Article(id=1304923098948595978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=1751472000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047511087, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047511087, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047511087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047511087, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304923090710982825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047509124, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118076681, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219072573071941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219072573071942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=9, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304923099191865611, articleId=1304923098948595978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of vulcanization temperatures on interface properties of XLPE return insulation for submarine cable flexible joints, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effect of vulcanization temperatures on the interface properties of XLPE return insulation for submarine cable flexible joints, XLPE single layer samples and XLPE-XLPE composite insulation interface simulated samples of submarine cable flexible joints were prepared at different vulcanization temperatures(160, 180, 200℃), the conductivity, space charge, gel content, and mechanical properties of the XLPE single layer samples were tested, and the space charge and mechanical properties of the XLPE-XLPE composite interface samples were tested. The results show that with the vulcanization temperature increases, the crosslinking degree of the XLPE single layer samples first increases and then decreases, the mechanical properties continuously improve, and the internal accumulated space charge first decreases and then increases. When the secondary vulcanization temperature of XLPE-XLPE composite interface sample is 180℃, the interface crosslinking property is the best. Under normal temperature and temperaure gradient conditions, the sample exhibits the lowest accumulated space charge amount at the interface and the best mechanical properties. When the secondary vulcanization temperature exceeds 180℃, XLPE undergoes thermal-oxidative ageing at higher vulcanization temperatures, leading to a decline in the mechanical and insulating properties of the interface.

, authors=Yulin JIANG, Chun JIA, Nengfeng GUO, Xia WANG*, authorsList=Yulin JIANG, Chun JIA, Nengfeng GUO, Xia WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xia WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304923100747952410, articleId=1304923098948595978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=硫化温度对海缆软接头用XLPE恢复绝缘界面性能的影响研究, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨硫化温度对海缆软接头XLPE恢复绝缘界面性能的影响,本文制备不同硫化温度(160、180、200℃)下海缆软接头的XLPE单层试样和XLPE-XLPE复合绝缘界面模拟试样,并对XLPE单层试样进行电导率、空间电荷、凝胶含量和力学性能测试,对XLPE-XLPE复合界面试样进行空间电荷与力学性能测试。结果表明:随着硫化温度的升高,XLPE单层试样的交联度先升高后降低,力学性能不断增强,内部积聚空间电荷先减少后增加。当XLPE-XLPE复合界面试样二次硫化温度为180℃时,界面交联性能最优,在常温和温度梯度条件下,试样的界面积累的空间电荷量最低,力学性能最佳。当二次硫化温度高于180℃时,XLPE在较高的硫化温度下发生热氧老化,导致界面力学性能和绝缘性能下降。

, authors=江钰琳, 贾春, 郭能峰, 王霞*, authorsList=江钰琳, 贾春, 郭能峰, 王霞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王霞, authorNote=

江钰琳(2001-),女(汉族),福建泉州人,硕士生,主要从事电缆附件及附件绝缘材料的性能测试和应用的研究

, correspAuthorsNote=
王霞(1976-),女(汉族),山西运城人,教授,博士,主要从事新型高压直流电缆及其直流料的研发、聚合物绝缘中空间电荷测量技术、高压电缆附件设计与故障诊断技术的研究。
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江钰琳(2001-),女(汉族),福建泉州人,硕士生,主要从事电缆附件及附件绝缘材料的性能测试和应用的研究

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江钰琳(2001-),女(汉族),福建泉州人,硕士生,主要从事电缆附件及附件绝缘材料的性能测试和应用的研究

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figureFileBig=JxCB3vHodW49QrUrHpqWgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304923103616856391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923098948595978, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同硫化温度下单层XLPE试样的凝胶含量, figureFileSmall=NzRvRf8/wEypMEouDsEEug==, figureFileBig=JxCB3vHodW49QrUrHpqWgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304923103675576648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923098948595978, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical properties test results of single-layer samples

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试样拉伸强度/MPa断裂伸长率/%
XLPE(160)19.663 251 017.013
XLPE(180)20.182 75977.590
XLPE(200)21.277 251 058.550
), ArticleFig(id=1304923103755268425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923098948595978, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单层试样力学性能测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样拉伸强度/MPa断裂伸长率/%
XLPE(160)19.663 251 017.013
XLPE(180)20.182 75977.590
XLPE(200)21.277 251 058.550
), ArticleFig(id=1304923103839154506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923098948595978, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mechanical properties test results of lap samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样拉伸强度/MPa断裂伸长率/%
XLPE(160-180)16.766 0861.890 3
XLPE(180-180)17.100 0865.769 0
XLPE(200-180)15.097 2758.984 5
), ArticleFig(id=1304923103906263371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923098948595978, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

搭接试样力学性能测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样拉伸强度/MPa断裂伸长率/%
XLPE(160-180)16.766 0861.890 3
XLPE(180-180)17.100 0865.769 0
XLPE(200-180)15.097 2758.984 5
), ArticleFig(id=1304923103960789324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923098948595978, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Half-life and decomposition rate after 15 min of vulcanization of DCP at different temperatures

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温度/℃半衰期/minn交联15 min分解率/%
1603.404.3995.296 1
1800.5328.3099.999 9
2000.09156.5299.999 9
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不同温度下DCP半衰期及交联15 min分解率

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温度/℃半衰期/minn交联15 min分解率/%
1603.404.3995.296 1
1800.5328.3099.999 9
2000.09156.5299.999 9
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硫化温度对海缆软接头用XLPE恢复绝缘界面性能的影响研究
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江钰琳 , 贾春 , 郭能峰 , 王霞 *
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2026,59(4): 9-18
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绝缘材料 |材料研究 2026 , 59 (4) : 9 -18
硫化温度对海缆软接头用XLPE恢复绝缘界面性能的影响研究
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江钰琳, 贾春, 郭能峰, 王霞*
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
王霞(1976-),女(汉族),山西运城人,教授,博士,主要从事新型高压直流电缆及其直流料的研发、聚合物绝缘中空间电荷测量技术、高压电缆附件设计与故障诊断技术的研究。
作者简介:

江钰琳(2001-),女(汉族),福建泉州人,硕士生,主要从事电缆附件及附件绝缘材料的性能测试和应用的研究

Effect of vulcanization temperatures on interface properties of XLPE return insulation for submarine cable flexible joints
Yulin JIANG, Chun JIA, Nengfeng GUO, Xia WANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.002
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为探讨硫化温度对海缆软接头XLPE恢复绝缘界面性能的影响,本文制备不同硫化温度(160、180、200℃)下海缆软接头的XLPE单层试样和XLPE-XLPE复合绝缘界面模拟试样,并对XLPE单层试样进行电导率、空间电荷、凝胶含量和力学性能测试,对XLPE-XLPE复合界面试样进行空间电荷与力学性能测试。结果表明:随着硫化温度的升高,XLPE单层试样的交联度先升高后降低,力学性能不断增强,内部积聚空间电荷先减少后增加。当XLPE-XLPE复合界面试样二次硫化温度为180℃时,界面交联性能最优,在常温和温度梯度条件下,试样的界面积累的空间电荷量最低,力学性能最佳。当二次硫化温度高于180℃时,XLPE在较高的硫化温度下发生热氧老化,导致界面力学性能和绝缘性能下降。

硫化温度  /  交联聚乙烯  /  软接头  /  绝缘界面

To investigate the effect of vulcanization temperatures on the interface properties of XLPE return insulation for submarine cable flexible joints, XLPE single layer samples and XLPE-XLPE composite insulation interface simulated samples of submarine cable flexible joints were prepared at different vulcanization temperatures(160, 180, 200℃), the conductivity, space charge, gel content, and mechanical properties of the XLPE single layer samples were tested, and the space charge and mechanical properties of the XLPE-XLPE composite interface samples were tested. The results show that with the vulcanization temperature increases, the crosslinking degree of the XLPE single layer samples first increases and then decreases, the mechanical properties continuously improve, and the internal accumulated space charge first decreases and then increases. When the secondary vulcanization temperature of XLPE-XLPE composite interface sample is 180℃, the interface crosslinking property is the best. Under normal temperature and temperaure gradient conditions, the sample exhibits the lowest accumulated space charge amount at the interface and the best mechanical properties. When the secondary vulcanization temperature exceeds 180℃, XLPE undergoes thermal-oxidative ageing at higher vulcanization temperatures, leading to a decline in the mechanical and insulating properties of the interface.

vulcanization temperature  /  XLPE  /  flexible joints  /  insulation interface
江钰琳, 贾春, 郭能峰, 王霞. 硫化温度对海缆软接头用XLPE恢复绝缘界面性能的影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (4) : 9 -18 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.002
Yulin JIANG, Chun JIA, Nengfeng GUO, Xia WANG. Effect of vulcanization temperatures on interface properties of XLPE return insulation for submarine cable flexible joints[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (4) : 9 -18 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.002
随着我国以“双碳”为战略目标的能源电力结构转型的推进,清洁能源得到了快速发展,新能源发电在电力系统中占比不断增加,海上风电呈现出高速发展态势[1]。交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)海缆广泛应用于深远海风电大规模集成并网,已成为海上风电远距离输送的关键装备[2-3]。海缆作为远距离输送装备必须要有一定的连续长度,而实际制造的单根海缆难以满足工程的运行长度要求,通常需要通过海缆软接头进行连接[4],此时将在连接处形成界面区域[5-6]。虽然软接头的恢复绝缘和海缆本体绝缘材质一致,均为XLPE,但是本体绝缘和软接头恢复绝缘的制造工艺参数如交联温度、压力、脱气时间等不同,导致XLPE的晶体形态存在差异,进而使得二者的电气性能和力学性能存在差异。由于两种绝缘的电导率不匹配以及制造过程产生的局部微小缺陷会影响载流子的输运,这可能导致电缆本体绝缘和软接头恢复绝缘之间界面上空间电荷的积累和电场的畸变[7],加速材料老化,甚至可能诱发绝缘击穿[8]。因此,研究海缆软接头中的XLPE绝缘界面层,了解关键生产工艺参数与性能变化之间的关系,对于长距离、大容量海缆的发展具有重要意义。
海缆软接头采用模塑工艺制作,制作过程中,首先对电缆进行预处理,去除护套、内屏蔽层等材料,将两侧绝缘切削出反应力锥面;随后将两根电缆导体等径连接,恢复内屏蔽层;最后将与电缆本体绝缘相同的绝缘材料加热熔化并注入模具中直至充满,形成一个整体绝缘[9]。在制作过程中,过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)作为化学交联剂,受热分解并引发聚乙烯分子链的交联反应。国内电缆制造商通常根据生产经验和型式试验来确定硫化温度和压力,典型的硫化温度约为200℃,硫化压力约为1.2 MPa[10]。目前,国内外学者对软接头界面绝缘性能研究较少。张添胤等[11]研究了硫化压力变化对软接头恢复绝缘性能的影响,结果表明在1.9 MPa硫化压力下,试样的直流电气强度和空间电荷注入阈值电场强度均达到最大值。孟繁博等[12]研究不同粗糙度界面和脱气处理对软接头的影响,结果表明提高软接头界面的光滑度和增加脱气时间均有助于改善本体绝缘与恢复绝缘之间的连接关系;并对软接头绝缘界面喷涂Mg(OH)2进行改性,在理论层面解释了喷涂Mg(OH)2对软接头陷阱特性的影响[13]。然而,硫化过程中温度对软接头恢复绝缘界面性能的影响和作用机理尚未清楚。因此,研究硫化温度对软接头的影响并阐明其在软接头恢复绝缘界面性能中的作用,对于500 kV及以上长距离XLPE海底电缆系统的开发和工程应用具有重要意义。
本研究在160、180、200℃的硫化温度下制作海缆软接头XLPE单层和XLPE-XLPE复合绝缘界面的模拟试样,并对XLPE单层试样进行直流电导率、空间电荷、力学性能和凝胶含量测试,对复合界面试样进行空间电荷和力学性能测试,研究硫化温度对软接头恢复绝缘界面性能的影响,研究结果有望为海缆软接头的制备和硫化工艺提供一定的理论依据。
选用浙江万马高分子材料集团有限公司生产的220 kV高压直流电缆绝缘用XLPE颗粒,采用平板热压法进行试样制备。一共制备两类试样,具体如下:
(1)不同硫化温度单层XLPE试样的制备:单层XLPE试样用于研究硫化温度对XLPE电学性能与力学性能的影响。首先称取适量XLPE颗粒在120℃、10 MPa条件下熔融5 min;随后将熔融态XLPE试样分别在160、180、200℃,15 MPa条件下硫化15 min;硫化完成后,打开水冷模式在10 MPa的压力下水冷5 min;之后将试样置于80℃鼓风干燥箱中脱气处理8 h以去除交联副产物,通过控制XLPE颗粒用量和制样模具尺寸最终制得不同硫化温度、厚度约为0.4 mm和2 mm的XLPE试样。为方便论述,将不同硫化温度下制备的单层试样在文中标注为XLPE(160)、XLPE(180)和XLPE(200)。厚度约为0.4 mm的试样用于直流电导率、空间电荷和凝胶含量测试;厚度约为2 mm的试样用于力学性能测试。
(2)不同硫化温度复合XLPE试样的制备:双层试样和搭接试样用于模拟海缆软接头中本体绝缘与恢复绝缘之间的界面结构,其制备示意图如图1图2所示。该类试样由本体绝缘层和恢复绝缘层两部分构成。
本体绝缘试样(试样A)制备:首先称取适量XLPE颗粒在120℃、10 MPa条件下熔融5 min;随后将熔融态XLPE试样于180℃、15 MPa条件下硫化15 min;硫化完成后,打开水冷模式在10 MPa的压力下水冷5 min;之后在80℃鼓风干燥箱中脱气处理4 h,通过控制XLPE颗粒用量和制样模具尺寸,最终制得厚度约为0.2 mm和2 mm的XLPE试样,用于模拟软接头电缆本体绝缘。
未交联恢复绝缘试样(试样B)制备:首先称取适量XLPE颗粒在120℃、10 MPa条件下熔融15 min,打开水冷模式将熔融态XLPE试样以10 MPa的压力水冷5 min成型,然后制得厚度约为0.2 mm和2 mm的未交联XLPE试样。
双层试样和搭接试样制备(绝缘恢复过程模拟):为防止硫化压力过小导致XLPE内部产生缺陷对试验结果造成干扰,绝缘恢复时采用与本体绝缘试样A相同的硫化压力(15 MPa)。将厚度约为0.2 mm的试样B直接叠置于试样A表面进行硫化,得到双层试样如图1所示;将厚度约为2 mm的试样B和试样A的边侧进行“斜面”搭接,得到搭接试样如图2所示。将这两种试样进行二次硫化,硫化温度分别为160、180、200℃,压力为15 MPa,时间为15 min,然后打开水冷模式在10 MPa的压力下水冷5 min,最后在80℃鼓风干燥箱中进行4 h的脱气处理。模拟软接头绝缘恢复过程,得到厚度分别约为0.4 mm和2 mm的模拟软接头绝缘界面的双层试样和搭接试样。根据恢复绝缘硫化温度的差异,将制得试样在文中标注为XLPE(160-180)、XLPE(180-180)和XLPE(200-180)。通过设计带有“斜坡”的压片模具,制成带有斜度的试样A、B,软接头界面反应力锥角度为9°~13°[14-15],为方便模具制作,本研究中该角度设计为11°。
采用Keithley 6517B型高阻计,利用实验室自制的三电极系统,分别在20、40、70℃下测量单层试样XLPE(160)、XLPE(180)和XLPE(200)在5~20 kV/mm电场强度下的直流电导率[16]
采用电声脉冲法(PEA)测量厚度约为0.4 mm的单层试样XLPE(160)、XLPE(180)、XLPE(200)和厚度约为0.4 mm的复合试样XLPE(160-180)、XLPE(180-180)、XLPE(200-180)的空间电荷特性[17]。测试系统主要由高压直流源、纳米脉冲源、PEA电极系统、示波器组成。在上电极处放置一个半导电层以增强声波耦合。对于单层试样,测量其常温下的空间电荷特性。对于复合试样,模拟本体绝缘的试样A始终放置于上电极(SC)侧,不同硫化温度的恢复绝缘放置于下电极(Al)侧,在常温和温度梯度条件下进行空间电荷测试。在直流海缆运行过程中,负荷电流会在导体线芯产生焦耳热,并以热传导的形式向外传递,使绝缘层在半径方向的温度呈内高外低的梯度分布趋势[5],导体最高温度为70℃左右[18]。根据实际运行工况,本试验设定双层试样温差为50℃,其中上电极温度为70℃,下电极温度为20℃[19]。在试验过程中,对试样施加20 kV的直流电压,测量时间为20 min。
凝胶含量可以用来表征XLPE材料的交联度,并与XLPE网状分子结构的完善程度成正相关。试验遵循JB/T 10437—2004相关要求,采用高温二甲苯萃取法测量单层试样XLPE(160)、XLPE(180)、XLPE(200)的凝胶含量[20]。每种XLPE试样的凝胶含量(G)根据式(1)计算。
G=M3-M1M2-M1×100%
式(1)中:M1为空钢丝网的质量;M2为萃取之前钢丝网及试样质量之和;M3为萃取、烘干、冷却后钢丝网及试样总质量之和。
根据GB/T 1040.1—2018相关要求[21],将厚度为2 mm的复合试样XLPE(160-180)、XLPE(180-180)、XLPE(200-180)和单层试样XLPE(160)、XLPE(180)、XLPE(200)剪裁成标准哑铃型试样,使用型号为CMT4503-5kN的电子万能试验机对试样进行力学性能测试。对于复合试样,确保复合界面位于标距区域。
图3为单层试样XLPE(160)、XLPE(180)、XLPE(200)分别在20、40、70℃下的直流电导率随电场强度的变化关系。从图3可以看出,随着电场强度的增大,3种试样的直流电导率均呈现显著上升的趋势。这一现象可归因于电场强度的增大促进了载流子的迁移,从而导致电导率的上升。在同一测试温度条件下,XLPE(200)试样的电导率高于XLPE(160)、XLPE(180)试样,表明较高的硫化温度可能导致材料内部分子链的局部降解[22-23],从而增加了自由体积和载流子的迁移路径,最终表现为电导率的升高。
图4为单层试样XLPE(160)、XLPE(180)、XLPE(200)在20 kV/mm场强下加压20 min的空间电荷分布。从图4可以看出,XLPE(160)试样在电极两侧均观察到显著的异极性电荷积聚现象,Al电极附近积累最大异极性电荷密度达到了1.002 9 C/m3;XLPE(200)试样在Al电极附近观察到异极性电荷积聚现象,Al电极附近积累最大异极性电荷密度为0.216 3 C/m3,试样内部有较多的正电荷。随着硫化温度提高,试样内部积聚的空间电荷密度先减少后增加。值得注意的是,XLPE(180)试样表现出较少的异极性电荷积聚,同时在Al电极附近出现少量同极性电荷注入现象。这一特性可归因于XLPE(180)试样在常温下电导率最低,与图3结果一致。
图5为双层试样XLPE(160-180)、XLPE(180-180)、XLPE(200-180)在20 kV/mm场强下加压20 min的空间电荷分布。从图5可以看出,由于本体绝缘和恢复绝缘的硫化工艺不同,导致两者的空间电荷分布存在一定的差异[5]。由于界面两侧绝缘材料的电导率、势垒等性能存在差异,影响了载流子输运过程,界面处更容易积聚空间电荷。双层试样的界面极性与电导率较高的恢复绝缘侧电极极性一致。随着加压时间的增加,界面处的电荷积累量不断增加。结合图3电导率的分析结果,常温下XLPE(160)与XLPE(180)试样之间存在最大的电导率差异,因此XLPE(160-180)试样界面处积聚的电荷量最大,最大电荷密度达到-2.379 5 C/m3;XLPE(200-180)试样界面积聚的电荷量次之,最大电荷密度为-2.064 8 C/m3;XLPE(180-180)试样界面处积聚的电荷量最低,最大电荷密度为-1.160 3 C/m3。XLPE(160-180)试样在Al电极侧出现异极性电荷积聚现象,最大异极性电荷密度达到0.963 6 C/m3,与图4单层试样的空间电荷测量结果有较高的一致性。
值得注意的是,即使本体绝缘与恢复绝缘采用相同的材料及硫化工艺,界面处仍会出现电荷积聚现象。这表明界面电荷的形成不仅与材料本身的性质有关,还可能受到界面微观结构、缺陷分布等因素的综合影响。
图6为3种双层试样在温度梯度下的空间电荷分布结果。从图6可以看出,3种双层试样在上电极和下电极附近均出现异极性电荷积聚现象。3种双层试样在界面处均积聚正电荷,与高温侧电极极性一致。观察界面电荷量发现,XLPE(160-180)试样界面积聚电荷量最大,最大电荷密度为1.318 0 C/m3;XLPE(200-180)试样界面积聚电荷量次之,最大电荷密度为1.239 0 C/m3;而XLPE(180-180)试样界面积聚电荷量最少,最大电荷密度为0.609 6 C/m3。从图6(a)可以看出,XLPE(160-180)试样界面左侧积聚负电荷,且随加压时间的增加,负电荷量减少。这一现象可归因于在高温高电场下界面势垒高度降低,正电荷载流子迁移速率加快并越过界面与负电荷发生中和反应,从而导致负电荷量减少。XLPE(200-180)和XLPE(180-180)试样界面左侧并未发现负电荷积聚,分析认为,XLPE(180)和XLPE(200)试样在20℃、20 kV/mm条件下的电导率低于XLPE(160)试样,电子迁移速率慢,较少的载流子迁移到界面已被空穴中和,故未发现负电荷积聚。
为了研究硫化温度对试样交联程度的影响,本文通过凝胶含量测试表征不同硫化温度下单层XLPE试样的交联程度,结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出,当硫化温度从160℃升高到180℃时,试样的凝胶含量由75.44%提升到84.54%,试样的交联度显著上升;当硫化温度升高到200℃时,凝胶含量下降到84.09%,试样的交联度有小幅下降。研究表明适当升高硫化温度,有助于DCP分解,促进硫化过程,增加试样内部的凝胶含量,提高试样的交联度。但是硫化温度过高,交联反应与热氧降解过程同时存在,过高的热能导致材料内部分子链的局部降解,表现为凝胶含量小幅减少、交联度降低[22]
表1为单层试样XLPE(160)、XLPE(180)和XLPE(200)的力学性能测试结果。从表1中可以看出,XLPE(200)试样的力学性能显著优于XLPE(180)和XLPE(160)试样。尽管200℃下XLPE存在轻微的降解现象(如图7所示),但更高的温度加快了交联反应速率,使得单位体积内的有效交联密度或缠结程度更高,从而表现出更优异的力学性能。
表2为搭接试样XLPE(160-180)、XLPE(180-180)和XLPE(200-180)的力学性能测试结果。
表2可以看出,XLPE(200-180)试样的力学性能相对较低,而XLPE(160-180)和XLPE(180-180)试样的力学性能相对较高。随着硫化温度的升高,交联剂DCP的分解更为充分,交联网络结构得到显著完善;然而,高温下的热氧老化效应会导致分子链断裂增加[24],反而降低界面区域的交联程度,从而对力学性能产生负面影响。
XLPE是以PE树脂为原料通过交联反应使线性分子结构变为网状分子结构而成。工程中最常用的交联方法是采用过氧化物交联剂DCP对聚乙烯进行交联。利用DCP进行交联时,交联剂分子内的过氧键在高温下断裂产生活性自由基,活性自由基和聚乙烯高分子链碰撞夺取分子链上的氢原子生成聚乙烯分子链自由基,含有自由基的碳原子相互碰撞结成共价键,形成网状分子结构,实现交联[24]
DCP分解半衰期τ定义为在某温度T下,可交联聚乙烯料内DCP浓度C下降至初始浓度C0的一半所需的时间。由交联反应速率常数比值公式结合DCP的1 min半衰期、交联反应活化能E及气体常数R可计算出任意温度下可交联聚乙烯料中DCP的半衰期[25],如式(2)所示。
τ=τ0eER·(1T-1T0)
式(2)中:T0为DCP的1 min半衰期对应温度;E取值为36.4 kcal/mol;R取值为1.987×10-3 kcal/(mol·K)。
由反应时间t和分解半衰期τ可计算得出DCP分解率x[26],如式(3)所示。
x=1-exp[-(ln2)t/τ]
t=n=1,2,3,…),代入式(3),得到式(4)。
x=1-exp[-nln2)]
式(4)中,n表示反应时间与分解半衰期的倍数比。
在一定温度下,当交联时间达到5τ~10τ时,DCP分解率达到97.0%~99.9%。若交联反应时间太短,则会导致交联反应不充分;若交联反应时间过长,则会导致交联生成物的降解[26]。已知DCP在173℃下的分解半衰期为1 min,代入式(2)~(4)计算出DCP在160、180、200℃下的半衰期以及交联反应15 min后的分解率,结果如表3所示。由表3可知,在硫化温度为160℃时,DCP在15 min交联过程中分解率仅为95.3%,尚未达到5τ~10τ对应的充分分解区间,表明该条件下DCP分解不完全,交联反应不充足。随着硫化温度的升高,DCP分解速率显著加快,当温度升高至180℃时,15 min内DCP的分解率已接近100%,交联反应趋于充分。进一步提高硫化温度至200℃,DCP仍可在较短时间内完全分解,但过高温度可能引发交联产物的热降解风险[27]
在3.1分析基础上,不同硫化温度下DCP的分解行为将直接影响XLPE的交联结构完整性及其绝缘性能与力学性能。结合表3可知,当硫化温度为160℃时,由于DCP分解不完全,XLPE交联结构尚未完全建立;而当硫化温度达到180℃及以上时,DCP基本完全分解,交联反应趋于充分,这一结果与图7所示凝胶含量测试结果相互印证:硫化温度为160℃的XLPE凝胶含量最低,仅为75.44%;随着硫化温度升高,凝胶含量迅速升高;而当硫化温度进一步升高到200℃,高温触发的热降解效应与交联反应产生竞争,凝胶含量出现小幅降低。
在恢复绝缘力学性能方面,如表1所示,随着硫化温度的提高,单层XLPE试样的拉伸强度呈现显著增强。随着硫化温度的升高,XLPE交联程度提高,分子相互缠绕交联,形成更为致密的三维网状结构[27],从而提高了力学性能,因此XLPE(180)和XLPE(200)试样均表现出较好的力学性能。
在恢复绝缘空间特性方面,当硫化温度为160℃时,XLPE在电极两侧出现明显的异极性电荷积聚现象。异极性电荷主要来源于绝缘材料本身。在电-热场作用下,材料中的催化剂、交联剂、抗氧剂、交联副产物以及其他杂质等发生解离作用,形成正负极性的离子电荷,这部分电荷在电场作用下迁移并积聚在电极附近[5]。而当硫化温度为160℃时,未被完全分解的DCP会在电场作用下分解,并形成杂质离子积聚在电极附近。随着硫化温度不断升高,DCP逐渐完全分解,交联反应趋于充分,XLPE内部异极性电荷积聚现象得到有效抑制,进而减弱了界面电场畸变,改善了材料的绝缘性能。
根据Maxwell-Wagner界面极化原理,界面电荷极性与高电导率侧电极极性相同[28]。根据直流电导测试结果可知,在常温和20 kV/mm场强下,XLPE(160)和XLPE(200)试样的电导率高于XLPE(180)试样,故双层试样XLPE(160-180)、XLPE(200-180)界面积聚电荷为负电荷;在温度梯度和20 kV/mm场强下,双层试样XLPE(160-180)、XLPE(180-180)、XLPE(200-180)界面积聚的电荷为正电荷。此结果与空间电荷测试结果一致。
当硫化温度为160℃时,较低的硫化温度使得界面交联并不充分,大量的载流子在界面处积聚,界面绝缘性能较差,结合图3电导率的分析结果,XLPE(160)与XLPE(180)试样之间存在最大的电导率差异,因此XLPE(160-180)试样在界面处积聚的电荷量最大。当硫化温度升高到180℃时,恢复绝缘与本体绝缘的分子链充分交联,界面相容性较好,界面缺陷减少且势垒降低,本体绝缘和恢复绝缘性能差异较小,因此两种测试条件下XLPE(180-180)试样均表现出最低的界面电荷量。当硫化温度进一步升高到200℃时,界面交联分子链在200℃下发生老化裂解,界面交联被破坏,形成较多缺陷,导致界面积累了较多电荷,进而使得界面电场分布不均,增加了绝缘失效的潜在风险。
对比表2搭接试样力学性能结果可得,随着绝缘恢复时硫化温度的升高,搭接试样的力学性能先上升后下降。硫化温度升高,DCP不断分解,界面交联网络不断完善,XLPE(180-180)试样表现出较好拉的伸强度和断裂伸长率,力学性能得到较好恢复。但随硫化温度进一步升高,同时伴随的老化效应导致分子链断裂增加,导致界面处的分子链发生断裂与降解,削弱了新旧绝缘之间的结合力,反而降低了界面区域的交联程度,从而对试样的力学性能产生负面影响,导致XLPE(200-180)试样的力学性能相对较差,不利于长期运行。上述结果表明,180℃的硫化温度能够有效促进DCP分解和XLPE交联网络的形成,是软接头二次硫化的较优温度。
(1)随着电场强度和温度的升高,XLPE试样的电导率逐渐上升。基于DCP分解程度和较高硫化温度分子链老化裂解的影响,不同硫化工艺下,XLPE(200)试样的电导率高于XLPE(160)、XLPE(180)试样。
(2)在常温空间电荷测试中,复合试样界面电荷峰极性与电导率较高的试样侧电极极性一致,且随着加压时间的增加,界面电荷密度持续增大。在温度梯度空间电荷测试中,电极两侧均观察到异极性电荷积聚。在两种测试条件下,XLPE(180-180)试样的界面电荷量均最少。
(3)在180℃硫化温度下,XLPE(180)试样的交联度最高。当硫化温度升高至200℃时,受热氧老化效应影响,XLPE(200)试样的交联度有所降低。而当硫化温度为160℃时,XLPE(160)试样中DCP未能充分分解,交联度最低。
(4)随着硫化温度升高,单层试样力学性能逐渐增强。而对于软接头界面类型的搭接试样,XLPE(180-180)试样的力学性能最优,XLPE(160-180)试样次之,XLPE(200-180)试样最差。在实际海缆软接头绝缘恢复工艺中,采用与本体绝缘相同的硫化工艺,能够获得电学性能和力学性能最佳的恢复效果。

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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.002
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
  • 修回日期:2025-07-03
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    西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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王霞(1976-),女(汉族),山西运城人,教授,博士,主要从事新型高压直流电缆及其直流料的研发、聚合物绝缘中空间电荷测量技术、高压电缆附件设计与故障诊断技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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