Article(id=1304921949302448961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749139200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-06, revisedDate=1760371200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047236991, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047236991, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047236991, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047236991, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921832184897890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047209067, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118050557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=39, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921949524747074, articleId=1304921949302448961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Optimization of insulation and dielectric properties in layered structure polymer nanocomposites, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the energy storage performance of PVDF-based polymer dielectric films, layered structured polymer nanocomposites were prepared by solution casting method. The middle layer utilized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with a volume fraction of 30% to suppress energy loss, while the outer layers employed poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) to provide high dielectric constant. Inorganic BaTiO3 (BT) nano-ceramic particles were uniformly dispersed as fillers in the outer layers. By adjusting the filler content, its effects on the dielectric constant, electric strength, and energy density of the composites were investigated, along with the durability and stability of the films’ energy storage performance under different cycle numbers and in different regions. The results show that the addition of a low content of BT increases the dielectric constant, suppresses the dielectric loss, and reduces the leakage current density of the films. The composite with 5% mass fraction of nano-fillers achieves a discharge energy density as high as 15.5 J/cm3 at an electric field of 425 kV/mm, which is higher than the energy storage densities of most reported PVDF and its copolymer-based composites. The variations in discharge energy density after 10 000 cycles and across eight different regions do not exceed 19% and 7%, respectively.

, authors=Tao ZHANG1, Jin MIAO1, *, Ming REN2, Yun LIANG3, Zhifeng ZHANG3, Jun QIN1, Bin FEI1, authorsList=Tao ZHANG, Jin MIAO, Ming REN, Yun LIANG, Zhifeng ZHANG, Jun QIN, Bin FEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jin MIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921951424766807, articleId=1304921949302448961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料的绝缘与介电性能优化, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高PVDF基聚合物电介质薄膜的储能性能,本文采用溶液浇铸法制备层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料。中间层使用体积分数为30%的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)抑制能量损失,外层为聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯(P(VDF-HFP))提供高介电常数,无机BaTiO3(BT)纳米陶瓷颗粒填料均匀分散在外层中。通过调控填料比例,研究其对复合材料介电常数、电气强度和储能密度的影响,以及不同循环次数、不同区域下薄膜储能性能的耐久性和稳定性。结果表明:添加低含量BT可以提高薄膜的介电常数,抑制介质损耗,且降低泄漏电流密度。添加质量分数为5%纳米填料的复合材料在425 kV/mm电场下的放电能量密度高达15.5 J/cm3,高于大部分文献报道的PVDF及其共聚物基复合材料的储能密度。10 000次循环和在8个不同区域的放电能量密度变化率分别不超过19%和7%。

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张涛(1979-),男(满族),吉林辽源人,高级工程师,主要从事电工材料的研究

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缪金(1988-),男(汉族),江苏无锡人,高级工程师,主要从事电力设备的研究。
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张涛(1979-),男(满族),吉林辽源人,高级工程师,主要从事电工材料的研究

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Comparison of energy storage and electrical performance

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样品电气强度/(kV/mm)放电能量密度/(J/cm3)
试样5-30S-542515.5
P(VDF-HFP)3409.3
N-h-BST NF[29]3806.95
PMMA[31]3204.2
P(VDF-HFP)-BNNS[40]3255.6
P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)/BNNSs[41]38012.9
PVDF/BT@HPC[42]36010.2
P(VDF-HFP)/BST[43]2959.6
BT@SO/PVDF[44]42011.5
), ArticleFig(id=1304922071675458521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921949302448961, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

储能与电气性能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品电气强度/(kV/mm)放电能量密度/(J/cm3)
试样5-30S-542515.5
P(VDF-HFP)3409.3
N-h-BST NF[29]3806.95
PMMA[31]3204.2
P(VDF-HFP)-BNNS[40]3255.6
P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)/BNNSs[41]38012.9
PVDF/BT@HPC[42]36010.2
P(VDF-HFP)/BST[43]2959.6
BT@SO/PVDF[44]42011.5
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层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料的绝缘与介电性能优化
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张涛 1 , 缪金 1, * , 任明 2 , 梁云 3 , 张志峰 3 , 秦军 1 , 费彬 1
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2026,59(5): 39-47
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绝缘材料 |材料研究 2026 , 59 (5) : 39 -47
层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料的绝缘与介电性能优化
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张涛1, 缪金1, *, 任明2, 梁云3, 张志峰3, 秦军1, 费彬1
作者信息
  • 1国网江苏省电力有限公司无锡供电分公司,江苏 无锡 214000
  • 2西安交通大学 电气工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 3中国电力科学研究院,国家电网公司电力智能传感技术实验室,北京 100192
通讯作者:
缪金(1988-),男(汉族),江苏无锡人,高级工程师,主要从事电力设备的研究。
作者简介:

张涛(1979-),男(满族),吉林辽源人,高级工程师,主要从事电工材料的研究

Optimization of insulation and dielectric properties in layered structure polymer nanocomposites
Tao ZHANG1, Jin MIAO1, *, Ming REN2, Yun LIANG3, Zhifeng ZHANG3, Jun QIN1, Bin FEI1
Affiliations
  • 1Wuxi Electric Power Supply Company, State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214000, China
  • 2School of Electrical Engineering, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
  • 3Electric Power Intelligent Sensing Technology Laboratory of State Grid Corporation, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.005
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为了提高PVDF基聚合物电介质薄膜的储能性能,本文采用溶液浇铸法制备层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料。中间层使用体积分数为30%的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)抑制能量损失,外层为聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯(P(VDF-HFP))提供高介电常数,无机BaTiO3(BT)纳米陶瓷颗粒填料均匀分散在外层中。通过调控填料比例,研究其对复合材料介电常数、电气强度和储能密度的影响,以及不同循环次数、不同区域下薄膜储能性能的耐久性和稳定性。结果表明:添加低含量BT可以提高薄膜的介电常数,抑制介质损耗,且降低泄漏电流密度。添加质量分数为5%纳米填料的复合材料在425 kV/mm电场下的放电能量密度高达15.5 J/cm3,高于大部分文献报道的PVDF及其共聚物基复合材料的储能密度。10 000次循环和在8个不同区域的放电能量密度变化率分别不超过19%和7%。

层状结构  /  聚合物纳米复合材料  /  纳米陶瓷颗粒  /  放电能量密度  /  储能密度  /  电容器

To enhance the energy storage performance of PVDF-based polymer dielectric films, layered structured polymer nanocomposites were prepared by solution casting method. The middle layer utilized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with a volume fraction of 30% to suppress energy loss, while the outer layers employed poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) to provide high dielectric constant. Inorganic BaTiO3 (BT) nano-ceramic particles were uniformly dispersed as fillers in the outer layers. By adjusting the filler content, its effects on the dielectric constant, electric strength, and energy density of the composites were investigated, along with the durability and stability of the films’ energy storage performance under different cycle numbers and in different regions. The results show that the addition of a low content of BT increases the dielectric constant, suppresses the dielectric loss, and reduces the leakage current density of the films. The composite with 5% mass fraction of nano-fillers achieves a discharge energy density as high as 15.5 J/cm3 at an electric field of 425 kV/mm, which is higher than the energy storage densities of most reported PVDF and its copolymer-based composites. The variations in discharge energy density after 10 000 cycles and across eight different regions do not exceed 19% and 7%, respectively.

layered structure  /  polymer nanocomposites  /  nano-ceramic particles  /  discharge energy density  /  energy storage density  /  capacitor
张涛, 缪金, 任明, 梁云, 张志峰, 秦军, 费彬. 层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料的绝缘与介电性能优化. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (5) : 39 -47 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.005
Tao ZHANG, Jin MIAO, Ming REN, Yun LIANG, Zhifeng ZHANG, Jun QIN, Bin FEI. Optimization of insulation and dielectric properties in layered structure polymer nanocomposites[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (5) : 39 -47 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.005
能源是社会发展的基石,为了满足许多工业和民用行业对储能的需求,储能技术在21世纪显得尤为重要[1-3]。随着介质电容器元件向小型化、集成化快速发展,迫切需要开发具有高放电能量密度(Ud)的介质电容器[4-7]。聚合物基电容器因其轻便、柔韧性好、电气强度(Eb)高和介质损耗低等优点,在微电子和新能源汽车等领域得到了广泛应用[8-10]。然而,与电化学电容器相比,聚合物薄膜电容器的储能密度和介电常数较低,导致其小型化和集成化发展受到阻碍[11-14]。目前广泛使用的是双向拉伸聚丙烯(biaxially oriented polypropylene,BOPP)薄膜,但其在1 kHz下的介电常数仅为2.2,因此其存储能量密度较低,在电场强度为700 kV/mm时仅为2 J/cm3[15-17]。对于线性聚合物而言,其放电能量密度定义为Ud=0.5ε0εrEb2,其中ε0εr分别为真空介电常数和相对介电常数[18-19]。由公式可知,从提高储能性能的角度出发,需要同时提高Ebεr
与线性聚合物相比,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)基共聚物(如聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯(P(VDF-HFP))、聚偏二氟乙烯-三氟乙烯(P(VDF-TrFE)))和三元共聚物P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)由于存在大量的CF3基团,具有相对较高的εr和铁电极化[20]。然而,PVDF相对较低的Eb(200~350 kV/mm)、高的剩余极化和介质损耗因数(tanδ,1 kHz下大于0.05)限制了其放电能量密度(Ud<10 J/cm3[21-27]。在PVDF基体中添加高介电常数纳米填料后,PVDF复合材料的εr有所提高,但实验中出现的团聚现象和电场分布不均会降低材料的Eb,使Ud变差。例如,HU P H等[28]将经过改性剂处理的mBT-2纳米颗粒作为填充剂加入至PVDF溶液中,得到mBT-2/PVDF。在mBT体积分数为4%~10%的复合材料中,随着填料含量的增加,材料的EbUd降低,其中纳米复合材料的Eb从mBT-2体积分数为4%时的517 kV/mm显著降低到mBT-2体积分数为10%时的400 kV/mm以下。这是因为填料含量过高时难以在基体中分散均匀,容易发生团聚,团聚后的填料颗粒之间形成导电路径,使得电场分布不均,在填料界面处产生极高的局部电场,从而引发局部击穿,使材料的Eb显著降低。PAN Z B等[29]将NDZ 101修饰的BST NF(N-h-BST NF)加入PVDF中制备纳米复合材料。与填料体积分数为2.5%的复合材料相比,填料体积分数为7.5%的复合材料的EbUd降低。CHEN J等[30]以PVDF为基体,加入ST@SiO2制备了复合薄膜。当填料体积分数为1%时,复合薄膜的Eb为400 kV/mm,当填料体积分数增加到4%时,复合薄膜的Eb仅为200 kV/mm。
传统的多层膜通常侧重于单界面效应,而对称三明治结构通过P(VDF-HFP)-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)界面的协同效应形成双电荷散射势垒,阻断载流子迁移路径,抑制电树枝的发展。同时, P(VDF-HFP)-PMMA界面的能带偏移方向相反,可形成对称的势垒,进而有效阻挡了注入电极的电子,减少了空间电荷的积累,使薄膜能够承受更高的电场强度。因此,对称夹层结构的设计策略可以显著提高介电储能薄膜的性能。
本研究选择添加钛酸钡(BT)的铁电材料 P(VDF-HFP)作为外层,利用BT和P(VDF-HFP)间的界面耦合来增加极化,选择线性材料PMMA作为中间层以抑制损耗,其超低的剩余极化且与P(VDF-HFP)良好的相容性使复合材料具有优秀的储能效率[31-33]。通过控制BT填料的含量,以提高复合材料的电气强度和介电常数,从而使复合薄膜具有良好的储能密度稳定性和可靠性,为提高聚合物基纳米复合材料的性能提供新的方向。
聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯(P(VDF-HFP)),阿科玛投资有限公司;聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、钛酸钡(BaTiO3,金属含量为99.9%,粒径为50~200 nm),上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF),天津天利化学试剂有限公司;无水乙醇(C2H6O),天津河东红岩试剂厂。
采用溶液浇铸工艺制备层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料。将钛酸钡分散在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,在30℃下超声混合3 h,得到均匀分散的悬浮液。然后将P(VDF-HFP)粉末加入到悬浮液中,在40℃下搅拌12 h,使其均匀分散,得到P(VDF-HFP)/BT悬浮液。将PMMA颗粒溶解在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,在40℃下搅拌12 h。使用实验室浇铸设备将 P(VDF-HFP)/BT悬浮液浇铸在干净的玻璃板上,然后在60℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥3 h,形成最初的外层。当初始外层完全干燥后,浇铸PMMA溶液,在60℃下干燥3 h得到中间层。将剩余的P(VDF-HFP)/BT溶液浇铸在中间层上,形成另一个外层,得到层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料,将其在60℃下干燥4 h,在此过程中溶剂完全挥发。最后将干燥后的复合材料在200℃、0.08 MPa的真空干燥箱中放置5 min,再在冰水中快速冷却,得到致密的层状结构聚合物纳米复合薄膜。待薄膜冷却到室温后,将薄膜从玻璃基板上脱离。各复合膜用缩写符号表示,分别为0-30S-0、1-30S-1、5-30S-5、10-30S-10、15-30S-15,例如1-30S-1中的第1个数字1和第3个数字1均表示外层中BT占P(VDF-HFP)的质量分数为1%,第2个数字30表示PMMA在总纳米复合材料中的体积分数为30%,以此类推。此外,按照上述溶液浇铸法同样制备P(VDF-HFP)薄膜用于对照。
将复合材料浸泡在液氮中,低温脆断获得平坦的截面,并在扫描电镜(SEM,Gemini 300型,蔡司公司)上观察切片形貌特征。将薄膜样品固定到放有橡皮泥的托盘上,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD,X'pert PRO Holland型,PANalytical公司)确定复合材料的晶相结构。将薄膜用夹具固定在傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR,S50-FTIR型,Thermo Fisher公司)中,以确定复合材料中的官能团,扫描波数范围为4 000~400 cm-1。使用离子溅射仪(JFC-1 600型,JEOL公司)在样品的两侧溅射金层,从而形成厚度为100 nm、直径为2 mm的电极,然后进行储能性能测试。在1 kHz~10 MHz的频率范围内,利用阻抗分析仪(4 990 A型,Agilent公司)研究复合材料介电特性的频率依赖性。复合材料的D-E环通过极化测试仪(Premier II型,Radiant公司)获得。
试样5-30S-5的截面SEM图如图1所示。从SEM图中可以观察到明显的边界和外层的堆积颗粒。复合膜的厚度为(14±1)μm,其中内层厚度约为4 μm,约占总厚度的30%,与实验计划相符。图2(a)和(b)分别为5-30S-5薄膜的元素能谱图(EDS)和F、Ti和Ba元素分布图。从元素能谱图中可以发现,外层的BT纳米填料分布均匀,且与内层分界明显。两种材料界面处存在的界面势垒可以有效地阻挡电荷载流子在层间的迁移和积聚,防止电荷载流子在某一区域过度集中,延缓电树枝的产生及发展,从而提高Eb和降低泄漏电流[34]
图3展示了复合薄膜的FTIR光谱图。从图3可以看出,P(VDF-HFP)在实验条件下的结晶受到了影响,形成不同的晶相(αβγ),P(VDF-HFP)主要由α相组成,吸收峰出现在620、886、1 400 cm-1处。与β相对应的吸收峰为840 cm-1处的-CH2振动和-CF2伸缩振动。1 730 cm-1处吸收峰属于PMMA酯基中的C=O的伸缩振动,在2 950 cm-1和2 840 cm-1处的吸收峰分别对应PMMA的-CH3和-CH2伸缩振动,3 000 cm-1处的吸收峰对应于-C=C-H的伸缩振动[35]。BT的特征吸收峰在470 cm-¹处被观察到。此外,复合膜中没有出现新的化学键,说明聚合物基体与纳米填料之间只是简单的物理混合,在制备过程中没有产生新的物质。
此外,通过淬火过程,发现可以促进P(VDF-HFP)产生少量的γ相,有利于提高复合膜的致密性,抑制损耗。利用XRD进一步分析了层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料的晶相,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,在2θ为18.5°和20.1°处的衍射峰分别属于P(VDF-HFP)的α(020)和γ(110)晶面,说明层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料中存在P(VDF-HFP)的非极性峰α(020)相和γ(110)相。γ相比α相具有更高的Eb[36],并且PMMA的加入可以有效降低复合材料的介质损耗[37],有利于改善层状聚合物共混基复合材料的电气和储能性能。同时,在构建的复合膜中还可以看到BT颗粒的衍射峰(110)、(101)、(111)、(200)、(210)、(211)、(202)和(301),且引入填料后复合材料的晶体结构不受影响。
由于偶极子的极化和弛豫依赖于时间,介电常数和介质损耗因数通常随电场频率而变化[38]图5为样品的介电图谱,从图5(a)可以看到介电常数随频率的增加呈下降趋势。这是因为在低频时所有极化机制都可以跟随外加电场的变化而变化,随着频率的升高各种极化机制逐渐跟不上电场的变化速度。例如,在低频下空间电荷极化最先失效,频率继续增加后偶极子取向极化也无法跟上电场的变化,表现为滞后于电场变化。频率的增加伴随着极化机制的失效,使介电常数下降。在103 Hz频率下未添加填料的试样0-30S-0具有较低的εr,约为7.1。相比之下,层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料的εr值随着BT纳米填料含量的增加而增加,试样1-30S-1的εr为8.1,试样15-30S-15的εr为8.9,这主要源于BT超高的εr(1 kHz时为2000),以及填料与铁电聚合物基体之间的界面极化效应。
图5(b)为样品的介质损耗因数,从图中可以看出层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料的tanδ值处于较低水平。这是因为中间层聚合物PMMA和层间界面共同抑制偶极子取向极化,从而降低取向极化损耗,使tanδ值处于较低水平[37]。例如,在107 Hz频率下,试样0-30S-0、1-30S-1、5-30S-5、10-30S-10、15-30S-15的tanδ分别为0.15、0.19、0.17、0.18、0.25。与试样0-30S-0相比,当BT质量分数不超过10%时,复合材料的tanδ增幅受到抑制,当BT质量分数达到15%时,由于畴壁的移动消耗能量和局部电场集中,复合材料的tanδ快速增加。
图6为P(VDF-HFP)和不同复合膜的电气强度Weibull分布及形状参数。通过比较P(VDF-HFP)和试样0-30S-0的电气强度(340 kV/mm和350 kV/mm),发现加入PMMA层构建了强阻挡界面,有效抑制了击穿过程中电树枝的生长,从而避免了层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料的完全击穿,使其具有更高的电气强度。随着填料质量分数增加到5%,复合膜的电气强度达到最大值425 kV/mm。当填料质量分数为15%时,复合膜电气强度降低至200 kV/mm。这是因为随着填料含量的增加,填料易发生团聚,导致填料和基体之间的界面处形成微孔、裂纹或弱结合区。这些缺陷成为电场的局部集中点,对应于在高填充物含量下的低击穿场强。从图6(b)可以看出,不同复合膜的形状参数(β值)相对较大,表明电介质的可靠性有所提高,其中试样5-30S-5的β值为18.5,高于P(VDF-HFP)的15.6、试样0-30S-0的16.1、试样1-30S-1的17.7、试样10-30S-10的16.1、试样15-30S-15的10.6。以上结果表明,层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料具有较高的介电可靠性。
泄漏电流密度指单位有效面积上流过的泄漏电流,可以反映材料的绝缘性能。在低频段时(≤103 Hz),泄漏电流密度与tanδ呈正比关系,泄漏损耗主导材料的tanδ大小。在高频段时(≥105 Hz),极化滞后是损耗的主要来源,泄漏电流密度对tanδ的影响变得不明显[39]。对层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料在低电场强度下(0~100 kV/mm)的泄漏电流密度进行测试,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,随着电场强度逐渐增加,泄漏电流密度增大。在100 kV/mm场强下,不同填料含量的纳米复合材料的泄漏电流密度为10-8~10-6 A/cm2。与试样0-30S-0相比,纳米复合材料的泄漏电流密度随填料含量增加先减小后增大,对应材料的电气强度先增大后减小。这是因为加入少量BT后,增多的晶界使得陷阱密度增大,进而阻碍载流子传输,泄漏电流密度减小;继续增加填料含量后,填料团聚等原因导致材料的表面缺陷增多,泄漏电流密度增大,同时材料的耐击穿性能也受影响而降低。
通过计算P(VDF-HFP)和层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料的D-E环,得到其充放电能量密度和充放电效率,如图8所示。
图8(a)和(b)可以看出,当填料质量分数为5%时,复合膜的充放电能量密度达到最大值,最大充电和放电能量密度在425 kV/mm场强下分别达到30.5 J/cm3和15.5 J/cm3,与P(VDF-HFP)在340 kV/mm场强下的15.7 J/cm3和9.3 J/cm3相比分别高出94.3%和66.7%。继续增加填料含量,试样15-30S-15的放电能量密度降低到3.4 J/cm3。从图8(c)可以看出,在相同的电场强度下(≤300 kV/mm),层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料的充放电效率均高于P(VDF-HFP)。在高电场作用下,层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料的充放电效率可保持在50%以上。进一步表明,试样5-30S-5具有优异的综合储能能力。
介电复合薄膜不仅需要具有较高的放电能量密度和充放电效率,在实际应用中还应同时具有一定可靠性和稳定性。将试样5-30S-5分为8个不同的区域,探究复合膜的性能稳定性,如图9所示。从图9可以看出,在400 kV/mm场强下,试样5-30S-5不同区域的放电能量密度和充放电效率变化具有高度的一致性,放电能量密度变化小于7%,体现了优异的稳定性和可靠性。
为了验证试样5-30S-5的循环稳定性,在300 kV/mm场强下对试样5-30S-5进行了10 000次充放电循环测试,其放电能量密度和充放电效率的衰减情况如图10所示。
图10可以看出,试样5-30S-5经过10 000次充放电循环后,储能性能衰减率低于19%,处于合理范围,最终放电能量密度约为5.9 J/cm3,充放电效率保持53%以上,进一步证明试样5-30S-5具有良好的稳定性和可靠性。
将试样5-30S-5与其他论文的PVDF及其共聚物基复合材料和PMMA进行了比较[29,31,40-44],如表1所示。从表1可以看出,本文的层状结构聚合物纳米复合材料性能优异,具有最高的电气强度(425 kV/mm)和最高的放电能量密度(15.5 J/cm3),高于大部分文献报道PVDF及其共聚物基复合材料的储能性能和电气性能数值。
本文采用溶液浇铸法制备了由提供高介电常数的BT/P(VDF-HFP)外层和抑制损耗的PMMA中间层组成的聚合物纳米复合材料。探究了BT含量对复合材料介电、电气及储能性能的影响,主要得到以下结论:
(1)与纯P(VDF-HFP)和不含BT纳米填料的复合膜相比,掺杂BT质量分数为5%的5-30S-5复合膜具有更高的电气强度,达到425 kV/mm。5-30S-5复合膜在425 kV/mm场强下的最高放电能量密度为15.5 J/cm3,超过了大部分文献中报道的PVDF及其共聚物基复合材料的放电能量密度。
(2)5-30S-5复合膜不同区域的放电能量密度测量结果具有高度一致性,放电能量密度变化率小于7%,并且经过10 000次充放电循环后,放电能量密度约为5.9 J/cm3,充放电效率保持53%以上,放电能量密度衰减率小于19%,具有优秀的循环稳定性和可靠性。

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2026年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.005
  • 接收时间:2025-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-06
  • 修回日期:2025-10-14
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    1国网江苏省电力有限公司无锡供电分公司,江苏 无锡 214000
    2西安交通大学 电气工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
    3中国电力科学研究院,国家电网公司电力智能传感技术实验室,北京 100192

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缪金(1988-),男(汉族),江苏无锡人,高级工程师,主要从事电力设备的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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