Article(id=1146098721776828662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022360707816, articleNumber=null, orderNo=16, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00504, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715529600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-13, revisedDate=1736870400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-15, acceptedDate=1744128000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-09, onlineDate=1751180828755, onlineDateStr=2025-06-29, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1749052800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-06-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=1751285400361, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=2025-06-30, onlineFirstDate=1751180828755, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-06-29, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751180828755, creator=18627231156, updateTime=1774079628326, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1146500022360707816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745769600000', pubDateStr='2025-04-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751276506271, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330523255, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195578088276195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022360707816, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195578088276196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022360707816, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=15, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1146098722963816713, articleId=1146098721776828662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Construction and exploration of the discipline system of artificial intelligence, columnId=1150494641880182997, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article explores the disciplinary system of artificial intelligence. Firstly, starting from the definition of AI, then proposes that the disciplinary system structure of artificial intelligence consists of three parts: the scientific foundation of AI, the technical methods of AI, and the applications of AI. It believes that the scientific foundation of AI is symbolism, connectionism, and behaviorism. The main technologies of AI are knowledge−based artificial intelligence technology, data−driven AI technology, algorithms of AI, and computing power of AI. The elements of AI technology are knowledge, data, algorithms, and computing power. The development and application of AI involves economic, technological, livelihood, social, and other fields.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zixing CAI, Yufeng CAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146098731457282543, articleId=1146098721776828662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=人工智能学科体系的构建与探讨, columnId=1150494642043760854, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=科技评论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探讨了人工智能的学科体系,从人工智能的定义出发,提出人工智能的学科体系是由人工智能的科学基础、人工智能技术方法和人工智能应用3部分组成,并认为人工智能的科学基础是符号主义、连接主义和行为主义,人工智能的主要技术是基于知识的人工智能技术、基于数据的人工智能技术、人工智能的算法和人工智能的算力,而人工智能的技术要素为知识、数据、算法和算力,人工智能的应用领域涉及经济、科技、民生、社会和其他领域。

, authors=

蔡自兴,教授,研究方向为人工智能等,电子信箱:

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人工智能学科体系的构建与探讨
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科技导报 | 科技评论 2025,43(8): 15-26
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人工智能学科体系的构建与探讨
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蔡自兴,教授,研究方向为人工智能等,电子信箱:

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蔡自兴1, 2 , 蔡昱峰1, 3
作者信息
  • 1. 湘江实验室, 长沙 410205
  • 2. 中南大学人工智能与机器人学研究所, 长沙 410083
  • 3. 湖南自兴智慧医疗科技有限公司, 长沙 410013
Construction and exploration of the discipline system of artificial intelligence
Zixing CAI1, 2 , Yufeng CAI1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. Xiangjiang Laboratory, Changsha 410205, China
  • 2. Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
  • 3. Hunan Zixing Smart Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410013, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00504
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探讨了人工智能的学科体系,从人工智能的定义出发,提出人工智能的学科体系是由人工智能的科学基础、人工智能技术方法和人工智能应用3部分组成,并认为人工智能的科学基础是符号主义、连接主义和行为主义,人工智能的主要技术是基于知识的人工智能技术、基于数据的人工智能技术、人工智能的算法和人工智能的算力,而人工智能的技术要素为知识、数据、算法和算力,人工智能的应用领域涉及经济、科技、民生、社会和其他领域。

人工智能  /  学科体系  /  科学  /  学派  /  认知观  /  技术  /  技术要素  /  知识  /  数据  /  算法  /  算力  /  应用

This article explores the disciplinary system of artificial intelligence. Firstly, starting from the definition of AI, then proposes that the disciplinary system structure of artificial intelligence consists of three parts: the scientific foundation of AI, the technical methods of AI, and the applications of AI. It believes that the scientific foundation of AI is symbolism, connectionism, and behaviorism. The main technologies of AI are knowledge−based artificial intelligence technology, data−driven AI technology, algorithms of AI, and computing power of AI. The elements of AI technology are knowledge, data, algorithms, and computing power. The development and application of AI involves economic, technological, livelihood, social, and other fields.

artificial intelligence  /  disciplinary system  /  science  /  school of thought  /  cognitive perspective  /  technology  /  technical elements  /  knowledge  /  data  /  algorithm  /  computing power  /  application
蔡自兴, 蔡昱峰. 人工智能学科体系的构建与探讨. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (8) : 15 -26 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00504
Zixing CAI, Yufeng CAI. Construction and exploration of the discipline system of artificial intelligence[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (8) : 15 -26 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00504
人工智能的学科体系与人工智能的定义密切相关,人工智能的定义能为研究人工智能学科体系提供重要启示。
人工智能有别于人类的自然智能。人类智能是生物学和神经科学研究的重要内容,其成果对人工智能研究具有指导意义。人工智能则是研究人工创造的智能,这种“智能”是一类由机器或计算机人工创造或表现的智能,并与自然智能,特别是人类智能区分开来。
与许多新兴学科一样,人工智能尚未形成统一的定义。人类智能总是伴随着人类的活动而存在。许多人类活动,如下棋、比赛、解题、猜谜、讨论、计划和编写计算机程序,甚至开车和骑自行车,都需要“智能”。如果一台机器能够执行这样的任务,就可以认为该机器已经具备了某种“人工智能”。1950年,图灵(Turing)设计的图灵实验(Turing test),提出并部分回答了“机器能否思维”的问题,也是对人工智能定义的一个很好注释[1]
1956年,达特矛斯(Dartmouth)人工智能研讨会上第一次提出“人工智能”这一术语,但没有对人工智能的内涵给予应有的定义。
具有不同学科背景和研究领域的人工智能学者对人工智能有着不同的理解,提出不尽相同的定义。根据国内外较权威的人工智能专著及其作者对人工智能定义内容的共识,可将人工智能的定义归纳与举例如下[25]
1)强调拟人思考的定义。1978年,Bellman定义人工智能为“与人类思考相关的活动,诸如决策、问题求解和学习等活动的自动化”[6]。1985年,Haugeland将人工智能定义为“使计算机思考的令人激动的新努力······其完整的字面含义就是有头脑的机器”[7]
2)强调拟人行为的定义。1990年,Kurzwell定义人工智能是“一门能够执行需要人智功能的创造机器的技术”[8]。1991年,Rich和Knight把人工智能定义为“研究如何使计算机能够比人做得更好” [9]。1995年,Dean和Wellman认为“人工智能是研究和设计具有智能行为的计算机程序,以执行人所具有的智能任务”[10]
3)关注理性思维的定义。1985年,Chaniak和McDermott定义人工智能为“使用计算模型来研究智力” [11]。1992年,Winston定义人工智能是“使感知、推理和行动成为可能的计算研究”[12]
4)关注理性行为的定义。1990年,Schalkoff定义人工智能为“一个根据计算过程来解释和模拟智能行为的研究领域[13]”。1993年,Luger和Stubblefield提出“人工智能是计算机科学中与智能行为自动化有关的一个分支”[14]。1998年,Nillson指出:“人工智能关注人工制品中的智能行为。”[5]1987年,傅京孙、蔡自兴等指出“由计算机来表示和执行人类的智能活动就是人工智能”,并定义“人工智能是计算机科学中涉及设计智能计算机系统的一个分支……,是机器(计算机)执行某些与人的智能行为有关的复杂功能(如判断、识别、理解、学习、规划和问题求解等)的能力”[15]
对人工智能的定义及其蕴涵的不同观点,被人工智能学术界和科技界称为符号主义、连接主义和行为主义,或逻辑学派、仿生学派和生理学派[1619]。有些学者将“智能”包含的人工智能和人类智能一起研究,是一种有益的尝试,但难度很大,可能难以取得预期成果[20]
近期提出的2个较新的人工智能定义如下。(1)人工智能能够执行通常需要人类智能的任务,诸如视觉感知、语音识别、决策和语言翻译的计算机系统理论和开发。简单地说,人工智能指的是应用计算机做通常需要人类智能的事。这是Google公司结合近期人工智能应用热点给出的定义。(2)人工智能是具有学习机理的软件或计算机程序,应用知识对新的情况进行如同人类所做的决策。构建这种软件力图编写代码来阅读图像、文本、视频或音频,并从中学习。一旦机器能够学习,知识就能够得到应用。换句话说,人工智能是机器应用算法从数据学习和使用所学进行如同人类决策的能力。该定义强调编程软件(特别是算法和数据)的决策作用。2个定义都聚焦当前人工智能应用热点,比较注重理性思考和拟人行为,但缺乏全面性。
智能机器、人工智能学科与人工智能能力的定义能够帮助人们对人工智能[2123]进行定义。智能机器是在各类环境中能够执行拟人任务(anthropomorphic tasks)的机器[21],或能够呈现出人类智能行为的机器。其智能行为能够呈现人类智能行为,类似于人类使用大脑思考问题或创造思想[2223]。人工智能学科是研究、设计和应用智能机器的一门学科[15]。人工智能能力是智能机器所执行的通常与人类智能有关的智能行为,这些智能行为涉及学习、思考、理解、识别、判断、推理、证明、感知、情感、意识、兴趣、通信、设计、规划、行动和问题求解等活动[15]
由于人工智能尚无统一定义,人们难以给人工智能一个准确的科学定位。从人工智能的各种定义可知,要求人工智能具有的智能行为和问题求解能力包括思维思考、愿望欲望、兴趣爱好、情感灵感、意识意向等人类高级认知活动和生命特质。思考是一种思维活动,是生物个体建立等价认知的过程。思考能力则是在思维过程中产生的一种具有主动性和创新性的作用力。兴趣是生物个体对特定领域的独特喜爱和好感,这种内在动力能够激发个人的学习动力,引导个体深入探索特定领域。情感是人们内心对外界事物所持的肯定或否定态度的心理体现,如喜欢、憎恶、热爱等。人工智能终有一天能够在一定程度上表现出这些高级认知活动和生命特质,但这一天的到来为时尚远。
许多学科都有自己特有的学科体系。例如,智能控制已有学科结构和体系,即智能控制的二元、三元和四元交集结构理论[2427]以及智能控制的学科体系[2829]。然而,国内外对人工智能学科体系的研究较少,没有出现明确和全面的论述。
任何学科的发展都经历从无到有、由小变大、由弱到强和逐步完善的过程,人工智能也不例外。人工智能的学科体系应该在学科发展过程中逐步构建和日臻完善。20世纪90年代末之前,人工智能普遍被认为是一门属于计算机科学的二级学科,当时讨论人工智能学科体系没有那么紧迫。
1995年,蔡自兴在《高技术通讯》介绍了“人工智能学派及其在理论方法上的观点”,全面探讨人工智能的理论基础,也为人工智能学科体系的构建打下重要基础[16]。2002年,蔡自兴等在中国自动化领域发展战略高层学术研讨会上作了“智能科学发展若干问题”的报告,初步探讨了智能科学的学科框架[30]。2003年,其在IEEE机器人、智能系统和信号处理国际会议(IEEE International Conference on Robotics, Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing,RISSP)的大会报告“Intelligence science: disciplinary frame and general features”中,进一步提出与讨论了智能科学的学科框架和一般特性[31]。这2篇论文从科学、技术和应用3个层面分析了智能科学的学科框架问题,并论述了工业化、信息化和智能化的关系,对人工智能学科体系的科学内涵和结构研究具有重要的启发作用和参考价值。
2016年,美国白宫科技政策办公室和国家科学技术委员会发布“国家人工智能研究和发展战略规划”(The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan),其研发规划体系涉及交叉研发基础、基础研发和应用3个层次,可供研究人工智能研发战略规划和学科体系时借鉴[32]。2017年,蔡自兴进一步就智能科学与技术学科的若干基本问题进行讨论,涉及智能科学的学科内涵、研究内容和学科体系等,对人工智能学科及其体系的认识与定位具有一定的指导意义[33]。2023年,Marcello等在《Technovation》上发文指出,通过构建一个解释性框架,阐明人工智能应用于创新的驱动因素和结果,为技术创新管理领域提供理论贡献,但未在整体上涉及人工智能的学科体系[34]
近年来,关于人工智能技术要素的讨论,已从“数据、算法、算力”三要素发展为“知识、数据、算法、算力”四要素,而且已逐步取得共识,为人工智能学科体系研究打下重要基础[3536]。算力的快速发展和大模型的广泛有效应用,以及人工智能“四要素”的深度融合促进人工智能的研究和应用进入一个新时期。
人工智能的学科体系命题是人工智能科技领域的重要问题。由于科学发展的规律性和其他原因,该问题长期没有得到更深入的研究,也未能圆满解决。现提出“人工智能学科体系”问题,进一步探讨并集思广益,希望能够逐步得到满意答案。
人工智能的学科体系的层次结构图如图 1所示,由人工智能科学基础(sciences)、人工智能技术方法(techniques)和人工智能应用(applications)3部分组成。人工智能学科体系的具体层次关系如图 2所示。从图 2可知,人工智能科学基础涉及符号主义(symbolicism)、连接主义(connectionism)和行为主义(actionism),人工智能技术方法包括知识(knowledge)技术、数据(data)技术、算法(algorithm)技术和算力(computing power)技术,人工智能应用领域包含经济领域、科技领域、社会领域、民生领域和其他领域等[16]
人工智能的科学基础体现在人工智能各学派的理论观点上。人工智能的主要学派有3个[16, 21]。(1)符号主义,又称为逻辑学派(logicism)、心理学派(psychlogism)或计算机学派(computerism),其原理主要为物理符号系统假设和有限合理性原理。(2)连接主义,又称为仿生学派(bionicsism)或生理学派(physiologism),其原理主要为神经网络及神经网络间的连接机制与学习算法。(3)行为主义,又称进化学派(evolutionism)或控制论学派(cyberneticsism),其原理为控制论及感知−动作型控制系统。
图 3给出人工智能各学派及其关系。其中,“1”区表示符号主义和连接主义两学派的协同作用,“2”区表示连接主义和行为主义两学派的协同作用,“3”区表示符号主义和行为主义两学派协同作用,“4”区表示符号主义、连接主义和行为主义三学派的集成作用。
人工智能各学派对人工智能发展历史、理论和技术方法具有不同的理解和认知观,形成人工智能学科的理论基础和研究方法。
符号主义认为人工智能源于数理逻辑(mathematic logic)。20世纪30年代,数理逻辑开始用于描述智能行为。计算机出现后,又在计算机上实现了逻辑演绎系统,表明可应用计算机研究人的思维过程,模拟人类智能活动[37]。后来又发展了启发式算法→专家系统→知识工程(knowledge engineering)理论与技术,并在20世纪80年代取得很大发展。信息论(information theory)关注信息的表示、传递与处理,为人工智能提供了一种信息描述方法,有助于对知识表示、知识推理和学习过程的理解,能够用于处理人工智能问题[3840]。符号主义曾长期一枝独秀,为人工智能的发展做出重要贡献,尤其是专家系统的成功开发与应用,对人工智能走向工程应用和理论联系实际具有特别重要意义。这个学派的代表有Newell、Shaw、Siimon和Nilsson等。
符号主义认为人的认知基元是符号,而且认知过程即符号操作(sympolic operation)过程。它认为人和计算机都是物理符号系统,因此,能够用计算机来模拟人的智能行为,即用计算机的符号操作来模拟人的认知过程。也就是说,人的思维是可操作的。符号主义还认为,知识是信息的一种形式,是构成智能的基础。人工智能的核心问题是知识表示、知识推理和知识运用。知识可用符号表示,也可用符号进行推理,因而有可能建立起基于知识的人类智能和机器智能的统一理论体系。
符号主义认为人工智能的研究方法为功能模拟(function simulation)方法。通过分析人类认知系统所具备的功能,然后用计算机模拟这些功能,实现人工智能。符号主义力图用数理逻辑方法来建立人工智能的统一理论体系。
连接主义认为人工智能源于仿生学(bionics)和脑科学(brain science),特别是人脑模型(brain model)的研究[4142]。它的代表性成果是1943年由McCulloch和Pitts创立的脑模型,即MP模型,开创了用电子装置模仿人脑结构和功能的新途径。它从神经元开始进而研究神经网络模型和脑模型,开辟了人工智能的又一发展道路[43]。20世纪60—70年代,连接主义研究,尤其是Frank Rosenblat提出的可以模拟人类感知能力的机器——感知机(perceptron)为代表的脑模型研究出现热潮[4445]。Hopfield在1982年和1984年提出用硬件模拟神经网络时,连接主义重新活跃[46]。1986年,Rumelhart、Hinton和Willians提出多层网络的反向传播(BP)算法。此后,连接主义势头大振,从模型到算法,从理论分析到工程实现,为神经网络计算走向市场打下基础[4647]。近年来,对人工神经网络(ANN)的研究热情仍然很高,已经提出多种人工神经网络结构和众多的学习算法,尤其是对深度学习和大模型的研究与应用已取得丰硕成果,影响深远[4748]。Hopfield与Hinton获得2024年诺贝尔物理学奖,Hassabis和Jumper获得2024年诺贝尔化学奖,就是突出的例证[4950]
连接主义认为人的思维基元是神经元(neurons),而不是符号处理过程。还认为人脑不同于电脑,并提出连接主义的大脑工作模式,用于取代符号操作的电脑工作模式。
连接主义主张人工智能应着重结构模拟(structural simulation),即模拟人的生理神经网络结构,并认为功能、结构和智能行为是密切相关的。不同的结构表现出不同的功能和行为。
行为主义认为人工智能源于控制论(cybernetics)和进化论(evolutionism)。控制论思想在20世纪40—50年代就成为时代思潮的重要部分,影响了早期的人工智能工作者。Wiener和McCulloch等提出的控制论和自组织系统,钱学森倡导的系统学(systematics)和工程控制论,影响了许多领域。控制论把神经系统的工作原理与信息理论、控制理论、逻辑以及计算机联系起来[5153]。早期的研究工作重点是模拟人在控制过程中的智能行为和作用,如对自寻优、自适应、自校正、自镇定、自组织和自学习等控制论系统的研究,并进行“控制论动物”的研制[54]。进化论是人类认知体系中重要的发现和科学成就之一。达尔文提出的进化论从宏观层面发现了生物物种之间的关系,揭示了物种进化原理和一般路径,提出了进化的选择机制和法则,为进化计算和遗传算法提供科学基础。行为主义的代表作首推Brooks的六足行走机器人,它被看作新一代的“控制论动物”,是一个基于感知−动作模式的模拟爬行动物行为的控制系统。
行为主义认为智能取决于感知和行动,提出智能行为的“感知−动作”(perception−action)模式。行为主义认为智能不需要知识、表示与推理;人工智能可以像人类智能一样逐步进化;智能行为只能在现实世界中与周围环境交互作用而表现出来。行为主义还认为:符号主义和连接主义对真实世界客观事物的描述及其智能行为工作模式是过于简化的抽象,因而是不能真实地反映客观存在的。行为主义认为人工智能的研究方法采用行为模拟(behavioral simulation)方法,也认为功能、结构和智能行为是不可分的。不同行为表现出不同功能和不同控制结构。
综上所述,人工智能的科学基础博大精深,由各个学派的相关理论决定。符号主义认为人工智能源于数理逻辑,人的认知基元是符号,而且认知过程即符号操作过程,人工智能的研究方法应为功能模拟方法。连接主义认为人工智能源于仿生学和脑科学,特别是人脑模型的研究,人的思维基元是神经元和连接主义的大脑工作模式,人工智能的研究方法着重于结构模拟,即模拟人的生理神经网络结构,并认为功能、结构和智能行为是密切相关的。行为主义把神经系统的工作原理与信息理论、控制理论、逻辑以及计算机联系起来,认为人工智能源于控制论和进化论,人工智能的研究方法采用行为模拟方法,也认为功能、结构和智能行为是不可分的。
自1956年人工智能作为一门新学科登上国际科技舞台以来已近70年,国内外人工智能学界对人工智能技术要素有不同的观点。随着人工智能的发展,对人工智能技术要素的认识也在不断发展和更新。从初期只注重知识,到重视数据和算法,再到强调算力,普遍认为数据、算法和算力是人工智能的3个技术要素。
从学科发展和历史角度全面考虑,人工智能应当包含4个技术要素,即知识、数据、算法和算力,如 图 4所示 [23, 3536, 5557]。这4个技术要素,虽然没有统一的定义,但具有严谨的概念和明确的含义。
知识是人们通过体验、学习或联想而认识的世界客观规律性,或是人们在改造世界的实践中获得的规律性认识,是人类认识的成果或结晶[5860]。根据知识对象的深刻性,可将知识分为生活常识和科学知识或专业知识;根据知识层次的系统性,可将知识分为经验知识和理论知识,分别属于知识的初级形态和高级形态。
知识是人工智能之源,人工智能源于知识,并依赖知识。自1956年人工智能开始形成学科到20世纪80年代中期的30多年,人工智能的开发和应用,如专家系统和模糊计算等都是以知识为基础而发展起来的。人工智能研究知识表示、知识推理和知识应用问题,而知识获取是知识工程的瓶颈问题。知识能够辅助模型理解、增强决策能力和实现知识转移。
知识的发展趋势:对于知识表示,包括从表层知识表示到深层知识表示、从语言(图)表示到语义表示、从显式表示到隐式表示、从单纯知识表示到知识+数据混合表示等方法的发展。对于知识推理,涉及从确定性推理发展到不确定性推理和从经典推理发展到非经典推理等。而对于知识应用,则是从传统知识工程发展到知识+数据全面融合,如知识库、知识图谱、知识挖掘、知识发现、知识转移、知识系统等[5864]
数据是事实或观察到的结果,是对客观事物的逻辑归纳,用于表示客观事物的未经加工的原始素材。数据是信息的表现形式和载体,指所有能输入计算机并被程序处理的数字、文字、符号、语音、图像、视频和模拟量等各种介质的总称。
数据是人工智能之基,为人工智能系统的学习和训练提供原材料和“燃料”,并促进人工智能的发展升级。20世纪80年代后期,人工神经网络、机器学习和计算智能等研究深入开展,形成高潮,推动人工智能迅速发展。人工神经网络和计算智能主要取决于数据而不是知识;神经计算,进化计算等计算智能都是以数据为基础而发展起来的[6570]。数据能够实现模型训练、提升模型性能和驱动算法创新。
数据的发展趋势:从经典数据到大数据,从集中数据到分布式数据,从大数据到活数据,从互联网到物联网以及两网融合发展带来的海量数据,从监督学习、半监督学习到自监督学习和强化学习获取的数据等[30, 7176]
算法是解题方案准确而完整的描述和一系列求解问题的清晰指令,代表着用系统方法描述问题求解的策略机制。简而言之,算法是问题求解的指令描述。
算法是人工智能之魂,它以某些程序设计语言编写,运行于某种目标结构体系上,是人工智能系统的大脑和软实力所在[4243, 77]。深度学习算法和遗传算法是智能算法的杰出代表。深度学习算法通过构建多层神经网络来模拟人脑处理信息的方式,从而实现对数据的特征学习和模式识别。深度学习的核心在于通过多层非线性变换对高维数据进行抽象,以发现数据中的复杂结构。认知计算模拟人脑的认知过程,能够以更自然的方式与人类交互,期望实现类似人脑思考功能。现有算法,如深度学习算法等已经解决了很多实际问题,但认知算法的研究有待加强和进一步突破[42, 7783]。算法对构建模型基础、学习优化性能和推动创新发展发挥重要作用。
算法的发展趋势:实现数据+知识、深度学习与知识图谱、逻辑推理、符号学习相结合,从非结构化或未标记的数据进行自监督学习,开发认知计算、认知决策层算法和类脑计算,发展普适计算(ubiquitous computing)与普适算法,以及进化计算与基于群体迭代进化思想的进化算法等[17, 70, 8489]
算力(computility或computing power)即计算能力,是机器在数学上的归纳和转化能力,即把抽象复杂的数学表达式或数字通过数学方法转换为可以理解的数学式的能力。
算力是人工智能之(执行)力,是计算机设备或数据计算中心处理信息的能力,是计算机硬件和软件融合执行某种计算需求的能力。算力的发展为大数据发展提供坚实的技术支撑,算力和大数据的发展又为人工智能发展提供根本保障。算力是加速训练过程、支持复杂模型训练和实现实时应用的根本保证。
算力的发展趋势:创建新的计算架构,包括研发AI加速器或计算卡,如GPU、FPGA、ASIC等专业人工智能芯片和神经网络芯片,以及专门用于处理人工智能应用中的大量计算任务的模块等。开拓新计算,如云计算系统、量子计算系统等。此外,加速并行计算的数据计算速度,提高数据处理能力。5G、6G和7G网络使数据传输速度更快、时延更小,应用更广泛与有效。人工智能算力网络以算为中心、网为根基,与云计算、边缘计算、区块链、智能终端和网络安全等技术深度融合,提供一体化服务,也是算力发展的重要方向[9096]
人工智能的主要技术如图 5所示,由基于知识的人工智能技术、基于数据的人工智能技术、人工智能的算法技术和人工智能的算力技术4个部分组成。
知识是人工智能之源,早期和新发展的人工智能都离不开知识。基于知识的人工智能技术涉及知识表示、知识推理、知识运用和知识获取,具体包括状态空间技术、本体技术、语义网络和框架技术、知识库和知识图谱、消解—反演求解、规则演绎、概率推理、不确定推理、各种基于知识的机器学习(归纳学习、解释学习、类比学习、增强学习等)、模糊逻辑和谓词逻辑系统、各种基于规则的和基于框架的专家系统、Agent和智能规划系统等[33, 61, 9799]
数据是人工智能之基,数据为人工智能提供原料和“燃料”,并促使人工智能发展到一个更高的科技水平。基于数据的人工智能包括计算智能(含人工神经网络和深度神经网络等)、各种基于数据的机器学习(线性回归、决策树、支持向量机、随机森林、集成学习、聚类、深度学习等)、群体计算、进化计算、数据挖掘、基于数据库的系统以及各种数字系统等[97]
许多复杂的人工智能问题,只有综合采用基于知识和基于数据的人工智能技术才能解决。基于知识和数据的人工智能混合系统包括各种基于模拟生物智能优化算法的人工智能系统、仿生进化系统、集成智能系统、智能感知系统(模式识别、语音识别、自然语言理解等)、自主智能系统、脑机接口和人机协同智能系统和人工生命系统等[1718, 100102]
算法是人工智能的灵魂和决策性内涵,是人工智能程序设计的技术基础。人工智能算法采用的编程语言涉及逻辑型语言和解释性语言,Python语言、Java语言、LISP语言、Prologue语言、C++语言、A*算法、增强学习算法、遗传算法、线性回归算法等是人工智能算法的杰出代表。深度学习算法、认知计算与决策算法、类脑计算、普适计算、进化计算算法及基于群体迭代的进化算法等研究已取得新进展,特别是深度学习算法表现出优异性能,获得极其广泛的应用[103108]。近年来,DeepSeek、ChatGPT(Chat Generative Pre−trained Transformer)和Sora等大模型的“横空出世”,轰动人工智能界和大众[109112]。此外,还研发出大型关系数据库、专用人工智能开发工具和专用人工智能机等。
算力是计算机硬件和软件协同执行计算需求的能力,为人工智能提供执行能力,是继人力、畜力、水力、热力、电力、核力之后人类社会出现的一种新型的先进生产力。强大的算力是人工智能不可或缺的特征和内涵。在人工智能基础层,计算机处理器配备的高端部件以及芯片组、内存和硬盘是提高计算能力的基本保证。出现了许多新芯片和新计算等新的计算架构。并行处理等技术及新一代计算网络极大地提高人工智能的计算速度。人工智能大模型促使算力资源需求呈指数级增长,对算力规模和性能提出新的更高的要求。计算能力的不断增强和计算速度的不断提高,有力地促进人工智能的持续发展和国民经济的产业化升级[9096, 113116]
人工智能具有众多的应用领域,各个领域具有特有的研究方向、研究内容、应用技术和学科术语。人工智能产业大树根深叶茂,其开发和应用领域涉及经济、科技、社会、民生和其他各个领域[3637, 107119]
人工智能的主要应用领域包括自动定理证明、自动程序设计、自然语言处理、语音识别、图像识别、智能检索、智能调度与指挥、机器学习、机器人学、专家系统、智能控制、模式识别、机器视觉、神经网络、智能网络、机器博弈、智能决策、分布式智能、计算智能、人工生命、智能传感器以及人工智能编程语言等[23, 29, 68, 100, 120122]。其中,某些领域已发展成为人工智能的子学科,甚至成为独立的一级学科。
人工智能的主要应用领域还涉及智能制造、智慧医疗、智慧农业、智慧林业、智能金融、智能管理、智慧政府、智慧社会、智慧城市、智能交通、智能经济、智能驾驶、智慧物流、智慧零售、智能教育、智慧娱乐、智能监控、智能调度、智能管理、智慧法律、智慧网络、智能电网、智能检索、智能建筑、智能安防、智能家居和智慧旅游等[98, 101, 118, 120, 123126]
人工智能的主要技术由4个部分组成,即基于知识的人工智能技术、基于数据的人工智能技术、人工智能的算法技术和人工智能的算力技术,构成相辅相成的人工智能技术整体,也是在人工智能学科发展过程中逐步统一形成的。
人工智能的技术要素及其技术的突破推动人工智能快速发展。知识资源、数据资源、核心算法、运算能力的深度融合和协同发展,促进人工智能产业快速发展和国民经济全面转型升级。
人工智能学科是研究、设计和应用智能机器的一门学科。人工智能能力是智能机器所执行的通常与人类智能有关的智能行为。人工智能至今没有统一的定义和学科定位,需要对人工智能有明确定位。
基于人工智能各学派的认知观和人工智能的技术要素等,提出了人工智能的学科体系,由人工智能科学基础、人工智能技术方法和人工智能应用3部分构成。其中,人工智能科学基础涉及符号主义、连接主义和行为主义各学派思想理论。
人工智能的技术要素包含知识、数据、算法和算力。知识是人工智能之源,数据是人工智能之基,算法是人工智能之魂,算力是人工智能之力。人工智能的各技术要素构成一个有机整体。那种认为人工智能只依靠数据而不需要知识的观点是与人工智能的发展过程以及人工智能的现状不相符的,是对人工智能的片面理解。
人工智能主要技术包括基于知识的人工智能技术、基于数据的人工智能技术、人工智能算法技术和人工智能算力技术。人工智能应用领域包含经济、科技、社会、民生和其他领域。
本文提出的人工智能的学科体系,比较系统和全面地构建出人工智能的学科架构,为进一步深入研究与开发人工智能提供重要参考。希望国内外人工智能同仁对人工智能学科体系开展更深入的讨论,集思广益、推陈出新、逐步完善,共同为发展人工智能做出积极贡献。
  • 湘江实验室开放课题(22XJ02005)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金项目(2023JJ60491)
  • 国家工业和信息化部人工智能与实体经济深度融合创新项目
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2025年第43卷第8期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00504
  • 接收时间:2024-05-13
  • 首发时间:2025-06-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-13
  • 修回日期:2025-01-15
  • 录用日期:2025-04-09
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湘江实验室开放课题(22XJ02005)
湖南省自然科学基金项目(2023JJ60491)
国家工业和信息化部人工智能与实体经济深度融合创新项目
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    1. 湘江实验室, 长沙 410205
    2. 中南大学人工智能与机器人学研究所, 长沙 410083
    3. 湖南自兴智慧医疗科技有限公司, 长沙 410013
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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