Article(id=1304925008715870433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747584000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-19, revisedDate=1752422400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047966412, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047966412, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047966412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047966412, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304924993196941811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047962712, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118140557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=58, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304925008871059682, articleId=1304925008715870433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Nonlinear ultrasonic evaluation method of silicone rubber thermal ageing for cable intermediate joints, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to evaluate the thermal ageing of silicone rubber for cable intermediate joint insulation layer, this paper proposed an evaluation method based on nonlinear ultrasonic signal characterization. Firstly, a ultrasonic detection simulation model of silicone rubber ageing was established, and tests were conducted on the real cable joint specimens with different thermal ageing time at 200℃. Then the nonlinear ultrasonic detection was carried out at typical positions by using wedge coupling method. Lastly, the correlation between the ageing time and ultrasonic nonlinear coefficient was verified and the mechanism was explored. The results show that the experimental and simulation results are highly consistent in the change trends of the characteristic parameters of transmitted wave signal in time-domain and frequency-domain. Specifically, as the ageing time increases, the fundamental wave amplitude and the second harmonic amplitude both gradually decrease, and the ultrasonic nonlinear coefficients gradually increase. Under actual ageing time of 480, 720, and 960 h, the relative errors between the ageing time of silicone rubber obtained by substituting the nonlinear ultrasound coefficients obtained from the experiment into the fitting relationship equation and the actual ageing time are 1.58%-5.66%, 2.57%-6.66%, and 0.85%-4.75%, respectively, and the consistency between the fitted results and the actual ageing time is better, which verifies the validity of nonlinear ultrasonic testing method in the assessment of thermal ageing damage of silicone rubber.

, authors=Xiangmeng XU1, 3, Chunhua FANG2, *, Ziheng PU1, Tian WU1, Jinbo JIANG1, Hao YUE2, authorsList=Xiangmeng XU, Chunhua FANG, Ziheng PU, Tian WU, Jinbo JIANG, Hao YUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunhua FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304925010968211707, articleId=1304925008715870433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=电缆中间接头硅橡胶热老化的非线性超声评价方法, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对电缆中间接头绝缘层硅橡胶热老化的评价问题,本文提出了一种基于非线性超声信号表征的评估方法。通过建立硅橡胶老化超声检测仿真模型,并对200℃下热老化不同时间段的真型电缆接头试样进行试验,采用楔块耦合的方式在典型位置开展非线性超声检测,验证老化时间与超声非线性系数的关联性并对其机制进行探究。结果表明:在透射波信号的时域和频域特征参量变化趋势方面,试验与仿真结果保持高度一致,即随着老化时间增加,基波幅值和二次谐波幅值均逐渐减小,超声非线性系数逐渐增大。在实际老化时间为480、720、960 h的情况下,将试验所得的非线性超声系数代入拟合关系式倒推得到的硅橡胶老化时间与实际老化时间的相对误差分别为1.58%~5.66%、2.57%~6.66%、0.85%~4.75%,拟合结果与实际老化时间的一致性较好,验证了非线性超声检测方法在评估硅橡胶热老化损伤中的有效性。

, authors=徐祥梦1, 3, 方春华2, *, 普子恒1, 吴田1, 江进波1, 岳浩2, authorsList=徐祥梦, 方春华, 普子恒, 吴田, 江进波, 岳浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=方春华, authorNote=

徐祥梦(2002-),女(汉族),湖北十堰人,硕士生,研究方向为电力设备状态检测与故障诊断

, correspAuthorsNote=
方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北宜昌人,副教授,研究方向为高电压试验技术、绝缘子检测和电力设备状态检测。
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徐祥梦(2002-),女(汉族),湖北十堰人,硕士生,研究方向为电力设备状态检测与故障诊断

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徐祥梦(2002-),女(汉族),湖北十堰人,硕士生,研究方向为电力设备状态检测与故障诊断

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label=Table 1, caption=

Yeoh model parameters of silicone rubber samples with different ageing time

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老化时间/hC10/MPaC20/(×10-4 MPa)C30/(×10-5 MPa)
00.133-8.442.98
1200.158-9.132.90
2400.199-9.352.85
3600.245-9.432.78
4800.283-9.552.65
6000.312-9.692.60
7200.348-9.722.58
8400.397-9.882.49
9600.421-9.972.42
), ArticleFig(id=1304925015602917703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925008715870433, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同老化时间下硅橡胶试样的Yeoh模型参数

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老化时间/hC10/MPaC20/(×10-4 MPa)C30/(×10-5 MPa)
00.133-8.442.98
1200.158-9.132.90
2400.199-9.352.85
3600.245-9.432.78
4800.283-9.552.65
6000.312-9.692.60
7200.348-9.722.58
8400.397-9.882.49
9600.421-9.972.42
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Parameter measurement results of silicone rubber samples with different ageing time

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老化时间/h密度/(kg/m3)弹性模量/MPa
01 2240.80
1201 2201.10
2401 2171.35
3601 2141.55
4801 2121.64
6001 2091.78
7201 2071.88
8401 2052.04
9601 2002.21
), ArticleFig(id=1304925015762301257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925008715870433, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同老化时间硅橡胶试样的参数测量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化时间/h密度/(kg/m3)弹性模量/MPa
01 2240.80
1201 2201.10
2401 2171.35
3601 2141.55
4801 2121.64
6001 2091.78
7201 2071.88
8401 2052.04
9601 2002.21
), ArticleFig(id=1304925015854575946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925008715870433, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Error between the ageing time obtained from fitting and the actual ageing time

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实际老化时间/h非线性系数拟合所得老化时间/h老化时间的相对误差/%
4800.069 2462.83.75
0.065 0455.75.06
0.068 3452.95.66
0.072 5458.84.42
0.075 3472.41.58
7200.135 9742.53.12
0.122 3685.24.83
0.114 7672.16.66
0.134 9738.52.57
0.146 3756.55.08
9600.180 4922.53.90
0.185 8943.61.71
0.187 9951.80.85
0.199 9997.93.94
0.214 61005.64.75
), ArticleFig(id=1304925015921684811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925008715870433, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

拟合所得老化时间与实际老化时间的误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际老化时间/h非线性系数拟合所得老化时间/h老化时间的相对误差/%
4800.069 2462.83.75
0.065 0455.75.06
0.068 3452.95.66
0.072 5458.84.42
0.075 3472.41.58
7200.135 9742.53.12
0.122 3685.24.83
0.114 7672.16.66
0.134 9738.52.57
0.146 3756.55.08
9600.180 4922.53.90
0.185 8943.61.71
0.187 9951.80.85
0.199 9997.93.94
0.214 61005.64.75
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电缆中间接头硅橡胶热老化的非线性超声评价方法
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徐祥梦 1, 3 , 方春华 2, * , 普子恒 1 , 吴田 1 , 江进波 1 , 岳浩 2
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(2): 58-67
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绝缘材料 | 2026 , 59 (2) : 58 -67
电缆中间接头硅橡胶热老化的非线性超声评价方法
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徐祥梦1, 3, 方春华2, *, 普子恒1, 吴田1, 江进波1, 岳浩2
作者信息
  • 1三峡大学,电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2三峡大学,湖北省输电线路工程技术研究中心,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 3中国电力工程顾问集团中南电力设计院,湖北 武汉 430071
通讯作者:
方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北宜昌人,副教授,研究方向为高电压试验技术、绝缘子检测和电力设备状态检测。
作者简介:

徐祥梦(2002-),女(汉族),湖北十堰人,硕士生,研究方向为电力设备状态检测与故障诊断

Nonlinear ultrasonic evaluation method of silicone rubber thermal ageing for cable intermediate joints
Xiangmeng XU1, 3, Chunhua FANG2, *, Ziheng PU1, Tian WU1, Jinbo JIANG1, Hao YUE2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electrical Engineering and New Energy, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Power Transmission Lines, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 3Central Southern China Electric Power Design Institute of China Power Engineering Consultant Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430071, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.007
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针对电缆中间接头绝缘层硅橡胶热老化的评价问题,本文提出了一种基于非线性超声信号表征的评估方法。通过建立硅橡胶老化超声检测仿真模型,并对200℃下热老化不同时间段的真型电缆接头试样进行试验,采用楔块耦合的方式在典型位置开展非线性超声检测,验证老化时间与超声非线性系数的关联性并对其机制进行探究。结果表明:在透射波信号的时域和频域特征参量变化趋势方面,试验与仿真结果保持高度一致,即随着老化时间增加,基波幅值和二次谐波幅值均逐渐减小,超声非线性系数逐渐增大。在实际老化时间为480、720、960 h的情况下,将试验所得的非线性超声系数代入拟合关系式倒推得到的硅橡胶老化时间与实际老化时间的相对误差分别为1.58%~5.66%、2.57%~6.66%、0.85%~4.75%,拟合结果与实际老化时间的一致性较好,验证了非线性超声检测方法在评估硅橡胶热老化损伤中的有效性。

电缆接头  /  硅橡胶  /  热老化  /  非线性超声  /  无损检测

In order to evaluate the thermal ageing of silicone rubber for cable intermediate joint insulation layer, this paper proposed an evaluation method based on nonlinear ultrasonic signal characterization. Firstly, a ultrasonic detection simulation model of silicone rubber ageing was established, and tests were conducted on the real cable joint specimens with different thermal ageing time at 200℃. Then the nonlinear ultrasonic detection was carried out at typical positions by using wedge coupling method. Lastly, the correlation between the ageing time and ultrasonic nonlinear coefficient was verified and the mechanism was explored. The results show that the experimental and simulation results are highly consistent in the change trends of the characteristic parameters of transmitted wave signal in time-domain and frequency-domain. Specifically, as the ageing time increases, the fundamental wave amplitude and the second harmonic amplitude both gradually decrease, and the ultrasonic nonlinear coefficients gradually increase. Under actual ageing time of 480, 720, and 960 h, the relative errors between the ageing time of silicone rubber obtained by substituting the nonlinear ultrasound coefficients obtained from the experiment into the fitting relationship equation and the actual ageing time are 1.58%-5.66%, 2.57%-6.66%, and 0.85%-4.75%, respectively, and the consistency between the fitted results and the actual ageing time is better, which verifies the validity of nonlinear ultrasonic testing method in the assessment of thermal ageing damage of silicone rubber.

cable joints  /  silicone rubber  /  thermal ageing  /  nonlinear ultrasound  /  non-destructive testing
徐祥梦, 方春华, 普子恒, 吴田, 江进波, 岳浩. 电缆中间接头硅橡胶热老化的非线性超声评价方法. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (2) : 58 -67 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.007
Xiangmeng XU, Chunhua FANG, Ziheng PU, Tian WU, Jinbo JIANG, Hao YUE. Nonlinear ultrasonic evaluation method of silicone rubber thermal ageing for cable intermediate joints[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (2) : 58 -67 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.007
随着我国经济的快速发展和城市化进程的不断推进,电网建设规模也在持续扩大,对电力输送的稳定性和安全性提出了更高的要求[1-3]。作为电缆系统中的关键连接点,电缆中间接头在确保电能传输连续性方面发挥着至关重要的作用[4]。硅橡胶以其出色的弹性、卓越的耐高低温性能以及良好的绝缘特性,成为交联聚乙烯高压电缆中间接头主绝缘的首选材料之一[5-8]。然而,在实际运行中,电缆中间接头导体部分的温度通常高于电缆本体,长期高温环境会加速主绝缘材料硅橡胶的老化,导致电缆接头故障率远高于电缆本体,进而影响电缆附件的使用寿命,甚至威胁电网的安全运行[9-12]。因此,研究并开发针对电缆中间接头主绝缘材料硅橡胶老化状态的检测与评估技术至关重要。
目前,常用的硅橡胶老化状态检测评估方法主要包括拉伸试验法、憎水性试验法、泄漏电流法、粉化观察法、红外光谱分析法、超声检测法等[13-17]。然而,这些方法大部分存在检出率不高、操作步骤繁琐、检测条件苛刻以及会对试样造成不可恢复性损伤等缺点。相比之下,超声检测技术因其无需破坏试样的特点而更适用于工程应用。王若丞等[18]自主研发并构建了一套超声检测系统,利用该系统对人工制备的含有各类缺陷的硅橡胶试样进行了检测,结果显示超声技术能够有效识别并表征试样中的气泡和气隙等缺陷;梁进祥等[19]以含有不同内部缺陷的复合绝缘子试样为研究对象,通过直接接触法对试样进行多角度扫描,结果表明,通过超声技术可以有效检测复合绝缘子硅橡胶的内部破损或结构贯穿缺陷,并准确定位缺陷的具体位置。然而,传统超声检测技术主要针对材料的宏观缺陷,难以对早期微观损伤进行灵敏检测,因此在材料老化初期的缺陷评估中存在局限性[20]
近年来,非线性超声检测技术因其能通过声波与材料微观结构的非线性相互作用灵敏捕捉材料内部微损伤早期信号的特点,成为评估材料老化与损伤的研究热点[21-22],且王汉卿等[23]将非线性超声检测技术应用于电缆外绝缘硅橡胶的缺陷检测中,建立了复合绝缘子交界面非线性力学模型,分别制备了含弱粘接缺陷的平板与绝缘子试样,利用非线性超声检测技术测试其非线性畸变程度,并根据实验结果提出了弱粘接缺陷的无损识别方法。然而,针对电缆中间接头内绝缘材料在热老化条件下的性能退化机理研究仍显不足,特别是在非破坏性检测与评估技术的开发和应用方面存在诸多技术瓶颈,包括电缆接头多层结构导致声波传播路径复杂化、传统超声难以捕捉早期微观损伤、实际接头曲面形状使探头耦合难度增大等。
因此,本文以35 kV真型电缆中间接头绝缘层硅橡胶为研究对象,利用非线性超声检测技术探索其在热老化损伤检测中的应用可行性。相较于已有研究,本文首次将非线性超声技术应用于电缆接头内绝缘硅橡胶的热老化评估;采用真型电缆接头试样(而非简化平板试样),保留实际接头的多层结构和曲面特征,显著提升实验结果的工程适用性;建立考虑材料非线性本构关系的有限元模型,实现从材料固有属性到声学响应的多尺度关联。研究过程中,首先基于实测数据建立超声检测仿真模型,探究超声非线性特征参量随老化时间的变化规律,建立老化时间与超声非线性系数的映射关系。然后制备不同老化程度的真型电缆接头硅橡胶试样,利用非线性超声检测系统对其声学特性变化进行测试,并计算归一化相对非线性系数,分析老化过程中硅橡胶试样声学参数随热老化时间变化的内在机制,并对仿真结果进行验证。研究结果有望为电缆中间接头硅橡胶老化状态的评估提供一定的理论参考和技术支持,为提升电缆附件的运行可靠性提供一种新的思路。
根据经典声学非线性理论[24-25],硅橡胶材料在高温条件下发生热老化损伤时,其内部组织结构会发生显著变化。当激励产生的超声波在材料内部传播时,会与其内部结构发生相互作用,导致透射波的波形发生畸变(在频谱分析中表现为高次谐波的出现),此时声波的振动不再遵循线性弹性规律。文献[26-27]提出固体介质中的一维纵波非线性波动方程如式(1)所示。可用于描述固体中非线性超声波的形成过程。
ρ2ut2=σx
式(1)中:ρ为材料的密度;x为波的传播距离;u为波沿x方向上的位移分量;t为波的传播时间;σ为法向应力。
当材料的变形足够小时,法向应变ε可表示为式(2)。
ε=ux
根据非线性胡克定律,应力-应变关系可以表示为式(3)。
σ=Eε1+12βε+13δε2
式(3)中:E为杨氏模量,表征材料在线性弹性范围内的刚度;βδ分别为二阶和三阶非线性系数,其中β表征材料微裂纹等局部缺陷的非线性响应(如谐波生成),δ表征材料的本构非线性响应。
根据式(1)~(3),可以推导出非线性波动方程(忽略公式中的高阶项),如式(4)所示。
ρ2ut2=E2ux2+Eβux2ux2
初步设置式(5)所示条件。
u0, t=A1sinωt
采用扰动法推导非线性波动方程的近似解,如式(6)所示。
u(x, t)=A1sin(kx-ωt)+A2cos2(kx-ωt)
式(5)~(6)中:A1为基波的幅值;ω为频率;k为波数,k=ω/cc为声波在介质中的传播速度;A2为二次谐波的幅值,可表示为式(7)。
A2=18A12k2βx
根据式(7),β可表示为式(8)。
β=8A2A121k2x
由于超声波仅用于检测被测部件的损伤缺陷,xk通常保持不变,β可以简化为式(9)。
β=A2A12
因此可以通过检测超声信号基波幅值和二次谐波的幅值得到超声非线性系数,进而用非线性系数来评价材料的老化损伤程度。
整体预制式电缆中间接头绝缘层的硅橡胶为超弹性材料。硅橡胶在热老化过程中,其应力-应变关系会发生显著变化。目前有关硅橡胶力学方面的研究均采用超弹性材料模型[28],而超弹性材料模型有Mooney-Rivlin、Yeoh、Ogden这3种应变能密度模型,其中Yeoh模型与硅橡胶应力-应变曲线的拟合度更高。因此本文对电缆接头绝缘层硅橡胶热老化的分析采用Yeoh超弹性材料模型。
Yeoh模型的超弹性应变能函数关系式如式(10)所示。
W=C10(I1-3)+C20(I1-3)2+C30(I1-3)3
式(10)中:I1=λ12+λ22+λ32λ1λ2λ3为主伸长率;C10C20C30为待定系数,是超弹性材料仿真模型的参数。
对硅橡胶进行单轴拉伸试验,利用多项式参数拟合得到硅橡胶的Yeoh模型参数见表1,同时测量得到硅橡胶材料的基本参数见表2,为后续仿真分析提供必要的材料参数依据。
图1为电缆接头与电缆本体配合后的剖面结构图。其中电缆外屏蔽、应力锥以及内外半导电层材质均为半导电硅橡胶,电缆接头主绝缘材质为硅橡胶,电缆主绝缘材质为交联聚乙烯。从图1可以观察到,部位1的绝缘层硅橡胶相对较厚且结构层次较为简单,故本文选取典型部位1(电缆接头外半导电层-硅橡胶部位)来进行老化状态研究。
图2为部位1的有限元仿真超声检测模型。本文基于固体力学模块开展仿真研究,通过在左侧楔块表面施加向右的位移载荷来模拟超声波激励源。激励源信号的中心频率设定为1 MHz,周期数为20。为了减少对接收信号的干扰,模型的外边缘采用低反射边界条件,信号接收点位于右侧楔块的边界处。仿真模型网格最大尺寸按照波长的1/8划分,时间步长设为0.025 μs,总仿真时长为100 μs。其中外半导电层、绝缘层硅橡胶和XLPE的环宽分别为2、25、4 mm,铜芯半径为16.5 mm。本文建立了电缆接头竖截面的二维平面模型,并利用其对称性,仅截取上半圆截面进行仿真分析。
表1中硅橡胶在不同老化程度下的Yeoh参数代入仿真模型,以反映材料老化前后的实际性能参数。考虑到电缆接头的圆弧形表面与超声探头无法完全贴合,采用楔块耦合的方式实现接触面的良好吻合。楔块尺寸根据电缆接头及探头的实际尺寸进行设计,其与探头的接触面尺寸为15 mm×15 mm。由于硅橡胶中的声速远低于常见楔块材料(如有机玻璃、环氧树脂、聚苯乙烯)中的声速,若使用这些材料,超声波在穿过楔块与电缆接头的接触面时会发生较大角度的偏折,导致右侧探头无法有效接收信号,因此楔块材料选用与电缆接头材质相同的硅橡胶。定制硅橡胶楔块(声阻抗Z=1.25×106 Pa·s/m2)与试样声阻抗的匹配度达到92%,曲率半径(R=47.5 mm)与接头外径匹配。图2中红色箭头为超声传播路径示意图,明确显示了激励源→楔块→外半导电层→硅橡胶→外半导电层→楔块→接收探头的传播路径。
仿真选取老化时间为0、120、360、600、840 h的试样参数进行研究。图3为激励信号与接收探头处透射波信号的对比图。从图3可以观察到,超声波在穿透绝缘层硅橡胶后,其幅值发生了一定程度的衰减。
图4展示了超声信号在老化电缆接头部位1处绝缘层硅橡胶中传播得到的一次透射波信号时域图。
图4可以观察到,随着老化时间的增加,透射波信号幅值逐渐减小。根据表2实测数据,这一现象主要归因于硅橡胶材料在老化过程中弹性模量逐渐增大,导致其逐渐硬化变脆,内部结构相应发生变化,超声波在传播过程中路径更加复杂,能量衰减加剧,宏观表现为时域波形中透射波幅值逐渐降低。
此外,随着老化时间的延长,透射波信号出现的时间逐渐提前。根据固体介质的超声纵波传播速度相关理论公式(式(11)),这一现象归因于硅橡胶在热老化过程中弹性模量随老化程度的加剧而增大,逐渐丧失弹性并发生硬化,从而导致硅橡胶中的超声波声速逐渐增大,透射波信号出现时间(v)相应提前。
ν=E(1-σ)ρ(1+σ)(1-2σ)
式(11)中:E为试样的弹性模量;ρ为试样的密度;σ为试样的泊松比。
图4中的时域透射波信号进行傅里叶变换,得到不同老化时间下绝缘层硅橡胶透射波信号的频谱图如图5所示。
图5可以看出,受材料自身非线性因素的影响,透射波信号在2.0 MHz频率附近出现了明显的二次谐波。随着老化程度的加深,基波幅值逐渐减小,对比未老化试样,老化120、360、600、840 h的试样基波幅值下降率分别为4.38%、6.85%、10.92%、12.55%,二次谐波幅值也逐渐减小,对应的下降率分别为2.38%、4.85%、3.92%、2.55%。其中,老化120 h和360 h的试样基波幅值下降幅度相对较小,而老化600 h和840 h的试样基波幅值则出现显著下降。这是由于热老化的累积效应导致绝缘层硅橡胶材料内部发生结构性变化,超声波能量损耗增加,进而导致基波幅值的衰减速率加快。
基于式(9)计算出不同老化时间下绝缘层硅橡胶的超声非线性系数,并进行归一化处理,得到超声非线性系数与老化时间的关系曲线如图6所示。从图6可以看出,电缆接头绝缘层硅橡胶的超声非线性系数与其老化时间之间存在显著关联,随着老化时间的延长,超声非线性系数逐渐增大,二者之间呈现规律性变化。采用式(12)归一化拟合曲线得到系数a为1.52×10-4,决定系数R2为0.98,这表明超声非线性系数和老化时间之间存在显著的映射关系,进一步从仿真角度验证了超声非线性检测方法用于评估硅橡胶老化状态的可行性。
y=ax1.306
本文的研究对象为某公司提供的35 kV预制式高压电缆接头中的绝缘层硅橡胶材料。为模拟实际运行工况下硅橡胶的老化状态,将电缆接头与电缆本体配合,并对其进行加速热老化处理。相比于平板材料试样,本文的真型电缆接头试样能够更真实地反映实际运行条件下接头的老化状态,从而提升试验结果的准确性。选定200℃作为加速热老化试验的温度,老化时间分别设置为0、120、240、360、480、600、720、840、960 h。将真型电缆接头置于老化试验箱中进行热老化处理,并将试样依次编号为D1、D2、D3、D4、D5、D6、D7、D8、D9。每个老化时间设置5个平行试样,以降低试验误差。老化试验完成后,从电缆接头试样中选取1组,对其绝缘层硅橡胶部分进行切割,以便进行材料相关参数的测定。
为探究热老化对硅橡胶微观结构的影响,将试样尺寸裁切成2 mm×2 mm×1 mm,并将表面打磨平整。采用扫描电子显微镜(JSM-7500F型)对老化0、360、720、960 h的试样表面形貌进行观察。
为探究在热老化过程中硅橡胶断面微观元素的变化情况,采用场发射高分辨透射电子显微(F200型)对老化0、360、720、960 h的试样进行成分分析。
图7为非线性超声检测系统的原理图以及现场测试接线图。该系统由Tektronix AFG3252C型信号发生器、Ritec GA 2500型功率放大器、Tektronix TDS3012C型示波器、低通滤波器、双工器和超声探头组成。针对电缆接头的多层结构特性,系统采用一发一收双探头布置方式,以最大限度地确保脉冲信号能够直接穿过绝缘层硅橡胶,减少其他部分对超声信号传播路径的干扰。为实现探头与电缆接头圆弧形表面的完全贴合,设计了如图7(a)中所示的楔块耦合装置。发射探头和接收探头的中心频率分别为1 MHz和2.25 MHz。系统工作流程如下:采用信号发生器输出频率为1 MHz、周期数为20的汉宁窗调制正弦脉冲信号,经功率放大器放大后,通过低通滤波器滤除系统中高频谐波干扰,再经双工器传输至发射探头,超声波通过楔块横向入射至绝缘层硅橡胶,最终由接收探头接收,并将透射波信号显示在示波器中。
每个老化时间(240、480、720、960 h)制备5个平行试样,对每组试样均进行非线性超声测试,以保证试验数据的可重复性。超声检测时示波器上每格代表的电压值为0.5 V,固定增益为6 dB,所有老化试样检测时均保持示波器的增益一致,若信号幅值超出量程,则通过前置放大器统一衰减后重新采集,确保数据可比性。
图8为不同老化时间下电缆接头绝缘层硅橡胶的扫描电镜图。从图8可以看出,未老化试样的表面结构致密平整,无明显缺陷;热老化360 h后,试样表面开始出现微米级孔洞以及颗粒物;热老化720 h和960 h后,试样表面缺陷显著增多,且伴有条状物出现,表明材料内部结构劣化加剧。这一现象可能与热老化过程中抗氧剂的消耗有关:初期抗氧剂延缓了材料劣化,后期抗氧剂失效导致材料的耐热性下降,从而加速了材料的劣化。
图9为不同老化时间下电缆接头绝缘层硅橡胶的EDS能谱图。
图9可以看出,老化0、360、720、960 h的电缆接头硅橡胶断面位置的主要元素为Si、O、C,元素类型保持不变,但是各元素含量发生改变。随着老化时间增加,Si元素的原子百分含量减小,原因可能是Si-O结构环化解聚导致硅橡胶降解,环状低聚物由内部向表面扩散,使得断面的Si元素原子百分含量减小。未老化试样的C元素与Si元素原子百分含量比为1.41∶1,O元素与Si元素的原子百分含量比为1.303∶1;老化360 h试样的C元素与Si元素原子百分含量比为1.33∶1,O元素与Si元素的原子百分含量比为1.53∶1;老化720 h试样的C元素与Si元素原子百分含量比为1.26∶1,O元素与Si元素原子百分含量比为1.76∶1;老化960 h试样的C元素与Si元素原子百分含量比为1.18∶1,O元素与Si元素原子百分含量比为1.89∶1。随老化时间的增加,硅橡胶断面C元素与Si元素的原子百分含量比呈减小趋势,O元素与Si元素的原子百分含量比呈增大趋势,这主要是硅橡胶主链环化、侧链氧化造成断面O元素增加和C元素减少。结合SEM电镜测试结果分析,在老化过程中硅橡胶基体收缩,其与SiO2填料的热膨胀系数差异引发热应力,导致界面剥离,填料从基体脱落,故推测老化过程试样表面出现的颗粒物为析出的SiO2填料。而条状物的出现,推测是由侧链氧化重排生成的Si-O-Si链在局部区域结晶(尤其应力集中处)造成的。
选取老化时间为240、480、720、960 h的试样进行试验研究并对仿真结果进行验证。图10为超声波在电缆接头部位1传播时的时域信号变化情况。通过对比图10图4可以发现,试验与仿真得到的透射波信号变化趋势一致:部位1绝缘层硅橡胶的时域透射波信号幅值随老化时间的增加而减小。
图11为电缆接头部位1的透射波频谱图。对比图11图5可以发现,试验和仿真结果均显示基波幅值与二次谐波幅值随老化时间增加而减小。但试验频谱图中的二次谐波波形更杂乱,二次谐波幅值在某些频率点的波动更明显。推测原因可能是试验过程中存在仪器误差、环境噪声等干扰因素,以及实际材料自身的不均匀性或存在杂质及微观结构变化等,这些因素在仿真中难以完全模拟。
结合微观形貌检测结果以及EDS能谱扫描结果分析表明,长期热老化作用导致硅橡胶材料内部发生显著的结构变化。在热氧化的持续作用下,材料中的填料颗粒逐渐从基体中析出脱落,表面和内部形成大量微米级孔洞,同时产生裂纹结构,这种结构缺陷对超声波的传播特性产生重要影响。从声学传播机制来看,材料内部孔洞和裂纹的形成显著延长了声波的传播路径,同时由于缺陷处的声阻抗失配,导致超声波能量在传播过程中发生多重散射和反射,引起明显的能量衰减效应,直接表现为超声透射波幅值的显著下降。另外,热老化过程中硅橡胶形成的颗粒物(SiO2填料)和条状物(聚硅氧烷结晶)对超声波传播特性产生多尺度影响。脱粘的SiO2颗粒因与基体的声阻抗差异引发超声波的散射,会导致超声波发生额外衰减,而条状物(聚硅氧烷结晶)具有的声速各向异性特征,会使超声波传播路径延长。这两类缺陷对超声波传播特性的影响不可忽略。
随着热老化程度的加深,材料内部缺陷的数量和尺寸持续增大,包括孔洞、裂纹、脱粘的SiO2颗粒以及聚硅氧烷结晶条状物,这些缺陷共同增强了超声波的散射效应,导致基波和二次谐波幅值均呈现下降趋势。值得注意的是,由于材料非线性效应的存在,这种结构变化对基波和谐波的影响存在差异。具体表现为:一方面,裂纹在声波作用下的非线性振动会产生附加谐波分量;另一方面,孔洞、脱粘的SiO2颗粒以及聚硅氧烷结晶条状物也会促进谐波的产生。这些协同作用的非线性机制使得二次谐波幅值的下降幅度相对小于基波幅值,从而导致非线性系数显著增大。因此,非线性系数的变化本质上反映了材料内部结构随老化程度的演变过程,可以作为表征硅橡胶老化状态的有效指标。
基于图11所示频谱图提取老化240 h试样的基波幅值和二次谐波幅值,根据式(9)计算出部位1的超声非线性系数为3.11×10-2,用此试验结果验证仿真拟合函数关系式(12)的有效性。由于仿真和试验所得透射波信号幅值量纲不一致,透射波信号时域和频域的变化趋势一致,因此式(12)中的系数a值会发生变化,而反映老化时间变化趋势的函数幂数不变。将老化时间为240 h时部位1计算得到的超声非线性参数代入式(12),得到系数a为2.422×10-5,故可得到拟合关系式如式(13)所示。
y=2.422×10-5x1.306
为进一步验证试验拟合曲线的有效性,分别提取剩余的老化480、720、960 h试样在部位1检测到的5组数据,并计算其非线性系数,绘制出拟合曲线与试验数据的分布如图12所示。从图12可以看出,3个老化时间试样的试验数据均散落在拟合曲线附近,超声非线性系数均随老化时间的增加而增大,与仿真拟合曲线数据变化趋势一致。与仿真结果相比,试验数据表现出更大的离散性,这主要是由于试验环境中存在噪声等影响,使得试验条件无法达到仿真中的理想状态。
将不同老化试样的非线性系数代入式(13),得到拟合的老化时间,计算其与实际老化时间之间的相对误差,结果如表3所示。从表3中可以看出,拟合所得老化时间与实际老化时间的相对误差在不同老化阶段表现出一定的波动。实际老化时间为480 h时,拟合所得老化时间的相对误差为1.58%~5.66%;实际老化时间为720 h时,相对误差为2.57%~6.66%;而实际老化时间为960 h时,相对误差为0.85%~4.75%。这些结果表明,拟合方法在不同老化阶段均具有一定的准确性,但在某些情况下误差稍大,这可能受到材料非线性特性变化的影响。总体而言,拟合结果与实际老化时间的一致性较好,验证了非线性超声检测方法在评估硅橡胶老化状态中的有效性。
本文通过仿真和试验验证了非线性超声检测技术在评估电缆中间接头绝缘层硅橡胶热老化损伤的有效性,综合分析了不同老化时间下超声非线性系数的变化规律并对其机理进行探究,得出如下结论:
(1)热老化后硅橡胶材料的内部结构发生显著变化。随着老化时间的增加,材料表面出现微米级孔洞、颗粒物、微裂纹等缺陷,导致超声波在传播过程中的能量损耗增加,进而引起超声时频域参量发生规律性变化。
(2)随着老化时间的增加,电缆接头绝缘层硅橡胶的基波幅值与二次谐波幅值均呈减小趋势,硅橡胶的超声非线性系数逐渐增大,超声非线性系数与老化时间之间存在显著的映射关系。
(3)试验结果与仿真结果在超声非线性系数、透射波信号幅值以及二次谐波信号幅值的变化趋势上具有较高的一致性。由试验数据拟合得到的老化时间与实际老化时间之间的相对误差为0.85%~6.66%。通过试验验证了仿真拟合老化时间与超声非线性系数之间映射关系的有效性,表明非线性超声检测技术在评估电缆接头硅橡胶的热老化损伤状态方面具有显著的有效性。

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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.007
  • 接收时间:2025-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-19
  • 修回日期:2025-07-14
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    1三峡大学,电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2三峡大学,湖北省输电线路工程技术研究中心,湖北 宜昌 443002
    3中国电力工程顾问集团中南电力设计院,湖北 武汉 430071

通讯作者:

方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北宜昌人,副教授,研究方向为高电压试验技术、绝缘子检测和电力设备状态检测。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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