Article(id=1146098716353598141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022360707816, articleNumber=null, orderNo=17, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00378, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712851200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-12, revisedDate=1718035200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-11, acceptedDate=1743609600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-03, onlineDate=1751180827462, onlineDateStr=2025-06-29, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1749052800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-06-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1751180827462, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-06-29, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751180827462, creator=18627231156, updateTime=1774079627557, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1146500022360707816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745769600000', pubDateStr='2025-04-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751276506271, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330523255, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195578088276195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022360707816, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195578088276196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022360707816, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=27, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1146098717343453894, articleId=1146098716353598141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=On the study of life phenomena and laws in extreme extraterrestrial analogue environments, columnId=1157710593584190220, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Special to S & T Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Searching for extraterrestrial life and achieving long−term extraterrestrial survival are fundamental philosophical question and technical challenges to be addressed by humankind. Life on Earth, especially in extreme environments, provides a unique analog for the study of extraterrestrial life. There are many natural extreme environments on Earth that resemble conditions on exoplanets. By studying life in similar environments, we can uncover the mechanisms of adaptation and survival strategies, deepen our understanding of the essence and boundaries of life, expand the category of habitable planets, and enrich our knowledge of human adaptation and survival limits. Focusing on the life survival strategies in the extreme extraterrestrial analogue environments such as extraterrestrial ocean analogues, Mars analogues, thoughts on core scientific questions, scientific goals and important research directions are presented. It is suggested that through the interdisciplinary intersection of life science, earth science, marine science and astrobiology, investigate the diversity of microorganisms in extraterrestrial extreme environments and the multi−level environmental adaptation mechanisms at the molecular, metabolic, cellular, and community levels; explore the metabolic patterns and survival strategies of the organism in extreme environments; develop a number of key generic technologies and platforms and promote the change of research paradigm in related fields based on big data and artificial intelligence. The study of survival strategies in extreme environment benefit to support national human spaceflight and deep space exploration missions, and provide fundamental and forward−looking scientific and technological reserves for the detection of extraterrestrial life and long−term extraterrestrial survival.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yinghui LI, Guangjun HE, Shuai DING, Chao YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146098720359158521, articleId=1146098716353598141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=关于开展类地外极端环境下生命现象和规律研究的建议, columnId=1150494644438708440, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=本刊专稿, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

地球生命特别是极端环境生命为地外生命研究提供了唯一的类比对象。围绕地球上类似地外海洋、类火星等极端环境生命和人的生存模式,探讨了相关研究的科学技术问题和重要研究方向。建议通过多学科深度交叉融合,聚焦类地外极端环境下微生物的多样性和多层次适应机制、机体在极端环境下的代谢模式和生存策略、类地外极端环境生命研究关键共性技术开发等重要研究方向,推动相关领域基于大数据和人工智能的研究范式变革。

, authors=

李莹辉,研究员,研究方向为航天医学,电子信箱:

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李莹辉 1 , 何光军 1 , 丁帅 2, 3 , 杨超 1
科技导报 | 本刊专稿 2025,43(8): 27-37
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科技导报 |本刊专稿 2025 , 43 (8) : 27 -37
关于开展类地外极端环境下生命现象和规律研究的建议
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李莹辉1 , 何光军1, 丁帅2, 3, 杨超1
作者信息
  • 1. 中国航天员科研训练中心航天医学全国重点实验室,北京 100094
  • 2. 合肥工业大学管理学院,合肥 230009
  • 3. 过程优化与智能决策教育部重点实验室,合肥 230009
On the study of life phenomena and laws in extreme extraterrestrial analogue environments
Yinghui LI1 , Guangjun HE1, Shuai DING2, 3, Chao YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
  • 2. School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Process Optimization and Intelligent Decision−making, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230009, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00378
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地球生命特别是极端环境生命为地外生命研究提供了唯一的类比对象。围绕地球上类似地外海洋、类火星等极端环境生命和人的生存模式,探讨了相关研究的科学技术问题和重要研究方向。建议通过多学科深度交叉融合,聚焦类地外极端环境下微生物的多样性和多层次适应机制、机体在极端环境下的代谢模式和生存策略、类地外极端环境生命研究关键共性技术开发等重要研究方向,推动相关领域基于大数据和人工智能的研究范式变革。

类地外  /  极端环境  /  生存模式

Searching for extraterrestrial life and achieving long−term extraterrestrial survival are fundamental philosophical question and technical challenges to be addressed by humankind. Life on Earth, especially in extreme environments, provides a unique analog for the study of extraterrestrial life. There are many natural extreme environments on Earth that resemble conditions on exoplanets. By studying life in similar environments, we can uncover the mechanisms of adaptation and survival strategies, deepen our understanding of the essence and boundaries of life, expand the category of habitable planets, and enrich our knowledge of human adaptation and survival limits. Focusing on the life survival strategies in the extreme extraterrestrial analogue environments such as extraterrestrial ocean analogues, Mars analogues, thoughts on core scientific questions, scientific goals and important research directions are presented. It is suggested that through the interdisciplinary intersection of life science, earth science, marine science and astrobiology, investigate the diversity of microorganisms in extraterrestrial extreme environments and the multi−level environmental adaptation mechanisms at the molecular, metabolic, cellular, and community levels; explore the metabolic patterns and survival strategies of the organism in extreme environments; develop a number of key generic technologies and platforms and promote the change of research paradigm in related fields based on big data and artificial intelligence. The study of survival strategies in extreme environment benefit to support national human spaceflight and deep space exploration missions, and provide fundamental and forward−looking scientific and technological reserves for the detection of extraterrestrial life and long−term extraterrestrial survival.

extraterrestrial analogue  /  extreme environments  /  survival strategies
李莹辉, 何光军, 丁帅, 杨超. 关于开展类地外极端环境下生命现象和规律研究的建议. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (8) : 27 -37 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00378
Yinghui LI, Guangjun HE, Shuai DING, Chao YANG. On the study of life phenomena and laws in extreme extraterrestrial analogue environments[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (8) : 27 -37 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00378
人类在宇宙中是否孤独、地外生命是否存在,这是亘古以来的未解之谜,也是人类不懈探索的前沿科学问题。人类能否实现地外生存、实现星际移民和文明拓展,这是人类一直以来的梦想,也是重大的技术挑战。当前人类已实现近地轨道长期驻留,对月球及更远天体探索的深空探测也进入空前活跃期[1-3]。地外生命探测、实现人的长期地外生存,既是破解长期困扰人类的宇宙及生命起源与演化等重大前沿科学问题的重要途径,也是人类文明星际拓展的基础,是多学科交叉融合的重要焦点,孕育着基础性科学发现和颠覆性技术突破[4-7]
直接的地外生命探测往往依赖深空探测等重大任务、地基或天基望远镜等大科学装置,但机会难得。地球上存在不少类似地外行星环境的天然极端环境,它们可能具备与生命起源或特定演化阶段相似的环境特征,因此立足地球,通过对地球生命特别是极端环境生命的研究、认识,可以为地外生命探测提供重要基础[8]。深入研究类似环境下的生命现象和规律,特别是生命生存适应模式和人的生存策略,对地外生命探测和载人深空探测并最终实现人的长期地外生存具有重要而深远的意义。这需要从战略高度进行前瞻布局,在重大研究计划实施、平台条件建设等方面加大投入,促进多学科深度交叉融合,造就一支跨专业创新研究队伍,支撑我国载人航天和深空探测战略任务。
本文围绕类地外海洋、类火星等极端环境,聚焦极端微生物和人类2个主要研究对象,对生命在类地外极端环境下的生存模式、环境适应机制和生存策略研究的核心科学问题和科学目标,特别是相关重要研究方向、关键共性技术开发和平台建设等提出研究建议。
随着航天技术的进步和深空探测任务的开展,人类对太阳系主要天体都进行了不同程度的探测[9],地外生命的探测是其中的重要方面。目前认为,火星、土卫二(Enceladus)、土卫六(Titan)、木卫二(Europa)是太阳系内最有可能存在生命的天体。
火星是行星探测的热点之一,1960年至今,人类已经实施了48次探测活动。我国“天问一号”通过一次任务完成了火星的环绕、着陆和巡视三大目标,迈出了我国深空探测特别的坚实步伐[9-10]。火星位于太阳系的潜在宜居带,相对地球生命仍是极端环境。现代火星大气稀薄,高辐射、寒冷干旱。气压不到地球大气压的1%,二氧化碳占96%(体积分数),氧气含量极低。平均温度约−60℃,昼夜温差超过100℃[11-12]。研究发现,早期火星表面可能存在液态水活动和适合嗜酸微生物存活的酸性盐湖[13],现代火星也可能有暂时性的地表水、地下水冰[14-15]。在盖尔撞击坑里发现了长链脂肪酸和痕量甲烷[16-17]。还发现类似火山热液泉形成的硅华沉积[18],地球上类似环境极可能存在极端微生物。另外,火星上还可能存在潜在的生物标志物磷酸盐[19]。一系列结果都暗示火星可能存在或曾经存在生命,但是都缺乏直接的证据,未来火星采样返回将为这一问题提供重要线索。
土星、木星的一些冰卫星也是地外生命探测的重点关注对象[20]。其冰层之下可能因潮汐力或放射性衰变的加热作用而存在液态海洋,存在支持生命起源的基本元素,具备生命产生的条件和一定的宜居性[20-21]。探测发现土卫二南极表面向外溅射出含水冰颗粒、二氧化碳、盐和多种有机物的羽流[22-25],暗示其内部可能存在液态水和类似地球前生命化学反应过程[26-27]。木卫二也可能存在地下海洋及羽流喷泉,海洋与其岩石层可能存在类似地球的深海热液喷口,为生命的起源和演化提供了必要的物质和能量[28]。土卫六存在以氮气和甲烷为主的浓厚大气,可进行较复杂的光化学反应,表面存在富含烷烃的海洋,可能具备生命起源和演化的条件[20, 29-30]
地球上存在着许多与地外类似的极端环境,如海洋中的热液环境、低/无氧环境、高压环境、海洋蓝洞、冷泉区与海洋沉积物等环境,地表中的盐碱与干旱、极端酸性、极度温差环境[31]。另外,距海平面20~100 km高度的临近空间,由于强辐射、低压、干燥、极度温差等特点,可以在一定程度上类比火星地表环境[32]。目前全球已有30多个类比地外天体研究点或环境,我国柴达木盆地也被列为类火星基地[33]。未来也会有更多高寒荒漠、冰川冻土、海洋蓝洞等类地外极端环境被发现。地球生命及其存在方式为研究可能的地外生命提供了唯一的类比对象[33]。对地球上类似地外环境的类比研究可以为地外生命探测提供新的思路和线索。
极端环境中的主要生命形式是微生物,目前已在−20℃低温到122℃高温环境,pH−0.06的酸性环境到pH12.5的碱性环境,35% 的盐度,125 MPa的高压环境,40~70 km高度的临近空间、10 km以下的深海等极端环境中,都发现了微生物的存在[34-36], 在低温−40℃至−60℃、营养贫瘠、高紫外辐射的南极干旱河谷的类火星极端环境中,也发现丰富的极端微生物群落[37]。这些发现既拓展了生命对物理化学环境的极限适应能力,也拓宽了宜居环境范围和生物圈的行星边界参数[38]。极端微生物携带着生命演化历程的丰富信息[39]。发现新的生命存在形式、解析其生存策略和环境适应机制[40-41]、开发极端环境微生物资源、发展适应极端环境的生物技术[42],对于认识生命起源和演化,地外生命探寻,地外原位资源利用,支撑可持续的地外生存等具有重要意义。
人类探索宇宙、寻找地外生命,除了满足自身好奇心,还有一个重要的目标是实现人的长期地外生存,实现星际移民和地球文明的空间拓展。虽然现代环控生保技术可以创造出适宜人较长时间生存的小型生态系统,鉴于长期星际飞行和地外驻留过程中生保物资匮乏,与社会隔离孤独,需要深入认识极端环境下人类如何生存和适应。相对极端生物,人类对生存条件的适应更为苛刻。极端环境对于人的生存、生理和心理都是严峻的挑战。需要深入认识人在类似环境下可行且有效的生存模式和生存策略研究,发展极端环境下生命现象和规律研究的关键共性技术,为载人深空探测任务提供前瞻性指导。
极端环境生命极其多样,相关的科学问题和研究方向也复杂多样。极端环境下微生物的发现、时空分布和多样性是有关微生物的基本科学问题;极端微生物有何独特生理代谢机制和适应调控;未培养微生物(微生物“暗物质”)如何识别挖掘,极端微生物独特的基因、蛋白和代谢产物等资源如何开发利用;人在星际飞行环境下采用何种生存模式和生存策略,如何实现;如何研究发现积累极端环境下人生理心理多维度变化特征规律、适应等。这一系列问题的解决需要通过生命科学、地球科学、海洋科学、天体生物学等多学科交叉融合,结合大数据、人工智能等新技术手段开展系统性研究。
中国拥有许多独特地理、地质、气候特点的环境区域,如青藏高原、柴达木盆地、海洋蓝洞等天然类地外极端环境;航天技术近年来的快速发展积累了特殊环境条件模拟的高仿真技术,具备建设类地外环境试验平台的能力。选择高盐、干燥、低氧、高/低压、极度温差、高二氧化碳等代表性条件,通过实地勘察、原位研究、样品采集、实验室研究、数据分析,突破极端环境研究共性关键技术,实现以下多层次目标:揭示单一及综合极端环境下微生物的时空分布、丰度和多样性,在分子、代谢、细胞、群落、环境响应等多个层面,阐明极端环境下生命的适应机制;建立和优化动物模型,探索极端环境下机体的生存模式和生存策略,特别是低代谢休眠的生物学机制,开发人工诱导休眠技术,休眠模式下机体的免疫调控和抗感染机制等;开发极端环境生命研究关键共性技术和平台。
通过极端环境下生命生存模式和生存策略研究,可深化对生命本质和生命边界的认识,丰富对人的适应规律和生存模式的理解,同时有利于支撑国家载人航天和深空探测任务,为地外生命探测特别是人的地外长期、健康生存提供前瞻性的理论指导和技术储备。
极端环境下生命生存策略的研究不仅限于实验室研究,也需深入类极端环境实地,通过原位研究、规范采样、实验室研究、多模态数据处理、模拟仿真等方式的紧密结合。因此,需采用多学科交叉研究手段,突破专业壁垒,通过多学科深度融合,提出新概念、新理论,开发新技术、新模型,建立新平台、新设施。
地球生命很可能起源于海洋,有些地外天体表面或固体表面以下也可能存在液态水、甲烷或氨等成分的海洋,对地外海洋的探索是地外生命探测、认识生命起源和演化的重要窗口[43-46]。地球上类似地外海洋的极端环境如深海热液、海洋蓝洞、水岩界面等,被认为可能是生命起源的热点[43, 47-49]。通过系统采样、原位研究和实验室研究结合宏基因组学等技术,揭示相关区域的微生物群落结构和功能类群,特别是不同时空尺度和沿特定化学梯度的微生物组成和丰度、代谢特征和动态变化;重点围绕化能自养、耐高压、厌氧、产甲烷、硫酸盐氧化还原等微生物。除了细菌、古菌、真菌等微生物,对极端环境下病毒的认识还很有限[50-51]。病毒作为地球上最丰富的介于生命与非生命之间生物实体,被认为在生命起源和演化中扮演了重要的角色[52]。综合利用分子生态学、宏基因组测序等技术认识极端环境下病毒的多样性、独特的生命存在形式、宿主选择和生命周期,研究病毒在基因水平转移、微生物群落结构形成、维持和演化中的作用,探索病毒在极端微生物技术中的应用潜力,为深化生命本质认识提供新的窗口,揭示其对人类的潜在威胁,为国家生物安全防控提供指导。
研究类地外海洋环境内高丰度微生物的独特生理代谢途径和环境适应性机制。利用基因组、转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组等多组学整合技术,研究微生物的多层次适应机制,发现关键调控元件、独特代谢途径,特别是围绕多种胁迫环境可诱导的细胞内活性氧产生和抗氧化系统,质膜组分变化,胞质中相容性溶质或特殊抗逆蛋白的积累,丰富生命对综合极端环境适应的共性机制和规律性认识。
研究微生物之间、微生物与环境相互作用和协同演化。选择海洋蓝洞、深海热液口、水岩界面等典型类地外海洋环境,通过长周期原位监测结合宏基因组、比较基因组和代谢组大数据分析,研究相对封闭生态系统物质循环和能量流动规律、稳态维持机制;发现前生命化学反应过程,揭示生物过程和无机过程驱动的碳、氮、硫循环机制。为特定生态系统响应外界环境变化甚至全球气候变化系统研究提供模式,也为地外生存小型生态系统的构建提供参考。
对地球上与火星过去或现在有类似特征的环境及其生命研究,对评估火星的宜居性、生命信号保存和探测具有重要意义[5, 53-54]。中国的柴达木盆地、青藏高原[55-57],南极干旱河谷等区域是世界上典型的类火星环境。临近空间具有高辐射、干燥、低压、极度温差等条件,也是一定程度上类比现代火星表面的独特极端环境[32, 58-60]。聚焦高盐干旱、强紫外辐射、极度温差等综合极端环境,通过实地考查、系统采样和实验室研究,揭示生境内微生物群落结构的时空分布格局,发现新的极端生命或生物标志物。为辨识和研判火星生命信号和生命存在的可能性提供参考。
研究微生物适应综合极端环境的策略和机制。从微生物对环境信号的感知识别、信号转导、基因表达调控、代谢网络重塑等层面揭示其响应机制,特别是从进化角度解析相关组分或途径的演化历程。从质膜、胞质组分、基因组稳定性、抗逆基因、生物被膜形成等层面阐明和丰富微生物对综合极端环境的适应性机制。
临近空间生命研究既包括对临近空间生物多样性的发现,也包括将模式生物带入临近空间环境后的响应和适应机制研究[32, 61]。相关研究需要多学科专业人员合作,开发能够有效避免地面和低空大气污染的样品采集技术,研制相关载荷;在此基础上,通过系统采样,结合宏基因组、单细胞基因组、培养组等技术,揭示临近空间微生物的多样性和时空动态分布。选择代表性的模式微生物进行临近空间暴露,重点围绕DNA损伤修复、休眠和低代谢、抗逆蛋白产生,揭示微生物短期响应和长期适应临近空间综合极端环境的机制,深入认识其生存策略。结合近地轨道空间站舱外暴露实验对比研究,丰富对综合极端环境下生命生存极限和生命跨星际传播的认识。
在未来载人深空探测中,航天员需要经历长时间、物资缺乏、地外孤独环境下的星际飞行,既有威胁健康的各类因素,更有直接影响能量变化的低变重力工况,最理想方式是进行低代谢休眠。休眠是许多生物应对不利环境的生存策略[62],特别是哺乳动物的冬眠现象最值得关注。通过休眠让生命时间“暂停”,既可节约生保物资、也可极大减轻长期空间飞行带来的健康和心理问题。因此,对人进行可控的低代谢状态的“休眠”很可能是星际飞行的关键技术[63-64]。“人类可以冬眠吗?”也是《Science》公布的最新125个重要科学问题之一。国内外基于动物模型开展了一系列研究[65-66]。从利用代谢抑制剂、中枢神经受体拮抗剂等诱导非休眠动物进入休眠状态[67-68],到发现磷酸化修饰在冬眠过程中能量代谢调控、蛋白质合成抑制中的作用[69-72],到发现冬眠与蛰眠(torpor)的控制中心在中枢神经系统,并在小鼠下丘脑的视前区找到调控蛰眠状态的神经元,激活这些神经元可诱导体温降低、能量消耗下降的类休眠状态[73-74]。最近研究发现,利用超声技术刺激下丘脑视前区,在啮齿动物中实现了非侵入式诱导的蛰眠样状态,并鉴定了超声敏感的关键分子[75],为人工诱导冬眠提供了新的手段。然而大部分研究还是基于非灵长类动物,基于灵长类休眠动物的休眠研究可能为人工诱导休眠提供重要线索[65, 76-77]
合适的动物模型是进行休眠相关研究的重要基础,通过建立并优化能够进行冬眠或“夏日”休眠的动物模型,在研究代谢、体温、呼吸频率、心率以及生物节律等冬眠生理学研究基础上,研究冬眠进入、维持和觉醒的分子机制及代谢调控模式。从比较生物学和冬眠的起源与进化角度研究冬眠的神经生物学机制,利用电生理、光遗传、超分辨率成像、脑类器官培养、细胞谱系追踪单细胞测序、空间转录组等技术,解析低温低代谢状态下自然冬眠动物与非冬眠动物在神经环路精细组装、神经元细胞亚群、功能基因等层面的差异性和保守性。利用定量磷酸化蛋白质组等技术,系统解析冬眠周期大脑磷酸化蛋白质组差异,从蛋白质修饰角度解析冬眠过程的分子基础[78]。从系统生物学角度,理解机体冬眠状态下物质和能量代谢差异、基因调控网络的重塑。筛选能够实现人工诱导低代谢及休眠的诱导物,开发诱导休眠的物理化学手段,特别是非侵入式低代谢休眠诱导技术。探索脑机接口技术在休眠诱导、维持及唤醒作用中的可能性。
休眠与肠道微生物关系是相关领域的重要研究方向。肠道微生物的组成结构与功能和宿主营养、代谢、行为和免疫等密切相关[79-80]。宿主休眠状态下食物缺乏、体温降低影响肠道微生物组,导致肠道免疫系统、上皮屏障功能等特征发生变化[81-83]。研究发现,地松鼠在冬眠期间,肠道微生物可以分解尿素产生氨和二氧化碳,将氮重新循环到血液中再次利用,促进冬眠期间宿主蛋白质的合成,部分解释了膳食氮缺乏情况下维持蛋白质合成的机制[84-85]。研究肠道微生物在宿主休眠的进入、维持中的作用及其机制有助于从不同角度开发人工诱导冬眠策略。
低代谢及休眠与机体免疫和感染状态的关系也是值得关注的课题。已有研究发现,休眠显著减少白细胞的数量,降低补体水平,影响细胞吞噬能力、细胞因子产生、淋巴细胞增殖和抗体产生,可能会增加感染风险[86-87]。综合利用分子生物学、单细胞转录组、空间转录组等技术系统研究不同冬眠阶段的免疫因子、免疫细胞、免疫器官变化,系统揭示冬眠对免疫系统的影响。休眠状态对动物感染病原菌影响的研究还很有限,相关认识目前主要来自对蝙蝠的研究[88-91]。蝙蝠是人畜共患病病毒的重要宿主,携带多种对人类具有高度致病性的病毒但自身不发病,表明蝙蝠可能进化出了独特的免疫系统从而更好地耐受这些病原体[89]。近十几年来,北美蝙蝠却遭遇了一种死亡率高达99% 的白鼻综合征,是目前哺乳动物中死亡率最高的传染病之一[92-93]。研究发现,病原体是一种嗜冷性真菌,冬眠的低温环境有利于该菌生长,容易侵染北美冬眠蝙蝠的毛囊和皮脂腺,破坏皮肤稳态机制,导致水分和电解质的流失,同时导致蝙蝠在冬眠过程中频繁苏醒,消耗大量能量,最终导致死亡[94-96]。由于低体温下大多数病原体也处于静息状态[97],因此需要重点关注嗜冷性病原菌感染。利用休眠动物模型,测试病原菌的皮肤感染和侵袭性感染能力,筛选治疗药物,解析感染机制,为后续长期空间飞行条件下的感染防控策略提供指导。
低代谢及休眠与抗逆的关系研究(图 1)。在细胞水平上,对休眠已有较深入的研究。研究发现,在肿瘤化疗过程中,癌细胞的耐药和复发很可能和癌细胞休眠密切相关。休眠中的癌细胞处于细胞周期停滞状态,新陈代谢大大降低,可以逃避免疫系统,对化疗药物产生耐受,在一定条件可以重新被激活[98-99]。针对休眠癌细胞的控制可能为癌症治疗提供新的思路[100-101]。与此类似,在抗生素治疗中,病原菌会形成高度耐药的细胞亚群(持留菌),导致慢性感染和复发性感染。研究发现,进入休眠、非分裂状态是导致持留菌耐药的重要原因[102-103]。从某种意义上说,药物处理对细胞是一种胁迫压力环境,休眠是对抗胁迫环境的一种有效生存策略。而在机体水平上,低代谢及休眠是否可以提高抗逆性(如抗微重力或空间辐射)是一个值得关注的问题。
极端环境生命研究需要科学与技术的紧密结合。由于生存环境的特殊性,相关研究需要适应极端环境的微生物保真采样技术、原位观测分析技术和现代微生物检测分析技术等一系列关键共性技术的支撑[104-106]。同时有必要在一些关键典型的区域建立野外观测站,进行长时间的系统观测。
围绕原位观测探测技术,特别是在拉曼、荧光、质谱、色谱等常用原位检测技术基础上,开发高灵敏度、高稳定性,适应特定极端环境的原位探测和分析技术。结合深度学习和生物特征识别等人工智能技术,实现原位生物过程、化学过程等数据的多参数、长时程获取,为后续地外天体原位探测和采样返回提供技术储备。选择若干典型类地外极端环境,开发类地外环境原位研究装置,实现集环境监测、评价、预警信息化一体化平台,进行长时间、系统性的环境及生物多样性监测研究,积累和丰富基础性检测数据。
微生物暗物质资源挖掘。极端环境中存在大量未培养微生物,利用宏基因组技术获得的海量基因组数据,需要开发准确高效的序列分析算法,识别微生物物种和遗传的多样性、识别新的基因和潜在功能[107-109]。突破若干微生物的培养或共培养技术,力争获得纯培养物或稳定的富集培养物,在此基础上建立基因编辑和遗传操作系统,为极端微生物种质、独特基因和生物酶、代谢产物的开发提供资源和技术储备。以极端微生物为底盘细胞,基于合成生物学理念和技术,为将来可持续的地外原位资源利用和地外生物制造奠定基础。
集成不同极端环境下的样本、环境参数和实验(基因组、转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组等)数据,加强对极端微生物资源数据的系统整合,提高数据标准化、数据可视化水平。建立相关数据库和交互共享的数据服务平台,服务科学研究和技术开发。借助大数据、机器学习、人工智能等新技术手段,建设数据密集型研究和数据驱动科学发现的支撑体系,推动相关领域研究范式的变革。
人类在未来载人深空探测和长期地外生存过程中,实时精准感知个体和群体的健康状态,实现高效的人机交互和智能决策具有重要意义。当前,以生成式人工智能为代表的新一代信息技术正在全球范围内引发各行业的大变革。其强大的知识编码、数据分析、任务推理、辅助决策等能力,成为未来跨域医疗健康数智系统的新型技术基座[110-113],催生了以大数据为纽带、以非接触健康感知技术和数智系统为代表的智慧健康服务模式[114-116]。围绕类地外极端环境下人员短期和长期值守过程,系统性探索非接触式生理信号监测与生理−情绪−行为耦合分析的交叉前沿问题关键技术,探究机体−情感−环境互作用的智能健康理解新模式,探索基于生成式人工智能的数智融合健康服务计算新模式,为类地外极端环境下感知人、理解人、支撑人提供技术储备。
对地球生命特别是极端环境生命的研究是地外生命探测的基石,通过对类地外极端环境下生命生存策略的研究,深化对生命本质和生命边界的认识,丰富对人的生存模式和生存策略的认识。支撑国家载人航天和深空探测任务,为地外生命探测,地外生存提供基础性和前瞻性的理论和技术储备。
中国在相关领域特别是极端微生物领域研究在广度和深度上有了长足进步,但是研究力量和成果分散,还没有形成合力。研究队伍的学科融合和专业交叉程度还有待提高。在不同类型极端环境下的微生物研究存在不平衡,特别是极端环境下病毒的研究还比较薄弱。在关注极端微生物的巨大利用前景同时,还需充分重视其潜在的生物安全风险。相关领域关键共性技术和平台的自主可控能力还需加强。因此,当前需要紧密抓住国家航天强国、海洋强国战略机遇,充分利用我国有组织科研的经验和优势,从战略高度和长远角度进行前瞻布局,在重大研究计划实施、关键技术攻关、平台条件建设等方面加大投入,推动国际合作并积极牵头主导相关领域国际大科学计划,提升中国科学家影响力和国际话语权,促进多学科深度交叉融合,打造跨专业的创新研究队伍,推动原创性科学发现和重大技术突破。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFA1104302)
  • 中国航天员科研训练中心航天医学全国重点实验室自主课题(SMFA22Q04)
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2025年第43卷第8期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00378
  • 接收时间:2024-04-12
  • 首发时间:2025-06-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-12
  • 修回日期:2024-06-11
  • 录用日期:2025-04-03
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFA1104302)
中国航天员科研训练中心航天医学全国重点实验室自主课题(SMFA22Q04)
作者信息
    1. 中国航天员科研训练中心航天医学全国重点实验室,北京 100094
    2. 合肥工业大学管理学院,合肥 230009
    3. 过程优化与智能决策教育部重点实验室,合肥 230009
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00378
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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