Article(id=1304923135011222147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754496000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-07, revisedDate=1757260800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047519686, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047519686, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047519686, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047519686, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304923090710982825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047509124, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118076681, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219072573071941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219072573071942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=78, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304923135195771524, articleId=1304923135011222147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence of VFTO amplitude on electrical insulation performance of EPDM for power cable terminals in GIS, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, a very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO) discharge simulation experiment platform was established. The effect of VFTO on power equipment was simulated by multiple lightning shock waves, and the effect of discharge amplitude on the electrical insulation performance of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) was studied. The results show that after 200 times of pulsed discharges, carboxylate salt groups are formed on the EPDM surface, and the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor increase, while the AC electric strength and surface water contact angle decrease significantly. The degradation degree of above performance increases with the increase of discharge electric field strength. When the field strength reaches 40 kV/mm, the AC electric strength of the EPDM sample decreases from 42.28 kV/mm to 37.16 kV/mm after 200 times of pulse discharges, with a decrease of 12.11%, and the water contact angle decreases from 100.53° to 88.63°.

, authors=Weihong HAN1, Chaosheng LI1, Xiaoping ZHAO1, Hongwei SU2, Jian WEI2, authorsList=Weihong HAN, Chaosheng LI, Xiaoping ZHAO, Hongwei SU, Jian WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304923136714109587, articleId=1304923135011222147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=GIS中快速暂态过电压幅值对电力电缆终端用三元乙丙橡胶电气绝缘性能的影响, columnId=1190369198724452531, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=绝缘技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文搭建快速暂态过电压(very fast transient overvoltage,VFTO)放电模拟平台,以大量雷电冲击波模拟VFTO对电力设备的影响,研究放电幅值对三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)电气绝缘性能的影响规律。结果表明:经200次脉冲放电后,EPDM表面生成羧酸盐基团,介电常数与介质损耗因数上升,而交流电气强度与表面水接触角明显下降。上述性能劣化程度随放电场强增大而加剧。当场强达到40 kV/mm时,经200次脉冲放电后EPDM试样的交流电气强度由42.28 kV/mm下降至37.16 kV/mm,降幅为12.11%,水接触角由100.53°下降至88.63°。

, authors=韩为宏1, 李超胜1, 赵小平1, 苏宏伟2, 魏健2, authorsList=韩为宏, 李超胜, 赵小平, 苏宏伟, 魏健, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

韩为宏(1984-),男(汉族),安徽凤阳人,高级工程师,主要从事电网规划与投资方向的研究。

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韩为宏(1984-),男(汉族),安徽凤阳人,高级工程师,主要从事电网规划与投资方向的研究。

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韩为宏(1984-),男(汉族),安徽凤阳人,高级工程师,主要从事电网规划与投资方向的研究。

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Dielectric constant and tanδ of EPDM samples at 50 Hz

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介电参数试样1试样2试样3
介电常数3.543.703.93
tanδ5.86×10-41.67×10-31.76×10-3
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EPDM试样在50 Hz时的介电常数与介质损耗因数

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介电参数试样1试样2试样3
介电常数3.543.703.93
tanδ5.86×10-41.67×10-31.76×10-3
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Weibull distribution parameters of AC electric strength for EPDM samples

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试样α/(kV/mm)β
142.2818.48
238.6622.31
337.1621.60
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EPDM试样交流电气强度的Weibull分布参数

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试样α/(kV/mm)β
142.2818.48
238.6622.31
337.1621.60
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GIS中快速暂态过电压幅值对电力电缆终端用三元乙丙橡胶电气绝缘性能的影响
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韩为宏 1 , 李超胜 1 , 赵小平 1 , 苏宏伟 2 , 魏健 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2026,59(4): 78-84
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绝缘材料 |绝缘技术 2026 , 59 (4) : 78 -84
GIS中快速暂态过电压幅值对电力电缆终端用三元乙丙橡胶电气绝缘性能的影响
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韩为宏1, 李超胜1, 赵小平1, 苏宏伟2, 魏健2
作者信息
  • 1国网甘肃省电力公司武威供电公司,甘肃 武威 733000
  • 2湖北安源安全环保科技有限公司,湖北 武汉 430021
作者简介:

韩为宏(1984-),男(汉族),安徽凤阳人,高级工程师,主要从事电网规划与投资方向的研究。

Influence of VFTO amplitude on electrical insulation performance of EPDM for power cable terminals in GIS
Weihong HAN1, Chaosheng LI1, Xiaoping ZHAO1, Hongwei SU2, Jian WEI2
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company Wuwei Electric Power Supply Company, Wuwei 733000, China
  • 2Hubei Anyuan Safety and Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430021, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.010
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本文搭建快速暂态过电压(very fast transient overvoltage,VFTO)放电模拟平台,以大量雷电冲击波模拟VFTO对电力设备的影响,研究放电幅值对三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)电气绝缘性能的影响规律。结果表明:经200次脉冲放电后,EPDM表面生成羧酸盐基团,介电常数与介质损耗因数上升,而交流电气强度与表面水接触角明显下降。上述性能劣化程度随放电场强增大而加剧。当场强达到40 kV/mm时,经200次脉冲放电后EPDM试样的交流电气强度由42.28 kV/mm下降至37.16 kV/mm,降幅为12.11%,水接触角由100.53°下降至88.63°。

VFTO  /  三元乙丙橡胶  /  交流电气强度  /  水接触角

In this paper, a very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO) discharge simulation experiment platform was established. The effect of VFTO on power equipment was simulated by multiple lightning shock waves, and the effect of discharge amplitude on the electrical insulation performance of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) was studied. The results show that after 200 times of pulsed discharges, carboxylate salt groups are formed on the EPDM surface, and the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor increase, while the AC electric strength and surface water contact angle decrease significantly. The degradation degree of above performance increases with the increase of discharge electric field strength. When the field strength reaches 40 kV/mm, the AC electric strength of the EPDM sample decreases from 42.28 kV/mm to 37.16 kV/mm after 200 times of pulse discharges, with a decrease of 12.11%, and the water contact angle decreases from 100.53° to 88.63°.

VFTO  /  EPDM  /  AC electric strength  /  water contact angle
韩为宏, 李超胜, 赵小平, 苏宏伟, 魏健. GIS中快速暂态过电压幅值对电力电缆终端用三元乙丙橡胶电气绝缘性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (4) : 78 -84 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.010
Weihong HAN, Chaosheng LI, Xiaoping ZHAO, Hongwei SU, Jian WEI. Influence of VFTO amplitude on electrical insulation performance of EPDM for power cable terminals in GIS[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (4) : 78 -84 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.010
气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)中,隔离开关执行分合操作时会产生瞬态过电压,并以电磁波的形式沿母线向隔离开关两侧传播,当传播至绝缘子、套管、电缆终端等位置时会因电磁波的折射与反射形成快速暂态过电压(very fast transient overvoltage,VFTO)[1-2]。VFTO可能引发绝缘失效,甚至导致设备损坏[3],严重危及周边设备运行的安全性与稳定性。三元乙丙橡胶(ethylene propylene diene monomer,EPDM)作为乙烯、丙烯、非共轭二烯烃的三元共聚物,因其优异的绝缘性能与耐腐蚀性,广泛用于GIS[4]及高压电缆[5-6]的密封与绝缘。值得注意的是,EPDM所在位置通常是VFTO作用的重灾区,然而关于VFTO对EPDM性能影响的研究迄今鲜有报道。
为了降低电力系统中VFTO对设备的影响,诸多研究聚焦于采用抑制策略,包括加装阻尼母线结构[7-8]、增设阻尼电阻[9]或加装铁氧体磁环[10]等。王欢等[7]研究表明,加装阻尼母线可显著降低VFTO的平均幅值,并有效减少GIS内部电气击穿次数。胡洋等[10]研究发现,在母线或隔离开关处加装铁氧体磁环,可分别使VFTO的最大幅值降低32.3%和36.7%,并指出当隔离开关处磁环饱和时,在母线最优位置再改装,磁环可进一步削弱VFTO对设备的影响。然而,上述研究聚焦于优化电力设备的结构以降低VFTO对设备的影响,尚未从设备关键绝缘材料本身出发,探索提升电力设备耐受VFTO能力的途径。
提升绝缘材料的抗VFTO能力,首先要掌握VFTO劣化其绝缘性能的机理。然而,关于VFTO作用下绝缘材料的性能劣化机理及其提升方法的研究相对匮乏。潘绍明等[11]研究了VFTO对环氧树脂介电性能的影响,指出随VFTO放电场强的增强,环氧树脂的电气强度因内部缺陷增多呈现持续劣化的趋势。刘熊[12]研究了VFTO对环氧绝缘子表面形貌和沿面闪络性能的影响。何顺等[13]研究发现,降低盆式绝缘子用环氧绝缘料中氧化铝填料的含量,有助于减小其表面VFTO幅值,从而提高绝缘子对VFTO的耐受能力。作为重要的绝缘材料之一,EPDM在电缆应用领域已获得广泛研究[14-17],但其在VFTO工况下的性能变化规律及提升其VFTO耐受能力的方法研究鲜有报道。
为此,本研究搭建VFTO放电模拟平台,以大量雷电冲击波模拟VFTO放电对绝缘材料的影响。通过对EPDM试样施加不同幅值的雷电脉冲放电(累计200次),测量脉冲放电作用前后试样的化学结构、介电常数、交流电气强度及静态水接触角等关键性能参数的变化规律,深入分析放电场强对EPDM电气绝缘性能的影响规律,并探讨其内在机理,为提升GIS设备的绝缘可靠性提供理论依据。
本研究所用的EPDM是110 kV GIS用电缆终端的主要绝缘与密封介质,其厚度为0.6 mm,直径为100 mm。
VFTO放电模拟平台如图1所示,主要由脉冲电源发生器、分压电容与腔体组成,其中腔体内装有放电电极。试验时将试样夹紧在电极中,并在腔体内充满SF6气体,保持腔体内气压为0.2 MPa。
考虑到试验成本以及雷电冲击波与VFTO对电介质的作用均有累积效应,本研究用负极性雷电冲击波代替VFTO进行试验。用雷电冲击波的波头、波尾时间分别为1.2 μs、50 μs,分别设置雷电冲击波场强为20 kV/mm与40 kV/mm,随后对试样进行200次放电。将脉冲放电前和经受不同场强(分别为20 kV/mm和40 kV/mm)脉冲放电的试样分别记为试样1、试样2和试样3。
使用VEG800S型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测试样的表面形貌,放大倍率为500倍,观测前需对试样表面喷镀导电电极。
使用红外光谱仪的投射模式表征试样的化学结构,测试波数为3 000~600 cm-1,扫描次数为32,分辨率为4 cm-1
使用Novontrol Concept 80型宽带介电谱仪测量试样的介电常数与介质损耗因数,测试温度为20℃,频率为10-1~106 Hz。测试前需对试样两端喷镀导电电极,电极直径为30 mm。
交流击穿试验在绝缘油中进行,温度为30℃,电极为铜制球-球电极,半径为10 mm。每一种试样选择2个样片进行10次有效击穿,记录击穿电压并计算电气强度,然后用Weibull分布统计试验数据。
使用座滴法测量试样的静态水接触角,测试用水为去离子水。每一种试样选择2个样片,对表面的不同位置进行5次测量,取5次结果的平均值作为最终结果。
图2为EPDM试样经200次脉冲放电前后的SEM图。从图2可以看出,脉冲放电前试样(试样1)的表面存在橡胶颗粒,整体纹路清晰,没有出现明显的裂纹;经20 kV/mm脉冲放电200次后,试样2表面出现明显裂纹;当脉冲放电的场强进一步增大至40 kV/mm时,试样3的表面裂纹密度增大且更清晰。SEM结果表明,脉冲放电对EPDM的表面形貌有影响,且这种影响随着放电场强的增大而增强。本文中EPDM表面形貌的变化与王雪婷[18]报道的EPDM经辐照后表面形貌的变化相似。脉冲放电与高能电子辐照类似,均会产生大量高能电子,这些电子会冲击试样表面,导致试样表面出现裂纹及缺陷,使性能劣化。
图3为EPDM试样经200次脉冲放电前后的红外光谱。从图3可以看出,脉冲放电显著改变了EPDM的化学结构。试样1的光谱特征峰主要归属于乙烯、丙烯和非共轭二烯烃组分,其中2 918 cm-1与2 848 cm-1处的吸收峰归属于分子链中-CH2-的伸缩振动[18-19];1 462 cm-1与1 374 cm-1处的吸收峰主要归属于-CH3的弯曲振动[18-19];1 080 cm-1与802 cm-1处的吸收峰同时出现,表征Si-O-Si键的不对称伸缩振动和Si-C键的伸缩振动特征可能性最大[19],表明EPDM试样中很可能添加了含硅添加剂。
经脉冲放电后,红外光谱中位于1 537 cm-1处的特征峰显著增强,同时在1 398 cm-1处出现了新的特征峰。通过查阅文献,认为1 398 cm-1处新产生的特征峰与羧酸基团有关[19]。EPDM配方中通常含有氧化锌,其作为促进剂以提升试样在制备过程中的交联效率。当EPDM在SF6气氛下经历多次脉冲放电时,有机分子链将断裂并产生自由基,这些自由基可与气体中的含氧杂质发生反应,生成羧酸,而羧酸可与含锌的添加剂反应生成羧酸盐,因此1 537 cm-1与1 398 cm-1处为羧酸盐的特征峰,且峰值随着放电场强的提升而增大。
试样在常温下的介电常数与介质损耗因数(tanδ)测试结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,试样1的介电常数大于3.4,随着脉冲放电场强的增大,试样的介电常数持续上升。经40 kV/mm脉冲放电200次后,试样3的介电常数已超过3.8。纯EPDM属于非极性材料,其介电常数理论值应低于3.0[20]。然而,部分EPDM试样在制备过程中因添加极性组分,可能导致其介电常数高于3.0,这与文献[21]报道的EPDM常温介电常数范围(3~4)相符。本文介电常数测试结果大于3.4,亦印证了EPDM试样在制备过程中加入了额外的添加剂,与图3中的红外光谱测试结果相匹配。
经历200次脉冲放电后,试样的介电常数随脉冲场强增大而显著增大,但tanδ的变化则主要表现为损耗峰向高频方向略有偏移。结合红外光谱测试结果,认为在脉冲放电下EPDM发生了分子链断裂与重组,表现为大分子断裂后生成新的含氧小分子基团。这些小分子更容易在电场作用下发生极化,导致EPDM介电常数上升、损耗峰向高频方向偏移。鉴于本文选用的EPDM材料主要用于交流电缆,特此对比了50 Hz下(工频)EPDM试样的介电常数与tanδ,结果汇总于表1
表1可以看出,经脉冲放电处理后,EPDM试样在工频下的介电常数与介质损耗因数均呈上升趋势。结合红外光谱分析表明,EPDM经历多次脉冲放电后,其分子链发生断裂并产生自由基。这些自由基与气体中的含氧杂质及添加剂发生一系列化学反应,最终生成极性羧酸盐产物,导致试样整体极性增强,进而引起其介电常数与介质损耗因数上升。
根据GB/T 29310—2012相关要求,采用双参数Weibull分布模型分析脉冲放电前后EPDM试样的交流击穿性能。双参数Weibull函数见式(1)[22-23]
Pf(Eb; α, β)=1-e-(Ebα)β
式(1)中:Pf是试样在交流电压作用下的击穿概率,%;Eb是交流电气强度,kV/mm;α是尺寸参数,代表击穿概率为63.2%时试样的电气强度,kV/mm;β是形状参数,表征试样击穿性能的稳定性。
图5为EPDM试样交流电气强度的Weibull分布,相对应的Weibull分布参数见表2。从图5表2可以看出,未经受脉冲放电的EPDM试样绝缘性能最好,其交流电气强度为42.28 kV/mm。当经历200次脉冲场强分别为20 kV/mm和40 kV/mm的脉冲放电后,EPDM试样的电气强度出现劣化,分别下降至38.66 kV/mm和37.16 kV/mm。相较于试样1,试样3的交流电气强度劣化程度最大,下降了12.11%。
试样脉冲放电前后表面水接触角的变化如图6所示。从图6可以看出,试样1表面表现出疏水性,其水接触角为100.53°。但经200次脉冲放电后,试样表面的水接触角下降,试样2和试样3的表面水接触角分别为91.74°与88.63°,表明经过脉冲放电后EPDM试样表面疏水性受到破坏。
电介质表面的水接触角与其极性基团的含量密切相关。通常极性基团含量增加会导致电介质的水接触角下降[24]。红外光谱测试结果表明,经历多次脉冲放电后,试样中极性基团含量显著增加,该变化直接导致EPDM试样表面水接触角下降。鉴于EPDM在电缆终端中主要起绝缘与密封作用,其水接触角的降低会削弱材料表面的疏水性,导致水分侵入电缆内部,进而加速绝缘介质的老化并损害其绝缘性能[25],最终对电力设备的长期稳定运行构成风险。
固体电介质的击穿性能受其内部杂质与缺陷的影响[11,26]。SEM结果表明,未经受脉冲放电的EPDM试样表面结构均匀、无明显缺陷。然而,经历脉冲放电冲击后,试样表面出现明显裂纹,且裂纹密度与严重程度随脉冲场强增大而增加。这将导致环境中的气体分子可沿裂纹渗入EPDM内部,且裂纹越多,气体渗入越容易、渗入量越多,将导致材料内部气体杂质增多。
图7为脉冲放电作用下EPDM中缺陷演变的示意图,其中对于没有经受脉冲放电的EPDM试样,用一个无缺陷的固体表示,而经历脉冲放电后,会在固体表面乃至内部存在一些气泡。
图7可以看出,随着脉冲场强的增大,气泡含量增多且会向内部延伸。鉴于气体电介质的电气强度远低于固体电介质,这些富含气体的区域将成为EPDM本体绝缘的薄弱位置[27]。在施加电场后,试样中的绝缘缺陷(气泡处)将率先发生放电。
在交流电场作用下,复合电介质中各组分承受的电场强度与其介电常数成反比[28]。试验测得50 Hz下试样1、试样2、试样3的介电常数分别为3.54、3.70、3.93。因此,在相同外施电压下,介电常数更高的试样(试样2和试样3)内部气隙需承受更强的电场,显著增加了固体材料内部气隙发生击穿与局部放电的风险,从而在电介质内部产生大量电子。这些电子可作为初始电子,引发固体电介质发生击穿[11,26-27]
试样1的介电常数最低且表面完好无损,因而具有最高的交流电气强度(42.28 kV/mm)。经200次脉冲放电后,随着脉冲场强增大(20 kV/mm和40 kV/mm),试样内部缺陷数量增多且介电常数增大(分别达到3.70与3.93),导致其绝缘性能劣化,交流电气强度下降至38.66 kV/mm(试样2)和37.16 kV/mm(试样3)。
本文基于搭建的VFTO放电模拟平台,通过大量负极性雷电脉冲放电试验模拟VFTO对电力设备的冲击效应,研究了不同放电幅值对EPDM绝缘性能的劣化规律,主要得出如下结论:
(1)脉冲放电后EPDM表面产生显著裂纹,同时材料内部生成极性羧酸盐产物,破坏了其表面疏水性。
(2)脉冲放电后EPDM的介电常数上升、介质损耗峰向高频区域偏移。
(3)脉冲放电导致EPDM的交流电气强度显著下降。经200次40 kV/mm脉冲放电后,EPDM的电气强度由42.28 kV/mm下降至37.16 kV/mm,降幅达到12.11%。
(4)脉冲放电后EPDM表面水接触角下降,经200次40 kV/mm脉冲放电后,EPDM的水接触角由100.53°下降至88.63°。

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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.010
  • 接收时间:2025-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-07
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    1国网甘肃省电力公司武威供电公司,甘肃 武威 733000
    2湖北安源安全环保科技有限公司,湖北 武汉 430021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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