Article(id=1304922012833575191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755014400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-13, revisedDate=1758211200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047252137, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047252137, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047252137, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047252137, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921832184897890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047209067, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118050557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=122, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304922013005541656, articleId=1304922012833575191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Detection technology for interface pressure of 10 kV cold-shrink cable accessories based on ultrasonic nonlinear effect, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The intermediate joint of power cables is a key node in power transmission and distribution system, the interface pressure of the joint directly impacts its insulation performance and current-carrying capacity. However, a technical bottleneck remains in the non-destructive quantitative measurement of interface pressure in multi-layer heterogeneous materials. This paper proposed a non-destructive testing method for interface pressure in 10 kV cold-shrinkable cable accessories based on ultrasonic nonlinear effects. First, samples with different interface pressures were prepared, and reference values were obtained using built-in sensors. Then, a mechanical pressurization device was designed to expand the experimental pressure range. Based on a nonlinear ultrasonic testing platform, time-frequency domain characteristics of the echo signals from three types of composite interfaces of the 10 kV cold-shrinkable cable joint were analyzed. Finally, a quantitative mapping model between interface pressure and the nonlinear ultrasonic coefficient was established and verified. The results show that in the interface pressure range of 0-0.40 MPa, the amplitudes of the fundamental wave and the second harmonic wave generally decrease with increasing interface pressure, while the nonlinear coefficient first increases and then decreases. The use of the pressurization module improves the accuracy of the pressure measurement results. The application of silicone grease on the XLPE interface can fill the microscopic air gaps and weaken the nonlinear effect in that area, but has little influence on the nonlinear behavior of the interface and does not affect the pressure measurement results. It is demonstrated that the relative nonlinear coefficient can serve as an effective characterization index for the interface pressure of cold-shrinkable cable accessories, providing a reliable non-destructive testing technical path for cable operation condition monitoring and life assessment.

, authors=Chunhua FANG, Qiang LIU, Peng CHANG*, Weibin XU, Xiangmeng XU, Tian WU, Jinhao SI, Yeqi LIU, authorsList=Chunhua FANG, Qiang LIU, Peng CHANG, Weibin XU, Xiangmeng XU, Tian WU, Jinhao SI, Yeqi LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peng CHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304922019196334392, articleId=1304922012833575191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=基于超声非线性效应的10 kV冷缩式电缆附件界面压力检测技术, columnId=1192878364483531003, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=测试与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

电力电缆中间接头作为输配电系统的关键节点,其界面压力直接影响绝缘性能及载流能力,但多层异质材料界面压力的无损定量检测仍存在技术瓶颈。本文提出了一种基于超声非线性效应的10  kV冷缩式电缆附件界面压力无损检测方法。首先通过制备不同界面压力样品并结合内置传感器获取基准值,然后设计机械加压装置拓展实验压力范围,并基于非线性超声检测平台,对10 kV冷缩式电缆中间接头3类复合界面回波信号进行时频域特征分析,最后构建界面压力与非线性超声系数的定量映射模型,并验证其有效性。结果表明:在0~0.40  MPa界面压力范围内,基波及二次谐波幅值随界面压力升高整体下降,非线性系数则呈先增后减趋势,采用加压模块装置后使得压力检测结果更加准确;XLPE界面涂敷硅脂可填充微小气隙并削弱该部分的非线性效应,但对界面非线性行为影响较小,不会影响压力检测结果。研究表明相对非线性系数可作为冷缩式电缆附件界面压力的有效表征指标,为电缆运行状态监测及寿命评估提供可靠的无损检测技术路径。

, authors=方春华, 刘强, 常鹏*, 徐伟彬, 徐祥梦, 吴田, 司金皓, 刘叶颀, authorsList=方春华, 刘强, 常鹏, 徐伟彬, 徐祥梦, 吴田, 司金皓, 刘叶颀, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=常鹏, authorNote=

方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北天门人,副教授,博士,主要从事高电压绝缘与测试技术的研究

, correspAuthorsNote=
常鹏(1987-),男(汉族),湖北十堰人,讲师,主要从事电磁成型、输电线路装备技术的研究。
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方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北天门人,副教授,博士,主要从事高电压绝缘与测试技术的研究

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方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北天门人,副教授,博士,主要从事高电压绝缘与测试技术的研究

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Xi′an, China: IEEE,2018:1001-1005., articleTitle=Calculation and simulation of mechanical pressure of XLPE-SR surface in cable joints, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304922112557347201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304922112565735810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, companyId=1304922112557347201, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electrical Engineering and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304922112574124419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, companyId=1304922112557347201, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=三峡大学 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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中间接头截面结构, figureFileSmall=HPzIPt0oIOMzm8/En1Iu0Q==, figureFileBig=YOAyN5atYIX/126njOygkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922115443028408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cable joint samples with different cross-sectional areas, figureFileSmall=gbfGlTkCfa2Kf2Shqhiijg==, figureFileBig=r3T56G6KYtGNc/GMdis8bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922115497554361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同横截面积的电缆接头样品, figureFileSmall=gbfGlTkCfa2Kf2Shqhiijg==, figureFileBig=r3T56G6KYtGNc/GMdis8bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922115560468922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Phlexsense S10 thin-film pressure sensor, figureFileSmall=DffTI1txcxkGMNMgZzyTxA==, figureFileBig=7m1DWCs5pywj/5rD6/YLaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922115614994875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Phlexsense S10型薄膜压力传感器, figureFileSmall=DffTI1txcxkGMNMgZzyTxA==, figureFileBig=7m1DWCs5pywj/5rD6/YLaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922115686298044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic diagram of thin-film pressure sensor arrangement, figureFileSmall=fmWTNkXaLUP2Adk4kcHlTw==, figureFileBig=x01qFiHeuUdj9ajqN6j2kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922115736629693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=CN, label=图5, caption=薄膜压力传感器布置示意图, figureFileSmall=fmWTNkXaLUP2Adk4kcHlTw==, figureFileBig=x01qFiHeuUdj9ajqN6j2kw==, tableContent=null), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=CN, label=图7, caption=实验加压装置

(a) 加压装置原理图 (b) 加压装置实物图

, figureFileSmall=bDHGaiuZbCVybZBYF+phGg==, figureFileBig=lqTzM7OpHCRho4bg69oUAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922116063785410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic diagram of the experimental platform, figureFileSmall=ayY4JVttWIkGC0lo3mqzIw==, figureFileBig=FJyJeIty/QRShlzgDp7DhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922116139282883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=CN, label=图8, caption=实验平台原理图, figureFileSmall=ayY4JVttWIkGC0lo3mqzIw==, figureFileBig=FJyJeIty/QRShlzgDp7DhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922116231557572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Typical time-domain signal of nonlinear ultrasound in cable accessories, figureFileSmall=HpO/UUYzL6OwYXjgWipEkQ==, figureFileBig=ORfOVLCe21eVtMxuE6DFJw==, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922117515014609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=CN, label=图15, caption=涂敷硅脂前后超声回波时频域信号, figureFileSmall=ZO7/T+JodMITFPpHUiCsWA==, figureFileBig=9tlZr4T5gBR9Pzw21nuDpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922117582123474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Ultrasonic echo signal-to-noise ratio under different decomposition levels and wavelet basis functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信噪比RSN/dB
分解层数dB1dB2dB3dB4dB5dB6dB7dB8
138.0438.0237.9938.0238.1238.238.1638.12
239.7840.0640.0040.1440.1340.0140.1639.96
339.3441.9841.9342.1742.1142.5442.1242.21
437.7243.9644.3343.7544.6344.3243.6844.07
533.745.1546.4846.6345.5445.5545.3545.10
630.2444.3649.5249.0849.2948.0249.9547.26
724.3738.3743.9948.4550.1254.0954.9449.64
819.5434.0839.4647.9245.2554.757.7257.43
915.0126.9534.6843.6443.8254.7555.3558.88
1016.6422.0334.1937.8943.3740.1656.0058.31
), ArticleFig(id=1304922117645038035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同分解层数和小波基函数下的超声回波信噪比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信噪比RSN/dB
分解层数dB1dB2dB3dB4dB5dB6dB7dB8
138.0438.0237.9938.0238.1238.238.1638.12
239.7840.0640.0040.1440.1340.0140.1639.96
339.3441.9841.9342.1742.1142.5442.1242.21
437.7243.9644.3343.7544.6344.3243.6844.07
533.745.1546.4846.6345.5445.5545.3545.10
630.2444.3649.5249.0849.2948.0249.9547.26
724.3738.3743.9948.4550.1254.0954.9449.64
819.5434.0839.4647.9245.2554.757.7257.43
915.0126.9534.6843.6443.8254.7555.3558.88
1016.6422.0334.1937.8943.3740.1656.0058.31
), ArticleFig(id=1304922117712146900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fitting curves of nonlinear coefficients and interface pressure for various composite interfaces

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复合界面类型拟合曲线拟合优度
硅橡胶-XLPE β=-0.18194p3+0.07971p2-0.00115p+0.000240.90
内半导电层-XLPE β=-0.12703p3+0.06146p2+0.00113p+0.000260.96
应力锥-XLPE β=-0.18313p3+0.08672p2-0.00127p+0.000240.95
), ArticleFig(id=1304922117762478549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各复合界面非线性系数与界面压力拟合曲线

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合界面类型拟合曲线拟合优度
硅橡胶-XLPE β=-0.18194p3+0.07971p2-0.00115p+0.000240.90
内半导电层-XLPE β=-0.12703p3+0.06146p2+0.00113p+0.000260.96
应力锥-XLPE β=-0.18313p3+0.08672p2-0.00127p+0.000240.95
), ArticleFig(id=1304922117825393110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison between nonlinear ultrasonic measurement results and sensor measurement results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合界面类型界面压力/MPa误差/%
非线性超声测量值内置传感器测量值
硅橡胶-XLPE0.2470.22310.76
内半导电层-XLPE0.2690.2488.47
应力锥-XLPE0.2570.2397.53
), ArticleFig(id=1304922117879919063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922012833575191, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

非线性超声测量值与传感器测量值结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合界面类型界面压力/MPa误差/%
非线性超声测量值内置传感器测量值
硅橡胶-XLPE0.2470.22310.76
内半导电层-XLPE0.2690.2488.47
应力锥-XLPE0.2570.2397.53
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基于超声非线性效应的10 kV冷缩式电缆附件界面压力检测技术
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方春华 , 刘强 , 常鹏 * , 徐伟彬 , 徐祥梦 , 吴田 , 司金皓 , 刘叶颀
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2026,59(5): 122-133
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绝缘材料 |测试与分析 2026 , 59 (5) : 122 -133
基于超声非线性效应的10 kV冷缩式电缆附件界面压力检测技术
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方春华, 刘强, 常鹏*, 徐伟彬, 徐祥梦, 吴田, 司金皓, 刘叶颀
作者信息
  • 三峡大学 电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443100
通讯作者:
常鹏(1987-),男(汉族),湖北十堰人,讲师,主要从事电磁成型、输电线路装备技术的研究。
作者简介:

方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北天门人,副教授,博士,主要从事高电压绝缘与测试技术的研究

Detection technology for interface pressure of 10 kV cold-shrink cable accessories based on ultrasonic nonlinear effect
Chunhua FANG, Qiang LIU, Peng CHANG*, Weibin XU, Xiangmeng XU, Tian WU, Jinhao SI, Yeqi LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443100, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.014
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电力电缆中间接头作为输配电系统的关键节点,其界面压力直接影响绝缘性能及载流能力,但多层异质材料界面压力的无损定量检测仍存在技术瓶颈。本文提出了一种基于超声非线性效应的10  kV冷缩式电缆附件界面压力无损检测方法。首先通过制备不同界面压力样品并结合内置传感器获取基准值,然后设计机械加压装置拓展实验压力范围,并基于非线性超声检测平台,对10 kV冷缩式电缆中间接头3类复合界面回波信号进行时频域特征分析,最后构建界面压力与非线性超声系数的定量映射模型,并验证其有效性。结果表明:在0~0.40  MPa界面压力范围内,基波及二次谐波幅值随界面压力升高整体下降,非线性系数则呈先增后减趋势,采用加压模块装置后使得压力检测结果更加准确;XLPE界面涂敷硅脂可填充微小气隙并削弱该部分的非线性效应,但对界面非线性行为影响较小,不会影响压力检测结果。研究表明相对非线性系数可作为冷缩式电缆附件界面压力的有效表征指标,为电缆运行状态监测及寿命评估提供可靠的无损检测技术路径。

界面压力  /  非线性超声  /  电缆附件  /  无损检测

The intermediate joint of power cables is a key node in power transmission and distribution system, the interface pressure of the joint directly impacts its insulation performance and current-carrying capacity. However, a technical bottleneck remains in the non-destructive quantitative measurement of interface pressure in multi-layer heterogeneous materials. This paper proposed a non-destructive testing method for interface pressure in 10 kV cold-shrinkable cable accessories based on ultrasonic nonlinear effects. First, samples with different interface pressures were prepared, and reference values were obtained using built-in sensors. Then, a mechanical pressurization device was designed to expand the experimental pressure range. Based on a nonlinear ultrasonic testing platform, time-frequency domain characteristics of the echo signals from three types of composite interfaces of the 10 kV cold-shrinkable cable joint were analyzed. Finally, a quantitative mapping model between interface pressure and the nonlinear ultrasonic coefficient was established and verified. The results show that in the interface pressure range of 0-0.40 MPa, the amplitudes of the fundamental wave and the second harmonic wave generally decrease with increasing interface pressure, while the nonlinear coefficient first increases and then decreases. The use of the pressurization module improves the accuracy of the pressure measurement results. The application of silicone grease on the XLPE interface can fill the microscopic air gaps and weaken the nonlinear effect in that area, but has little influence on the nonlinear behavior of the interface and does not affect the pressure measurement results. It is demonstrated that the relative nonlinear coefficient can serve as an effective characterization index for the interface pressure of cold-shrinkable cable accessories, providing a reliable non-destructive testing technical path for cable operation condition monitoring and life assessment.

interface pressure  /  nonlinear ultrasound  /  cable accessories  /  nondestructive testing
方春华, 刘强, 常鹏, 徐伟彬, 徐祥梦, 吴田, 司金皓, 刘叶颀. 基于超声非线性效应的10 kV冷缩式电缆附件界面压力检测技术. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (5) : 122 -133 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.014
Chunhua FANG, Qiang LIU, Peng CHANG, Weibin XU, Xiangmeng XU, Tian WU, Jinhao SI, Yeqi LIU. Detection technology for interface pressure of 10 kV cold-shrink cable accessories based on ultrasonic nonlinear effect[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (5) : 122 -133 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.014
近年来,随着电力需求的快速增长,电缆界面压力管理逐渐成为影响电缆运行安全性与可靠性的重要研究课题[1-2]。研究表明,不均匀或异常的界面压力是引发绝缘老化、局部放电以及设备失效的关键因素之一,约占电缆故障原因总量的70%[3-6]。界面压力过大可能破坏界面的完整性和密封性,导致机械损伤及应力集中,而界面压力过小则会削弱界面的接触质量,显著增加沿面放电的风险。这些问题不仅威胁电缆系统的运行稳定性,还可能对整个电力网络的安全造成隐患[7]。因此,通过先进的监测技术对界面压力进行实时测量,并将其精确控制在合理范围内,对于优化电缆运行性能和保障电力系统的长期稳定性具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。
国内外学者针对界面压力的测量进行了大量研究,如光弹性法、内置传感器法、有限元仿真法等[8-12],然而这些方法均难以应用于工程现场的界面压力无损检测。为解决这一问题,I Y SOLODOV等[13]描述了接触界面在超声波作用下的“呼吸效应”,该效应导致超声波产生非线性效应,表现为高次谐波、次谐波及混频信号。J M RICHARDSON[14]推导了超声波在两粗糙界面间的运动方程,分析了透射波和反射波中高次谐波的产生机理。S BIWA等[15]在文献[14]粗糙接触面模型的基础上,将接触界面建模为具有等效刚度特性的非线性弹簧模型,该模型通过引入线性和非线性刚度系数,结合波分析,可定量表征界面刚度与压力之间的关系。N Y KIM等[16]基于此模型开展研究,验证了非线性弹簧模型可用于描述承压界面接触状态的非线性声学特性的有效性。
方春华等[17]通过板状硅橡胶-交联聚乙烯开展非线性超声检测实验,验证了非线性超声检测界面压力的可行性,但其仿真中忽略了界面粗糙度的影响,且仅在板状样品中进行了实验。王彦辉等[18]通过仿真获得了110 kV整体预制式电缆中间接头在不同界面压力下的超声回波时频域信号变化规律,拟合了界面压力与非线性系数间的函数关系,然后通过实验验证了该函数关系的有效性。陈祥政等[19]通过实验证明了在相同应力条件下,材料自身非线性响应引起的高次谐波幅值明显小于接触界面引起的高次谐波幅值,回波信号中的超声非线性响应主要源自于接触界面的状态,为利用非线性超声检测电缆附件界面压力提供了理论支撑。然而,文献[18]与文献[19]中采用对平板样品加压来模拟高压电缆附件的界面压力不符合实际,且在工程实际安装过程中会在电缆实体与接头之间涂敷硅脂,硅脂的存在是否会影响非线性超声界面压力的检测结果还需进一步研究。
基于接触声学非线性效应的超声检测技术已被证实可有效评估多层复合结构中的粘接力及界面压力状态,尤其适用于硅橡胶-交联聚乙烯等异质材料界面的非线性特征识别。为推动该方法在真型电缆附件界面压力测量中的工程应用,本文围绕10 kV冷缩式电缆附件界面压力的非线性超声检测展开研究。首先选取不同横截面积的电缆样品,采用内置传感器法测量界面压力,并设计机械加压装置以拓展实验压力范围。在实验过程中,获取不同界面压力下3类典型复合界面的超声回波信号,并基于小波去噪方法处理信号,以提高波形质量。然后通过分析超声回波幅值、基波幅值、二次谐波幅值随界面压力的变化趋势,建立超声非线性系数与界面压力的定量关系。最后通过实验检验非线性超声检测法在电缆附件界面压力检测中的有效性,以期证明非线性超声检测方法在电缆附件界面压力测量方面具有潜在的应用价值。
在接触声学非线性中,由于外界压力的作用,两个固体表面接触时,由于表面粗糙度的影响,真实的接触区域是由实际接触区域和空气间隙组成,两个固体界面的接触本质上是不完美的[20]。当两粗糙界面受到压力作用时,两界面的各粗糙峰之间会发生接触碰撞并产生几何形变,当考虑胡克定律高次项时,这种形变将包含弹性形变和塑性形变,此时,压力与位移将不再满足线性关系,而是产生了非线性关系,如式(1)所示[15]
p(h)=p0-K1(h-h0)+K2(h-h0)2
式(1)中:ph分别是界面压力和间隙位移;p0是静态接触压力;h0是初始间隙;K1K2分别是线性和非线性界面刚度,可以根据式(2)~(3)定义得到。
K1=-(ph)h=h0
K2=12(2ph2)h=h0
若有一超声波入射至接触界面处,考虑超声波一维传播的情况下,结合非线性弹簧模型中反射波的计算方法,可解得反射波中基波分量的振幅A1和二次谐波分量的振幅A2,分别表示为式(4)和式(5)。
A1=2K1A0ρcω1+4K12(ρcω)2
A2=K2A0A12K11+4K12(ρcω)21+K12(ρcω)2
式(4)~(5)中:ρ是材料密度;c是声速;ω是超声波的角频率;A0是入射波幅值。
接触声学中也常使用相对非线性系数(β)来衡量界面压力的大小,其定义为超声回波中二次谐波幅值与基波幅值平方的比值,即β可表示为式(6)。
β=A2A12=ρcωK24K121+K12ρ2c2ω2=mCρcω2p01+C2p02m/(ρcω)2
式(6)中:m为反映压力对界面刚度非线性影响的常数;C为界面法向刚度与压力的比例系数;由于mCρcω均为常数,则非线性系数仅与外界静压力p0有关,而静压力与界面压力又满足式(7)的关系。
p=p0-Cp0m(h-h0)+12mC2p02m-1(h-h0)2
当界面压力P变化时,承压接触界面的接触状态也将发生变化,导致界面刚度K1K2也随之改变,进而使得非线性系数发生变化,因此可以采用超声非线性系数来表征界面压力的大小。
本文实验样品采用某电缆厂生产的10 kV冷缩式交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆中间接头,如图1所示,其适配电缆横截面积为120~185 mm2,结构如图2所示。
在冷缩电缆中间接头的横截面结构中,考虑到各部位材料组成及分布特性存在差异,并结合其几何结构在左右方向上的对称性,本实验将横截面从左至右依次划分为3个典型界面区域:应力锥-XLPE界面、硅橡胶-XLPE界面以及内半导电层-XLPE界面。
冷缩式电缆附件的安装主要依靠过盈配合,电缆附件在不同过盈量下会产生不同的界面压力值,此处准备了电缆线芯横截面积分别为120、150、185、240 mm2的4种不同10 kV交联聚乙烯电缆(图3),剥除其表面外屏蔽层后,各电缆样品外径分别为21.5、25.3、25.8、26.4 mm。
在对10 kV冷缩式电缆附件进行非线性超声检测前,需提前获取电缆附件的界面压力值。目前测量电缆附件界面压力的方法主要为内置传感器法,本文使用如图4所示Phlexsense S10型薄膜压力传感器来检测电缆附件界面压力。
剥除电缆本体交联聚乙烯表面的外屏蔽层后,利用胶带将薄膜压力传感器粘贴在交联聚乙烯表面。布置时仅将胶带粘贴在传感器引线部分,而不触及传感器测量部分,以避免胶带粘接力对界面压力的检测产生干扰。在硅橡胶-XLPE接触界面、内半导电层-XLPE接触界面及应力锥-XLPE接触界面对应的XLPE表面均布置压力传感器,传感器布置方法及粘贴好传感器的样品如图5所示。
冷缩式电缆附件安装后界面压力不会立即达到最大值[21],需经过一段时间后才趋于稳定。因此在各个电缆试样冷缩式附件安装后放置24 h,待压力稳定后再测量样品中各薄膜压力传感器的示数。不同横截面积电缆的3类接触界面处测得的典型压力值如图6所示。由图6可知,由于横截面积为120 mm2的电缆直径较小,冷缩式附件安装后其界面压力均低于0.08 MPa,其中应力锥-XLPE界面压力仅为0.016 MPa;而横截面积为150 mm2样品的界面压力则普遍约为0.2 MPa。实验过程中缺乏界面压力为0.1~0.15 MPa的有效样品,4个样品的界面压力差值普遍较小,最大压力差值均小于0.1 MPa。
为更精细化地获得界面压力与非线性超声特征参数间的关系,制作了如图7所示的机械加压装置。千斤顶由下部提供压力带动中间金属平板向上移动,使放置在模具中的冷缩式电缆附件受到两金属平板的挤压而增加其界面压力值。在加压装置上层金属板与上层模具中分别挖出了5个孔,对应冷缩式电缆附件的典型接触界面,开孔尺寸较小,仅预留出超声换能器及其连接线通过的必要大小,以尽量减小加压过程中压力分布的不均匀性。
超声实验平台由Tektronix AFG3252C型信号发生器、Ritec GA-2500A型门控信号放大器、50 Ω阻抗匹配器、2.25 MHz低通滤波器、RDX-6型双工器、后置信号放大器、Tektronix TDS3012C型示波器及超声换能器组成,实验平台原理如图8所示。
在不发生回波混叠的情况下增大激励信号周期数可显著提升超声非线性效应。回波混叠与交联聚乙烯厚度有关,4个样品中横截面积为120 mm2电缆样品的交联聚乙烯厚度最薄,仅为5 mm,为避免发生回波混叠,激励信号周期数(n)应满足式(8),计算可得n6.56。本文将激励信号周期数取为5,保留一定裕度,以确保能准确识别复合界面超声回波的起始点与终止点。
n2lXLPEcXLPEf
式(8)中:lXLPE为交联聚乙烯厚度;cXLPE为超声在交联聚乙烯中传播的速度;f为激励信号频率。
在信号发生器通道1中将激励信号设置为经汉宁窗调制的5周期正弦脉冲信号,中心频率设定为1.5 MHz,通道2设置为幅值为4 V,偏置为2 V的矩形脉冲信号,两个通道信号分别接入门控信号放大器的对应接口。将门控信号放大器放大倍数设置为7.5,此时放大后的激励信号振幅为500 V。
10 kV冷缩式电缆附件3类典型接触界面的非线性超声实验方法类似,此处以硅橡胶-XLPE复合界面为例进行说明。由图6可知,4个不同导体横截面积样品的硅橡胶-XLPE复合界面压力分别为0.047、0.208、0.335、0.377 MPa。在完成这4个样品的非线性超声实验后,为补充数据,对导体横截面积为120 mm2的样品进行加压,使其界面压力依次达到0.1 MPa、0.15 MPa后再次进行非线性超声实验。类似地,对另外3个样品也进行同样处理,以获取不同样品间缺失的界面压力。
非线性超声实验中,10 kV冷缩式电缆附件典型超声时域信号如图9所示。图9中左侧第一个脉冲信号为门控信号放大器产生的激励信号,其幅值明显超出后续波形;第二个脉冲信号即为10 kV冷缩式电缆附件与电缆本体交联聚乙烯复合界面的超声回波信号;第三个脉冲信号为超声波在交联聚乙烯与铜芯本体接触界面处的反射波信号。由于10 kV电缆交联聚乙烯厚度较小,第二个回波与第三个回波间隔非常小,从图9可清晰观察到电缆附件复合界面回波仍为完整的5周期脉冲信号,表明此时并未发生回波混叠现象,该波形主要用于后续的实验结果分析。
超声信号频率较高,易受环境噪声的影响,如实验平台各组件的内部电路会引入明显的本底噪声。由于电缆附件复合界面超声回波信号的幅值通常较小,大多数信号幅值低于100 mV,部分信号幅值甚至仅有20 mV,噪声信号的存在会影响到超声回波信号的观察识别,并可能引入额外的高频成分或干扰信号中原有高次谐波成分的准确性。为了有效提取超声信号的主要特征,在对实验室测得的电缆附件复合界面超声回波进行分析前需要对回波信号进行去噪处理,以在保留超声回波有效信息的同时减少噪声对测量结果的影响。
小波去噪方法能够在时频域同时进行信号分析,可用于非平稳信号的去噪,且能够有效提取瞬态特征,特别适用于超声波信号分析[22-23],因此本文选取小波去噪方法作为电缆附件复合界面超声回波信号的去噪方法。在非线性超声界面回波信号处理过程中,小波基函数能够有效表征脉冲及瞬态突变特征,从而在去噪的同时最大限度地保留界面回波中的非线性信息。且其多尺度分解具备良好的频率分辨能力,可在抑制高频噪声的同时区分基波与谐波分量,因此选择dB小波作为电缆附件超声回波的小波基函数。
在去噪方法效果评估中,常用信噪比(RSN)作为信号去噪效果评估指标[24]。信噪比越高,表明去噪效果越好。RSN计算公式如式(9)所示。
RSN=10lgi=1Nx2(t)/i=1N[x(t)-x'(t)]2
式(9)中:x(t)为原始信号;x'(t)为去噪后的信号;N为信号采样点总数;t为离散采样时刻。
为获取最优小波基函数级数以及分解层数,对电缆附件硅橡胶-XLPE复合界面的超声回波信号进行研究。其去噪前后的时频域波形如图10(a)~(b)所示,原始信噪比为35.48 dB。调整小波基函数级数与分解层数,计算超声回波信号去噪后的信噪比,以评估不同小波基函数级数与分解层数对去噪效果的影响。
设定dB小波基函数级数为1~8,分解层数为1~10,通过改变小波基函数级数和分解层数对超声回波信号进行小波去噪处理,并依据式(9)计算去噪后信号的信噪比(RSN),计算结果如表1所示。从表1可以看出,当小波基函数取为dB 8,分解层数为9层时,去噪后超声回波信噪比最高,去噪效果最好。
去噪后超声回波信号时频域结果分别如图10(c)~(d)所示。从图10可以看出,经小波去噪后,超声回波时域信号中的毛刺大幅减少,曲线变得非常光滑,而去噪前后超声回波频域信号几乎没有任何变化,表明小波去噪主要滤除的是更高频率的噪声成分,没有影响超声信号原有的特征成分,不会影响后续对电缆附件复合界面超声回波频谱图中的基波及二次谐波的分析。
对不同界面压力下10 kV冷缩式电缆附件3类典型复合界面开展非线性超声实验,以硅橡胶-XLPE复合界面为例,部分去噪后的复合界面超声回波时频域信号如图11所示。从图11中时域信号来看,当电缆附件界面压力低于0.10 MPa时,从电缆附件表面提取到的超声回波信号能量非常强,最大幅值可达0.498 V。这是由于此时硅橡胶与交联聚乙烯界面接触质量很差,超声波在此界面处的反射系数远超出透射系数,超声波几乎全部被反射,回波能量强烈。而当电缆附件界面压力逐渐增加时,硅橡胶与交联聚乙烯界面接触质量逐渐改善,超声波在该界面处的反射系数逐渐下降,透射系数则明显增大,导致超声波在经过此接触界面时,大部分能量可透射至交联聚乙烯材料中,仅少部分能量被反射,因此当界面压力增大时,超声回波幅值逐渐降低。当界面压力增大到0.40 MPa时,回波幅值仅为0.056 V,相当于界面压力为0.05 MPa时超声回波幅值的9.23%,表明界面压力对硅橡胶-XLPE复合界面的接触质量影响显著。
图11中频域信号来看,当电缆附件界面压力小于0.25 MPa时,电缆附件表面提取到的超声回波信号出现了明显畸变,频谱图中出现了明显的高次谐波成分。其中当界面压力为0.05 MPa时,回波频域信号中甚至可明显观察到4~5次谐波。随着界面压力增大,超声回波中基波幅值、高次谐波幅值均呈下降趋势。该现象可由接触声学非线性机制进行解释:超声波在多层介质间传播时,界面处的实际接触状态决定了波的反射、透射及非线性响应的强弱。当界面压力较低时,材料间微观接触面积较小,接触界面处存在很多微小气隙,当超声波经过此接触界面时,会激发较强的二次谐波;随着界面压力增大,界面间气隙数量逐渐减少,接触区域趋于饱和,导致超声反射率下降,回波幅值降低,非线性响应也随之减弱。这一现象与粗糙界面“呼吸效应”的饱和特性一致。
另外从图11还可以观察到,二次谐波幅值的下降速度明显高于基波幅值,这是因为二次谐波的产生主要受界面接触质量影响。当界面压力较大时,硅橡胶-XLPE界面接触质量较好,超声波在界面处产生的接触非线性较弱,回波信号中的二次谐波成分主要由材料自身的经典声学非线性构成,其幅值较小。因此在界面压力较大时,回波频域图中二次谐波占比明显下降,这一趋势也从侧面证明了超声非线性效应主要源于接触非线性。
实验获得的不同压力下硅橡胶-XLPE复合界面超声信号的回波幅值、基波幅值、二次谐波幅值结果如图12所示。
在实验过程中,超声换能器与被测对象之间的耦合状态会直接影响入射到样品内部的能量强度以及接收到的回波信号强度。由于电缆附件为曲面结构,超声换能器无法自然贴合其表面,即使在对同一样品进行检测时,每次获得的超声回波信号也存在一定波动。从图12可以看出,这种波动在回波幅值与基波幅值中较为明显,而在二次谐波幅值中则最为显著。原因在于二次谐波能量较弱,且其频率偏离换能器的中心频率,易受到系统响应与耦合状态扰动的影响。但从总体上看,随着界面压力的增大,超声回波、基波与二次谐波幅值均逐渐下降,且下降速率也逐渐减小。
采用类似的方法对不同界面压力下冷缩式电缆附件内半导电层-XLPE复合界面、应力锥-XLPE复合界面提取到的超声回波信号进行分析,不同界面压力下超声回波幅值、基波幅值、二次谐波幅值结果如图13所示。
图13可以看出,内半导电层-XLPE接触界面与应力锥-XLPE接触界面超声时域信号回波幅值、基波幅值与二次谐波幅值均随界面压力的增大而逐渐降低,与硅橡胶-XLPE接触界面超声信号变化规律一致。其中应力锥-XLPE接触界面回波幅值、基波幅值和二次谐波幅值略低于其他两类界面。原因在于应力锥部分所用的半导电硅橡胶材料厚度最大,且由于半导电硅橡胶中炭黑填料的存在,导致其声衰减系数要高于硅橡胶,因此在相同实验条件下,从附件表面接收到的超声信号回波、基波和二次谐波幅值略小一些。
图1213中不同界面压力下3种界面基波幅值与二次谐波幅值代入式(6)计算非线性系数,得到界面压力与非线性系数的关系如图14所示。
图14可以看出,非线性系数随界面压力的增大并非单调变化,而是在0.3 MPa附近出现明显拐点,表现为先升后降的趋势。在低压力阶段,界面微观接触面积随压力增大而迅速增加,接触刚度提升显著,导致复合界面的超声反射系数降低,基波、二次谐波幅值同步下降。然而,由于非线性系数定义为二次谐波与基波平方的比值,两者下降速率相近时,该比值反而上升,因此非线性系数呈现上升趋势。当界面压力进一步增大至较高水平后,接触状态趋于饱和,界面“呼吸效应”减弱,二次谐波的生成效率下降,且下降速度快于基波,从而使非线性系数出现下降趋势。电缆中间接头界面压力在实际运行中通常处于0.10~0.20 MPa[25]。本研究建立的非线性系数与界面压力之间的函数关系在0~0.3 MPa压力内呈正相关,能有效识别10 kV冷缩电缆中间接头界面压力是否处于正常区间。
结合图14中非线性系数的变化分布特征,同时考虑后续实际应用中界面压力计算的简便性,对实验数据进行函数拟合分析,最终选择三次多项式拟合。各拟合曲线结果如表2所示。
为检验非线性超声检测方法的有效性,另制备了一个10 kV冷缩式电缆中间接头样品,对其进行非线性超声检测。根据超声信号的回波幅值、基波幅值和二次谐波幅值计算出非线性系数,然后代入以上拟合曲线得到界面压力值,最后与内置传感器测试结果进行对比,结果如表3所示。由表3可知,通过非线性超声测量的电缆附件界面压力值与传感器测量结果接近,但仍有一定误差,其原因在于非线性超声探头的按压力度及耦合剂涂抹量均会影响检测结果,进而导致出现一定程度的误差。
实际工况下,交联聚乙烯表面会涂敷硅脂,由于其具有流动性,可以填充电缆附件与交联聚乙烯间的空气间隙,这有可能使超声波在电缆附件复合界面处的非线性效应减弱。为研究电缆附件涂敷硅脂前后非线性超声的变化,以横截面积为185 mm2的电缆为研究对象,在其表面贴好薄膜传感器后涂敷硅脂,安装好冷缩电缆中间接头后开展非线性超声实验,结果如图15所示。由图15(a)可知,未涂敷硅脂时,超声回波峰值为0.176 V,涂敷硅脂后,超声回波峰值为0.145 V,超声回波能量下降了17.61%。由此可知,涂敷硅脂后超声波在复合界面处更多的能量透射至交联聚乙烯中,反射至电缆附件表面的能量则有所下降。电缆复合界面涂敷硅脂前后超声传播特性改变的原因在于,未涂敷硅脂时,电缆附件与电缆本体交联聚乙烯间存在一定数量的空气间隙,由于气隙与电缆附件的材料差异很大,超声波在此处会被全部反射,只有在电缆附件与交联聚乙烯完全接触的部分,超声波才会发生透射。涂敷硅脂后,硅脂的存在改善了电缆附件与电缆本体交联聚乙烯间界面的接触情况,各空隙均被硅脂填满,此时当超声波经过界面时,绝大多数能量会透射至交联聚乙烯内部,而只有少部分能量才会被反射至电缆附件表面。
图15(b)可知,涂敷硅脂后,由于整体超声回波能量下降,回波频谱图中基波幅值与二次谐波幅值均出现了一定程度的下降,其中基波幅值下降了16.11%,二次谐波幅值下降了28.68%,但涂敷硅脂后超声回波仍携带有一定成分的二次谐波,表明硅脂的添加并不会导致非线性效应完全消失。这是因为界面处产生超声非线性效应的机理主要包括两部分,一部分是由于复合界面间的不完全接触,在两界面未接触的部分会存在一些气隙,当大振幅的超声波经过这些气隙时,气隙在超声波的作用下会发生周期性开合,当超声波振幅为正时,气隙闭合,当超声波振幅为负时,气隙被重新拉开,这种周期性的开合行为导致了超声信号中高次谐波的出现。而当电缆表面涂敷硅脂后,这部分气隙便被硅脂填充,因此这部分的非线性会有所下降。另一个重要机理是接触界面的刚度非线性发生变化。电缆附件复合接触界面的刚度变化本质上是两异质界面的微观接触点数量的变化,当电缆附件界面压力增大时,两界面间微观接触点的数量增多,接触面积逐渐扩大,同时微小间隙逐渐闭合,微观接触点在压力作用下会发生非线性变形,以上导致了接触刚度在压力增加时会产生非线性增幅,当超声波经过此界面时,便会由于刚度的变化而产生明显的非线性效应。当电缆附件涂敷硅脂后,尽管硅脂填充了部分间隙,但硅脂不会显著改变微观接触点的数量,则接触界面的刚度也不会发生改变,因此界面处的非线性行为仍然存在。
综上,电缆附件涂敷硅脂后会引起超声回波幅值、基波幅值、二次谐波幅值的下降,但硅脂只会削弱界面处由于气隙开合而引起的非线性效应,不会影响由于界面接触刚度变化而引起的非线性效应,界面压力主要与接触界面的刚度有关,因此涂敷硅脂并不会对电缆附件界面压力的非线性超声检测产生显著干扰。
本文通过自制加压装置对10 kV冷缩中间接头的应力锥-XLPE界面、硅橡胶-XLPE界面、内半导电层-XLPE界面进行了不同压力大小下的非线性超声检测实验,得到的主要结论如下:
(1)针对10 kV冷缩式电缆附件非线性超声实验获得的回波信号,采用dB8小波基函数、9层分解层数时去噪效果最好。
(2)硅橡胶-XLPE界面、内半导电层-XLPE界面、应力锥-XLPE界面超声回波幅值、基波幅值和二次谐波幅值均随界面压力的增大而减小,非线性系数则呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,结合此规律可通过构建非线性超声-界面压力函数映射模型,以及检测中间接头非线性系数大小而求得中间接头界面压力大小。
(3)涂敷硅脂后,界面气隙被填充,回波能量与谐波幅值下降,削弱了由气隙开合引起的非线性效应;但因硅脂不影响接触刚度,刚度的非线性效应仍存在,故硅脂对界面压力的非线性超声检测影响不大,检测结果依然可靠。
(4)利用相对非线性系数可以实现对10 kV冷缩电缆中间接头界面压力状态的有效评价,为实际电缆附件与本体界面压力的检测提供新的方法。

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2026年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.014
  • 接收时间:2025-08-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-13
  • 修回日期:2025-09-19
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    三峡大学 电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443100

通讯作者:

常鹏(1987-),男(汉族),湖北十堰人,讲师,主要从事电磁成型、输电线路装备技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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