政策文件
生态优先,打造精品。坚持“大师领衔、专家咨询、公共参与”;
推进建筑绿色化发展,落实绿色节能、循环经济,解决城市防洪排涝安全、雨水收集利用、水体治理等问题
上海 2021.09.01/2022.11.21 “1+1+N”体系
“1”:《上海市城市更新条例》《上海市城市更新指引》
N”:配套文件
引入了绿色、低碳、数字化等原则;
明确公私合作的更新模式,由政府推动、市场进行运作,促进城市更新成片推进;
设立了城市更新中心和专家委员会,建立健全公众参与机制,建立统一城市更新信息系统
2023.04.19 《上海市城市更新行动方案(2023—2025年)》 以绿色低碳,安全韧性为工作原则之一,开展城市更新六大行动,包括人居环境品质提升行动、公共空间设施优化行动等
), ArticleFig(id=1242144212959961340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354097598673909, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国一线城市低碳绿色相关城市更新政策机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市名称 施行时间 政策名称 政策机制
北京 2023.03.01 “1+N+X”体系
“1”:《北京市城市更新条例》
N”:相关配套规范性文件
X”:各类规范和技术标准
建立城市更新组织领导和工作协调机制,明确各级政府责任和义务;
落实绿色发展要求,开展既有建筑节能绿色改造,提升建筑能效水平,发挥绿色建筑集约发展效应,打造绿色生态城市
2021.08.21 《北京市城市更新行动计划(2021—2025年)》 构建了城市更新行动政策清单,明确了综合类、规划类、建设管理类、资金类政策的实施内容和责任单位
深圳 2009.12.01 《深圳市城市更新办法》 建立了城市更新工作的机制架构,明确城市更新单元规划是管理城市更新活动的基本依据
2021.03.01 《深圳经济特区城市更新条例》 以城市更新条例为统领,以城市更新办法及其实施细则为核心的特区法规、政府规章、技术规范和操作指引四位一体的政策体系
广州 2020.09.09/2020.09.17 “1+1+N”体系
“1”:《广州市关于深化城市更新工作推进高质量发展的实施意见》《广州市深化城市更新工作推进高质量发展工作方案》
N”:15个配套政策文件
生态优先,打造精品。坚持“大师领衔、专家咨询、公共参与”;
推进建筑绿色化发展,落实绿色节能、循环经济,解决城市防洪排涝安全、雨水收集利用、水体治理等问题
上海 2021.09.01/2022.11.21 “1+1+N”体系
“1”:《上海市城市更新条例》《上海市城市更新指引》
N”:配套文件
引入了绿色、低碳、数字化等原则;
明确公私合作的更新模式,由政府推动、市场进行运作,促进城市更新成片推进;
设立了城市更新中心和专家委员会,建立健全公众参与机制,建立统一城市更新信息系统
2023.04.19 《上海市城市更新行动方案(2023—2025年)》 以绿色低碳,安全韧性为工作原则之一,开展城市更新六大行动,包括人居环境品质提升行动、公共空间设施优化行动等
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低碳绿色城市更新:内涵、进展与实现路径
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陈天 1, 2 , 李沐寒 1 , 王逸轩 1, * , 左明皓 1
科技导报 | 政策建议 2025,43(15): 122-131
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科技导报 |政策建议 2025 , 43 (15) : 122 -131
低碳绿色城市更新:内涵、进展与实现路径
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陈天1, 2 , 李沐寒1, 王逸轩1, * , 左明皓1
作者信息
  • 1. 天津大学建筑学院,天津 300072
  • 2. 天津大学建筑学院城市空间与城市设计研究所,天津 300072
通讯作者:
王逸轩(通信作者),博士研究生,研究方向为生态城市设计、韧性城市,电子信箱:
Low−carbon green urban renewal: Connotation, progress and realization path
Tian CHEN1, 2 , Muhan LI1, Yixuan WANG1, * , Minghao ZUO1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2. Tianjin University Institute of Urban Space and Urban Design, Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2025-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00569
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在城市更新中践行低碳绿色原则是应对气候变化和实现“双碳”目标的必然选择,同时是推动能源技术革命的重要契机。通过解析低碳绿色城市更新的内涵,结合国内外低碳绿色城市更新在政策体系、更新技术和低碳经济等方面的既有探索及中国的不足,提出低碳绿色城市更新的实现路径,包括:低碳绿色政策治理工具、多层次多维度规划体系、多领域的减碳技术方法、搭建低碳更新产业链条、创新的投资与运维方式以及城市更新碳市场与交易。

低碳绿色城市更新  /  内涵  /  进展  /  实现路径

Practising low−carbon and green principles in urban renewal is an inevitable choice to cope with climate change and achieve the goal of "double carbon". At the same time, it is an important opportunity to promote the energy technology revolution. By analyse the connotation of low−carbon and green urban renewal, combining the existing exploration of low−carbon and green urban renewal in terms of policy system, technology and low−carbon economy at home and abroad. From this, it summarises the shortcomings of our country. This paper puts forward the realisation path of low−carbon and green urban renewal, which include: Low−carbon and green policy governance tools; Multi−level and multi−dimensional planning system; Multi−disciplinary approach to carbon reduction technologies Building a low−carbon regeneration industry chain; Innovative investment and operation and maintenance methods; and Carbon market and trading for urban regeneration, etc.

low−carbon and green urban renewal  /  connotation  /  progress  /  realization path
陈天, 李沐寒, 王逸轩, 左明皓. 低碳绿色城市更新:内涵、进展与实现路径. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (15) : 122 -131 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00569
Tian CHEN, Muhan LI, Yixuan WANG, Minghao ZUO. Low−carbon green urban renewal: Connotation, progress and realization path[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (15) : 122 -131 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00569
气候变化带来的全球变暖趋势仍在进一步加剧,严重威胁着自然生态系统的平衡和人类生存的安全[1]。城市作为人类活动和能源消耗的主要区域,仅占全球土地面积的2%,但产生了75% 的碳排放,被认为是影响气候变化的关键区域[23]。据《2023中国建筑与城市基础设施碳排放研究报告》,2021年全国房屋建筑全过程碳排放总量为40.7亿t,占全国能源相关碳排放的38.2%。可见,锚定城市空间内既有建筑和基础设施存量发展的城市更新具有巨大减排潜力[4]。一方面,城市更新主要针对人口和建筑密集、基础设施运维粗放、建筑用能低效的老旧城区和社区,该区域基准碳排放强度较大,可通过城市更新改善建筑质量、增补公共设施等,实现存量空间减排提质增效。另一方面,在城市更新中增加绿色基础设施,能够有效提升城市整体的碳汇和防灾安全保障能力[5]。党的二十大报告提出要实施城市更新行动,加强城市基础设施建设,打造宜居、韧性、智慧城市;2023年,中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部发布了《关于扎实有序推进城市更新工作的通知》,城市更新成为城市高质量发展的新动能。在此背景下,以建成环境的生态化改造为关键的低碳绿色城市更新模式应运而生[6]。然而,目前在城市更新行动中贯彻低碳绿色仍较困难。本文聚焦“低碳绿色城市更新”议题,首先,通过城市更新内涵的转变阐述了低碳绿色城市更新的概念和内涵;其次,选取国内外创新性和实施成效显著的案例,对比分析国内外低碳绿色城市更新在政策体系、更新技术和低碳经济的相关研究与进展,总结中国低碳绿色更新的现状和不足;进而根据国内外关注热点,提出中国低碳绿色更新的实现路径与展望的若干建议,从理论层面支撑城市高质量发展和“双碳”目标战略实施。
城市更新起源于西方战后的城市复兴运动,初期以推倒重建模式对城市进行改善修复[7]。中国的城市更新是指通过再开发、整治修缮、遗产保护等形式,改善城市物质、社会经济和生态环境的活动,以推进老旧小区、老旧厂区、老旧街区、城中村等改造为主要内容[8]。中国的城市更新具有其独特的发展进程和复杂性[9],最初主要为危房修缮与棕地改造,但随着城乡二元、全球化冲击、粗放的土地财政等影响,逐渐面临着更多难以协调与平衡的系统问题。相关学者从公共利益与产业系统[10]、政府协调、引导与促进功能[11]、更新区域中居民的社会和人文内涵[12]等方面探索中国城市更新的方向。综合而言,新时代对城市更新提出了更高的要求,其特征可以归纳为以下几点。
一是多元目标,城市更新应满足宜居、韧性、安全的人居环境要求,兼顾补齐短板与提升城市竞争力的目标。二是多层尺度,城市更新不再是零散空间的小修小补,而是一个城市–片区–项目多层联动、顶层调控与微改造一贯的系统工程。三是多维领域,城市更新规划与实施过程必须融入不同学科及领域的思想与技术。第四是多方协同,城市更新应建立完善的体制机制来令政府、居民、企业、社会机构等多主体分别在政策、产权、财务、技术等方面实现协同合作。
低碳绿色城市更新,是耦合了“城市更新”与“低碳绿色”两者核心理念的复合概念,既要以高质量发展与可持续性为核心满足城市发展的需求,又要聚焦于应对气候变化和减少资源消耗等方面以实现低碳绿色目标[13]。因此,本文将低碳绿色城市更新定义为:城市通过完整的技术体系、政策机制、财务运维与实施建设,实现低碳排放、绿色可持续的物质、社会、经济、文化发展目标的更新改造活动。其内涵主要包含低碳排放、经济可持续、环境良好和以人为本4方面(图 1):低碳排放是主要目标。低碳绿色城市更新强调在优化建设过程中,在绿色建筑改造、能源系统、污水与固废处理等领域着力,从目标设定、规划设计、实施建设、运营维护等全周期环节实现资源能源节约和温室气体净零排放等目标。可持续经济是实现基础。低碳绿色城市更新需在经济层面创造新的经济增长点,以绿色产业与金融模式带动更新区域经济循环持续发展,通过能源结构调整和产业升级推动城市向可持续发展的低碳绿色经济转型[14]。环境良好是基本诉求。“绿色”城市更新以环境良好为核心,在降低环境污染、提升区域生态环境质量的同时,依靠自然的解决方案应对气候变化带来的风险,增强生态系统服务和碳汇集能力[15]。落实在城市系统形成城市–片区–项目多层级联动、顶层调控与微改造一贯的生态系统工程。以人为本是核心宗旨。低碳绿色城市更新本质具有区域振兴和城市可持续发展的双重导向[16],在以人为本理念的引导下,以居民的基本诉求为根本出发点,构建多方协同的参与机制,形成鲜明的区域文化特征,塑造低碳绿色的生活方式。
国际层面,目前世界主要发达国家已在城市更新领域做出了长足的努力,并取得了丰硕的成就,可为解决中国低碳绿色城市更新政策机制的相关问题提供一定的参考与启示[17]。梳理典型国家低碳绿色城市更新的相关政策体系和实施机制(表 1),其特点总结为以下几点:第一,综合性与跨部门协作。低碳绿色城市更新政策通常涵盖多个领域,如交通、能源、建筑、水资源、土地利用等,需要不同政府部门间的紧密合作与协调。第二,注重长期目标与规划。这些政策法规往往设定明确的长期目标,并在各行业中进行细分落实。第三,政策工具多样化。包括经济激励措施、税收优惠、建筑标准、废物管理规定等。第四,与经济发展相结合。通过发展绿色产业、推动可再生能源和节能环保技术的应用,创造新的经济增长点和就业机会。
近年来,中国聚焦城市更新层面的政策文件显著增加。国家层面,多部门出台了一系列政策以支持城市更新的低碳绿色化转型升级,在空间布局、基础设施、交通网络、人居环境、低碳生活方式等多维度提供支持和保障。地方层面,多城市制定了相关细则文件,推动城市更新更精细化、前瞻化、深入地发展。相关政策内容总体呈现出以下特点:第一,超大城市起到了示范引领作用。部分一线城市目前已建立了相对完善、各具特色的城市更新政策体系(表 2)。第二,低碳绿色理念得到了多样化解读。多数城市在政策文件中明确了以绿色生态和低碳友好为更新原则,如上海在城市更新行动方案中将“绿色低碳,安全韧性”作为工作原则之一。此外,青岛、天津等城市在城市更新政策文件中均提出推广TOD(Transit Oriented Development,TOD)开发模式,建设多元复合、紧凑集约的城市街区,体现了地方城市更新实践中低碳集约的发展导向。第三,多元化参与主体制度得到了关注与提倡。近年来多个城市在城市更新相关政策文件中强调了健全公众参与机制,以依法保障公众在城市更新活动中的知情权、参与权、表达权和监督权。但目前多元主体参与城市更新的利益协调机制仍不完善,尤其在多发展目标下城市更新具体工作往往涉及多部门和多种实施路径,容易造成权责不清、难以落实等问题。
通过对比国内外低碳绿色城市更新政策体系,总结其共性可发现,此类城市更新多由政府引领,将其纳入国家重点战略并组建相应的管理机构,进而打造示范项目。中国低碳绿色城市更新还可在政策体系的完善性与协同性、规划管理的科学性与灵活性、实施主体的多元性与协同性、公众参与的深度与广度等方面借鉴国外实践。
1)导则标准。
城市更新是城市实现生态低碳转型的有利机会,也是贯彻低碳建设标准、推广生态节能技术的重要契机[18]。国外对于城市更新技术指标设定的实践较早。例如新加坡的绿色建筑认证计划由新加坡建筑与建设局(BCA)于2005年推出,该计划不仅评估新建筑的环境影响和性能,也适用于现有建筑的改造和升级。评估标准涵盖了室内环境质量、环境保护、其他绿色特征和创新、能源效率、水资源效率等方面,支持新加坡80%的建筑存量在2030年实现绿色化。截至2019年底,新加坡超过40% 的建筑已获得了绿色认证。
2022年,重庆市发布了中国首部《城市更新规划设计导则》,强调推动形成绿色低碳的生产生活方式和城市建设运营模式。随后,北京、苏州、宁夏等省市陆续发布了城市更新技术导则,均将生态保护修复和绿色发展路径作为重点任务。中国对城市更新相关技术标准的研究已有丰富基础,但现有低碳绿色标准或侧重于对城市单一系统的评估(生态、建筑、交通等),或着眼于新区建设指引,缺乏对既有城区更新全系统评估与全过程监督,致使更新技术难以衔接与落实。
2)更新规划。
国际上较早注重低碳绿色更新的国家大多将生态环境优化和绿色化改造纳入城市规划战略中,构成以规划为整体引导的宏观技术体系。如新加坡在概念规划和总体规划中均将绿化作为战略目标贯彻于城市建设开发的每个环节中[19]。此外,新加坡还施行了各类城市生态管理专项规划,如“ABC水计划”提出了针对建筑绿色更新、排水管道更新和集水区更新的技术指引[20]。2020年,新加坡40% 的用水需求来自回收利用,预计到2060年将增加到55%。对于中国而言,部分研究和实践探索了未来空间规划方向,如《中新天津生态城“城水耦合”空间规划指南》中,提出了城市存量水环境可持续利用的规划技术导引。整体来看,现有低碳绿色城市更新规划体系构建尚不完善,缺少针对存量环境下低碳绿色改造的目标制定和策略引导。
3)能源减碳技术。
在城市更新领域实现低碳绿色发展,除增加绿化等增汇手段外,目前国内外主要关注能源、工业、交通、建筑等领域的综合减排技术[21]。其中绿色能源技术创新已成为新一轮科技和产业革命的关键所在,是欧盟等发达地区城市更新研究和实践热点。法国在《2050大巴黎地区气候、空气、能源规划》中提供了城市更新的碳中和技术工具箱,包括建筑用能降低与优化、新需求的有机融入、新能源资源的开发和能源系统的混合互补等减碳技术(图 2)。目前,中国正逐步在各领域中实现新能源对传统能源的全维度替代。2023年,全国绿电(非化石能源发电)首次超过传统能源,在总能源生产占比中超过50%[22]。总体而言,中国城市更新减碳技术虽在公共建筑领域做了大量尝试,但还停留在单体建筑绿色化改造阶段,城市或街区层面的能源在地化利用和多能互补协同还处于空白,缺乏基于供给端降低能耗的综合减碳技术和具有权威性的减碳基准。亟须探索低碳绿色理念与城市更新行动的融合机制,提出适应不同环境情况与发展要求的更新技术方法,为低碳绿色城市更新行动提供指引。
1)低碳产业。
产业及其回报是促使城市更新持续发展的动力来源,国内外主要通过以下3种方法来实现城市更新的产业低碳转型。
产业结构绿色转型。不同的产业结构会影响能源消耗强度与效率,在顶层设计上调整产业结构可以有效助力城市更新减碳[23]。碳达峰减排行动方案要与优化产业结构紧密结合,以试点政策带动企业的绿色技术创新[24],大力发展低能耗的先进制造业、高新技术产业和现代服务业[25]
创造新的可持续经济增长点。城市更新需帮助待更新地区摆脱衰败与吸引投资以提升公共活力,因此创造一个新的可持续的经济增长点是其必然要求。其可通过多种路径实现,如使用当地生产的建筑材料、资源和劳动力以维持企业多样性[26]。1974年斯波坎世博会以环境为核心来宣传博览会和城市,并利用环境战略来安置低收入居民和改造市中心的河滨景观[27],在解决更新资金问题的同时,创造了新的城市品牌,并带动了更新地区环境质量的长效提升。
低碳绿色的消费模式。城市更新中主要包括政府与居民两方面消费的碳排放[28]。政府方面,主要聚焦于具有较大减碳潜力的能源、交通、公共空间领域[29],如以政治经济手段推动绿化空间更新改造,从而达到经济与生态效益的平衡[30];构建由可再生能源、一般负荷、柔性负荷和储能装置组成的微电网,通过智能系统最大限度地合理利用可再生能源[31]。居民消费方面的研究主要集中在更新中的土地价值、不动产以及居民生活消费波动等内容,关注更新成果对居民的影响以及如何将低碳消费模式融入居民消费中,如向公众推广可持续生活方式以减少能源和水的需求等[32]
2)低碳金融。
城市更新需要建立科学的低碳金融与财务制度,以明确的激励政策和市场机制盘活整个城市更新中的资金与产权[33]。在低碳绿色城市更新中,相关研究主要集中在以下2点。
一是绿色金融。绿色信贷、绿色风投为代表的绿色金融可以有效抑制碳排放[34],故在更新中可合理运用绿色金融杠杆撬动地区后续低碳发展。政府应引导资金流入绿色金融领域,并通过降低税率税基等政策支持清洁技术在产业更新中的发展。还有学者提出可尝试引入业主的资产负债表,避免传统“增容”模式更新出现的不合理资产转移[35],这在绿色更新领域实现可持续发展尤为重要。
二是碳交易市场。碳市场能够在保证地区经济增长的同时降低碳排放,因此在城市更新中应建立健全碳交易市场机制[36],同时结合市场收益诱导、技术创新激励、政府支持等措施,以经济政策与措施调控碳要素的循序降低[37]。此外,碳排放交易与适度碳税相结合的复合政策在确保减排目标的实现的同时可以降低机制覆盖行业的减排压力,是较优的减排政策[38]
当前中国部分城市更新仍沿袭土地财政时期追求“短、平、快”的趋利型模式,导致城市更新未能跨越增长鸿沟,实现增长转型[39]。现有研究大多集中在大产业类型的减碳方面,缺乏对于具体项目中创新投资与运维具体措施的研究,碳市场的规范财务评估与审计制度也涉及较少,如何通过低碳经济为持续发展创造稳定的正向现金流、不动产价格以及公共利益仍需要深入讨论。
陈天在2023年中国城市规划年会“低碳绿色的城市更新模式”学术对话中,曾提出低碳绿色城市更新的路径[40]。在此,结合国内外研究实践进展与中国面临的挑战,将政策体系、更新技术和低碳经济延伸为低碳绿色政策治理工具、多层次多维度规划体系、多领域的减碳技术方法、搭建低碳更新产业链条、创新的投资与运维方式和城市更新碳市场与交易6个方面,对实现路径与展望进一步阐述。
政策治理工具对低碳绿色城市更新的实施起着至关重要的作用。首先,在国家层面,推动城市更新专项立法并强化低碳绿色目标的刚性约束,创新相关规划、土地、资金和建设管理政策。地方层面,应积极推进相关条例、技术导则和标准的编制工作,制定低碳绿色城市更新的评估、建设和监管方法。其次,明确政府部门间在更新各环节的职能和权限,同时鼓励社会参与,形成多元共建的更新模式。此外,以数字技术丰富城市更新治理的政策工具箱,比如构建依托数智技术的低碳绿色城市更新技术标准体系、服务评价体系和运行体系,打造社区更新智慧治理共同体[41]
低碳绿色城市更新规划体系应是一个多层次体系,同时需要整合多维度的专门化空间规划要素进行综合管控,本文将其分为“总体规划—专项规划—片区统筹—项目实施”4个关键层次(图 3)。宏观层面为市县级城市更新总体规划,主要落实国土空间总体规划的要求,着眼于制定城市宏观低碳发展战略与改造目标,确定近远期目标和分阶段重点工作。中观层面是城市更新专项规划,衔接宏观层面的战略目标与微观层面的控制指标,划定城市低碳更新分区和单元,并提出各片区更新方案与低碳绿色指引策略;根据低碳任务节点确定规划分期重点,制定低碳绿色城市更新行动计划,为专项规划实施提供计划管理,同时确定低碳改造重点、制定项目实施时序。然后是城市更新片区统筹管控,主要落实专项规划层面各项指引,通过功能设计、指标控制、交通优化和能源结构优化等事项进行片区更新方案策划,指导微观层面详细规划。最后为城市更新项目实施(详细规划),提出低碳绿色改造项目实施方案,包括土地整理、详细设计方案等内容,同时谋划资金平衡和公众参与机制,为方案落实提供支撑。
目前,国内常见的减碳改造策略包括绿色建筑改造、绿色交通设计、低影响开发设计、微气候环境改善等,但各领域技术集成度低,尚缺乏综合减碳技术方法。未来研究和实践中应以“交通—环境—建筑—能源”等多领域多系统耦合的低碳技术体系构建为核心,同时形成系统化、产业化、规模化的技术推广应用。需要特别指出的是,分布式能源技术的推广为城市建设领域减碳创造了前所未有的可能[42],未来亟待在片区级城市更新规划中探索并落实多能互补的分布式能源系统(图 4[43]),从而从碳排放源头实现更新减碳。此外,在实践层面,城市更新的一般技术流程为“问题与需求识别—规划设计方案—征询居民和企业意见—项目实施”,未来还需增加低碳绿色评估和更新技术选择环节,构建城市更新系统下的中国城市减碳基准,然后基于该基准和城市更新的类型进行减碳潜力评估以及规划设计方案校核,进而在不同尺度、不同地区的更新项目中综合考虑地区情况、投入成本和减排效益选择技术层级和方法[40]
产业的高效、节能改造是城市更新实现低碳绿色发展目标的重要途径。以能源产业为例,更新涉及的耗能包括交通、居民生活、供热制冷、基础设施等领域,在传统产能模式下形成了高碳排的建设方式和高能耗的运营模式。未来城市更新需借助能源领域转型趋势,构建以优化能源结构为核心的减碳新方向,革新基础设施更新设计标准,如采用分布式能源站、智能微网、地源热泵和太阳能光伏板等减碳措施。基于此,在先“立”新能源,植入城市更新全过程,后“破”传统产能,促进传统产业碳脱钩的发展模式下,构建完善城市更新中的低碳产业链新格局(图 5)。
灵活的融资、政策制定和路径规划均为城市更新中实现低碳绿色目标创造了更有创新活力的大环境。如深圳南头古城的更新中采取了“规划+设计+代建+运营”的模式,由政府引导、万科总包的形式搭建平台,联合区属国企深汇通、村股份有限公司合资成立运营公司,统筹南头古城的招商、品牌推广、街区营运与物业管理,实现了高质量的空间和业态迭新[44]。古城内设置了创新孵化中心与办公区“if工厂”,万科城市研究院等机构入驻办公,实现了设计与运营的长周期监督与管理。在这种以文化品牌和城市策展为核心的更新片区,高标准的管理水平与具有归属感和环境自觉的本地社群会共同催化出更加绿色的生产、生活方式[45]。而在一般性的更新项目中,也可以整合零散的业态进行外包,如老旧小区更新中由企业出资修建停车楼并运营,在创造产值的同时解决了停车问题。
在全球范围内,碳市场已经得到了广泛应用,城市更新的存量业务是碳市场大有可为的未来蓝海。低碳绿色的城市更新在开发时可以享有多重利好政策,在审批、投融资环节程序便捷,且项目多在内城,具有土地价值与区位优势,项目回报期望较高,更易于将碳排放的外部社会成本转移到企业生产成本之中。应深化碳交易市场在城市更新方面的法律与制度基础,完善机构注册、市场监管、价格调控、税费税基设计等环节,搭建更新项目碳排放交易平台,提供多样化的碳金融产品[46]。2024年1月22日,全国温室气体自愿减排交易市场启动,主要针对造林碳汇等清洁能源企业开放,是促进自觉减排、完善碳交易制度的重大创新,在深化体制机制后,可以带动全社会协同减碳文化,将个人通过践行绿色生活所产生的减排量也纳入市场配额之中。但实现成熟的、深度市场化的碳交易需要以精准的碳排放量核算方法与投融资体系为基础,相关标准与技术应随着市场的发展不断更新完善。
实现碳达峰、碳中和不再只是环境领域的话题,而是新时代下中国城市低碳绿色发展与更新治理的新要求。但从系统和整体视角出发,展开多领域协同降碳的研究仍不多见。如何制定创新实用的更新政策与标准,如何构建多层次、多样化的技术体系,如何推进产业低碳转型和投运维方式,仍然是未能充分解决的问题。作为城市转型期的常态化措施,城市更新对于各地政府来说会是解锁城市综合降碳的一个最好抓手。在这过程中,需要多领域学科的相辅相成和协同支撑,探索更加完善、高效、经济的低碳绿色城市更新路径。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52378066)
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2025年第43卷第15期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00569
  • 接收时间:2024-05-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-28
  • 修回日期:2025-01-18
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52378066)
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    1. 天津大学建筑学院,天津 300072
    2. 天津大学建筑学院城市空间与城市设计研究所,天津 300072

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王逸轩(通信作者),博士研究生,研究方向为生态城市设计、韧性城市,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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