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自动驾驶技术大规模部署面临技术、法规、信任等挑战。人机共生理念有助于推动自动驾驶技术发展。旨在通过深度合作和相互理解,克服技术、法规、信任等挑战,提高用户信任,优化系统设计,实现人机深度交互和共生。研究结果显示,SAE Level4的自动驾驶车辆未通过此图灵测试。人机交互设计和真实场景研究在增强用户对系统的信任和推动技术应用方面至关重要。未来研究应关注真实场景中的人机信任和用户体验,以优化自动驾驶系统设计,提高技术的接受度。技术的发展将进一步推动人机关系演变,而深度的人机交互和用户信任感将是实现人机共生的关键因素。

, authors=

库逸轩,教授,研究方向为记忆与情感的神经机制,电子信箱:

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迈向人机共生的人工智能:自动驾驶的乘客情感评估与图灵测试
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库逸轩 1, 2
科技导报 | 特色专题:混合智能中的情感交互与协同决策 2025,43(3): 74-80
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科技导报 |特色专题:混合智能中的情感交互与协同决策 2025 , 43 (3) : 74 -80
迈向人机共生的人工智能:自动驾驶的乘客情感评估与图灵测试
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库逸轩1, 2
作者信息
  • 1. 中山大学心理学系, 广州 510275
  • 2. 鹏城实验室, 深圳 518000
Towards man-machine symbiosis in artificial intelligence: Passenger emotion assessment and Turing tests in autonomous driving
Yixuan KU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
  • 2. Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2023.09.01356
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自动驾驶技术大规模部署面临技术、法规、信任等挑战。人机共生理念有助于推动自动驾驶技术发展。旨在通过深度合作和相互理解,克服技术、法规、信任等挑战,提高用户信任,优化系统设计,实现人机深度交互和共生。研究结果显示,SAE Level4的自动驾驶车辆未通过此图灵测试。人机交互设计和真实场景研究在增强用户对系统的信任和推动技术应用方面至关重要。未来研究应关注真实场景中的人机信任和用户体验,以优化自动驾驶系统设计,提高技术的接受度。技术的发展将进一步推动人机关系演变,而深度的人机交互和用户信任感将是实现人机共生的关键因素。

自动驾驶  /  图灵测试  /  人机共生  /  人机信任  /  情感评估
autonomic driving  /  Turing test  /  man-computer symbiosis  /  man-machine trust  /  emotional evaluation
库逸轩. 迈向人机共生的人工智能:自动驾驶的乘客情感评估与图灵测试. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (3) : 74 -80 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2023.09.01356
Yixuan KU. Towards man-machine symbiosis in artificial intelligence: Passenger emotion assessment and Turing tests in autonomous driving[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (3) : 74 -80 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2023.09.01356
技术革命推动着世界的不断发展。尽管人类创造了技术,但技术也在塑造着人类。现代人机交互领域的奠基人约瑟夫·利克莱德(Joseph Licklider)于1960年提出了人机共生(man-computer symbiosis)的概念,人类与计算机系统不再被视为简单的使用者和工具的关系,而是形成了一种共生、相互依赖的关系[1]。人机共生强调了人类与计算机系统之间的合作关系,需要实现人与机器的深度交互和相互理解[2]。随着人工智能的快速发展,这种人机共生的关系将走向何方?
每年都有超过百万人死于道路交通事故,成为全球范围内的严重问题[3],造成了大量的伤残和经济损失[4]。94%的道路事故是由人为错误引起的,而自动驾驶车辆(autonomous vehicles,AVs)具备显著降低人为错误的潜力[5-6],其中人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)算法可以比人类驾驶员更快地做出驾驶决策以防止碰撞[7-8]。因此,仅仅通过消除人为错误的影响,自动驾驶车辆有可能实现每10年挽救1000万条生命[9]
尽管自动驾驶车辆在挽救生命方面存在益处,并且自从第1辆标志性自动驾驶车辆出现近40年来,学术界和工业界的研究人员也取得了众多显著进展[10-11],但自动驾驶车辆的大规模部署尚未实现[12]。自动驾驶系统仍然面临着巨大的挑战,无法完全取代人类驾驶。另外,人类对自动驾驶的信任仍然相对有限,除安全性外,还有诸多问题,如法律法规、技术可靠性、驾驶和乘坐感受等都会影响人们对自动驾驶的信任。
为了实现自动驾驶领域的人机共生,促使人们接受并适应自动驾驶技术,需要大力发展可信自动驾驶技术。这涉及人机深度交互的发展,增进人们对自动驾驶的信任,从而推动该技术的广泛应用。
1950年,Alan Turing提出了图灵测试[13],用于判断人工智能是否能够表现出与人类智能相似的思维能力。在图灵测试中,一个人类质询者(C)与一个计算机程序(A)和另一个人类(B)进行口头互动(即通过书面笔记向A和B提问),并尝试确定C正在与哪个实体互动。如果人类质询者无法确定哪些答案是由人类提供的,哪些是由计算机程序提供的,那么后者被认为通过了图灵测试。这意味着计算机程序能够以一种让人难以区分的方式与人类进行对话,表现出了类似于人类智能的能力。然而,需要注意的是,图灵测试仅仅提供了一种测试形式,用于判断计算机程序是否能够模仿人类的语言能力,它并不一定意味着计算机程序真正具备了智能。
图灵测试的理论基础是“人类评审员在比较和评估来自不同系统的输出时,会公正地对待这些输出,而忽略这些输出的来源[14]”,这种理论基础在文献中以不同的方式被用于研究类人性的归属。图灵测试的目标之一是测量计算机系统是否能够表现得像人类一样,即在对话中模拟出足够的智能,使人类难以区分。这也反映了计算机系统在人机交互中的深度和自然性。
人机共生强调人机之间的深度合作和相互依赖的关系,追求人类与计算机系统形成共同体,共同实现更高层次的智能目标,因此,通过图灵测试的计算机系统将获得更高水平的信任,进而推进人机共生的实现。
图灵测试在人工智能的各个领域都得到开展[13]。在计算机图灵测试的类似思路下,Cascetta等[15]提出了一种自动驾驶的图灵测试方法,用于研究在不同交通条件和驾驶行为下美国汽车工程师学会(Society of Automotive Engineers,SAE)Level 2的自动驾驶车辆的类人性,结果发现,自动驾驶程序骗过了乘客,即乘客判断区分人类驾驶员和自动驾驶程序的行为在随机水平。Zhang等[16]还采用了驾驶模拟器来进行图灵测试的变体,以评估其提出的自动驾驶算法在类人性方面的表现。
上述这些测试都只是让被试进行简单的图灵测试,那么被试是如何做出这样的决策判断的?自动驾驶的哪些因素能显著地影响被试的判断?这些问题都需要针对人类被试进行心理学方面的研究来进一步揭示。因此,为了从自动驾驶车辆乘客的角度,提供真实的乘车体验来衡量当前自动驾驶车辆的类人性,并克服驾驶模拟器和实验室环境的局限性,在现实世界中开发了一种基于乘车体验的“图灵测试”版本,并在SAE Level 4的自动驾驶汽车上进行测试。在SAE Level 4中,自动驾驶车辆能够在特定环境或情况下实现完全自主驾驶,而不需要人类驾驶员的干预。这意味着在特定的地理区域、道路类型或特定的气候条件下,自动驾驶车辆可以独立地进行驾驶操作,被称为“高度自动化”。
Li等[17]最新的研究探讨了自动驾驶汽车的类人性是否能够为乘客创造出与人类驾驶员所创造的乘车体验无法区分的体验。为了实现这一目标,设计了一种基于乘车体验的图灵测试的变体——非言语图灵测试。具体做法如下,邀请69名参与者在自动驾驶汽车的后排担任乘客,有的驾驶座位上有人类司机,但乘客无法看到驾驶座位,仅能根据刚刚经历的道路阶段的乘车体验,来判断真正的驾驶者是实际的人类还是人工智能算法。在每个道路阶段结束后,乘客需要对一个图灵测试问题进行评级:“您认为驾驶员是真实的人类还是人工智能算法?”评级分为1~3,其中1代表“人工智能驾驶员”,2代表“不确定”,3代表“真实人类驾驶员”。主要目标是测试人工智能驾驶员(即WeRide ONE,一种适用于综合开放城市道路的通用自动驾驶算法)是否能够为乘客创造出类似于人类驾驶员的乘车体验,以至于乘客在人工智能驾驶员的条件下会产生类似于随机猜测,甚至更高的类人性评级。
研究结果显示,当人工智能驾驶员控制汽车时,乘客的类人性评级显著低于随机猜测的水平,表明乘客能够察觉并区分人类驾驶员和人工智能驾驶员。因此,人工智能驾驶员未能通过非言语图灵测试。但人工智能驾驶员的失败可以启发进一步探索,为什么在某些试次中人工智能算法可以欺骗乘客,而在其他试次中做不到。深入研究这个问题可能会为未来自动驾驶汽车的类人性设计提供有益信息。
针对图灵测试的类人性归因,提出一个富有启发性的研究问题:“在非言语图灵测试中,人类乘客如何对机器系统的类人性进行归因?”在非言语图灵测试中,乘客对类人性的归因可能受到其情感状态、认知推断和外部刺激(即人类驾驶员和人工智能驾驶员)的影响。特别是,可以用场论(field theory)的术语进一步描述上述问题,场论是现代社会心理学之父库尔特·勒温(Kurt Lewin)最重要且最有影响力的工作之一。场论指出,一个人的心理场(即个体的主观体验的总体心理环境)决定了其行为(B),可以用勒温方程表示
$B=f(P, E)$
式中,B代表类人性评级行为,PE分别表示乘客和驾驶环境。根据格式塔心理学的思想,“整体大于部分之和”,即PE共同组成了更大的场域,即心理场。这种方法有助于解释乘客在非言语图灵测试中的反应,以及为什么在某些情况下其可能更容易对类人性进行错误的归因。这将有助于更好地理解人工智能驾驶的类人性问题,并为设计更具人性化的自动驾驶汽车提供洞察力。
试验的目标是寻找勒温方程右侧公式的计算方法,即研究在非言语图灵测试中,为什么特定试验(即特定乘客P在特定驾驶环境E中)只会出现事件B(如较高的类人性评级),而没有其他事件发生?为此,提出了一个将信号检测理论(signal detection theory,SDT)[18-19]与预训练语言模型(pre-trained language models,PLMs)[20-22]相结合的计算模型来计算这一公式。在基于SDT的模型中,先通过相应道路阶段后,乘客情绪相对于乘客基线情绪之间的变化来计算乘客的情感变化(affective transition,AT),而情绪的量化是通过PLM将被试评价的词向量转换到向量表征的高维空间中。研究结果表明,提出的计算模型能够准确地预测乘客在非言语图灵测试中的类人性评级行为[17]。情感变化的量是模型中乘客主观乘车体验的关键组成部分,即乘客对类人性的归因会随着情感转换的变化而变化。
人机交互,英文翻译为human-computer interaction(HCI),或者human-machine interface(HMI),是指人类用户与计算机系统或机器设备之间的相互作用过程,前者强调交互界面,后者强调交互过程。人机交互涵盖了设计和开发用户友好的界面、交互技术和工具,以便用户能够有效地与计算机系统或机器设备进行沟通、操作和信息交换。人机交互旨在创造出更直观、易于使用以及能够满足用户需求的计算机界面、应用程序以及机器设备控制界面,以提供更优质的用户体验。这个领域考虑了用户的认知、情感、行为和需求[23],以确保技术与人类之间的互动更加无缝以及有意义。
在自动驾驶领域,人机交互指的是人类乘客或驾驶员与自动驾驶系统之间的互动过程,甚至更广泛地涵盖了路上行人与自动驾驶车辆之间的互动。由于自动驾驶系统负责车辆的控制和决策,人机交互在这个背景下变得尤为关键,以确保安全、有效的人机协作,并创造出优质的用户体验[24]。自动驾驶中人机交互需要解决一些关键问题,包括系统的信息传递和状态显示、控制权的交互和交替、紧急情况下的控制接管、用户信任和监控、交互式人机界面设计、乘客的情感和舒适性等。总之,合理的人机交互设计和实施是实现自动驾驶技术成功应用的重要一环。通常自动驾驶系统需要考查乘客的要求,而在上述实验中,反过来从乘客的角度考察了乘客对自动驾驶的判断和感受,这也是未来研究可以更多关注的方面。
人机信任涉及到用户对计算机系统或机器设备的信任程度,即用户对系统的可靠性、安全性和性能的信心水平。良好的人机交互有助于建立和增强用户对系统的信任。当用户感到能够轻松、直观地与系统交互,并获得满意的用户体验时,其更有可能对系统产生信任感。
人机信任也是自动驾驶技术能否得以推广的一个重要因素[25-27]。目前大多数自动驾驶车辆并非类人型的,即它们不会以类似人类的方式进行驾驶。而现有研究强调,如果自动驾驶车辆能够以类人的方式驾驶,人们对其接受度将会提高[28-30]。因为在这种情况下,人们会更容易与自动驾驶车辆进行互动,并且会感到更加舒适。在这方面,许多算法研究人员提出了感知风险的类人驾驶轨迹复杂算法,如道路交叉口处类人决策的驾驶算法[31]、靠近路口时窥探的类人算法[32]、类人跟驰行为的算法[33]、类人刹车行为的算法[34],以及在碰撞回避和社会价值取向方面的类人驾驶策略[35]等。这些算法的目标在于增强自动驾驶车辆的类人性,从算法角度教授自动驾驶车辆有关类人驾驶行为的知识。因此,未来的研究方向应该更多地通过人机交互增强人机信任,除了解决自动驾驶系统的适应性、透明性、灵活性等方面的基础问题之外,还需要提高用户的参与感和情感体验,增强用户的信任感,这涉及技术与心理学的交叉融合。此外,适应性要求自动驾驶系统应能够适应不同(年龄、文化、身体状况等)的用户,以实现最佳的驾驶员态势感知和系统性能[36]。未来甚至还应该考察个体的人格和心理特点,以实现精准的人机共生。
大多数人因领域的研究人员主要依靠实验室环境中的模拟实验或在线调查来研究驾驶员[30, 37-38]、乘客[32, 39-40]或行人[41-42]对类人自动驾驶车辆的反应。这些自动驾驶车辆被有意地编程和设计成以类人方式执行驾驶,以从人因研究的角度验证其算法。然而,目前鲜有研究提供真实的乘车体验,并从乘客的角度评估自动驾驶车辆的类人性。
实际上,探索真实场景中的人机信任对人机共生的实现至关重要。首先,了解人们在实际情境中如何信任并和自动驾驶技术互动,对于优化系统设计和应用实施具有重要意义。其次,通过深入了解用户在真实环境下的体验和反应,可以发现潜在的问题和挑战,从而针对性地优化系统界面、功能和交互方式,精准地提升用户体验。此外,人机信任直接关系到技术的安全性和可靠性,研究人们在真实情景中对技术的信任程度,有助于发现可能的安全隐患,并提前解决问题,确保技术的稳定运行。最后,真实场景中的研究可以有助于了解用户对新技术的接受度,通过解决用户的担忧痛点和抵触情绪问题,推动新技术更快地被社会接受和应用,并有助于技术的持续改进和发展。总之,探索真实场景中的人机信任对于推动自动驾驶的人机交互技术的发展和应用,以及确保技术的可靠性和用户满意度等方面都具有重要意义,这种深度交互形式也将促进人机共生的发展[17]
当今世界技术发展日新月异,而人机共生作为一种新型的人机关系理念,正日益受到关注。在交通领域,尽管自动驾驶技术的发展为解决严重道路交通事故问题提供了希望,但人类对自动驾驶的信任仍十分有限。为实现自动驾驶领域的人机共生,需要大力发展可信自动驾驶技术。本文通过基于乘客乘车体验的非言语图灵测试探索了一种人机深度交互的可能性,以及自动驾驶类人性的影响因素。
在人机交互领域,尤其是在自动驾驶中,设计合理的人机交互界面是关键。对自动驾驶类人性的增强有助于建立和增强用户对系统的信任,而人机信任也直接关系到人机互动过程的安全性和可靠性。未来的研究方向应更多关注真实场景中的人机信任与人机共生,通过深入研究用户在实际环境中的需求和感受,优化自动驾驶系统的设计和交互方式,以推动自动驾驶技术更广泛地服务社会。
综上所述,技术的发展将继续推动人机关系的演变,而在实现人机共生的道路上,深度的人机交互、合理的人机界面设计,以及用户对技术的信任感将是关键因素。通过不断优化自动驾驶技术,使其更符合人类需求和期望,有望迎来自动驾驶技术更广泛、深度应用的时代。
  • 教育部高等学校心理学类专业教指委教改项目(20221028)
  • 中山大学教学改革项目(26000-12220011)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2023.09.01356
  • 接收时间:2023-09-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-31
  • 出版时间:2025-02-13
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-05
  • 修回日期:2023-12-13
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教育部高等学校心理学类专业教指委教改项目(20221028)
中山大学教学改革项目(26000-12220011)
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    1. 中山大学心理学系, 广州 510275
    2. 鹏城实验室, 深圳 518000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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