Article(id=1146098720799555821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022830469878, articleNumber=null, orderNo=19, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00316, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713628800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-21, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751180828523, onlineDateStr=2025-06-29, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1744992000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-04-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1751180828523, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-06-29, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751180828523, creator=18627231156, updateTime=1774079551505, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1146500022830469878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1743091200000', pubDateStr='2025-03-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751276506383, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330962150, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197418926355120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022830469878, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197418926355121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022830469878, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=39, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1146098722305310975, articleId=1146098720799555821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Integrating city information modeling with life cycle assessment for urban built environment: Framework and prospects, columnId=1172890533929304542, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive: Green Building and Urban Governance, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cities play a key role in sustainable development, and it is of great significance to quantify and assess the environmental impact of urban built environment. In this paper, the feasibility of integrating city information model (CIM) and lifecycle assessment (LCA) were systematically analyzed; an environmental impact assessment framework for urban built environment was proposed; the potential application value of the framework in a city’s life cycle was explored, and the development prospect of the integration of CIM and LCA was discussed. The study can help promote sustainable cities.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shu SU, Chu LIU, Jingfeng YUAN, Jingyi JU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingfeng YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146098732455526964, articleId=1146098720799555821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=集成城市信息模型的城市建成环境全生命周期评价:框架构建与前景探讨, columnId=1172890534105465311, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题:绿色建筑与城市治理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

城市是可持续发展的关键领域,量化评价城市建成环境的环境影响具有重要意义。系统分析了城市信息模型(CIM)与生命周期评价(LCA)集成的可行性,结果表明,CIM与LCA集成在技术上具备可行性,在效果上具备增强效应,且符合未来城市的发展需求。基于CIM平台数据,遵循LCA评价范式,探索构建了包括确定评估目标和范围、CIM数据提取、实景清单数据收集、环境影响量化评价与应用5个部分的城市建成环境CIM-LCA评价框架,并分析了该框架在城市全生命周期各个阶段的潜在应用价值,如规划阶段推演城市环境负荷、建设运行阶段监测城市环境影响等,探讨了CIM与LCA工具化发展前景。

, authors=

苏舒, 副教授, 研究方向为建筑可持续性评价与管理、智能建造管理等, 电子信箱:

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袁竞峰(通信作者), 教授, 研究方向为基础设施的全寿命周期管控、智慧建造与运维等, 电子信箱:
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苏舒, 副教授, 研究方向为建筑可持续性评价与管理、智能建造管理等, 电子信箱:

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建成环境领域 物理元素 生命周期阶段
建造 运营 维护 拆除
建筑 住宅建筑、公共建筑等
开放空间 绿化带、公园等
道路、广场、露天停车场等
管网 电力、供水、污水、天然气运输等管道
废水、生活垃圾等废弃物处理设施
交通运输 公交车、地铁等
私家车、出租车、电动车等
), ArticleFig(id=1242142940609458533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098720799555821, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

城市建成环境系统边界及构成要素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建成环境领域 物理元素 生命周期阶段
建造 运营 维护 拆除
建筑 住宅建筑、公共建筑等
开放空间 绿化带、公园等
道路、广场、露天停车场等
管网 电力、供水、污水、天然气运输等管道
废水、生活垃圾等废弃物处理设施
交通运输 公交车、地铁等
私家车、出租车、电动车等
), ArticleFig(id=1242142940680761704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098720799555821, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段 CIM提取/计算参数 其他数据 计算方法/工具 实景清单数据
建造阶段 几何信息(长度、面积、体积)、材料属性(类型、密度等)、施工设备属性(台班、功率等)等 工程量定额 定额软件 材料消耗量、机械设备能耗
运营阶段 建筑围护结构属性(类型、热工性能等)、窗墙比等 气象参数、设备运行方式、人员活动情况等 能耗模拟软件 能源消耗量、水资源消耗量
维护阶段 建筑寿命、构件寿命、构件更新次数等 工程量定额 定额软件 材料消耗量、机械设备能耗
拆除阶段 废物材料体积、废物材料质量、运输距离等 不同废物处理方式、单位废物处理能耗、单位里程运输能耗等 公式计算 废物运输能耗、废物处理能耗
), ArticleFig(id=1242142940760453483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098720799555821, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

建筑实景清单数据分析思路

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段 CIM提取/计算参数 其他数据 计算方法/工具 实景清单数据
建造阶段 几何信息(长度、面积、体积)、材料属性(类型、密度等)、施工设备属性(台班、功率等)等 工程量定额 定额软件 材料消耗量、机械设备能耗
运营阶段 建筑围护结构属性(类型、热工性能等)、窗墙比等 气象参数、设备运行方式、人员活动情况等 能耗模拟软件 能源消耗量、水资源消耗量
维护阶段 建筑寿命、构件寿命、构件更新次数等 工程量定额 定额软件 材料消耗量、机械设备能耗
拆除阶段 废物材料体积、废物材料质量、运输距离等 不同废物处理方式、单位废物处理能耗、单位里程运输能耗等 公式计算 废物运输能耗、废物处理能耗
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物理要素 阶段 CIM提取/计算参数 其他数据 计算方法/工具 实景清单数据
市政管网 建造、维护拆除阶段 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 材料消耗量、机械设备消耗量等
废物管理设施 建造、维护拆除阶段 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 材料消耗量、机械设备消耗量等
运营阶段 供水总量、城市人口总量 损耗系数、单位体积废水处理能耗、人均生活垃圾产量、废物处理工艺能耗 公式计算 废水处理能耗生活垃圾处理能耗
), ArticleFig(id=1242142940890476912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098720799555821, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

管网实景清单数据分析思路

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市政管网 建造、维护拆除阶段 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 材料消耗量、机械设备消耗量等
废物管理设施 建造、维护拆除阶段 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 材料消耗量、机械设备消耗量等
运营阶段 供水总量、城市人口总量 损耗系数、单位体积废水处理能耗、人均生活垃圾产量、废物处理工艺能耗 公式计算 废水处理能耗生活垃圾处理能耗
), ArticleFig(id=1242142940978557299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098720799555821, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
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植被绿化 运营阶段 绿地位置、绿地面积、植物类型、各类植物面积等 叶面积指数、单位叶面积碳固存量 公式计算 植被碳固量
维护阶段 绿地位置、绿地面积、植物类型、各类植物面积等 单位面积植物需水量、需水量修正系数、植物维护能耗指数 公式计算 植被灌溉需水量、植被维护修剪能耗
露天公共设施 建造、拆除阶段 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 材料消耗量、机械设备能源消耗量、废物运输能耗与处理能耗
运营阶段 路灯数量、路灯功率 日使用时长 公式计算 路灯日电能消耗量
维护阶段 路网长度、清洁计划、日清洁距离、修复计划、日修复距离 单位距离清洁用水量、单位距离修复能耗 公式计算 道路清洁用水量、道路损坏修复能耗
), ArticleFig(id=1242142941054054773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098720799555821, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

开放空间实景清单数据计算思路

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物理要素 阶段 CIM提取/计算参数 其他数据 计算方法/工具 实景清单数据
植被绿化 运营阶段 绿地位置、绿地面积、植物类型、各类植物面积等 叶面积指数、单位叶面积碳固存量 公式计算 植被碳固量
维护阶段 绿地位置、绿地面积、植物类型、各类植物面积等 单位面积植物需水量、需水量修正系数、植物维护能耗指数 公式计算 植被灌溉需水量、植被维护修剪能耗
露天公共设施 建造、拆除阶段 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 参考建筑项目 材料消耗量、机械设备能源消耗量、废物运输能耗与处理能耗
运营阶段 路灯数量、路灯功率 日使用时长 公式计算 路灯日电能消耗量
维护阶段 路网长度、清洁计划、日清洁距离、修复计划、日修复距离 单位距离清洁用水量、单位距离修复能耗 公式计算 道路清洁用水量、道路损坏修复能耗
), ArticleFig(id=1242142941112775032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098720799555821, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理要素 阶段 CIM提取/计算参数 其他数据 计算方法/工具 实景清单数据
私人交通 运营阶段 土地利用方式(土地类型、土地面积等)、路网长度和容量等 社会经济因素、车辆能耗功率 车辆行驶里程模型、公式计算 私人交通日行驶能耗
公共交通 运营阶段 路网长度、路网连接形式等 行驶频率、车辆能耗功率 公式计算 公共交通日行驶能耗
), ArticleFig(id=1242142941175689595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098720799555821, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

交通运输实景清单数据计算思路

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物理要素 阶段 CIM提取/计算参数 其他数据 计算方法/工具 实景清单数据
私人交通 运营阶段 土地利用方式(土地类型、土地面积等)、路网长度和容量等 社会经济因素、车辆能耗功率 车辆行驶里程模型、公式计算 私人交通日行驶能耗
公共交通 运营阶段 路网长度、路网连接形式等 行驶频率、车辆能耗功率 公式计算 公共交通日行驶能耗
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集成城市信息模型的城市建成环境全生命周期评价:框架构建与前景探讨
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苏舒 1 , 刘矗 1 , 袁竞峰 1, * , 鞠婧宜 2
科技导报 | 特色专题:绿色建筑与城市治理 2025,43(6): 39-49
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科技导报 |特色专题:绿色建筑与城市治理 2025 , 43 (6) : 39 -49
集成城市信息模型的城市建成环境全生命周期评价:框架构建与前景探讨
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苏舒1 , 刘矗1, 袁竞峰1, * , 鞠婧宜2
作者信息
  • 1. 东南大学土木工程学院, 南京 211189
  • 2. 南京大学工程管理学院, 南京 210008
通讯作者:
袁竞峰(通信作者), 教授, 研究方向为基础设施的全寿命周期管控、智慧建造与运维等, 电子信箱:
Integrating city information modeling with life cycle assessment for urban built environment: Framework and prospects
Shu SU1 , Chu LIU1, Jingfeng YUAN1, * , Jingyi JU2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
  • 2. School of Engineering Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00316
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城市是可持续发展的关键领域,量化评价城市建成环境的环境影响具有重要意义。系统分析了城市信息模型(CIM)与生命周期评价(LCA)集成的可行性,结果表明,CIM与LCA集成在技术上具备可行性,在效果上具备增强效应,且符合未来城市的发展需求。基于CIM平台数据,遵循LCA评价范式,探索构建了包括确定评估目标和范围、CIM数据提取、实景清单数据收集、环境影响量化评价与应用5个部分的城市建成环境CIM-LCA评价框架,并分析了该框架在城市全生命周期各个阶段的潜在应用价值,如规划阶段推演城市环境负荷、建设运行阶段监测城市环境影响等,探讨了CIM与LCA工具化发展前景。

城市信息模型(CIM)  /  生命周期评价(LCA)  /  建成环境  /  环境影响

Cities play a key role in sustainable development, and it is of great significance to quantify and assess the environmental impact of urban built environment. In this paper, the feasibility of integrating city information model (CIM) and lifecycle assessment (LCA) were systematically analyzed; an environmental impact assessment framework for urban built environment was proposed; the potential application value of the framework in a city’s life cycle was explored, and the development prospect of the integration of CIM and LCA was discussed. The study can help promote sustainable cities.

City information modeling (CIM)  /  Life cycle assessment (LCA)  /  built environment  /  environmental impact
苏舒, 刘矗, 袁竞峰, 鞠婧宜. 集成城市信息模型的城市建成环境全生命周期评价:框架构建与前景探讨. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (6) : 39 -49 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00316
Shu SU, Chu LIU, Jingfeng YUAN, Jingyi JU. Integrating city information modeling with life cycle assessment for urban built environment: Framework and prospects[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (6) : 39 -49 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00316
城市容纳着全球一半以上的人口[1],其快速发展有效支撑城市居民生活物质水平,但是也面临可持续发展和数字化转型的重要挑战。据统计,城市的能源消耗占全球总量的2/3,相关温室气体排放占总量的70%[2],城市是决定可持续发展的关键领域。联合国可持续发展峰会将城市定为第11个可持续发展目标(sustainable development goal 11),强调要加强可持续城市建设。作为最大的发展中国家,中国正在大力推进“碳达峰、碳中和”战略,国家发展和改革委员会于2022年7月印发了《“十四五”新型城镇化实施方案》,明确可持续城市建设要求。同时,以物联网、大数据、人工智能为基础的第四代信息技术正在快速发展,全球各国正在推进城市建设与管理的智能化与数字化转型,如新加坡“智慧国家2025”、韩国“数字首尔2020计划”、芬兰“赫尔辛基数字城市项目”[3]等。在《“十四五”国家信息化规划》中明确指出,通过物联网、大数据分析等技术,将提升城市运行和社会治理的数字化水平。可持续和数字化是中国未来一段时期内城市发展的2个重要特征和必然趋势[45],两者相互促进,城市数字化建设为可持续发展提供现实路径,可持续目标刺激城市数字化水平提升[6]
建成环境是指为人类活动而提供的人造环境,它涵盖了建筑、道路、桥梁、公园等各种人工设施,其能源消耗量占全球总能耗的62%,温室气体排放占总排量的55%,相关环境影响(environmental impact,EI)在整个城市系统中占比很大[7]。对城市建成环境的EI予以客观科学的量化评价,对于识别城市可持续发展的关键影响因素、提出科学有效的优化措施具有重要的价值意义。生命周期评估(life cycle assessment,LCA)作为国际上发展成熟、获ISO权威标准支持的环境影响评价与管理经典方法[8],被认为是开展城市建成环境EI评价最稳健、最有效的系统方法[910],已经在多个国家地区得到广泛应用。但是建成环境的LCA评价依赖大量的基础数据,面临着种类较多、采集相对困难、颗粒度较粗等困境[11],一定程度上降低了评价结果的准确性以及管理的有效性,是建成环境LCA评价亟需突破的难题。
随着数字化城市建设逐渐深入,城市信息模型(city information modeling,CIM)在近年来得到快速发展。CIM通常被认为集成了地理信息系统(geographical information system,GIS)、建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)以及物联网(internet of things,IoT)技术[12],包含丰富的城市信息数据,可以为LCA评价提供基本信息和数据支持[13]
本文将LCA这一环境影响评价管理经典方法与CIM有机融合,利用CIM平台实现细颗粒度数据的快速有效提取,支持系统全面的建成环境EI评估分析,在城市全生命周期各阶段辅助科学规划与决策。
LCA遵循从“摇篮”到“坟墓”的全生命周期评价理念,对产品/服务的原材料开采至最终废弃物处理的全过程进行环境影响定量评价[13]。LCA方法具有客观性、系统性、开放性、因果性等特点[14],评价步骤包括:目的和范围确定、清单分析、影响评价和解释(图 1[8]。经过数十年发展,LCA已经在技术研发、绿色制造、清洁生产等各个行业领域有着广泛的应用,助力节能减排、生态文明等可持续发展目标的实现[15]
近年来,对城市建成环境开展LCA评价成为具有研究价值和潜力的新兴方向,欧洲、北美等发达国家开展了大量实践研究[16]。Nichols等[17]运用LCA方法量化了美国德克萨斯州奥斯汀4个社区建成环境的能源消耗;Christofer等[18]构建参数化LCA模型,对采用不同规划方案的社区建成环境进行影响评价等。建成环境LCA评价需要收集包括建筑、基础设施、交通运输等多类数据。目前评价中使用的实景清单数据大多是基于国家或地区平均数据,Zhang等[19]利用人均生活资源消耗量和总人口量估算总消耗量;Lausselet等[20]采用总建筑面积、总道路面积、总车辆里程数乘以相应的温室气体排放强度评估社区碳排放量。这些研究认为具有相同人口数量或建筑面积的城市具备同样的环境影响水平,忽视城市空间形态、建筑特点、交通网路布局等对评价结果的影响。研究表明:城市低住宅密度建设方案的能源消耗和污染物排放水平是高住宅密度建设方案的1.5~2倍[17],采用紧凑形态空间布局的城市往往具备较低的碳排放水平[21]。因此,目前研究采用的粗颗粒度数据可能在一定程度上降低了评价结果的针对性和实用价值。
CIM概念最早由Khemlani[12]于2007年提出,被认为是对BIM的延展。中国自2018年启动CIM试点城市建设,包括北京、广州、南京等在内的90多个城市积极参与,已实现了从“0”到“1”的突破[22]。目前较多软件平台支持CIM建模与可视化呈现,如Skyline、SuperMap、DIVA2022 CIM等。
CIM模型既包括建筑、道路等元素的材料、构件等内部细节信息,也包括外部地理位置和空间信息,能够支持信息的存储、提取、更新和修改,是一个数据与信息集成的共享平台[12, 23]。具体来说,一个城市的CIM模型同时包括BIM、GIS、IoT这3类数据,BIM可提供建筑物具体构件的长度、宽度、厚度等空间几何信息,构件间的空间拓扑结构信息,以及构件的材料、性能等语义信息;GIS可提供地理空间信息,包括点状(如路灯、垃圾桶)、线状(如管道、道路)、面状(如广场、绿地)对象的空间坐标位置;IoT作为城市动态运行数据采集的主要手段,可提供诸如建筑能耗[24]、城市管网流量[25]、交通流量[26]等数据。常见IoT设备包括智能家居设备、工业智能网关、传感器、控制器、无线标签和摄像头等。总之,CIM可以存储并提供丰富、准确的城市宏微观各个层级与多尺度的细节信息与数据,能为城市运营管理提供有效支持。
CIM被视为数字城市的基础性平台,可用于城市规划、建设、运营等阶段的数据集成与管理,为城市的科学决策提供支持。青岛中德未来城基于CIM平台构建多元博弈模型,推演城市发展动力与用地功能,协助规划方案设计[27];Mohamed等[28]通过城市CIM模型获取建筑类型、面积、建设时间、预计居住人口等信息,分析不同开发方案下的淡水消耗量和能源需求量,优化城市空间布局方案;新加坡南洋理工大学的校园CIM模型通过传感器实时收集建筑的能耗情况,辅助节能决策,优化校园运行过程中的能源管理[29]
将CIM模型与LCA评价进行有机集成,在技术上具备可行性,在效果上具备增强效应,并符合未来城市的发展趋势与诉求,对智慧低碳城市建设与管理具有重要的价值。
首先,CIM与LCA集成在技术上具备可行性。CIM通常被认为是BIM、GIS和IoT的集成建模,当前已有大量学者集成BIM/GIS与LCA开展环境影响评价研究与实践。BIM可基于工业基础类(industry foundation classes,IFC)数据格式标准提供建筑构件的几何与语义信息,实现BIM与LCA的数据集成[30],两者结合可用于建筑设计指导与方案优化[31]、运营能耗模拟与设备选型指导[32]、废弃物处置方案评估[33]等;GIS基于城市地理标记语言(city geography markup language,CityGML)数据格式标准提供地理空间信息,实现GIS与LCA数据集成[34],两者结合多用于空间特征的管理分析,如生物能源的分布与运输规划[35]、建筑综合体地理布局指导[36]等。IoT基于可扩展标记语言(extensible markup language,XML)、JavaScript对象表示法(JavaScript object notation,JSON)等数据格式标准实现数据交换与共享[3738],为LCA评价提供城市动态运行数据[39]。基于CIM建模过程中所采用的方法和软件平台,建成环境数据与LCA评价数据集成交互,完成LCA评价。上述研究表明,CIM与LCA集成有较大潜力。此外,作者团队在以往研究中探索构建了CIM与LCA集成框架,并应用于大学校园碳排放量化[13],提供了重要的参考借鉴。
其次,CIM与LCA集成在效果上具备增强效应。一方面,城市LCA评价面临数据采集困难、颗粒度较粗等问题,已有研究较多采用统计数据或者国家平均值数据[1920],忽略了城市的异质性,降低了评价结果的代表性。CIM模型可以提供受评城市由点到面的数据,既包括微观的构件信息,又包括大尺度的地理空间信息,信息精准度较高,能够有效反映受评城市的实际情况,数据质量好[12],可在一定程度上解决当前城市LCA研究面临的数据困难。另一方面,CIM作为智慧城市的数字底座,其核心价值是服务于城市的运行管理,让海量数据发挥实际价值[40]。CIM与LCA的集成可以更加精确地量化城市相关的环境影响,辅助识别出主要影响因素,制定合理措施以推进城市环境可持续发展,让CIM平台和数据切实发挥应用价值。
最后,CIM与LCA集成符合未来城市的发展需求。在物联网、大数据等新一代信息技术催生的第四次工业革命背景下,低碳化和数字化成为未来新型城市的发展内涵[4],可持续发展理念与数字化机遇互动融合是城市发展的重要趋势与主旋律[41],CIM与LCA的结合是应运而生。
基于CIM平台数据,遵循LCA评价范式,本文构建了城市建成环境的CIM-LCA评价框架,如图 2所示[13],包括以下5个部分:确定评估目标和范围、CIM数据提取、实景清单数据收集、环境影响量化评价与应用。其中,CIM模型主要用于提供受评城市的基本信息,支撑评价中实景清单流的计算分析;LCA则用于开展清单分析、特征化、加权等,将城市的实景清单流转化为最终的EI评价结果。
城市建成环境主要包括建筑、开放空间、管网和交通运输4个领域[42]。本研究将覆盖全生命周期各个阶段:原材料生产与施工建造、运营、维护更新以及拆除处置。综合考虑不同阶段建成环境领域的特点,梳理构成要素,具体如表 1所示。评估人员根据不同的研究目标与分析视角,可以使用空间(单位居住面积、单位建筑面积等)或人均(居民、家庭等)作为评价的功能单位,也可以将功能单位定义为整个受评城市。
本研究关注的是建成环境,忽略在城市内发生的、与日常生活和生产活动相关的能源需求,如食品加工、化工生产、电器制造等。建筑相关的评价覆盖全生命周期,包括各种资源能源消耗(建筑材料、制冷/采暖、电器使用、建筑垃圾处理等);植被绿化(绿化带、公园等)的建造与拆除通常与城市规划更新有关,本文重点考虑其运营和维护阶段,此外还有道路、广场等开放空间也会产生环境影响;管网中的市政管网(电力、供水、污水、天然气运输等管道)被视作“被动元素”,其运输的电、水、燃气主要用于支持建筑物和开放空间的运营使用[16],故不再重复考虑,只分析管道材料在建造、维护、拆除阶段所产生的环境影响;废水、生活垃圾等废弃物处理设施作为废物管理网络的终点,也划分入“管网”这一建成环境领域;交通运输只考虑城市内部交通工具(私家车、出租车、地铁、公交车以及道路清洁车)行驶的燃料消耗,把受评城市视作封闭空间。
CIM模型可以提供受评城市建成环境的基本参数和属性数据,辅以其他计算方法、模拟工具等,可以获取城市建成环境的实景清单数据流,实景清单数据是清单分析的基础数据,包括:钢筋、混凝土等各类材料消耗量,电、汽油、柴油等能源消耗量,水资源消耗量,植被碳固量等。下文将分别介绍建成环境中4个不同领域生命周期各阶段实景清单的计算分析思路。
建筑全生命周期的实景清单数据包括建造过程的材料消耗量与机械设备耗能量、运营过程中的能源消耗量与水资源消耗量、用于维护更新的材料消耗量与机械设备耗能量、废物运输与处理过程中的能耗等。CIM模型提供建筑属性信息、构件几何信息、材料语义等信息,结合能耗模拟软件、清单计价软件等工具可以计算获取建筑全周期的实景清单数据,具体思路如表 2所示。
如果受评城市的CIM模型中已经包含丰富的IoT设备,能够准确提供相关的监测数据,可有效减轻评价中的计算量。如:在建筑的施工建造阶段,通过现场的智能水控与电控系统、物资材料与机械设备管理系统等获取施工用电量、用水量、材料用量、施工机械设备运行台班数据等[43];在建筑运营阶段,使用传感器实时采集建筑用能、用水信息,还可以监测建筑室内环境质量[23];在维护更新阶段,可在CIM平台上接入设备运行监控及故障分析系统,及时获取建筑维护更新记录各类材料及能源消耗的记录[44]
管网包括市政管网(电力、供水、污水、天然气等管道)和废物管理设施(废水、生活垃圾等废弃物处理厂)。由于管网和废物管理设施的建造、维护更新和拆除过程与建筑项目基本类似,相关的材料消耗量和机械设备能源消耗量计算可以参考建筑项目计算的方法。废物管理设施运营阶段的实景清单数据包括废水处理能耗与生活垃圾处理能耗,可通过CIM模型获取的城市供水总量、城市废水总量、城市人口数据等信息,结合公式进行估算,具体思路如表 3所示。如果受评城市的CIM模型中已经包含丰富的IoT设备,可以通过传感器获取相关的监测数据,辅助评价计算。
开放空间分为植被绿化(绿化带、公园等)与露天公共设施(道路、广场、露天停车场等)。植被绿化的实景清单数据包括碳固量、绿化灌溉维养的用水量用能量等;露天公共设施在建造阶段和拆除阶段的环境影响评价可参考建筑项目,运营维护阶段的实景清单数据主要包括路灯照明能耗,道路清洁用水量,道路修复能耗等。计算思路如表 4所示。
如果受评城市的CIM模型中已经包含丰富的IoT设备,可以获得城市的遥感影像数据,辅助评估城市植被碳固量[45];采集路灯各回路电流与电压信息,快速评估城市路灯照明用电量[46];在维护阶段,可在CIM接入物联网灌溉系统,更精确计算出绿化灌溉用水量等。
交通运输的实景清单数据包括私人交通(出租车、私家车、电动车等)和公共交通(公交车、地铁、道路清洗车等)的所产生的能源消耗量,根据各个交通类型的行驶距离、能耗功率等进行计算。各车型能耗功率数据可通过统计报告与文献调研等方式获取;私人交通日行驶距离可以由车辆行驶里程模型计算获得,例如MXD[47]、SURE[48]模型等;公共交通出行计划是固定的,总行驶距离可以根据行驶频率与单次行驶距离获得,计算思路如表 5所示。如采用交通监控摄像头、交通流量监测仪等传感器设备,可以快速准确地获取交通流量信息[26],支撑分析评估。
遵循LCA的评价范式,环境影响量化评价包括清单分析与影响评价2个主要步骤,如图 3所示[8]。在清单分析中,将城市建成环境的实景清单数据与背景清单数据相结合,可以量化城市建成环境在生命周期内的输入(原材料、能源等消耗)和输出(大气、水体、土壤等污染物排放),汇总得到投入产出清单列表。常用的背景数据库有:Ecoinvent、ELCD(European reference life cycle database)、CLCD(Chinese life cycle database)数据库等。植物等吸收的二氧化碳量为碳汇,应从排放量中减去。
影响评价中,将汇总得到的清单列表转化为具体的影响类别的指标参数,以此评估环境影响。影响评价包括分类表征、特征化与加权3个步骤[8]:分类是将环境影响划分为多种类型,本框架中主要考虑生态和资源这2个常见的保护领域,细分为全球变暖、富营养化、化石能源消耗等多种影响类型;特征化为各影响类型选取代表当量污染物质,量化投入产出清单物质对于不同影响类别的相对贡献,如CO2和CH4都能引起全球变暖,选取CO2作为当量污染物,将CH4等其他温室气体的温室效应用CO2当量表示,实现了各种污染物温室效应的比较与计算;加权是量化各影响类别的相对严重程度,最终汇总成一个环境影响值,以便于比较和决策。目前常用的加权评估方法有目标距离法、货币化法、专家打分法等。
目前LCA评价研究呈现工具化发展趋势,世界各地也开发了许多成熟的评估软件。例如:美国的Gabi软件、荷兰的SimaPro软件和中国的eBalance软件等。本框架中在使用CIM获取城市相关数据之后,后续的LCA评价可以通过在软件中建立模型、设定参数、选取权重、评价计算等步骤完成。
解释部分是对环境影响量化评价进行结果分析,并形成结论和建议[8]。基于CIM平台,可实现评价结果的空间可视化,并支持对比分析,包括评价结果整体分析、分阶段环境影响占比分析、分类型环境影响对比分析、影响因素敏感性分析、评价中的不确定性分析等,基于评价结果可以识别影响城市建成环境的关键影响因素,进而提出具体的优化建议,辅助城市可持续发展的科学决策。
在城市规划阶段,可以应用CIM-LCA评价框架,结合规划设计方案和相关指标参数,评估推演未来城市建成环境可能产生的环境负荷,形成环境影响画像,辅助优化城市空间布局和规划设计方案。
在城市建筑规划方面,可使用CIM平台获取规划区域的用地面积、用地性质、建筑面积等[49],据此计算分析人均环境影响量、建筑碳汇指数、环境影响密度等指标,指导用地功能、景观配置、户型结构等建筑优化策略实施。例如,当人均环境影响值较高时,可以考虑提高土地利用率,增加混合用地比例;当建筑碳汇指数较低时,可以优化建筑绿化设计,扩大建筑绿地有效面积;当建筑环境碳密度较高时,可以优化节能减排设计,减少建筑能耗。
在城市交通规划方面,可以通过CIM平台进行城市用地推演[27],模拟不同用地布局下的交通规划方案,并评估计算相应的环境影响值,在保证交通可达性的基础上,选择环境影响最低的路网规划方案。
在城市建设阶段,使用CIM-LCA框架对建造建设活动开展环境影响评价,识别出环境影响较大的施工环节和关键影响因素,及时调整优化。例如,发现重复施工、材料损耗率高等问题,及时优化施工方案与加强现场管理,降低材料消耗量;也可能识别出机械老化,设备使用不当等问题,通过更新高性能设备与调整设备管理方案,降低能源消耗量。
在施工环境监管方面,可运用IoT技术采集和监测施工现场的环境数据,如扬尘量、有害气体排放量、噪声等[50],并建立数据库进行持续跟踪和分析,实现施工环境的自动综合监测和监管协同。例如,当施工现场粉尘浓度过高时,开启智能喷淋系统,及时洒水降尘;当有害气体排放超标时,开启活性炭吸附、催化燃烧等空气净化装置,防止对大气造成污染;当噪声较大时,设置消音装置或隔音屏障,减少噪声传播。
CIM-LCA框架还能整合受评分析区域内不同的施工项目,实现多场景的协同监管,统筹不同项目之间信息,从区域尺度上实现建筑项目群监管,并能对施工项目的供应链进行管理,优化供应商选择与物料运输路径等[5152]
在城市运行阶段,结合IoT传感器,可实时采集、传输和监测区域建筑、街道路灯、交通运输等信息[28, 53],评估环境影响并利用可视化技术进行强度分析,动态掌握城市运行过程中环境影响变化,及时通知相应责任主体采取控制优化措施,为城市的可持续管理提供有效支撑。如对于高能耗建筑,可采取增加保温层、更换节能型门窗等节能改造措施;对于高能耗路灯,设置合理的照明时长、亮度等;对于交通能耗强度较高街道,采取区域限行、交通信号灯控制等流量管控手段。
此外,CIM-LCA框架可以用于优化城市运维管理方式。建立以政府CIM环境管理平台为主体的责任分配机制,协调城市环境管理的各专业部门,支持人、物、事等关键要素的明确和有效契合,以及其责、权、利关系的科学界定[54]。该平台可以集成传感器监测数据自动上传和部分数据手动录入,实现政府主体自上而下和各部门主体自下而上环境管理的双向结合,提高环境监管效率和质量,确保政府与各部门主体的环境信息沟通。
本文构建了适用于城市建成环境的CIM-LCA评价框架,明确了评价流程及参数需求,但是部分步骤仍需手动进行数据转化和处理,互操作性问题尚未解决,难以充分发挥CIM与LCA的集成优势。推动CIM与LCA的深度集成与工具化发展,对于推动自动化评价的实现具有重要的价值意义。基于目前学者对LCA工具化发展的一些构想,本文提出以下3个发展方向。
本文所构建的评价方法是手动将建成环境相关的数据信息从CIM中提取并导出,存储在Excel表格中,再用于后续的LCA计算。这一过程完全由人工操作完成,耗时且易出错。未来一个重要的发展方向是可以在.NET环境框架下,利用面向编程对象语言(如C#、Java、C++等)编写应用程序从CIM软件的API接口中访问和自动提取评价所需要的建成环境数据信息[55],并基于语义网络规则(SWRL)来定义描述CIM数据及其关系[56],之后调用SWRL推理引擎来执行推理,生成评价所需的数据集,然后导入外部数据库(如,MySQL、Access等)中实现自动化交换。之后,在相应的外部数据库中建立LCA的数据表,进行关联链接,实现评价计算(图 4)。
这一集成策略借助外部脚本工具,减少人工手动操作,提高评价过程的自动化水平,但很难支持迭代设计。如果CIM模型更新,新生成的数据需要重新与LCA数据进行链接。因此,这一方案不适合用于早期设计阶段的方案比选。
在CIM软件平台中开发不同功能的LCA插件,包括分析施工过程的环境影响,模拟运营中的能耗等[5758],以期最大限度地在CIM软件中完成LCA分析流程。依据统一数据格式标准,如IFC、CityGML或者OWL(Web Ontology Language),LCA插件能够快速获取CIM模型中相关数据,如材料使用量、建筑围护结构参数等,在插件中补充其他评价所需的参数,如施工工艺、气候环境、基础清单数据集、特征化因子等,即可在CIM软件内完成LCA评价计算分析(图 5)。
此集成策略是将不同功能的LCA插件内嵌于CIM软件,CIM模型可以随设计方案调整,能够支持早期设计阶段的方案比选,识别城市建成环境中最重要的环境影响因素。然而,由于LCA插件中使用的数据大多来源于通用数据库,往往是适用于大尺度范围内的数据,如全国范围的,使用者进行更新和自由选择的难度较大,数据缺乏区域特性,可能会导致评价结果不够精确。
将LCA评价的环境影响数值直接作为一类属性,以参数形式添加到CIM模型的对象中,与原有的几何信息和语义信息关联,实现快速调用与评价分析[59]。在CIM建模过程中,不仅需要设定构件的尺寸、材料属性等信息,还需要为其添加相应的LCA信息。模型中诸如梁、柱等常见对象将拥有包括长度、高度、环境影响值等属性(图 6)。
这一策略简化了CIM对于LCA数据的访问,可在城市全生命周期中提供环境影响的实时信息来支持优化。但是这一策略对数据要求较高,需要建立完整的CIM信息数据库和LCA评价数据库。并且由于创建的文件数据信息非常大,可能存在着系统无响应的风险,也可能海量数据集成与处理中存在错误与缺失风险。
可持续和数字化是中国城市发展的重要趋势和关键方向。本文在对城市建成环境影响评价过程中引入了CIM模型,构建CIM-LCA集成框架开展全生命周期各阶段环境影响评价,论证了CIM与LCA方法相结合具有理论可行性和实践可操作性,为城市建成环境影响评价提供理论和方法支撑。所构建的模型框架为LCA评价数据获取提供了方便,可以提高城市LCA评价的效率与准确性。本文对CIM-LCA方法体系的应用场景及未来前景进行了分析,探讨了框架模型在城市规划、建造与运维等各阶段的应用潜力,指出了CIM-LCA工具化发展前景,并探讨了3种可能的发展方向。由于城市尺度CIM平台的限制,本文尚未开展案例研究,未来进一步将理论付诸于实践。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72371072)
  • 江苏省青年人才托举工程项目(JSTJ-2023-JS001)
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2025年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00316
  • 接收时间:2024-04-21
  • 首发时间:2025-06-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-21
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(72371072)
江苏省青年人才托举工程项目(JSTJ-2023-JS001)
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    1. 东南大学土木工程学院, 南京 211189
    2. 南京大学工程管理学院, 南京 210008

通讯作者:

袁竞峰(通信作者), 教授, 研究方向为基础设施的全寿命周期管控、智慧建造与运维等, 电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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