科技导报

生态学实验时空尺度认识的基本原则——实验对象的操作尺度与其自身尺度相契合

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科技导报 | 研究论文 2019,37(24): 89-99

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科技导报 | 研究论文 2019, 37(24): 89-99

生态学实验时空尺度认识的基本原则——实验对象的操作尺度与其自身尺度相契合

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肖显静

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The basic principle of spatio-temporal scale identification in ecological experiment: The operational scale of experimental objects is compatible with its own scale

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出版时间: 2019-12-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2019.24.011

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时间和空间存在，尺度存在，生态学实验对象的时空尺度（本体论意义上的，又叫“本征尺度”）也存在。对生态学实验对象的时空尺度认识的基本原则是让“生态学实验对象的时空操作尺度”（方法论意义上的，又叫“表征尺度”）与生态学实验对象的时空尺度相契合（认识论意义上的）。这是生态学实验时空尺度关联实在论。在具体的生态学实验过程中，有些生态学家或坚持生态学实验对象的时空尺度不存在，或坚持其虽然存在但是不可认识，从而走向工具论和经验建构论（反实在论）。这种立场与生态学认识的基本宗旨——认识自然界中存在的生物与环境之间的关系相违背，应该抛弃。而且，某些生态学家或出于生态学实验对象的时空尺度本身认识的困难，或出于“不发表便出局”及其他原因，一是将生态学实验对象的时空尺度之时空简化为牛顿的绝对时空观，而没有考虑爱因斯坦的相对论时空观、普里戈金的“内时间”乃至引伸出来的“内空间”时空观，以及莱布尼兹的关系“空间观”乃至引伸出来的关系“时间观”，二是没有选择恰当的“粒度”和“幅度”进行实验，造成“用度失当”之误，三是没有进行充分的多尺度分析，造成“聚集偏差”，四是没有建构合适的模型，造成“鼠夹捕象”现象，五是没有正确识别“特征尺度”，造成“生态学谬误”。生态学实验者应针对上述不足，坚持正确的时空观，采取各种措施，以获得对生态学实验对象尺度的正确认识。

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生态学实验 / 对象尺度 / 操作尺度 / 尺度分析 / 实在论 / 反实在论

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With the existence of the time and the space and the existence of the scale, we may infer the existence of the temporal and spatial scales of the ecological experimental objects (in the ontological sense, also called the "eigen scales"). The basic principle of understanding the spatio-temporal scale of the ecological experimental objects is to make the "spatio-temporal operational scale of the ecological experimental objects" (in the methodological sense, also called the "representational scale") correspond to the spatio-temporal scale of the ecological experimental objects (in the epistemological sense).This is the realism of the time-space scale relevance of the ecological experiments. In the process of specific ecological experiments, some ecologists either insist that the spatio-temporal scale of the ecological experimental objects does not exist, or insist that although they exist, they cannot be recognized, thus they are in the position of the instrumentalism and the empirical constructivism (as opposed to the realism). This position is at odds with the fundamental tenet of the ecological understanding-the understanding of the relationship between the living things and the environment in nature, and should be abandoned. Moreover, some ecologists have difficulties in understanding the spatiotemporal scale of the ecological experimental objects, or have the feeling of out of the picture without publishing, or for other reasons, they go to simplify the space-time scale of the ecological experiment object into the Newton's absolute space-time view, instead of the Einstein's relativistic space-time view, Prigogine's "inner-time" and even the extended "inner-space" space-time view, and the Leibniz's "space view" and even the extended "time view" of the relationship. The right "granularity" and "amplitude" are not properly considered to carry out the experiment, with the error of "improper use". Insufficient multi-scale analysis often results in "aggregation bias". Without an appropriate model, we come to the position of the "mousetrap for the elephant". The "characteristic scale" is not correctly identified, resulting in the "ecological fallacy". In view of the above shortcomings, the ecological experimenters should adhere to the correct view of the time and the space and take various measures for a correct understanding of the scale of the objects of the ecological experiments.

Key words

ecological experiment / object scale / operation scale / scale analysis / realism / antirealism

引用本文

肖显静. 生态学实验时空尺度认识的基本原则——实验对象的操作尺度与其自身尺度相契合. 科技导报, 2019 , 37 (24) : 89 -99 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2019.24.011

XIAO Xianjing. The basic principle of spatio-temporal scale identification in ecological experiment: The operational scale of experimental objects is compatible with its own scale[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2019 , 37 (24) : 89 -99 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2019.24.011

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2019年第37卷第24期

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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2019.24.011

接收时间：2019-06-03
首发时间：2020-01-02
出版时间：2019-12-28

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收稿日期：2019-06-03
修回日期：2019-10-30

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2019.24.011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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