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Article(id=1304924994258096328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=1746460800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047962965, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047962965, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047962965, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047962965, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304924993196941811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047962712, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118140557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=30, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304924994413285577, articleId=1304924994258096328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on insulation characteristics of transformer oil-paper insulation system improved by cross-linking modification, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, a novel crosslinked network cellulose insulating paper was prepared by citric acid crosslinking modification, and the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of the insulating paper were measured before and after modification. Then the composite insulation system of the modified insulating paper and mineral insulating oil were carried out partial discharge and electrical life tests. The results show that compared with the unmodified insulating paper, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of the novel crosslinked network insulating paper decreases by 15.39% and 29.78%, respectively, and the electrical life index increases by 37.94%. The novel crosslinked network insulating paper-insulating oil composite insulation system has lower discharge repetition rate, discharge energy, average discharge, and maximum discharge.

, authors=Wei HOU, Zhangang YANG, Liang XIE, Zhangkui HU, Jingwei ZHOU, Yangjuntong XIANG, Wei YAN, authorsList=Wei HOU, Zhangang YANG, Liang XIE, Zhangkui HU, Jingwei ZHOU, Yangjuntong XIANG, Wei YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304924997051502814, articleId=1304924994258096328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=交联改性提升变压器油纸绝缘体系的绝缘特性研究, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

首先通过柠檬酸交联改性制备新型交联网状纤维素绝缘纸，并测试绝缘纸改性前后的介电常数和介质损耗因数，然后开展了改性前后绝缘纸与矿物绝缘油复合绝缘体系的局部放电和电寿命试验。结果表明：与未改性绝缘纸相比，新型交联网状绝缘纸的介电常数和介质损耗因数分别降低了15.40%和29.78%，电寿命指数提升了37.94%。新型交联网状绝缘纸-绝缘油复合绝缘体系具有更低的放电重复率、放电能量、平均放电量和最大放电量。

, authors=侯微, 杨占刚, 谢梁, 胡章魁, 周经伟, 向阳峻桐, 颜巍, authorsList=侯微, 杨占刚, 谢梁, 胡章魁, 周经伟, 向阳峻桐, 颜巍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

侯微（1992-），女（汉族），四川遂宁人，工程师，博士，主要从事绝缘材料的研究。

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侯微（1992-），女（汉族），四川遂宁人，工程师，博士，主要从事绝缘材料的研究。

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侯微（1992-），女（汉族），四川遂宁人，工程师，博士，主要从事绝缘材料的研究。

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ArticleFig(id=1304925001304527138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304924994258096328, language=CN, label=图10, caption=两种绝缘纸的寿命测试结果, figureFileSmall=0uo1OfQtrwO24r6H8p/IuA==, figureFileBig=trL1k9rkDWG4wjUu14eFhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925001380024611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304924994258096328, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of two kinds of cellulose insulating papers in oil and air at 50 Hz

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品ε1ε2tanδ1/%tanδ2/%εsolidtanδsolid/%
未改性绝缘纸4.035.260.5660.6576.300.759
改性绝缘纸3.524.560.5030.5195.330.533
), ArticleFig(id=1304925001463910692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304924994258096328, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

50 Hz下两种纤维素绝缘纸在空气和油中的介电常数和介质损耗因数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品ε1ε2tanδ1/%tanδ2/%εsolidtanδsolid/%
未改性绝缘纸4.035.260.5660.6576.300.759
改性绝缘纸3.524.560.5030.5195.330.533
), ArticleFig(id=1304925001535213861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304924994258096328, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The results of power frequency electrical life for oil-immersed unmodified insulating papers under step stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
∆t/s试样Ub/kV∆tend/s
1 200125.67350.8
225.48819.8
325.52524.1
425.38555.7
525.54841.6
2 400123.66513.6
223.571 400.1
323.871 432.1
425.401 196.3
524.561 290.6
4 800123.981 758.6
223.562 486.9
323.621 816. 1
423.441 449.7
525.54415.9
), ArticleFig(id=1304925001623294246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304924994258096328, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

油浸未改性绝缘纸步进应力工频电寿命实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
∆t/s试样Ub/kV∆tend/s
1 200125.67350.8
225.48819.8
325.52524.1
425.38555.7
525.54841.6
2 400123.66513.6
223.571 400.1
323.871 432.1
425.401 196.3
524.561 290.6
4 800123.981 758.6
223.562 486.9
323.621 816. 1
423.441 449.7
525.54415.9
), ArticleFig(id=1304925001698791719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304924994258096328, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The results of power frequency electrical life for oil-immersed modified insulating papers under step stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Δt/s试样Ub/kV∆tend/s
1 200127.5187.60
225.63849.6
326.00439.5
425.44342.8
527.72184.1
2 400125.371 210.9
225.48958.7
325.54233.9
425.35481.7
527.51129.8
4 800125.62782.2
225.47586.5
325.54596.8
425.64263.6
525.58533.4
), ArticleFig(id=1304925001795260712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304924994258096328, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

油浸改性绝缘纸步进应力工频电寿命实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Δt/s试样Ub/kV∆tend/s
1 200127.5187.60
225.63849.6
326.00439.5
425.44342.8
527.72184.1
2 400125.371 210.9
225.48958.7
325.54233.9
425.35481.7
527.51129.8
4 800125.62782.2
225.47586.5
325.54596.8
425.64263.6
525.58533.4
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交联改性提升变压器油纸绝缘体系的绝缘特性研究
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侯微 , 杨占刚 , 谢梁 , 胡章魁 , 周经伟 , 向阳峻桐 , 颜巍
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(2): 30-38
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绝缘材料 | 2026 , 59 (2) : 30 -38
交联改性提升变压器油纸绝缘体系的绝缘特性研究
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侯微, 杨占刚, 谢梁, 胡章魁, 周经伟, 向阳峻桐, 颜巍
作者信息
  • 国网重庆市电力公司市北供电分公司，重庆　401120
作者简介:

侯微（1992-），女（汉族），四川遂宁人，工程师，博士，主要从事绝缘材料的研究。

Research on insulation characteristics of transformer oil-paper insulation system improved by cross-linking modification
Wei HOU, Zhangang YANG, Liang XIE, Zhangkui HU, Jingwei ZHOU, Yangjuntong XIANG, Wei YAN
Affiliations
  • State Grid Chongqing Shibei Power Supply Company, Chongqing 401120, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.004
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摘要
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首先通过柠檬酸交联改性制备新型交联网状纤维素绝缘纸，并测试绝缘纸改性前后的介电常数和介质损耗因数，然后开展了改性前后绝缘纸与矿物绝缘油复合绝缘体系的局部放电和电寿命试验。结果表明：与未改性绝缘纸相比，新型交联网状绝缘纸的介电常数和介质损耗因数分别降低了15.40%和29.78%，电寿命指数提升了37.94%。新型交联网状绝缘纸-绝缘油复合绝缘体系具有更低的放电重复率、放电能量、平均放电量和最大放电量。

油浸式变压器  /  复合绝缘体系  /  电气绝缘性能  /  均匀电场强度  /  介电性能。

In this paper, a novel crosslinked network cellulose insulating paper was prepared by citric acid crosslinking modification, and the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of the insulating paper were measured before and after modification. Then the composite insulation system of the modified insulating paper and mineral insulating oil were carried out partial discharge and electrical life tests. The results show that compared with the unmodified insulating paper, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of the novel crosslinked network insulating paper decreases by 15.39% and 29.78%, respectively, and the electrical life index increases by 37.94%. The novel crosslinked network insulating paper-insulating oil composite insulation system has lower discharge repetition rate, discharge energy, average discharge, and maximum discharge.

oil-immersed transformer  /  composite insulation system  /  electrical insulation performance  /  uniform electric field strength  /  dielectric property
侯微, 杨占刚, 谢梁, 胡章魁, 周经伟, 向阳峻桐, 颜巍. 交联改性提升变压器油纸绝缘体系的绝缘特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (2) : 30 -38 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.004
Wei HOU, Zhangang YANG, Liang XIE, Zhangkui HU, Jingwei ZHOU, Yangjuntong XIANG, Wei YAN. Research on insulation characteristics of transformer oil-paper insulation system improved by cross-linking modification[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (2) : 30 -38 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.004
正文
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0　引言
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随着电网体系的日趋庞大、输电容量及电压等级的不断提升，人们对电力传输及配送系统的可靠性与稳定性提出了更高的要求。油浸式变压器作为电力系统中电能运输和配送的中心枢纽，其健康状态直接决定着电网的安全稳定运行[1-3]。变压器内部绝缘体系在长期服役过程中受到电应力、热应力、环境等众多因素的影响，易老化失效，这是导致变压器发生故障的主要原因之一[4]，因此绝缘体系的性能直接决定着变压器的运行可靠性及寿命[5-7]。变压器的复合绝缘体系主要由木质纤维素制成的绝缘纸与矿物绝缘油构成。虽然，纤维素绝缘纸在矿物绝缘油中表现出良好的相容性和绝缘特性，但由于天然纤维素分子结构中存在大量的羟基，以其为原料制成的绝缘纸极性较强，介电常数高达6.5[8-9]，经充分浸油后介电常数为4.1～4.8，约为矿物绝缘油介电常数（εoil≈2.2）的2倍[10-11]。在交流电场作用下，材料分担的电场与其介电常数成反比，因此在变压器主绝缘结构中，油隙承担了比绝缘纸高出约一倍的电场强度。而绝缘油的电气强度又远低于绝缘纸，在长期交变电场作用下，油隙更易发生局部放电或击穿，因此油隙成为油-纸绝缘体系的薄弱环节。除此之外，较高的极性导致纤维素绝缘纸的介质损耗因数较高。在油-纸复合绝缘体系中，降低纤维素绝缘纸的极性，不仅可以有效地降低其介质损耗因数，而且可以减小矿物油与绝缘纸介电常数的差距，有效地均匀绝缘体系各组分的电场强度，从而极大地提升绝缘体系整体的绝缘性能。在此基础上，可进一步减小变压器主绝缘的尺寸，提高设备运行的可靠性。
目前研究工作者主要通过探寻绝缘纸的改性方法或合适的替代材料，以提高大型电力变压器的绝缘特性。随着近年来材料科学的高速发展，大量新型人工合成高聚物绝缘材料相继问世，如聚酯[12]、聚芳酰胺[13]、聚砜酰胺[14]等。虽然部分材料满足低极性的要求，但大多数与绝缘油的兼容性较差，无法解决变压器绕组散热的问题，不适合应用于大型油浸式电力变压器。少数性能优良的合成绝缘材料，以杜邦公司的Nomex®纸为代表，存在成本高、核心知识产权被国外企业垄断等问题，在大型电力变压器中也仅作为耐高温绝缘材料用于绕组热点部位的绝缘，而并未全面推广应用。
考虑到木质纤维素绝缘纸具有绝缘性能优良，与绝缘油兼容性良好，且环保经济、来源丰富等优点，本文考虑以天然纤维素作为制备绝缘纸的主要材料，通过化学改性使纤维素形成一种三维网状结构，降低纤维素绝缘纸的介电常数和介质损耗因数，均匀绝缘纸与矿物绝缘油复合绝缘体系各组分的电场强度，以改善矿物绝缘油与纤维素绝缘纸的电场分布，提高电力变压器的运行可靠性，延长其使用寿命。
1　试验
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1.1　试样制备
本文直接对商用纤维素纸进行改性处理，商用纤维素绝缘纸购于江苏新源电工股份有限公司，厚度为1 mm，所用绝缘油为25#克拉玛依矿物油，酯化催化剂为C6H5Na3O7，纯度为99%，交联剂选择柠檬酸（CA）[15]。制备新型交联网状纤维素纸[16]主要包括交联剂和酯化催化剂的溶解，纸的浸渍、烘干、高温固化、去离子水清洗、烘干等步骤，如图1所示。首先，配制浓度为0.4 mol/L的CA溶液；按CA和C6H5Na3O7质量比为2∶1的比例向CA溶液中加入C6H5Na3O7；将装有CA/C6H5Na3O7溶液的烧杯置于90℃水浴锅中搅拌5 min以充分溶解；将绝缘纸浸泡于CA/C6H5Na3O7溶液中20 min，直至绝缘纸浸渍饱和；取出绝缘纸，并擦拭绝缘纸表面多余的流动液体，在80℃下干燥15 min；随后，将绝缘纸置于180℃高温烘箱中固化7 min；取出固化后的样品，用流动的去离子水洗涤至中性，去除多余的离子杂质；最后，在108℃真空干燥箱中干燥处理20 min，自然冷却至室温待测。
1.2　性能测试
采用德国NOVOCONTROL公司生产的Concept 80型宽频介电谱仪，参照IEC 62631-2-1:2018对改性前后绝缘纸的相对介电常数和介质损耗因数进行测试，测试接线与电极示意图如图2所示，采用铜电极，其中下电极是直径为35 mm的圆形凹槽，上电极是直径为20 mm、高为9 mm的圆柱。测试温度为25℃。每种样品测试5次，以平均值作为测定结果。
2　测试结果
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图3为绝缘纸改性前后的介电性能测试结果。
从图3可以看出，改性绝缘纸在空气和油中的介电常数及介质损耗因数均低于未改性绝缘纸。
由于绝缘纸试样由纤维素固体和微孔组成，为了获得试样固体部分的介电常数，试样在空气或油中的测试均可等效为固体部分与油或者空气的串联，因此，其在空气或油中的介电常数ε1和ε2可分别表示为式（1）、式（2）。
ε1=εsolid1-p+εsolidεairp 
ε2=εsolid(1-p)+εsolidεoilp 
式（1）～（2）中：εsolid为试样中固体部分（纤维素）介电常数；εair和εoil分别为空气和绝缘油的介电常数，其值分别为1和2.2；p为孔洞体积与总体积的比值，因为样品浸油后孔洞中的空气全部被绝缘油填满，所以假定在空气和绝缘油中测试的p值相同。
对两种绝缘纸分别在空气和油中进行5次介电性能测试，求取平均值后，代入式（1）～（2）中，即可获得两种试样固体部分（纤维素）的介电常数，再根据双层复合电介质等效模型[17-18]，即可获得两种试样固体部分（纤维素）的介质损耗因数，结果如表1所示。从表1可以看出，未改性绝缘纸中纤维素固体部分的介电常数为6.3，符合国际标准中纤维素的介电常数为5.1～6.5的规定[19]，证实了本文介电性能试验结果的可靠性。而改性纤维素绝缘纸的介电常数从6.30降低至5.33，介质损耗因数从0.759%降低到0.533%，分别降低了15.40%和29.78%。
3　含间隙结构局部放电特性
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为验证新型交联网状纤维素绝缘纸与矿物绝缘油配合的优势，开展了不同电压下含油间隙组合绝缘体系的局部放电实验。
3.1　测试原理及平台
采用脉冲电流法测试球-球电极中油间隙的局部放电特性。局部放电检测的接线方法主要有并联法、串联法和平衡法3种回路，考虑到串联法更适用于小电容试样且灵敏度更高，因此本文采用串联法回路对改性前后样品进行局部放电测试。局部放电测试平台如图4所示，其中试验变压器由泸州特种变压器有限公司生产，型号为YDW-50 kVA/50 kV；示波器由美国力科公司生产，型号为LeCory7100；保护电阻的阻值为5 kΩ；电容分压器的容量为1 000 pF；电极为球-球电极。
3.2　球-球电极局部放电特性
由于不同间距的上电极-纸模型中油纸的场强分布相似，选取上电极与纸间距为1 mm，分别开展纤维素绝缘纸-绝缘油模型（UCM）和交联网状绝缘纸-绝缘油模型（MCM）的局部放电实验。采用 1 kV的升压步长对试样进行加压实验，每级电压维持30 s；设置目标实验电压分别为22、26、30、34 kV；在目标电压下，自局部放电发生且平衡5 min之后对其进行实时采集，采样率为10 MS/s，每次采集1000个工频周期信号的脉冲波形。利用Matlab软件对采集的波形进行降噪，采集脉冲幅值和相位等信息，并绘制局部放电相位分布（PRPD）谱图，结果如图5和图6所示，其中右侧颜色轴表示放电散点的密集程度。
由图5～6可以发现，在外施电压较低时，两种绝缘纸形成的油间隙模型中局部放电的放电相位主要集中在0°～90°和180°～270°，呈现“山峰”图谱特征且正半周的放电幅值和放电密度远低于负半周。随着外施电压的增大，放电的相位分布范围逐渐变宽，放电幅值和放电密度均呈上升趋势，局部放电更剧烈。当外施电压达34 kV时，上述两种模型的放电图谱呈“柱状”图谱特征，放电到达爆发期，放电幅值和放电密度远高于其他外施电压。在相同电压下，对比两种模型的PRPD图发现，当外施电压为22 kV时，UCM的放电相位集中在225°～280°和45°～90°，而MCM的放电相位更窄且仅集中在225°～270°，在负半周处，两种模型的放电幅值和放电密度相差较小；当外施电压为26 kV时，两种模型的放电相位均变宽，放电密度和放电幅值均上升，与UCM相比，MCM不仅放电相位更窄，且放电密度和幅值均更低；当外施电压升至28 kV时，MCM在相位0°～90°出现放电散点，且所有放电相位处仍具有更低的放电密度和放电幅值；当外施电压达到34 kV时，在油间隙中观察到明亮的放电通道，两种模型均剧烈放电，谱图呈密集放电特征，最大放电量超过25 000 pC，UCM的谱图颜色比MCM更深，放电更密集。综上所述，在相同外施电压下，与未改性体系相比，改性体系具有更窄的放电相位、更低的放电密度和放电幅值。
利用Matlab软件进一步提取局部放电脉冲波形的放电重复率、放电能量、平均放电量和最大放电量4个特征参量，结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出，随着外施电压的增大，两种模型的4个特征参量均呈增大的趋势，在外施电压为34 kV时，增幅最为显著；相同电压下，MCM的放电重复率、放电能量和最大放电量均小于UCM，且随着电压的增大，两种模型的特征参量差距变大。当外施电压为34 kV时，MCM的放电重复率和放电能量比UCM分别降低了49.00%和46.47%；由于设备的局限性，使得34 kV下两种模型的平均放电量和最大放电量相差较小。进一步分析30 kV下的平均放电量和最大放电量可以发现，与UCM相比，MCM的平均放电量和最大放电量分别降低了8.64%和38.88%。
综上所述，商业纤维素绝缘纸与绝缘油的组合结构更易发生局部放电，且在相同电压下，绝缘油中产生的局部放电更剧烈、放电相位更宽、放电密度和放电幅值更大；交联网状改性可有效地降低局部放电对绝缘纸的损伤以及因局部放电引发的绝缘失效风险。
“油间隙-绝缘纸”组合绝缘结构可等效为均匀电场中的双层复合电介质模型[20]，如图8所示。在交变电场作用下，体系中固体纤维和绝缘油承担的场强Ec和Eo分别如式（3）、式（4）所示。
Ec=εo1+tan2δodεcdotanδc+εodctanδo2+εcdo+εodc2E
Eo=εc1+tan2δcdεodctanδo+εcdotanδc2+εodc+εcdo2E
式（3）～（4）中：dc、do分别为绝缘纸和矿物绝缘油的厚度；εc、εo分别为绝缘纸和矿物绝缘油的介电常数；tanδc、tanδo分别为绝缘纸和矿物绝缘油的介质损耗因数；E为外施电场强度。
在交变电场作用下，绝缘油和绝缘纸分配的场强由各自的等效厚度、介电常数和介质损耗因数共同决定。在改性绝缘纸中，柠檬酸通过与相邻纤维素分子链上的羟基发生酯化反应形成网状结构，不仅消耗了纤维素分子链中的极性基团，而且网状结构的存在降低了偶极子的取向运动，使得改性绝缘纸的介电常数和介质损耗因数较未改性绝缘纸分别降低了15.40%和29.78%，改善了绝缘纸-绝缘油体系中的场强分布，提高了油纸绝缘体系抗局部放电的能力。
4　工频交流电寿命试验
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由固体介质在外施电压作用下的击穿机理可知，固体介质在交流电压的长期作用下会由于极化损耗而发热，当单位时间内介质的发热量大于散热量时，介质温度不断升高，致使介质老化，直至击穿，因此其绝缘失效的主要原因是电热老化。电压寿命指数（n）是描述绝缘材料电热老化性能的重要参数，因此开展电老化试验获得电寿命指数是了解绝缘纸长期电气强度的重要基础。
4.1　工频交流电寿命试验原理及参数设置
将制备的交联网状绝缘纸和商用绝缘纸裁剪为若干边长为6 cm的样品，实验前，首先对待测样品进行真空浸油处理，并置于干燥箱中冷却至室温。采用图9所示的击穿试验平台，将干燥处理后的油浸纸试样放置于柱-柱电极中进行测试。
基于文献[21]中提出的试验电压经验公式：18%Ub<U0<70%Ub，已知纤维素绝缘纸的击穿电压（Ub）为42.23 kV，本研究取起始电压为8 kV，步进电压（ΔU）为2 kV，每级电压持续时间（∆t）分别取1 200、2 400、4 800 s。实验环境温度为（25±2）℃，相对湿度为50%±5%，每组样品重复5次试验。
4.2　工频交流电寿命试验结果及分析
表2和表3分别为油浸商用纤维素绝缘纸和油浸交联网状纤维素绝缘纸在步进应力作用下的电老化实验数据。由表2～3可以看出，随着∆t的增大，绝缘纸的击穿电压幅值整体上减小，但总耐压时间（∆tend）增加，这与步进应力法求取固体绝缘的假设基本一致[22]，印证了测试方法的合理性。此外，交联网状纤维素绝缘纸的击穿电压略高于商用纤维素绝缘纸。
根据文献[23]中电寿命指数的计算方法可得到两种油浸绝缘纸的寿命指数曲线，如图10(a)所示，基于电寿命指数可获得其反幂函数电寿命模型（IPM模型）图，如图10(b)所示。
从图10(b)可以看出，油浸商用纤维素绝缘纸和交联网状绝缘纸的电寿命指数分别为14.97和20.65，表明交联网状绝缘纸的耐电老化能力优于商用纤维素绝缘纸，即在相同的外施电压下，交联网状绝缘纸的电寿命更长。推测其原因可能有3点：①交联网状绝缘纸的工频介电常数远低于商用纤维素绝缘纸，在相同外施交流电压的作用下，前者的油孔隙中承担的电场强度远低于后者；②交联网状绝缘纸的工频介质损耗因数为0.533%，远低于商用纤维素绝缘纸（0.759%），在长时间交流电压作用下，交联网状绝缘纸内部分子由于偶极子弛豫引发的损耗低于商用纤维素绝缘纸，纸张内部由损耗引起的发热量更低；③纤维素中分子链间的弱非键合相互作用由酯化交联形成的化学键替代，即交联网状绝缘纸中分子链间形成了更牢固的网络结构。当电应力或高能放电粒子束作用于分子链之间时，交联网络相较于非键合作用力具有更强的耐损伤能力，纸张内部更难出现局部缺陷。因此，交联网状绝缘纸的耐电老化能力优于商用纤维素绝缘纸。
5　结论
收起
本文制备了新型交联网状纤维素改性绝缘纸，测试了绝缘纸改性前后的介电常数和介质损耗因数，并开展了交联网状绝缘纸与商业纤维素绝缘纸典型绝缘结构的局部放电特性和电寿命试验，主要得到以下结论：
（1）与未改性绝缘纸相比，新型交联网状绝缘纸的介电常数和介质损耗因数分别降低了15.40%和29.78%。
（2）相同电压下，与商业绝缘纸-绝缘油体系相比，交联网状绝缘纸-绝缘油体系具有更低的放电重复率、放电能量和最大放电量；当外施电压为34 kV时，交联网状绝缘纸-绝缘油体系的放电重复率和放电能量分别降低了49.00%和46.47%。
（3）交联网状绝缘纸的电寿命指数为20.65，相较于商业绝缘纸提升了37.94%，这是由于与商业绝缘纸相比，交联网状绝缘纸具有更低的介电常数和介质损耗，其更牢固的分子结构均匀了油纸绝缘体系的电场强度分布，降低了因损耗导致的发热损伤，提高了分子结构耐电应力或高能放电粒子束的能力，使其具有更长的交流电寿命。

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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.004
  • 接收时间：2025-03-13
  • 首发时间：2026-09-10
  • 出版时间：2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-13
  • 修回日期：2025-05-06
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    国网重庆市电力公司市北供电分公司，重庆　401120
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