Article(id=1304921880989819878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750521600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-22, revisedDate=1755187200000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047220704, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047220704, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047220704, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047220704, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921832184897890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047209067, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118050557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=86, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921881174369255, articleId=1304921880989819878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Evaluation method for cable insulation ageing based on ultraviolet spectroscopy, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) cables have been widely used due to their recyclability, simple and efficient manufacturing process, low energy consumption, and good electrical and mechanical properties. However, research on evaluation methods for their insulation ageing state remains relatively scarce. In this paper, three types of PP were subjected to accelerated thermo-oxidative ageing in the laboratory. The changes in carbonyl group content of the aged PP were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR) and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV). Based on the observed change law, the correlation between the carbonyl content and the elongation at break was investigated to evaluate the ageing degree of each PP. The accuracy of the proposed evaluation method was verified using samples aged for 200 days. The results show that the carbonyl index of the three PPs measured by IR exhibits considerable variation with increasing ageing time, and it does not correlate with the elongation at break data, making it difficult to effectively characterize the ageing degree of PP. In contrast, UV spectroscopy reveals that the carbonyl content increases linearly with ageing time during the PP ageing process, based on which a correlation between carbonyl content and elongation at break can be established. Validation using samples aged for 200 days shows that the differences between the actual elongation at break of the three PP samples and the predicted values calculated from the carbonyl content are small. The errors for copolypropylene PPB1 and PPB2 are 5.02% and 6.55%, respectively, while the error for blended polypropylene PPH is slightly larger at 16.54%. It is demonstrated that the proposed method for evaluating the ageing degree of PP using UV spectroscopy possesses high accuracy.

, authors=Yifan HE1, Benhong OUYANG2, Zhao WANG3, Xiang SUN1, Kai DENG2, Peng LI3, Kexin CHEN3, Man XU3, *, authorsList=Yifan HE, Benhong OUYANG, Zhao WANG, Xiang SUN, Kai DENG, Peng LI, Kexin CHEN, Man XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Man XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921882948559866, articleId=1304921880989819878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=基于紫外光谱的电缆绝缘老化评价方法, columnId=1190369198724452531, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=绝缘技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

热塑性聚丙烯电缆因其可回收利用、制造工艺简单高效、能耗低,且具有良好的电气及力学性能而得到广泛应用,但对其绝缘老化状态的评估方法研究较少。本文对3种聚丙烯进行实验室加速热氧老化,利用红外光谱和紫外光谱表征老化后聚丙烯羰基基团含量的变化,并基于该变化规律研究其与断裂伸长率的关联性,以评估各聚丙烯的老化程度,最后利用老化200天试样验证评价方法的准确性。结果表明:红外光谱测得3种PP的羰基指数随老化时间的增加变化规律差异性较大,且其与断裂伸长率的数据不具有相关性,难以有效表征聚丙烯的老化程度。而紫外光谱检测显示,聚丙烯老化过程中羰基含量随老化时间呈线性增长规律,基于该规律可建立羰基含量与断裂伸长率的关联关系。以老化200天试样进行验证发现,3种聚丙烯的实际断裂伸长率与由羰基含量计算得到的预测值之间的差异较小,其中共聚聚丙烯PPB1和PPB2的误差分别为5.02%、6.55%,共混聚丙烯PPH的误差略大,为16.54%,利用紫外光谱评价聚丙烯老化程度的方法准确性较高。

, authors=何毅帆1, 欧阳本红2, 王照3, 孙翔1, 邓凯2, 李鹏3, 陈珂馨3, 徐曼3, *, authorsList=何毅帆, 欧阳本红, 王照, 孙翔, 邓凯, 李鹏, 陈珂馨, 徐曼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐曼, authorNote=

何毅帆(1991-),男(汉族),浙江杭州人,工程师,博士,研究方向为配网设备技术与高压/化学交叉领域

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徐曼(1977-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,博导,研究方向为高电压绝缘技术与绝缘材料。
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何毅帆(1991-),男(汉族),浙江杭州人,工程师,博士,研究方向为配网设备技术与高压/化学交叉领域

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何毅帆(1991-),男(汉族),浙江杭州人,工程师,博士,研究方向为配网设备技术与高压/化学交叉领域

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caption=羰基含量与断裂伸长率的关系曲线, figureFileSmall=7QWzkI17aeUVg2xuLfq3SQ==, figureFileBig=5GK/RA2b0zQdSfQaIP4oNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921980055085256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921880989819878, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of actual and predicted elongation at break of specimens after 200 days of ageing

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试样PPB1PPB2PPH
实际断裂伸长率/%570.00±31550.00±27345.00±41
预估断裂伸长率/%598.60586.01402.05
误差/%5.026.5516.54
), ArticleFig(id=1304921980126388425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921880989819878, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试样老化200天后断裂伸长率实际值与预测值对比

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试样PPB1PPB2PPH
实际断裂伸长率/%570.00±31550.00±27345.00±41
预估断裂伸长率/%598.60586.01402.05
误差/%5.026.5516.54
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基于紫外光谱的电缆绝缘老化评价方法
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何毅帆 1 , 欧阳本红 2 , 王照 3 , 孙翔 1 , 邓凯 2 , 李鹏 3 , 陈珂馨 3 , 徐曼 3, *
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2026,59(5): 86-94
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绝缘材料 |绝缘技术 2026 , 59 (5) : 86 -94
基于紫外光谱的电缆绝缘老化评价方法
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何毅帆1, 欧阳本红2, 王照3, 孙翔1, 邓凯2, 李鹏3, 陈珂馨3, 徐曼3, *
作者信息
  • 1国网浙江省电力有限公司,浙江 杭州 310007
  • 2中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192
  • 3西安交通大学 电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
徐曼(1977-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,博导,研究方向为高电压绝缘技术与绝缘材料。
作者简介:

何毅帆(1991-),男(汉族),浙江杭州人,工程师,博士,研究方向为配网设备技术与高压/化学交叉领域

Evaluation method for cable insulation ageing based on ultraviolet spectroscopy
Yifan HE1, Benhong OUYANG2, Zhao WANG3, Xiang SUN1, Kai DENG2, Peng LI3, Kexin CHEN3, Man XU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China
  • 2China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.010
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热塑性聚丙烯电缆因其可回收利用、制造工艺简单高效、能耗低,且具有良好的电气及力学性能而得到广泛应用,但对其绝缘老化状态的评估方法研究较少。本文对3种聚丙烯进行实验室加速热氧老化,利用红外光谱和紫外光谱表征老化后聚丙烯羰基基团含量的变化,并基于该变化规律研究其与断裂伸长率的关联性,以评估各聚丙烯的老化程度,最后利用老化200天试样验证评价方法的准确性。结果表明:红外光谱测得3种PP的羰基指数随老化时间的增加变化规律差异性较大,且其与断裂伸长率的数据不具有相关性,难以有效表征聚丙烯的老化程度。而紫外光谱检测显示,聚丙烯老化过程中羰基含量随老化时间呈线性增长规律,基于该规律可建立羰基含量与断裂伸长率的关联关系。以老化200天试样进行验证发现,3种聚丙烯的实际断裂伸长率与由羰基含量计算得到的预测值之间的差异较小,其中共聚聚丙烯PPB1和PPB2的误差分别为5.02%、6.55%,共混聚丙烯PPH的误差略大,为16.54%,利用紫外光谱评价聚丙烯老化程度的方法准确性较高。

热氧老化  /  紫外光谱  /  聚丙烯  /  断裂伸长率

Thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) cables have been widely used due to their recyclability, simple and efficient manufacturing process, low energy consumption, and good electrical and mechanical properties. However, research on evaluation methods for their insulation ageing state remains relatively scarce. In this paper, three types of PP were subjected to accelerated thermo-oxidative ageing in the laboratory. The changes in carbonyl group content of the aged PP were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR) and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV). Based on the observed change law, the correlation between the carbonyl content and the elongation at break was investigated to evaluate the ageing degree of each PP. The accuracy of the proposed evaluation method was verified using samples aged for 200 days. The results show that the carbonyl index of the three PPs measured by IR exhibits considerable variation with increasing ageing time, and it does not correlate with the elongation at break data, making it difficult to effectively characterize the ageing degree of PP. In contrast, UV spectroscopy reveals that the carbonyl content increases linearly with ageing time during the PP ageing process, based on which a correlation between carbonyl content and elongation at break can be established. Validation using samples aged for 200 days shows that the differences between the actual elongation at break of the three PP samples and the predicted values calculated from the carbonyl content are small. The errors for copolypropylene PPB1 and PPB2 are 5.02% and 6.55%, respectively, while the error for blended polypropylene PPH is slightly larger at 16.54%. It is demonstrated that the proposed method for evaluating the ageing degree of PP using UV spectroscopy possesses high accuracy.

thermo-oxidative ageing  /  UV spectroscopy  /  polypropylene  /  elongation at break
何毅帆, 欧阳本红, 王照, 孙翔, 邓凯, 李鹏, 陈珂馨, 徐曼. 基于紫外光谱的电缆绝缘老化评价方法. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (5) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.010
Yifan HE, Benhong OUYANG, Zhao WANG, Xiang SUN, Kai DENG, Peng LI, Kexin CHEN, Man XU. Evaluation method for cable insulation ageing based on ultraviolet spectroscopy[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (5) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.010
电力电缆在运行中受到电、热、水以及机械应力等的作用,其绝缘层会发生老化,严重时会发生击穿,因此研究电缆老化状态的检测方法对提高电缆运行的可靠性具有重要意义[1-4]。聚丙烯中存在叔碳原子,在运行中长期承受电、热作用会发生链式氧化现象[5-8]。实践经验表明绝缘材料的热老化寿命与温度的关系可用Arrhenius模型[9]表示,其表达式为式(1)。
K=Ae-ERT
式(1)中:K表示绝缘材料的热老化寿命;E表示反应活化能;R表示气体常数;A表示碰撞系数。对该方程做适当变换可得到式(2)。
lgτ=α+bT
式(2)中:τ表示绝缘材料的热老化寿命;α表示与规定失效性能相关的常数;b表示与活化能E相关的常数,可表示为0.401E/RR表示气体常数;T表示热老化的绝对温度。
力学性能检测是目前评估电缆老化程度常用的方法,通常取断裂伸长率保留率为50%作为寿命终点[10-12]。褚凡武等[5]发现聚丙烯的断裂伸长率与老化时间呈明显相关性,可作为评估其老化程度的有效指标。樊林禛等[13]发现拉伸强度和断裂伸长率随着聚丙烯老化时间延长整体上呈现出单调降低的趋势,直至试样丧失力学性能,即试样发生脆性断裂。杜伯学等[14]研究发现,聚丙烯与聚烯烃弹性体共混物(PP/POE)的拉伸性能与材料内部分子链的结构有关,材料发生热氧老化,分子间会产生低密度区,生成微小气隙缺陷,导致拉伸性能下降。
电缆力学性能参数的测量主要是使用拉伸装置,测出的数据分散性较大,且拉伸实验是破坏性实验,采用这一方法对电缆造成的损耗大[15]。光谱能够反映物质的结构和化学组成,从而判断电缆的老化程度[16-17],对电缆的破坏性小。杜伯学等[14]研究发现,随着热老化时间的增加,聚丙烯在1 723 cm-1附近的吸收峰逐渐增强,表明聚烯烃链段发生热氧老化生成了羰基。王健等[18]发现电缆材料老化后C-O、C=O、C-C的特征吸收峰强度显著增加。陈键等[19]发现热氧老化后PP粉料的红外羰基峰面积随老化时间的延长呈指数增长。然而,聚丙烯的老化特征产物羰基可能以醛、酮或羧酸的形式存在,这些物质的羰基在红外谱图中峰位相近,并且由于电负性氧原子的影响可能会使各官能团峰位向高频或低频移动[20-21]。样品的形态变化以及水分、温度等外界因素可能会湮灭红外光谱中的有用信息,或难以有效提取所需信息[22]
热氧老化对聚合物宏观性能的影响首先反映为颜色的变化,其本质为分子结构在老化因子的作用下发生了不可逆的改变[23]。聚丙烯老化过程中颜色的改变能够通过紫外光谱来表征,当用不同波长的光照射材料时,材料吸收能量,使其中某些特征基团的电子发生跃迁。聚丙烯的老化产物中含有很多π电子和n电子,这些电子的跃迁会在紫外吸收光谱中表现出明显的特征峰。
本文通过研究共聚与共混两种聚丙烯材料经过热老化后的红外光谱、紫外光谱以及断裂伸长率随老化时间的变化规律,寻找光谱特征参数与断裂伸长率之间的关联,研究紫外光谱的特征参数与力学性能之间的相关性,以期得到基于紫外光谱评价PP热老化程度的方法,为电缆老化的诊断提供理论参考。
共聚与共混是两种常见的聚丙烯改性方式,能够改善PP韧性差的缺点,提升其拉伸强度和断裂伸长率等力学性能参数[24]。本文选用3种商用聚丙烯材料进行研究,其中PPB1、PPB2为共聚改性聚丙烯,PPH为共混改性聚丙烯。首先将原料放置在70℃烘箱中干燥12 h,然后采用平板硫化机将粒料压制成厚度分别为0.2 mm和1.0 mm的片材,压制程序如下:将粒料在210℃、1MPa的条件下预压10 min,之后压力调至15 MPa压制5 min,最后冷水降至常温。
热氧老化实验方法依据GB/T 2951.12—2008制定。使用老化箱对厚度分别为0.2 mm和1.0 mm的试样进行热氧老化,考虑到聚丙烯正常工作温度为90℃以下,本文选取的3种聚丙烯的熔点为140~165℃,因此在135℃下进行加速热氧老化试验。本文以7天、14天为周期进行取样测试,并实时观察烘箱内试样的变化,若试样外观出现明显变化,及时取出测试。为使试样受热均匀,将所有试样垂直悬挂,老化实验结束取出后放置密封袋避光保存。
采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(IN10+IZ10型,陕西朗润国际贸易有限公司)对厚度为0.2 mm的试样进行测试,测试波数范围为4 000~700 cm-1,采用反射模式,扫描次数为32次,最终结果为32次扫描的平均结果。
采用紫外-可见分光光度计(UV3600型,岛津企业管理有限公司)研究试样的物质结构和化学组成。测试波长范围为190~600 nm,模式为透射模式,参考信号为未放置试样时的信号。
参照GB/T 1040.1—2025,采用电子万能试验机(CMT4505型,美特斯工业系统有限公司)在室温下对试样的拉伸性能进行测试。拉伸速率为100 mm/min,样品为厚度约为1.0 mm的标准哑铃状试样,每种PP进行5次实验,取平均值作为最终结果。
共聚聚丙烯PPB1、PPB2以及共混聚丙烯PPH试样老化后的外观变化如图1所示。从图1可以看出,随老化时间的增加,试样的颜色发黄且不断加深,老化至200天时颜色变化尤为明显。
对PPB1、PPB2以及PPH的不同老化时长试样进行红外光谱测试,结果如图2所示。从图2可以看出,共聚聚丙烯PPB1在1 720 cm-1、1 730 cm-1附近出现了特征峰,在老化至200天时,这两处的特征峰变宽且峰位略向高波数方向移动。共聚聚丙烯PPB2在1 740 cm-1附近出现了特征峰,在老化至200天时,该峰峰型变宽,峰高增大。共混聚丙烯PPH在1 730 cm-1、1 740 cm-1附近出现了特征峰,在老化至200天时,该峰峰型变宽,峰高随老化时间增加先增大后减小,到200天时达到最大值。以上提到的特征峰均代表老化产物中的醛、酮、羰基以及样品所含抗氧剂中的酚类物质。
PPB1和PPB2在1 500~1 700 cm-1内产生了弥散峰,PPH在波数为1 660 cm-1、1 670 cm-1附近出现了特征峰,均代表羧基、不饱和羰基化合物以及少量由于高温裂解产生的碳碳双键,为PP的热氧老化产物。由于羧基以及不饱和羰基化合物在老化过程中不断积累而碳碳双键容易被进一步氧化生成其他老化产物,随着老化时间的增加,这一特征峰的强度不是单调递增的。
为了定量描述热氧老化产物的变化,以1 480~1 450 cm-1的甲基吸收峰面积作为参比峰,1 750~1 700 cm-1以及1 750~1 500 cm-1内均存在老化产物,其中1 750~1 700 cm-1处为羰基和抗氧剂中的酚类物质特征峰,1 750~1 500 cm-1处代表羰基、羧基、不饱和羰基化合物、碳碳双键以及抗氧剂中的酚类物质,分别对这两个范围特征峰的面积进行积分,并与参比峰作对比,得出的值分别作为聚丙烯的羰基指数,结果如图3所示。
图3可以看出,共聚聚丙烯PPB1和PPB2的1 750~1 700 cm-1曲线处于相对平稳的状态,在老化近200天时,随着羰基的持续积累,曲线达到最大值。共混聚丙烯PPH在42天前快速氧化,羰基指数增幅较大,后续由于抗氧剂的消耗,以及部分羰基产物发生进一步分解或交联生成羧基、不饱和羰基化合物等其他物质,导致曲线回落。在老化近200天时,随着老化产物的积累,曲线达到最大值。
图3还可以看出,共聚聚丙烯PPB1和PPB2的1 750~1 500 cm-1曲线基本处于上升趋势,这是由于老化产物的持续积累。而共混聚丙烯PPH的该曲线相对波动较明显。这是因为老化初期PPH发生快速氧化,老化产物迅速积累,随着老化的进行,碳碳双键进一步被氧化生成其他物质而被消耗,且部分不饱和羰基结构进一步氧化分解,转化为更加稳定的物质,这些因素共同造成了曲线的上下波动。
综上,红外光谱能够表征试样老化后产生的羰基等产物,但针对本文的3种聚丙烯,其相应光谱特征一方面受酚类抗氧剂的干扰,另一方面羰基存在于醛、酮以及酸等物质中,这些物质的峰位存在差异,且老化前期PPB和PPH的羰基指数变化幅度较小,而在这期间聚丙烯的其他性能,尤其是力学性能可能已经出现了明显的劣化。以上因素导致红外光谱得到的羰基指数变化不具有明显的规律性,因此用红外光谱来表征老化程度较为困难。
聚丙烯的老化产物分子中含有π电子和n电子,这些电子的跃迁会在紫外吸收光谱中表现出明显的特征。3种老化聚丙烯试样的紫外-可见光谱测试结果如图4所示。
含有羰基的饱和醛、酮类化合物中的n电子向π电子跃迁时,会在紫外光谱波长290 nm处形成特征峰[25]。从图4可以看出,随着羰基等基团的积累,270~300 nm处的吸收峰强度不断增大。此外,老化后聚丙烯中也会生成羟基等基团,羟基本身不产生吸收峰,但其具有的含孤对电子的原子连在羰基的双键上,形成孤对电子与π电子共轭,使电子的活动范围增大,导致羰基的吸收峰向长波方向移动并且吸收强度增大,因此箭头处的特征峰向长波方向移动,这一变化与图1的试样颜色加深相对应。
3种聚丙烯波长为290~350 nm的特征峰的高度以及面积均随老化时间增加而增大,因此本文采用这一波长范围内的峰面积表示羰基的含量,并以此来表征聚丙烯的老化程度。用Origin软件对波长为290~350 nm的峰面积进行积分,得到羰基含量随老化时间的变化关系如图5所示。
图5可以看出,随着老化时间增加,3种聚丙烯的羰基含量递增,共聚聚丙烯PPB1和PPB2的增幅相近,在老化至200天时,其羰基指数分别是53.86和52.28。共混聚丙烯PPH的增幅较共聚聚丙烯更大,这是因为PPH中含有弹性体,弹性体以及聚丙烯热氧老化后都会产生羰基。此外,弹性体的引入会使聚丙烯的结晶度降低,导致无定形区分子链增多,自由体积增大,氧气更容易入侵与聚丙烯分子链发生反应[26]
电缆绝缘层发生的物理和化学变化会使其力学性能发生改变,一般认为试样断裂伸长率降至初始值的50%时则判断为老化失效。图6为3种聚丙烯的断裂伸长率随老化时间的变化情况。从图6可以看出,各试样的断裂伸长率整体均呈现下降的趋势。未老化时,PPB1、PPB2、PPH的断裂伸长率分别为750%、710%、590%。老化至200天时,PPB1的断裂伸长率为550%,保留率约为73%,PPB2的断裂伸长率为570%,保留率约为80%,PPH的断裂伸长率为345%,保留率约为58%。3种聚丙烯的保留率都高于50%,表明3种样品老化200天后均未达到劣化标准。
共聚与共混改性都能有效提高聚丙烯的韧性,但两者力学性能的劣化情况存在差异。共聚聚丙烯PPB1和PPB2的断裂伸长率下降幅度相近,共混聚丙烯PPH的力学性能相较于共聚聚丙烯表现出了更明显的劣化。
图6中老化至91天及之前的断裂伸长率Y随老化时间x的变化根据式(3)的阿伦尼乌斯方程进行拟合,结果如图7所示,可以发现拟合情况比较好。
Y=Ae-BCx
聚丙烯在热氧老化过程中断裂伸长率的下降与分子链层面羰基含量的上升存在关联。在老化前期,聚丙烯发生氧化反应产生的过氧化物会影响晶区分子链的排列,导致试样结晶度降低,从而进一步影响材料的力学性能。在老化后期,氧化降解反应占据优势地位,前期积累的自由基和过氧化物等导致链段断裂,结晶度进一步下降,分子链间作用力降低,样品的断裂伸长率也随之下降。
结合红外光谱测得的羰基指数发现,在老化0至84天,PPB1、PPB2和PPH的断裂伸长率分别下降了14.93%、19.44%及36.95%,PPB1下降幅度最小,而PPB1的羰基指数上升了374.93%,PPB2与PPH的羰基指数变化率均低于PPB1,分别为52.64%和54.66%。由此可见,由红外光谱测得的3种PP材料羰基含量与断裂伸长率的变化并未具有明显相关性。而结合紫外光谱的结果发现,其测出的羰基含量随老化程度加深变化显著且具有规律性,因此可以使用紫外光谱建立羰基含量与力学性能的关联以评价聚丙烯的老化程度。
图5的数据进行拟合,得到的结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,聚丙烯中羰基含量T随老化时间x基本呈线性增长的趋势,其关系可以用T=Mx+N表示。
根据图8图7建立紫外光谱的羰基含量与断裂伸长率的关联,得出两者的关系曲线如图9所示。3条曲线是根据老化至91天及之前的实验数据所得,括号内表示老化200天时的羰基含量以及根据拟合公式计算得到的断裂伸长率,分别是598.60%、586.01%和402.05%。
使用老化200天的试样来验证紫外光谱评定聚丙烯老化程度这一方法的准确性,将试样实际的断裂伸长率与由羰基含量计算得到的断裂伸长率进行对比,预估值与实际值的差异如表1所示。
表1可知,PPH的断裂伸长率标准差大于PPB1和PPB2,这是因为PPH中所含的弹性体会影响聚丙烯分子链的排布,进而影响其氧化速率,故PPH的力学性能数据分散性略大。PPB1、PPB2和PPH的实际值与预估值的误差分别是5.02%、6.55%、16.54%,误差均较小,预测值与实际值具有良好的对应关系,说明用紫外光谱来评价聚丙烯电缆绝缘料的老化具有可行性。
(1)红外光谱虽可表征聚丙烯热氧老化产生的羰基、羧基等产物,但因受抗氧剂干扰、不同老化产物峰位重叠且变化复杂、羰基指数与力学性能劣化不同步等因素,难以有效表征3种聚丙烯的老化程度。而由紫外光谱得到的羰基含量的峰值以及峰面积的变化幅度明显,其随老化程度加深变化显著且具有规律性,可以用来评估聚丙烯的老化状态。
(2)3种聚丙烯绝缘老化的规律因其组分和化学结构差异而存在区别,但其紫外光谱中羰基含量随老化时间增加均呈线性递增,断裂伸长率与老化时间的关系均可采用Y=Ae-BCx进行拟合。由于目前多使用断裂伸长率来表征电缆绝缘的老化程度,因此可以将这一力学参数与紫外光谱测得的羰基含量建立关联,进而实现用紫外光谱推测聚丙烯的老化程度。
(3)对紫外光谱方法进行误差分析发现,PPB1、PPB2和PPH的实际值与预估值的误差分别是5.02%、6.55%、16.54%,误差均较小,预测值与实际值具有良好的对应关系,说明此方法具有用于聚丙烯电缆绝缘老化评估的可行性。

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2
刘刚,金尚儿,梁子鹏,.基于等温松弛电流法和活化能法的110 kV XLPE电缆老化状态评估[J].高电压技术,2016,42(8):2372-2381.
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3
马楠,李晋贤,周海,.基于超低频介损的XLPE电缆绝缘受潮检测判据研究[J].电力工程技术,2020,39(5):10-15.
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4
何宁辉,马波,沙伟燕,.热老化对配电电缆绝缘等温松弛电流及阈值电场的影响[J].绝缘材料,2023,56(8):51-57.
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5
褚凡武,徐明忠,张伟,.接枝改性聚丙烯电缆绝缘材料热老化特性研究[J].绝缘材料,2025,58(3):76-86.
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6
欧阳本红,赵鹏,黄凯文,.热塑性聚丙烯电缆料研究进展评述[J].高电压技术,2023,49(3):907-919.
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刘宏博,程璐,徐哲,.热老化对电容器用聚丙烯薄膜结构及电学性能的影响[J].绝缘材料,2023,56(2):96-103.
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9
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10
丰利军,祝曦,尹毅,.交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆老化的介电响应与局部放电特性研究[J].绝缘材料,2022,55(5):81-87.
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11
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12
单必成.电力电缆局部绝缘老化与缺陷检测研究[J].电力设备管理,2024(23):246-248.
SHAN Bicheng. Research on local insulation aging and defect detection of power cables[J]. Electric Power Equipment Management,2024(23):246-248.
13
樊林禛,李琦,袁浩,.接枝对聚丙烯绝缘材料热氧老化的影响及机理[J].中国电机工程学报,2022,42(11):4227-4238.
FAN Linzhen, LI Qi, YUAN Hao, et al. Influence and mechanism of grafting on thermal oxidative aging of polypropylene[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2022,42(11):4227-4238.
14
杜伯学,殷一凡,赵帅,.基于受阻酚基团接枝的聚丙烯电缆绝缘耐老化性能提升方法研究[J].电气工程学报,2025,20(5):332-342.
DU Boxue, YIN Yifan, ZHAO Shuai, et al. Research on the improvement of aging resistance of polypropylene cable insulation based on grafting of hindered phenol groups[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering,2025,20(5):332-342.
15
陈俊松,龚俊,张格悠,.基于改进L-K光流法的电缆断裂伸长率测量技术[J].仪器仪表学报,2021,42(4):256-264.
CHEN Junsong, GONG Jun, ZHANG Geyou, et al. An improved L-K optical-flow-based measurement of cable elongation at break[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument,2021,42(4):256-264.
16
章彬,徐曙,巩俊强,.国产与进口高压电缆交联聚乙烯绝缘耐热老化性能对比分析[J].绝缘材料,2023,56(7):32-39.
ZHANG Bin, XU Shu, GONG Junqiang, et al. Comparative analysis on heat ageing resistance of domestic and imported XLPE insulation for high voltage cables[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023,56(7):32-39.
17
赵鹏,欧阳本红,黄凯文,.不同改性聚丙烯电缆绝缘料热氧老化特性和选型[J].高电压技术,2022,48(7):2642-2649.
ZHAO Peng, OUYANG Benhong, HUANG Kaiwen, et al. Thermal aging characteristics and selection of different modified polypropylene cable insulating materials[J]. High Voltage Engineering,2022,48(7):2642-2649.
18
王健,张雪月,单威威.机械损伤对交联聚乙烯绝缘材料老化热解性能的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2018,18(5):1811-1816.
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19
陈键,张桂云,黄仕锋,.聚丙烯热氧老化机理的研究[J].中国塑料,2015,29(7):63-66.
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20
宋余来,王晓岩,吴海朋,.基于等温松弛电流法的交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘老化研究[J].东北电力大学学报,2020,40(1):15-20.
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21
孙梦捷,刘峻.不同种类聚丙烯加速老化性能对比[J].合成树脂及塑料,2023,40(3):40-43.
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22
孙禧亭.红外光谱多元分析理论、方法及应用研究[D].北京:北京化工大学,2020.
SUN Xiting. Research on theory, method and application of infrared spectral multivariate analysis[D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Chemical Technology,2020.
23
叶建军,伏宏彬.有机化合物颜色与分子结构的关系[J].纺织科学与工程学报,2001(3):8-11.
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24
陈鸿,赵健康,黄凯文,.不同改性聚丙烯电缆绝缘料的结构与性能对比分析[J].电力工程技术,2022,41(5):233-239.
CHEN Hong, ZHAO Jiankang, HUANG Kaiwen, et al. Comparative analysis of atructure and properties of different modified polypropylene cable insulation materials[J]. Electric Power Engineering Technology,2022,41(5):233-239.
25
王双双.UV/O3对聚氨酯老化降解的影响研究[D].秦皇岛:燕山大学,2015.
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26
蒋毅恺,徐曼,王若霏,.电缆绝缘用聚丙烯/弹性体复合材料的高温介电性能[J].电工技术学报,2024,39(1):99-109.
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2026年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.010
  • 接收时间:2025-06-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-22
  • 修回日期:2025-08-15
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    1国网浙江省电力有限公司,浙江 杭州 310007
    2中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192
    3西安交通大学 电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

徐曼(1977-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,博导,研究方向为高电压绝缘技术与绝缘材料。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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