Article(id=1304921900627550452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=1747670400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047225386, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047225386, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047225386, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047225386, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921832184897890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047209067, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118050557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=134, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921900921151733, articleId=1304921900627550452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on spatial distribution of ageing degree of silicone rubber material for composite insulator umbrella shed, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Composite insulators in long-term outdoor operation undergo ageing due to the coupled effects of environmental factors. Accurately assessing the performance and ageing status of insulators that have been in service for many years is of great significance for the operation and maintenance of transmission lines. In this paper, a composite insulator that has been in service for 16 years on a 220 kV transmission line in Linyi area was investigated. By conducting multi-scale characterization analyses of the silicone rubber materials of different positions of the composite insulator umbrella sheds, including surface morphology, thermal properties, mechanical properties, electrical properties, and chemical structure, the spatial distribution law of the ageing degree of the silicone rubber material was investigated. The results show that after long-term service, the ageing degree of the composite insulator material exhibits spatial distribution characteristics. In the silicone rubber umbrella sheds of the composite insulator, the ageing degree of the large umbrella sheds is higher than that of the small umbrella sheds, the ageing degree at the high-voltage end is higher than that at the low-voltage end, and the ageing degree on the outer side is higher than that on the inner side. In addition, the differences in heat flow and thermogravimetric loss characteristics of the silicone rubber material at different umbrella shed positions are relatively small, while key parameters such as microstructure, hydrophobicity, chemical groups, electric strength, and creep compliance can effectively characterize the ageing degree of the umbrella sheds and significantly reflect the spatial ageing differences.

, authors=Shan LI, Long ZHAO*, Guiyang LIU, Zhongkai LI, Xibin CUI, Shuai ZHANG, authorsList=Shan LI, Long ZHAO, Guiyang LIU, Zhongkai LI, Xibin CUI, Shuai ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Long ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921902967972100, articleId=1304921900627550452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=复合绝缘子伞裙硅橡胶材料老化程度的空间分布研究, columnId=1192878364483531003, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=测试与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

长期户外运行的复合绝缘子会受到环境因素的耦合作用而发生老化,精准评估服役多年的绝缘子性能及老化状态对于输电线路运维具有重要意义。本文针对临沂地区某220 kV输电线路服役16年的复合绝缘子展开研究,通过对复合绝缘子伞裙不同位置硅橡胶材料开展表面形貌、热学性能、力学性能、电学性能和化学结构等多尺度表征分析,研究了复合绝缘子硅橡胶材料老化程度的空间分布规律。结果表明:复合绝缘子在长期服役后,材料的老化程度具有空间分布特点。复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙中大伞的老化程度高于小伞,高压端老化程度高于低压端,外侧老化程度高于内侧。此外,不同位置伞裙硅橡胶材料的热流量和热失重特性差异较小,而其微观形貌、憎水性、化学基团、电气强度以及蠕变量等关键参数可有效表征伞裙老化程度,显著反映空间老化差异。

, authors=李珊, 赵龙*, 刘桂洋, 李中凯, 崔锡斌, 张帅, authorsList=李珊, 赵龙, 刘桂洋, 李中凯, 崔锡斌, 张帅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵龙, authorNote=

李珊(1985-),男(汉族),山东沂南人,高级工程师,主要从事输电线路智能运检的研究

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赵龙(1989-),男(汉族),山东临沂人,高级工程师,主要从事输电线路运检及状态评价的研究。
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李珊(1985-),男(汉族),山东沂南人,高级工程师,主要从事输电线路智能运检的研究

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复合绝缘子伞裙硅橡胶材料老化程度的空间分布研究
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李珊 , 赵龙 * , 刘桂洋 , 李中凯 , 崔锡斌 , 张帅
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2026,59(5): 134-141
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绝缘材料 |测试与分析 2026 , 59 (5) : 134 -141
复合绝缘子伞裙硅橡胶材料老化程度的空间分布研究
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李珊, 赵龙*, 刘桂洋, 李中凯, 崔锡斌, 张帅
作者信息
  • 国网山东省电力公司临沂供电公司,山东 临沂 276005
通讯作者:
赵龙(1989-),男(汉族),山东临沂人,高级工程师,主要从事输电线路运检及状态评价的研究。
作者简介:

李珊(1985-),男(汉族),山东沂南人,高级工程师,主要从事输电线路智能运检的研究

Study on spatial distribution of ageing degree of silicone rubber material for composite insulator umbrella shed
Shan LI, Long ZHAO*, Guiyang LIU, Zhongkai LI, Xibin CUI, Shuai ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Linyi Power Supply Company, State Grid Shandong Electric Power Co., Ltd., Linyi 276005, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.015
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长期户外运行的复合绝缘子会受到环境因素的耦合作用而发生老化,精准评估服役多年的绝缘子性能及老化状态对于输电线路运维具有重要意义。本文针对临沂地区某220 kV输电线路服役16年的复合绝缘子展开研究,通过对复合绝缘子伞裙不同位置硅橡胶材料开展表面形貌、热学性能、力学性能、电学性能和化学结构等多尺度表征分析,研究了复合绝缘子硅橡胶材料老化程度的空间分布规律。结果表明:复合绝缘子在长期服役后,材料的老化程度具有空间分布特点。复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙中大伞的老化程度高于小伞,高压端老化程度高于低压端,外侧老化程度高于内侧。此外,不同位置伞裙硅橡胶材料的热流量和热失重特性差异较小,而其微观形貌、憎水性、化学基团、电气强度以及蠕变量等关键参数可有效表征伞裙老化程度,显著反映空间老化差异。

复合绝缘子  /  硅橡胶  /  老化  /  击穿  /  憎水性  /  蠕变

Composite insulators in long-term outdoor operation undergo ageing due to the coupled effects of environmental factors. Accurately assessing the performance and ageing status of insulators that have been in service for many years is of great significance for the operation and maintenance of transmission lines. In this paper, a composite insulator that has been in service for 16 years on a 220 kV transmission line in Linyi area was investigated. By conducting multi-scale characterization analyses of the silicone rubber materials of different positions of the composite insulator umbrella sheds, including surface morphology, thermal properties, mechanical properties, electrical properties, and chemical structure, the spatial distribution law of the ageing degree of the silicone rubber material was investigated. The results show that after long-term service, the ageing degree of the composite insulator material exhibits spatial distribution characteristics. In the silicone rubber umbrella sheds of the composite insulator, the ageing degree of the large umbrella sheds is higher than that of the small umbrella sheds, the ageing degree at the high-voltage end is higher than that at the low-voltage end, and the ageing degree on the outer side is higher than that on the inner side. In addition, the differences in heat flow and thermogravimetric loss characteristics of the silicone rubber material at different umbrella shed positions are relatively small, while key parameters such as microstructure, hydrophobicity, chemical groups, electric strength, and creep compliance can effectively characterize the ageing degree of the umbrella sheds and significantly reflect the spatial ageing differences.

composite insulator  /  silicone rubber  /  ageing  /  breakdown  /  hydrophobicity  /  creep
李珊, 赵龙, 刘桂洋, 李中凯, 崔锡斌, 张帅. 复合绝缘子伞裙硅橡胶材料老化程度的空间分布研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (5) : 134 -141 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.015
Shan LI, Long ZHAO, Guiyang LIU, Zhongkai LI, Xibin CUI, Shuai ZHANG. Study on spatial distribution of ageing degree of silicone rubber material for composite insulator umbrella shed[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (5) : 134 -141 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.015
复合绝缘子是高压输电网络中重要的外绝缘组件,承担着机械支撑和电气隔离的双重功能。尽管复合绝缘子凭借憎水性和憎水迁移性强、机械强度高、耐污闪电压高、质量轻和造价低等优势在架空线路中得到广泛应用,但长期暴露于多应力耦合环境会导致其伞裙硅橡胶材料发生不可逆的老化失效。在运行过程中,由于盐碱、污秽、紫外线、热循环和电晕放电等多种因素的影响,伞裙硅橡胶材料结构发生演变,耐污闪性能和憎水性能下降,影响输电线路的安全可靠运行。
复合绝缘子老化后伞裙颜色由深变浅,伞裙表面会失去原有的柔韧性和弹性,变得硬化、脆化,甚至出现裂纹,严重时伞裙表面材料逐渐脱落,形成粉末状物质,粉化现象频发[1]。此外,由于运行环境的差异,绝缘子老化后表面可能还会出现一些其他特征。例如,M FERNANDO等[2]研究服役于湿热地区的硅橡胶伞裙表面形貌时发现了藻类存在的痕迹。在老化程度评估方面,一般可采用喷水分级法模拟自然状态下伞裙表面水滴附着的状态,拍摄水滴在绝缘子表面的湿润状态,从而通过憎水性判断绝缘子伞裙的老化程度[3]。S P KURUVILLA等[4]通过接触角测量法系统研究了硅橡胶憎水性的影响因素。实验通过施加不同类型的污染物及交/直流电应力,发现硅橡胶在电应力作用下对多数污染物(海水除外)仍能保持稳定的憎水性,并表现出显著的憎水性自恢复特性。
在光谱表征方面,红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱法(XPS)和X射线衍射法(XRD)等方法已广泛应用于硅橡胶(SIR)材料化学组分变化与晶态结构演变的分析。ZENG S Y等[5]采用FTIR方法测试了不同条件下老化循环后的样品,采用峰面积法对相应组分进行定量表征,发现Si-(CH3)2基团可以用来定量表征多因素老化过程中的降解程度。吴厚杰等[6]进行了复合绝缘子人工加速老化试验,发现复合绝缘子材料中硅和碳等化学元素含量有所降低,而氧元素含量有所增加。R CHAKRABORTY等[7]通过XPS分析了3种外部条件下复合绝缘子试样的老化规律,发现氧化过程发生在硅橡胶绝缘子的外层,并且复合绝缘子试样中氧元素的含量显著增加。A R VERMA等[8]选取了两种类型的高温硫化硅橡胶(HTV-SIR)绝缘子样品,对其分别实施人工紫外线加速老化试验,其XRD分析结果表明,老化后样品的结晶度下降明显。
硅橡胶老化也会显著影响其宏观电学性能,主要表现为泄漏电流增大、热刺激电流特性改变及沿面闪络电压降低。ZHANG Zhijin等[9]研究了硅橡胶在盐雾环境下的电气性能变化。实验结果表明,随着盐雾电导率的升高,样品的介电常数和介质损耗因数均显著增大。泄漏电流特性结果显示,盐雾电导率的增加会加剧放电现象,表现为放电脉冲数量、累积放电量及最大脉冲幅度的上升。且高电导率盐雾环境中的带电粒子会促进硅橡胶表面的氧化反应,消耗甲基基团,削弱其对亲水性Si-O主链的屏蔽作用,进而引发主链断裂。这一过程加速了电老化和热老化,最终导致硅橡胶材料降解。LIANG Y等[10]采用热刺激电流法系统研究了退役复合绝缘子的电荷陷阱特性,发现老化后硅橡胶绝缘材料的泄漏电流增大,击穿电压降低,伞裙内部陷阱的密度和能级增加,硅橡胶复合绝缘子的绝缘性能下降。此外,陈天羽等[11]研究了霉菌附着行为对硅橡胶自然老化的协同作用,揭示了生物老化对绝缘材料的影响。结果表明,霉菌菌丝在绝缘子表面生长会导致微米级孔洞结构形成,这种物理损伤会进一步引发有机硅橡胶分子链的断裂。这种生物-电化学协同老化过程会导致绝缘子闪络电压降低,严重影响设备的运行稳定性。
由此可见,研究复合绝缘子的老化机理,探究其表面与内部的老化降解特性,包括表面特性、热学性能、电气性能以及力学性能等关键参数的退化规律,对于保障电网安全稳定运行至关重要。然而,复合绝缘子尺寸较大,硅橡胶材料的取样位置会显著影响老化程度评估的准确性。因此,深入研究伞裙硅橡胶材料老化特性的空间分布规律具有重要价值。本文重点研究服役绝缘子串中不同位置伞裙硅橡胶材料老化特性的空间异质性,以揭示老化程度的空间分布特征。
本研究选取山东临沂地区运行年限达16年的220 kV电压等级复合绝缘子作为试样,其大伞裙直径为170 mm,小伞裙直径为140 mm。按电场分布特征选取高压侧、中压侧和低压侧代表性区段,并对试样进行预处理:使用无水乙醇擦洗表面后,用去离子水冲洗。按照GB/T 10580—2015,将试样置于标准环境条件下的器皿中干燥24 h[12]。为便于后续实验开展及记录,将各组试样按位置-尺寸组合标号,高压侧大伞、高压侧小伞、中压侧大伞、中压侧小伞、低压侧大伞、低压侧小伞分别命名为HL、HS、ML、MS、LL、LS。
对清洗前后的复合绝缘子伞裙进行外观检查,检查过程中重点关注绝缘子的表面信息如颜色变化、破损裂纹、硬化粉化、污秽分布等[13]。采用喷水分级法进行检查,按照DL/T 1474—2021中规定的出厂绝缘子憎水性等级应为HC1~HC2。本文分别选取高压侧和低压侧的伞裙内侧和外侧进行憎水性测试和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征形貌。
使用梅特勒公司生产的TGA/DSC3+型同步热分析仪,通过测量样品在程序控温和氮气气氛下的质量和质量变化率随温度的变化关系,确定样品的分解温度和材料的热稳定性。设置同步热分析仪的升温速度为10℃/min,载气流速为50 mL/min,扫描范围为室温至750℃[14]。使用瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司生产的DSC822e型差式扫描量热仪测试样品的热行为,切取15~20 mg样品,设置初始温度为25℃,以10℃/min的速度升温至400℃。
采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(IR Prestige-21型,日本岛津公司)表征试样化学组分,设置为透射模式,分辨率为4 cm-1,扫描范围为4 000~400 cm-1
采用GJW 100E型电压击穿试验仪测试试样的击穿特性,并取击穿概率为63.2%时的电气强度作为试样的电气强度。设置球-球电极,样品厚度为0.5 mm。
为深入研究硅橡胶的粘弹性行为,使用德国耐驰公司的DMA 242 E型动态热机械分析仪进行静态力学分析。对于复合绝缘子同一片伞裙分别取外侧、中间侧和内侧,以得到不同硅橡胶试样。从硅橡胶伞裙径向方向上精确切割出长条形试样,确保试样的尺寸符合测试仪器的要求。使用拉伸模式,对样品施加一定的应力并保持不变,同时监测样品随时间发生的形变,从而评估材料的蠕变性能。
按照GB/T 42279—2022中的热延伸实验部分对试样进行测试,在恒定应力为1.2 MPa的条件下进行拉伸蠕变测试,分别设定温度为200℃和250℃,蠕变时长设置为120 min。试样为长条型薄片,长度为3 mm,宽度为3.1 mm,厚度为(1.0±0.1)mm。试样取自220 kV复合绝缘子高压端大伞裙,按暴露位置分为外侧(LW)、中间侧(LZ)和内侧(LN)。
试样经预处理后,依据GB/T 24622—2022绝缘子表面憎水性测量导则,对复合绝缘子伞裙内侧和外侧表面进行喷水分级实验。憎水性测试结果如图1所示。从图1可以看出,低压端伞裙呈现显著的双面异性,内侧憎水性等级为HC2级,外侧达HC3级;高压端伞裙劣化更为严重,内侧憎水性等级为HC3级,外侧进一步恶化至HC4~HC5级。伞裙老化的空间分布特征显示,同一伞裙外侧的憎水性损失较内侧严重约1~2个等级,且高压端整体劣化程度比低压端高1个等级。
复合绝缘子在长期运行过程中,受电场、环境和机械应力的协同作用,表面微观形貌逐渐发生变化。老化过程中,绝缘子表层材料的聚合物分子链会发生断裂、交联等化学结构改变[15]。同时物理磨损、污染等因素也会导致表面粗糙度增大和污染物沉积等物理形态改变。
初始状态下,硅橡胶表面具有适当的微观粗糙度和疏水基团分布,能保持较大接触角。随着老化进行,表面疏水基团逐渐减少,同时污染物覆盖和物理磨损使表面微观结构发生改变,导致水滴接触角减小。这种疏水性退化在高压端伞裙外侧表面尤为明显,加之高的电场强度加剧了放电活动和表面劣化,外侧直接暴露于环境,承受更多的紫外线辐射和机械磨损。此外,电场力作用使空气中的污染颗粒((NH4)2SO4、CaSO4等)优先在高压侧沉积。因此,高压端伞裙外侧的憎水性损失比内侧更严重,同时整体劣化程度也比低压侧更显著。
图2为老化后绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙的SEM图像。从图2可以看出,外表面粉化聚集的颗粒物堆积明显多于内表面。这一形貌特征表明伞裙外表面老化程度更严重,与绝缘子的实际工作环境相匹配。绝缘子伞裙外表面直接暴露于紫外线辐射、积污和风蚀等环境,导致其老化速率高于被伞裙遮蔽的内表面[16]。随着老化进程的发展,硅橡胶材料表面逐渐形成密集裂纹和孔洞,且孔洞尺寸呈现增大趋势,同时伴随颗粒物的持续堆积[17]
复合绝缘子的主要成分是甲基乙烯基硅氧烷(PDMS)和无机填料。无机填料一般为阻燃剂如氢氧化铝(Al(OH)3)和二氧化硅。氢氧化铝作为一种重要的助剂,分解温度为220~350℃,可以提高硅橡胶的阻燃性、耐电痕性、耐腐蚀性、电气性能和耐紫外线老化性能。甲基乙烯基硅氧烷的分解温度为350~570℃,而二氧化硅的熔点极高,约为1 600℃[18]。热重分析实验的温度范围为30~750℃,因此在实验过程中主要发生Al(OH)3和PDMS的分解。
图3为复合绝缘子伞裙的热失重(TGA)曲线。从图3可以看出整个热分解过程分为3个阶段。室温至230℃左右,对应低分子量物质挥发或部分填料脱水。LL样品相比其他样品表现出更为明显的质量损失,这归因于低分子量物质的挥发,说明了LL样品在长期服役过程中有一定程度的降解和低分子量物质的产生。其他样品在此阶段的质量损失并不明显。
在230~360℃范围内,随着温度升高,样品的质量损失速率显著增加,这主要是由于Al(OH)3阻燃剂的分解。Al(OH)3作为一种常用的无机阻燃剂,在高温下会释放出水蒸气并转化为氧化铝,从而吸收大量热量并稀释可燃气体浓度,达到阻燃效果。不同样品在该阶段的分解特性差异较小。
360~600℃温度范围内的样品失重主要源于硅橡胶分子链的裂解[19],聚硅氧烷分子链断裂时,链末端的硅氧键与链段中的其他硅氧键发生反应,形成一个环状结构并从分子链上脱离,产生小分子量的硅氧烷碎片挥发,导致显著的质量下降。此阶段的质量损失曲线特征可以反映硅橡胶材料的热分解动力学及其化学结构的稳定性。各个样品在该阶段的失重趋势相同,但残留率存在一些差别,且未体现出一定的空间规律。分析其原因可能为生产工艺不同和填料分布不均匀。复合绝缘子生产厂家在模压成型过程中的温度梯度可能导致绝缘子伞裙不同位置的固化程度产生差异。此外, Al(OH)3填料在硅橡胶基体中的分散不均匀也可能导致不同样品的TGA曲线呈现差异。
在伞裙样品中选取表层褪色严重的部分进行差示扫描量热分析测试,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,随着温度升高,样品吸热熔融,向下凹的峰为吸热过程。230、310、350℃附近出现吸热峰,分别对应样品中低分子量物质挥发、Al(OH)3热分解和聚硅氧烷分子链分解后成环,这与图3的结果对应。对于复合绝缘子伞裙硅橡胶材料而言,其主要成分通常为PDMS及其相关的交联体系。在高温下,PDMS分子链可能会发生断裂或交联键的破坏,导致材料结构破坏和质量损失,同时吸收大量热量形成吸热峰[20]
老化过程中,化学组分的变化可以通过红外光谱来体现,本文测试了不同位置伞裙硅橡胶材料的红外光谱,结果如图5所示。
当绝缘子在自然环境中老化时,紫外线会破坏硅橡胶聚合物中键能较低的化学键,如Si-C键、 C-H键和Si-O键,使硅橡胶主链发生断裂,导致交联程度降低[21]。从图5可以看出,相比伞裙低压端硅橡胶材料,高压端硅橡胶材料主链上的Si-O-Si(1 000~1 100 cm-1)和Si-CH3(790 cm-1)峰强度衰减,且Si原子与侧链上的甲基或乙烯基团之间的键能发生相应的变化,从而影响基团中的H原子[22-24]。此外,-OH吸收峰(3 200~3 700 cm-1)强度可能因阻燃剂氢氧化铝的减少而减弱[25]。降解老化严重时,绝缘子出现粉化、褪色和疏水性降低[17]。结合前面显示的疏水性测试结果,有机材料中的疏水分子逐渐被消耗,这导致去除沉积在样品表面的粉化层后,样品的疏水性迅速下降。
本文采用球-球电极对不同位置伞裙硅橡胶材料样品进行了交流击穿实验,结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出,老化后硅橡胶的电气性能呈现显著的空间差异性。大伞试样的电气强度分布较分散,高压侧、中压侧、低压侧的电气强度分别为28.2、35.5、42.4 kV/mm;相比之下,小伞试样的电气强度分布较为集中,对应位置的电气强度分别为36.1、38.9、40.4 kV/mm。数据显示,高压侧大伞的电气强度最低,较低压侧大伞电气强度降低33.5%,这一现象与复合绝缘子的实际运行环境密切相关。
复合绝缘子在运行过程中,长期暴露于外界环境,受到紫外辐射、雨水冲刷、酸蚀、积污、气流、沙蚀等多种环境因素的共同作用[26-27]。这些因素可能导致绝缘子伞裙表面的硅橡胶材料发生渐进式劣化:初期引发表面分子链断裂和形成微观缺陷,后期发展为可见裂纹和孔洞。值得注意的是,在宏观物理性能尚未显著变化时,电气强度已能敏锐反映早期老化状态。这源于击穿特性对表面微观缺陷的高度敏感性,使其成为评估硅橡胶材料空间差异化老化的有效指标。
蠕变是指在一定温度和恒定应力作用下,材料的形变随时间逐渐增加的现象。实验发现,蠕变特性测试也可以揭示硅橡胶伞裙材料的老化差异性,在恒定应力(1.2 MPa)和温度(200℃)条件下,取高压端大伞外侧表面不同位置的样品进行拉伸蠕变测试,结果如图7(a)所示。从图7(a)可以看出,伞裙的外侧试样(LW-200)的最终应变值为1.61 mm,显著高于中间侧试样(LZ-200)的最终应变值1.50 mm和内侧试样(LN-200)的最终应变值1.51 mm,其最大应变增量可达7.3%。蠕变曲线特征进一步显示,中间侧与内侧试样的应变-时间曲线呈现典型的分段特征:初始阶段应变率较低,稳态阶段应变率趋于恒定。而外侧试样LW-200的应变率在整个测试周期内持续高于其他位置,尤其在稳态阶段表现出更显著的黏弹性响应,这与其长期服役中承受更高紫外辐照剂量及温湿度波动密切相关。
为探索最佳蠕变测试温度,确保实验结果准确性,控制应力不变,另取高压端大伞外侧表面不同位置的样品进行250℃下的拉伸蠕变测试,结果如图7(b)所示。从图7(b)可以看出,老化空间分布规律得到验证,均为伞裙外侧试样(LW-250)的最终应变值高于中间侧(LZ-250)和内侧样品(LN-250)的最终应变值。并且在蠕变过程的后期,老化程度更严重的外侧试样LW-250的蠕变速率迅速增加,在短时间内发生显著形变,进入第三阶段,即加速蠕变阶段。
由于长期暴露于外界环境,伞裙外侧表面会受更多的应力和环境因素影响,蠕变程度更为明显。当伞裙外侧的蠕变数据远大于内侧时,说明伞裙外侧的老化程度较高。随着内外侧蠕变数据差异的减小,伞裙靠近芯棒的内侧和中间侧的整体老化程度相对较为均衡。这种蠕变行为的空间差异与伞裙在环境中的暴露程度密切相关。长期暴露于紫外线辐射、机械应力和温湿度循环的外侧区域,其聚合物网络降解程度更为显著,导致分子链滑移阻力下降,蠕变敏感性增强。通过建立蠕变应变差与老化程度的关联模型,可实现对伞裙材料老化状态的定量评估,进而为评估复合绝缘子的绝缘状态提供新的方法和依据。下一步研究可探索更准确的蠕变特性与老化程度的定量关系,以便更好地应用于复合绝缘子的状态监测和维护。
本文针对某220 kV输电线路服役多年的复合绝缘子的不同位置伞裙硅橡胶材料开展了微观形貌、热学性能、红外光谱、交流击穿特性、蠕变特性等测试分析,揭示了硅橡胶伞裙材料老化行为的空间分布规律。具体结论如下:
(1)复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙中大伞比小伞老化程度更高,表现为大伞电气强度的非均匀性更为显著。高压侧大伞的电气强度最低,较低压侧大伞电气强度降低33.5%,表明复合绝缘子中大伞更易形成局部老化集中区域。
(2)复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙中高压端表面劣化程度高于低压端,表现为高压端表面粉化程度更为严重,微观尺度的空隙更多,憎水性整体劣化程度比低压侧高1个等级。
(3)复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙老化程度的差异性难以通过热特性结果反映,热分解过程中的热失重特性差异较小。
(4)复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙外侧的老化程度比内侧高,表现为服役后绝缘子伞裙外侧的憎水性下降更明显、蠕变形变量更大。同一伞裙外侧的憎水性损失较内侧严重约1~2个等级,且最大应变量达7.3%。

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2026年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.015
  • 接收时间:2025-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-03
  • 修回日期:2025-05-20
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    国网山东省电力公司临沂供电公司,山东 临沂 276005

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赵龙(1989-),男(汉族),山东临沂人,高级工程师,主要从事输电线路运检及状态评价的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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