Article(id=1304921858541899958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756656000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-01, revisedDate=1762531200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047215351, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047215351, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047215351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047215351, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921686403474081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047174311, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118019323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=56, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921858701283511, articleId=1304921858541899958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Polytetrafluoroethylene composite dielectric substrates for microwave applications: a review, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rapid development of 5G communication and millimeter-wave radar technology has imposed increasingly high requirements on the high-frequency performance of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) stands out as a preferred material for microwave substrates due to its excellent dielectric properties, low water absorption, and outstanding chemical and thermal stability. This review categorized commercial products into five types based on their composite structures: woven glass fiber reinforced type, woven glass fiber reinforced-ceramic filled type, random short glass fiber reinforced type, random short glass fiber reinforced-ceramic filled type, and ceramic filled type, and discussed the representative products, key characteristics, fabrication processes, and technical advantages and disadvantages of each category. Furthermore, the paper provided a systematic overview of recent research progress on the effects of PTFE resin properties, filler type, content, morphology, and surface treatment on the performance of composite. PTFE-based composites are expected to maintain their dominant position in the millimeter-wave and even terahertz frequency bands for the foreseeable future. Looking ahead, breakthroughs in optimizing processing techniques, developing high-performance PTFE resins, innovating functional fillers, and conducting fundamental interface research are essential to narrow the performance gap with imported products and thereby advance China's microwave substrate materials industry.

, authors=Shaofei ZHANG1, Boyang HE1, Qian LIU1, Zhijun WU1, Changying WU2, authorsList=Shaofei ZHANG, Boyang HE, Qian LIU, Zhijun WU, Changying WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921860634857669, articleId=1304921858541899958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=微波用聚四氟乙烯复合介质材料基板综述, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在5G通信与毫米波雷达技术快速发展的背景下,印制电路板(PCB)对高频性能的需求不断提升。聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)因其优异的介电性能、低吸水率及卓越的化学与热稳定性脱颖而出,成为微波基板材料的优选。本文将现有产品按复合结构分为5类:编织玻纤增强型、编织玻纤增强-陶瓷填充型、随机短玻纤增强型、随机短玻纤增强-陶瓷填充型及陶瓷填充型,并分析了每一类的代表性产品、性能特点、成型工艺及技术优缺点。系统综述了近年来针对微波基板的PTFE树脂性能、填料种类、用量、形貌及表面处理对复合材料性能影响的研究进展。在毫米波乃至太赫兹频段,PTFE基复合介质材料在未来数年内仍将保持其主导地位,难以被替代。未来,国产PTFE基板需在成型工艺优化、高端树脂开发、功能性填料创新及界面基础研究等方面取得突破,以缩小与进口产品的性能差距,从而推动我国微波基板材料产业的高质量发展。

, authors=张少斐1, 何博阳1, 刘倩1, 吴志俊1, 吴昌英2, authorsList=张少斐, 何博阳, 刘倩, 吴志俊, 吴昌英, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

张少斐(1988-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,工程师,博士,主要从事高频覆铜板、微波基板等高分子复合材料的产品开发和产业化的工作

吴昌英(1977-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,博士,主要从事天线和微波测量方面的研究。

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张少斐(1988-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,工程师,博士,主要从事高频覆铜板、微波基板等高分子复合材料的产品开发和产业化的工作

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张少斐(1988-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,工程师,博士,主要从事高频覆铜板、微波基板等高分子复合材料的产品开发和产业化的工作

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吴昌英(1977-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,博士,主要从事天线和微波测量方面的研究。

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label=Fig.1, caption=Dielectric constant of pure PTFE and PTFE-SiO2 composites containing 62% of SiO2 near room temperature, figureFileSmall=o60QzvT0/FNu/RU3aewgLg==, figureFileBig=vwEGPYdS7trybd+p3lMsYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921903005724695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921858541899958, language=CN, label=图1, caption=纯PTFE材料与PTFE-SiO2复合材料在室温附近的介电常数变化(SiO2的体积分数为62%), figureFileSmall=o60QzvT0/FNu/RU3aewgLg==, figureFileBig=vwEGPYdS7trybd+p3lMsYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921903165108248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921858541899958, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Fabrication of PTFE/glass fiber (GF) fabric composite laminates via dip coating, figureFileSmall=HF6opzNX+GLAMh3X9D/pIQ==, figureFileBig=HDih7aMKTfiqHyYCc/P2sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921903274160153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, 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Main types of PTFE-based copper clad laminates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构类型结构组成进口代表型号国产代表型号
编织玻纤增强PTFE-编织玻纤罗杰斯:AD系列、DiCald系列AGC:TLY-5系列广东生益科技:SCGA-500系列常州中英科技:ZYF-D系列
PTFE-陶瓷-编织玻纤罗杰斯:RO3210、CLTE、TC350系列AGC:TLY-3FF、RF-30、TLF-35A、TRF系列常州中英科技:ZYF-CA系列
随机玻纤增强PTFE-随机玻纤罗杰斯:RT/duroid 5870、RT/duroid 5880
PTFE-陶瓷-随机玻纤罗杰斯:RT/duroid 6002、RT/duroid 6006、RT/duroid 6010.2LM
无纤维增强PTFE-陶瓷罗杰斯:RO3000系列AGC:NF-30、RF-35HTC广东生益科技:mmwave77
), ArticleFig(id=1304921903949443107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921858541899958, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要PTFE基覆铜板产品的类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构类型结构组成进口代表型号国产代表型号
编织玻纤增强PTFE-编织玻纤罗杰斯:AD系列、DiCald系列AGC:TLY-5系列广东生益科技:SCGA-500系列常州中英科技:ZYF-D系列
PTFE-陶瓷-编织玻纤罗杰斯:RO3210、CLTE、TC350系列AGC:TLY-3FF、RF-30、TLF-35A、TRF系列常州中英科技:ZYF-CA系列
随机玻纤增强PTFE-随机玻纤罗杰斯:RT/duroid 5870、RT/duroid 5880
PTFE-陶瓷-随机玻纤罗杰斯:RT/duroid 6002、RT/duroid 6006、RT/duroid 6010.2LM
无纤维增强PTFE-陶瓷罗杰斯:RO3000系列AGC:NF-30、RF-35HTC广东生益科技:mmwave77
), ArticleFig(id=1304921904008163364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921858541899958, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Examples of optimal lamination parameters for PTFE composite substrates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料体系结构特点最终层压温度/℃压力范围/MPa保温时间/h升/降温速率/(℃/min)来源文献
PTFE/编织玻纤3757.5~93[9]
≥3804~10≥12~5(升温速率),0.5~1(300~340℃区间降温速率)[1]
39061[2]
3755~633(升温速率),1(降温速率)[23]
375101[24]
PTFE/FEP/编织玻纤共混改性树脂36562.510(升温速率),2.5(降温速率)[9]
PTFE/PFA/Al₂O₃/BN/编织玻纤共混改性树脂,包含陶瓷填料36062.5[25]
PTFE/MgTiO3/SiO2/编织玻纤包含陶瓷填料37051.5[26]
PTFE/空心微珠无编织玻纤布36562.510(升温速率),2.5(降温速率)[9]
), ArticleFig(id=1304921904154964005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921858541899958, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PTFE复合基板的较优层压参数举例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料体系结构特点最终层压温度/℃压力范围/MPa保温时间/h升/降温速率/(℃/min)来源文献
PTFE/编织玻纤3757.5~93[9]
≥3804~10≥12~5(升温速率),0.5~1(300~340℃区间降温速率)[1]
39061[2]
3755~633(升温速率),1(降温速率)[23]
375101[24]
PTFE/FEP/编织玻纤共混改性树脂36562.510(升温速率),2.5(降温速率)[9]
PTFE/PFA/Al₂O₃/BN/编织玻纤共混改性树脂,包含陶瓷填料36062.5[25]
PTFE/MgTiO3/SiO2/编织玻纤包含陶瓷填料37051.5[26]
PTFE/空心微珠无编织玻纤布36562.510(升温速率),2.5(降温速率)[9]
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微波用聚四氟乙烯复合介质材料基板综述
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张少斐 1 , 何博阳 1 , 刘倩 1 , 吴志俊 1 , 吴昌英 2
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(6): 56-73
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绝缘材料 | 2026 , 59 (6) : 56 -73
微波用聚四氟乙烯复合介质材料基板综述
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张少斐1, 何博阳1, 刘倩1, 吴志俊1, 吴昌英2
作者信息
  • 1宁波湍流电子材料有限公司,浙江 宁波 315800
  • 2西北工业大学 电子信息学院,陕西 西安 710129
作者简介:

张少斐(1988-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,工程师,博士,主要从事高频覆铜板、微波基板等高分子复合材料的产品开发和产业化的工作

吴昌英(1977-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,博士,主要从事天线和微波测量方面的研究。

Polytetrafluoroethylene composite dielectric substrates for microwave applications: a review
Shaofei ZHANG1, Boyang HE1, Qian LIU1, Zhijun WU1, Changying WU2
Affiliations
  • 1Ningbo Tuanliu Electronics & Material Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315800, China
  • 2School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi′an 710129, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.006
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在5G通信与毫米波雷达技术快速发展的背景下,印制电路板(PCB)对高频性能的需求不断提升。聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)因其优异的介电性能、低吸水率及卓越的化学与热稳定性脱颖而出,成为微波基板材料的优选。本文将现有产品按复合结构分为5类:编织玻纤增强型、编织玻纤增强-陶瓷填充型、随机短玻纤增强型、随机短玻纤增强-陶瓷填充型及陶瓷填充型,并分析了每一类的代表性产品、性能特点、成型工艺及技术优缺点。系统综述了近年来针对微波基板的PTFE树脂性能、填料种类、用量、形貌及表面处理对复合材料性能影响的研究进展。在毫米波乃至太赫兹频段,PTFE基复合介质材料在未来数年内仍将保持其主导地位,难以被替代。未来,国产PTFE基板需在成型工艺优化、高端树脂开发、功能性填料创新及界面基础研究等方面取得突破,以缩小与进口产品的性能差距,从而推动我国微波基板材料产业的高质量发展。

聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)  /  聚四氟乙烯基复合介质基板  /  覆铜板(CCL)  /  微波  /  毫米波(mmwave)

The rapid development of 5G communication and millimeter-wave radar technology has imposed increasingly high requirements on the high-frequency performance of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) stands out as a preferred material for microwave substrates due to its excellent dielectric properties, low water absorption, and outstanding chemical and thermal stability. This review categorized commercial products into five types based on their composite structures: woven glass fiber reinforced type, woven glass fiber reinforced-ceramic filled type, random short glass fiber reinforced type, random short glass fiber reinforced-ceramic filled type, and ceramic filled type, and discussed the representative products, key characteristics, fabrication processes, and technical advantages and disadvantages of each category. Furthermore, the paper provided a systematic overview of recent research progress on the effects of PTFE resin properties, filler type, content, morphology, and surface treatment on the performance of composite. PTFE-based composites are expected to maintain their dominant position in the millimeter-wave and even terahertz frequency bands for the foreseeable future. Looking ahead, breakthroughs in optimizing processing techniques, developing high-performance PTFE resins, innovating functional fillers, and conducting fundamental interface research are essential to narrow the performance gap with imported products and thereby advance China's microwave substrate materials industry.

polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)  /  polytetrafluoroethylene composite dielectric substrates  /  copper clad laminate (CCL)  /  microwave  /  millimeter wave (mmwave)
张少斐, 何博阳, 刘倩, 吴志俊, 吴昌英. 微波用聚四氟乙烯复合介质材料基板综述. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (6) : 56 -73 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.006
Shaofei ZHANG, Boyang HE, Qian LIU, Zhijun WU, Changying WU. Polytetrafluoroethylene composite dielectric substrates for microwave applications: a review[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (6) : 56 -73 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.006
毫米波5G通信技术(如智能制造、辅助驾驶、云计算等)和毫米波雷达的快速发展,推动印制电路板(PCB)向高频化、高密度化、高可靠性方向演进,对PCB的材料性能、加工工艺、设计能力及热管理技术提出了更为苛刻的要求。PCB性能核心取决于基板材料(即覆铜箔层压板,简称覆铜板)。相较于难以满足毫米波技术需求的传统环氧树脂基板(如FR-4),聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)因其极佳的介电性能(在10 GHz下,Dk=2.1,Df<0.001)、低吸水率和卓越的化学/热稳定性,成为微波射频基板的主流选择之一[1-5]
然而,作为基板材料PTFE也存在明显的缺点:①热膨胀系数(CTE)高;②加工工艺无法兼容热固性材料制程,难以在常规PCB产线直接替代传统基板材料;③表面能低,与其他材料进行复合改性时,两者界面结合性较差;④熔融黏度高,难加工。因此,PTFE基板需以复合材料的形式扬长避短。本文旨在系统梳理微波用PTFE复合材料基板的发展,按其复合结构分为5类,并综述其成型工艺、材料(树脂、填料)体系及界面改性研究的最新进展,最后展望未来挑战与发展趋势。
将PTFE复合材料用于微波电路基板材料,起源于20世纪50年代的美国,以罗杰斯(Rogers)公司和杜邦(DuPont)公司的产品为代表。PTFE基板的产品标准有MIL-P-13949/14A与IPC-4103。与国外相比,我国PTFE基板的开发起步较晚。20世纪60~70年代,第14研究所、上海市塑料研究所进行过PTFE基板的研究和生产。2000年后,常州中英科技、广东生益科技生产的PTFE编织玻纤增强复合基板产品迅速崛起,市场占有率显著提升。然而,其他复合结构的国产基板产品在稳定性、可靠性和一致性方面仍需验证,终端及下游市场对其接受度有限。几年来,国内不少研究单位以及企业在PTFE复合材料研究与生产上取得了大量技术专利和研究成果。
本文将微波用PTFE复合材料基板产品依据复合结构划分为5大类:首先,按照是否添加纤维增强材料和纤维增强材料的类型,将其分为3类,即编织玻纤增强、随机玻纤增强与无纤维增强材料;随后,每一类再分为含颗粒状陶瓷填料与不含颗粒状陶瓷填料两类。不同类型PTFE复合材料在成型工艺上具有显著差异。表1展示了覆铜板厂商罗杰斯公司、AGC公司以及广东生益科技、常州中英科技的PTFE基覆铜板主要的产品类型。
PTFE-编织玻纤增强是当前微波用PTFE复合基板市场中出货量最大、成本最低且国内产品与国际先进水平差距最小的结构类型。编织玻纤增强的PTFE复合基板可以有效提升材料的机械强度,尤其是尺寸稳定性。其成型工艺的核心在于PTFE涂覆玻璃纤维布(PTFE漆布)生产,该技术在国内已趋于成熟。其商品化的技术难点在于介电性能的长期批次稳定性与板材厚度均匀性的控制工艺。例如,TLY-5系列产品采用了克重(厚度)极低的玻纤布,这对浸渍涂布过程中布料张力的控制与乳液均匀性的控制构成挑战。
板材的介电常数控制依靠复合材料中PTFE树脂与玻纤布的比例调控。然而,此结构类型存在以下难以克服的困难:①介电常数(Dk)调节范围有限(通常介于2.15~3.00之间),超出此范围难以实现;②Z轴CTE仍较高,25~260℃间的平均Z轴CTE约为200×10-6-1;③功能拓展性受限,难以实现高导热、介电常数近零温漂等高端性能需求。
为解决上述问题,在PTFE-编织玻纤中引入陶瓷填料形成PTFE-陶瓷-编织玻纤的多元复合结构,其中陶瓷可采用不同种类、形貌、粒径等的混合填料。此结构优势:①拓宽Dk范围,例如RO3210系列产品引入高介电陶瓷填料,Dk达到10.20;②降低Z轴CTE,例如CLTE系列产品的Z轴CTE可降至20×10-6-1左右;③改善介电常数温度系数;④引入新功能,例如,TC350系列产品添加高导热陶瓷填料(氧化铝或氮化硼),使得基板在厚度方向的热导率可达1.2 W/(m·K)。良好的导热性能结合极低的介电损耗特性,有助于提升高功率微波应用下的长期可靠性。
与编织玻纤增强相比,随机玻纤增强复合材料基板的主要优势有以下两点:①消除编织布的“玻纤效应”,提升信号质量;②呈现良好的介电各向同性。编织玻纤增强的复合材料由于结构的各向异性,往往导致实际测试结果与仿真模拟结果出现偏差。在涉及窄耦合间隙或极窄线宽的设计中,PTFE-随机玻纤增强复合材料具有明显优势。正因如此,以罗杰斯公司RT/duroid 5880产品为代表的PTFE-随机玻纤增强复合材料,已在毫米波(30~300 GHz)和太赫兹波段(300 GHz~3 THz)得到了广泛应用,用作毫米波混频器设计、微带滤波器、天线子单元设计的重要介质材料。
引入颗粒状陶瓷填料形成PTFE-陶瓷-随机玻纤结构的复合材料,可进一步拓展性能范围。例如,采用该结构的RT/duroid 6006和RT/duroid 6010.2LM产品,其介电常数分别达到6.15和10.20,兼具低介电损耗、低吸水率以及良好的机械稳定性等特性。
无纤维增强的纯陶瓷填充体系代表产品有罗杰斯公司的RO3003、广东生益科技的mmwave77和AGC公司的NF-30。陶瓷填料的引入显著降低了PTFE复合材料在各方向的热膨胀系数,有效提升材料的介电常数温度系数的稳定性,已成为汽车毫米波雷达(77 GHz)、高级辅助驾驶系统(ADAS)以及毫米波乃至太赫兹波段通信等前沿应用的广泛选择。此外,该类PTFE复合材料整体呈柔性,其力学性能更接近柔性电路板材料的力学性能,也被应用于柔性天线或可穿戴射频设备。
此外,陶瓷填料的引入能够减弱室温附近PTFE的相变对其介电性能的不利影响[6]。作为一种高结晶度聚合物,PTFE在19℃左右会发生晶体一级相变,宏观体积膨胀约1.5%[7]。该相变会导致介质材料的力学性能和电气特性发生突变,对于阻抗匹配要求高或工作频点要求严格的应用极为不利,因为室温波动极易覆盖该相变温度区间。而陶瓷填料的加入可有效缓解此问题。为验证该作用效果,测试了PTFE复合材料的介电温度稳定性,结果如图1所示。测试结果表明,二氧化硅陶瓷填料的引入有效抑制了纯PTFE在室温(24℃)附近出现的介电常数负向跃变(介电常数温度系数为负),甚至在特定组分下(二氧化硅陶瓷体积分数为62%),该跃变现象可被反转(介电常数温度系数为正)。由此可见,通过精准调控所加陶瓷填料的种类与含量,可使复合材料在室温附近的介电常数变化趋近于零,从而实现优异的温度稳定性。
除了上述5类结构外,还有一些从严格意义上难以归类至PTFE基板、但包含了PTFE成分的复合基板材料或粘结材料,例如AGC公司的FastRise FR系列PTFE/热固性树脂复合粘结片产品。鉴于此类材料在结构与应用上与PTFE基板存在一定差异,本文不再对此类材料展开详细讨论。
PTFE复合材料基板的成型工艺与制造技术是行业内的一个重要课题。成型工艺是决定基板性能均匀性和一致性的关键,对于毫米波应用和高速应用至关重要。作为微波基板材料,需将PTFE复合材料制成膜材或者片材,特别是当前毫米波基板常需超薄(厚度小于0.254 mm)片材或膜材,并且需保持良好的厚度均一性与材料均一性,极大限制了PTFE基板可用的成型技术范围。现有的PTFE基板制造技术,可依据PTFE复合材料结构大致划分为含编织玻纤材料的成型与不含编织玻纤材料的成型两大类。
浸涂玻纤布工艺以浸涂工艺制备PTFE玻纤漆布,随后热压制成层压板。该工艺相对简单,技术难度较低,是目前高频PTFE复合基板最广泛采用的制备方法,其制造工艺如图2所示。将电子级玻璃纤维布浸渍于PTFE乳液中,经过S型刮辊控制涂胶量,再经过干燥、烘焙、烧结步骤得到具有特定树脂含量的漆布。随后,将胶布与铜箔叠合,经高温层压等工序制成基板产品。
上述制备过程中,PTFE乳液的浸涂是关键步骤。此生产过程与FR4的半固化生产类似,均采用立式上胶机,其关键工艺及与FR4的不同之处如下:
(1)PTFE树脂的乳液为典型水包油(O/W)的乳液,具有不稳定性,快速剪切、加热或加入破乳剂时易破乳。尤其是大量填料的加入会影响PTFE乳液的稳定性,需精准控制填料相关参数。例如,高枢健等[8]研究表明,二氧化硅填料分散于PTFE乳液中时,填料平均粒径、浆料pH值、表面活性剂用量、Zeta电位及制浆工艺条件等对复合浆料稳定性均有影响。
(2)PTFE乳液的黏度较低,因此单次浸渍玻璃纤维布的树脂含量不高。如果增大PTFE乳液的黏度,虽可减弱填料沉降并增加单次树脂浸渍量,但玻纤布不易渗透,浸渍平整度的工艺控制难度增大;同时,树脂层在烘干烧结过程中体积收缩极易导致裂纹。不同型号的PTFE乳液会存在极限开裂的厚度[2]。因此,在实际浸渍工艺中,通常采用低黏度多次浸渍的方式,例如采用2~4遍连续浸胶工艺。而对于更高树脂含量的玻纤布-PTFE基板,可采用纯PTFE车削膜与漆布叠合后经高温热压的方法增加基板中树脂的含量。目前市场上大多数介电常数为2.20的PTFE-编织玻纤布基板产品都是由此高温热压工艺制造。
(3)FR4半固化片在烘箱里的成型主要包括两步:脱除溶剂(传质、传热的物理过程)与部分固化反应(传热、化学反应过程)。而PTFE玻纤布材料在烘箱里的成型可以大致分为3步:第1步干燥(温度为80~100℃)去除涂布浆料中的水分子;第2步烘焙(温度为250~350℃)去除有机助剂等有机小分子;第3步烧结(温度为350~400℃)使PTFE熔融后烧结为一整体[9]。此过程中,PTFE聚合物不发生化学反应,各温区停留时间需精准控制。
对于填充陶瓷或随机玻纤的PTFE复合材料,目前已报道的成型工艺包括车削、挤出-压延、涂膜及抄造。
商品化的纯PTFE薄膜大多数采用车削工艺制造。车削工艺的主要流程如图3所示,包含混合-冷压成型坯料-烧结-车削4个步骤,其中坯料的成型和烧结是关键步骤。烧结过程是PTFE熔融相变的过程,需避免微裂纹形成。车削工艺也可用于制备PTFE-陶瓷复合薄膜。例如,张瑶等[10]采用车削工艺成功制备了二氧化硅质量分数高达35%、厚度为50 μm的连续PTFE基复合薄膜。然而,目前商品化的PTFE陶瓷复合材料车削膜中,陶瓷含量通常不大于10%。这是由于无机填料会持续磨损刀具,显著缩短刀具寿命;刀具的磨损进而影响成膜的表观质量,难以控制薄膜的均匀性和表面缺陷。
PTFE细粉具有独特的“糊状挤出”加工特性[11]。受此特征启发,罗杰斯公司的专利US4335180、US4518737提出了挤出-压延工艺制备PTFE基板的方法:首先将PTFE乳液与高介电常数的颗粒填充物(如钛酸钡)和/或微纤维材料混合形成浆料,随后加入絮凝剂并过滤,得到面团状混合物。该混合物经挤出成条后,再反复压延,制得片状材料。片材经烘焙后,双面覆以铜箔,再通过层压工艺制备成基板。
苏民社等[12]通过挤出-压延工艺制备了PTFE/陶瓷填充覆铜板,其流程基于典型的挤出-压延工艺(如图4所示),制坯方式略有不同:首先将PTFE树脂、陶瓷与润滑油机械分散混合,在常温下模压制坯,将坯料在60℃下挤出成条,再将条形料通过压延制成连续片材,随后通过高温烘箱进行去助剂、拉伸。作者认为从批量化考虑,“粉料干混”比专利US4335180中“乳液混合-絮凝”方式更容易操作[13]
挤出-压延工艺中,挤出不是必须的,对于非连续生产,坯料制作也可模压成片再直接压延[14]。此外,生坯的压延可采用双辊压延机,也可采用多辊压延机[15-16]。总之,PTFE、陶瓷粉体与少量小分子助剂/溶剂形成的“糊状混合物”具有一定的“可塑性”,可进行挤出、模压及多辊压延加工。
目前,挤出-压延工艺是PTFE-陶瓷复合基板成型的主流工艺之一,其难点在于保证填料分散的均匀性、提升复合材料的密实度/降低孔隙率、确保成膜的均一性等。此外,该生产工艺步骤复杂,控制要点较多,批量化生产效率低。尽管其在实验室样品制备中被广泛应用,但要实现稳定的连续化生产仍面临诸多挑战。
涂膜工艺是将PTFE/填料浆料涂覆于离型带上,经烘干、烧结成膜。该工艺具有连续化、高效率、高精度控厚潜力,受到研究人员的广泛关注。图5为采用不锈钢带作为离型基材,通过涂膜工艺制备PTFE复合介质膜的工艺步骤。
在涂膜工艺中,成膜的质量和均匀性直接关系着最终基板的质量,而成膜质量与浆料性质、涂布参数直接相关。冯春明等[17]将PTFE-二氧化硅复合水性浆料在聚酰亚胺膜上涂布,在50~100℃烘干,随后在380℃烧结,再经剥离制备PTFE-二氧化硅复合薄膜。研究发现,浆料的黏度与薄膜厚度、表面微观缺陷、薄膜密度显著相关,进而影响薄膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率。金霞等[18]研究了PTFE-二氧化钛复合材料在不锈钢带上涂覆成膜的工艺中各项涂布参数对成膜质量的影响,通过控制浆料配胶总量、转子转速、浆料黏度范围、涂覆速度等关键参数,实现了成膜厚度的高精度与高均匀性。
目前,PTFE成膜的一个困难在于树脂的高熔融黏度。树脂的流动性差导致高温烧结薄膜的孔隙率高、拉伸强度低,连续成卷生产时容易断裂。采用PFA或者FEP树脂与PTFE共混的方式,可改善涂布特性,减少成膜缺陷[19-20]
涂膜工艺路线的开发关注点在于:①不合理的配方设计或涂膜工艺易造成薄膜出现较多微观缺陷(如裂纹、孔隙等),其致密性将难以满足要求;②即使通过添加流变助剂改善大量陶瓷填料加入后浆料的稳定性,在整个生产过程中保持浆料的均一性仍是一项严峻挑战。
由于短切玻璃纤维具有较大的长径比,含有短切玻璃纤维的乳液在采用上一节所述涂膜工艺生产时会遇到较大的困难。除非长径比较小或者纤维很短,否则短切纤维极易形成团聚体,产生缺陷。对于长径比大的短切纤维而言,一种可行的方式是玻纤抄造工艺——通过将分散在水中的玻璃纤维与PTFE分散液共凝聚,在造纸机或者抄纸机上形成片材,再将片材层压到铜箔上制成覆铜板。罗杰斯公司的RT/duroid 5870层压板就是这种非织造玻璃纤维PTFE复合材料的一个例子[21]。此外,WEI H R等[22]也报道了使用抄造工艺制备PTFE-随机玻纤复合材料。通过抄造工艺,玻璃纤维可以随机分散并形成骨架;PTFE基体则填充到纤维网络的空隙中,通过凝聚、吸附或缠绕在玻璃纤维上形成复合结构。
抄造工艺制备PTFE-短切玻纤复合材料的研究报道较少,其难点在于PTFE与玻纤成型分布的均匀性。另外,由于抄造工艺本身会形成较高孔隙率,需通过后处理加以消除,否则可能对复合材料介电性能的稳定性产生较大影响。
PTFE基板的层压过程包含PTFE的烧结步骤,是覆铜板成型的关键环节。该过程的主要控制参数包括升温速率、最终层压温度、保温时间和降温速率。其中,最终层压温度通常需高于PTFE树脂的熔融温度。如图6所示,经测试,PTFE/编织玻纤漆布DSC曲线在331℃处出现吸热峰顶点,对应PTFE的熔融过程。超过熔融温度后,PTFE从晶态转化为非晶态,但黏度仍极高,即使施加高压也几乎不流动。此阶段需保证充分时间,以使聚合物分子在压力下渗透/润湿无机填料表面,并与之产生界面相互作用。由于300~350℃温度区间涵盖熔融(升温)与结晶(降温)过程,该温区的温度与压力控制对于层压制品的质量具有决定性作用。缓慢的降温速率有利于形成高结晶度、高密度结构,提升介电性能。因此高频应用的PTFE基板一般倾向于较慢的降温速度。
近年来对PTFE复合介质基板的层压工艺优化研究的相关文献汇总如表2所示。由表2可知,针对PTFE-编织玻璃纤维布体系的最优层压条件,可归纳如下:最终层压温度为360~390℃,最终压力为4~10 MPa,保温时间为1~3 h;同时,对降温段速率通常有特定要求,尤其在260~350℃温度区间需严格控制降温速率,不超过1℃/min。另外,在层压过程中需保持真空(真空度≤10 Torr),可减少层压缺陷,且可防止铜箔氧化。对于不同复合结构、树脂类型的PTFE复合材料,层压压力、温度条件存在差异。
模压成型是PTFE填充改性领域最成熟且应用最广泛的技术,目前主要用于PTFE制品的生产。该技术虽无法生产薄板,但对厚板或异型结构具有显著优势,在微波基板领域亦有广泛应用。例如,专利US4364884与US4615933采用模压成型技术制备PTFE复合锥形外壳材料,主要用于航空航天载具的雷达罩。
模压成型中,陶瓷填充PTFE的混合工艺主要有3类:干法混合、溶剂混合、乳液混合-絮凝。不同工艺在混合均匀性与操作便捷性上各有优劣,需在二者间寻求平衡。模压成型工艺一般包含“冷压成型+自由烧结”,其中冷压程序、烧结的温度-时间曲线是关键参数,且冷压压力通常远高于前述多层漆布叠合层压工艺所需压力[27]。另外,陶瓷含量对模压成型工艺影响显著,过量的陶瓷将引发颗粒团聚与孔洞缺陷,导致基板的介电损耗升高[28]。整个成型过程中,需随时关注PTFE粉体与陶瓷填料粉体的混合均匀度和孔隙控制,这将直接影响基板的介电性能和力学性能。
PTFE的化学惰性使其与其他树脂基板的粘接具有挑战性,这是微波用PTFE基板大规模产业化的一个重要瓶颈,尤其制约其用于多层板的加工与生产。
PTFE基板之间或PTFE基板与铜箔之间的粘接,可采用PTFE-陶瓷复合膜(例如罗杰斯公司的RO3003、RO3006、RO3010等)直接作为粘接片。其热压工艺与PTFE复合基板类似,需高温条件。因此PCB制造商要配置定制的高温压机设备。
PTFE复合基板与其他树脂基板的粘接通常需对基板表面进行活化处理,迄今已发展多种PTFE表面活化技术。目前,PCB制造业应用最广泛的为等离子体改性和化学改性(主要为萘-钠络合物化学改性法)。鉴于萘-钠络合物试剂的危险性与污染,等离子体改性已成为PCB制造业最成功的PTFE基板表面活化方法[29]
铜箔蚀刻后的PTFE基材(尤其新蚀刻表面)对水及溶剂呈现良好的润湿性[30],此时与半固化片/粘结片层压结合力较优。因此,当前较多PCB厂商在PTFE基板与FR4或碳氢基树脂粘结片层压制造多层板时,无需活化处理即可满足制品要求。另外,高陶瓷含量PTFE基板表面与环氧/碳氢粘结片的结合性能优于纯PTFE或低陶瓷含量基材[31]。最后,多层PCB的加工工艺特别是钻孔工艺的精细控制对于防止PTFE基多层板的层间分离非常重要。
PTFE按聚合方法分为悬浮聚合和乳液聚合两类,二者所得树脂粉末颗粒尺寸、粒径分布及形态显著不同:悬浮聚合产物粒径为毫米级,乳液聚合产物粒径为亚微米级(250~350 nm)。PTFE合成工艺较为成熟,当前研究主要聚焦表面活性剂(乳化剂)类型与用量对合成树脂的性能影响。此外,共聚单体结构设计、序列分布及痕量杂质含量对PTFE树脂介电性能与加工性的影响,是当前微波用PTFE树脂的研究重点之一[4,32]。由于PTFE的化学惰性,对PTFE进行化学改性的技术手段较为有限,目前主要有以下两大方向。
(1)通过主链或侧基共聚修饰的方式,引入其他含氟长链,提升PTFE的加工性能。具体地,通过引入四氟乙烯-全氟烷氧基乙烯基醚共聚物(PFA)、氟化乙烯丙烯共聚物(FEP)的非全氟结构,破坏PTFE原有高规整性,从而降低熔点,提升树脂熔融加工性能[33]。但是结晶结构改变必然影响共聚物的介电性能(尤其是损耗特性),尤其在毫米波波段(>20 GHz)下,此类材料的介电特性还需深入研究。
(2)PTFE的辐射交联,即通过高能辐射制备交联聚四氟乙烯(XPTFE)。XPTFE具有高透明度、高屈服强度和杨氏模量、耐磨性和耐辐射性能强等特点。但因设备成本高、工艺复杂和后处理工艺限制,XPTFE工业化难度较大。低频下测试表明[34],随辐射剂量增加,XPTFE介电常数减小而介电损耗略增。因此,XPTFE成为微波基板的一个潜在候选材料。
相对于化学改性,物理改性(尤其以树脂共混为主)在PTFE制品中的应用研究较多,例如PTFE/PPS(聚苯硫醚)、PTFE/PPO(聚苯醚)、PTFE/TLCP(热致性液晶聚合物)等树脂合金。在微波基板领域,FEP或PFA与PTFE共混体系最为常见,其核心思路是通过共混引入可熔融加工的全氟聚合物提升PTFE复合材料的流动性。
在FEP与PTFE共混体系中,FEP的添加比例存在最优区间。胡福田[9]研究了FEP/PTFE/玻璃纤维布复合基板的抗弯强度与剥离强度,结果表明,FEP的引入显著提高了体系抗弯强度与剥离强度;当FEP树脂质量分数为50%时,材料的抗弯强度达到峰值。张勇[35]对FEP/PTFE/玻璃纤维布复合体系的研究发现,适量的FEP有助于降低基板孔隙率,且随着FEP含量增加,铜箔剥离强度持续提升;然而,介电常数与介电损耗均随FEP含量增加而增大。韩桂云等[20]制备了FEP/PTFE/SiO2复合薄膜,发现随FEP含量的提高,薄膜密度、介电常数及拉伸强度呈先升后降的趋势,介电损耗呈现先降后升趋势;当FEP树脂的质量分数为10%时,薄膜的微观缺陷最少,综合性能最优。类似地,PFA在改善PTFE性能方面与FEP具有相似的作用,且同样存在最优的添加比例范围(6%~20%)[19,36]
总之,适量PFA或FEP的引入改善了基板的介电性能,其作用机制可解释为:PFA或FEP增强了树脂体系流动性,减少了成型过程中产生的微观缺陷,从而提升了基板的介电性能。过量添加FEP或PFA将对基材介电损耗产生不利影响。
PTFE-陶瓷复合材料体系中,陶瓷填料的含量、种类、形貌和粒径对复合材料的性能具有决定性影响。
二氧化硅(SiO2)是微波基板领域目前应用最广泛的陶瓷填料。当前有研究采用数值模拟和数值优化技术建立PTFE/SiO2结构的物理模型,预测复合材料的热力学性能和介电性能。刘曰利等[37]采用数值模拟方法,理论计算不同填充比的PTFE/SiO2复合体系介电常数和热膨胀系数的变化。结果表明,球形SiO2或空心球形SiO2/PTFE复合材料的CTE和介电常数与文献数据吻合:体积分数为30%的球形SiO2/PTFE的CTE为75×10-6-1,体积分数为10%的空心球形SiO2/PTFE的介电常数低至2.06。不同形貌(球状、纤维状和薄片状)及不同长径比的SiO2填料对复合介质材料各向CTE具有显著影响,这归因于不同形貌SiO2的各向异性特性。此外,XU B等[38]采用循环贝叶斯优化技术,模拟并优化SiO2/PFA复合材料设计,所制备的复合材料呈现低CTE与低消光系数。
近年来,国内外学者围绕不同粒径与填充含量的球形SiO2改性PTFE复合材料,开展了大量力学性能与介电特性的系统性研究。CHEN Y C等[14]研究发现,填充D50=25 μm粒径的球形SiO2且填充质量分数为60%的复合材料具有最高的拉伸模量(350 MPa)、最低的CTE(39×10-6-1)以及良好的介电性能(Dk=2.9,Df=0.001 5)。此外,随着球形SiO2填充量增加,复合材料的拉伸强度和热膨胀系数降低,而拉伸模量、吸水性和介电常数增加。填充小粒径填料(D50=5 μm)的复合材料具有更高的吸水性和介电损耗。
庞翔等[39-40]研究发现,球形SiO2质量分数为50%时,PTFE/SiO2复合材料的性能最优,其CTE为17×10-6-1,介电常数为2.74,介电损耗为0.002 4。在粒径方面,复合材料的密度、热膨胀系数、介电常数随着SiO2粒径的增大呈上升趋势,而介电损耗则呈下降趋势。当SiO2的粒径为20 μm时,复合材料的综合性能最优(Dk=2.82,Df=0.001 2)。
金霞等[15]系统研究球形SiO2粒径(D50为8~26 μm)与含量(58%~64%)对复合材料介电常数与介电常数温度系数的影响。结果表明,当填料D50=18 μm且质量分数为61%时,复合材料的介电常数为2.94,介电常数温度系数趋近于零。
张昆等[41]采用乳液涂布成膜工艺制备PTFE/SiO2复合膜材料,并研究了SiO2粒径(5~20 μm)及含量(1%~50%)对膜材力学性能的影响。研究表明,当填料质量分数为30%、粒径为12 μm时,复合膜材呈现最优性能组合:拉伸强度达到7.9 MPa,断裂伸长率为153%,CTE为63×10-6-1
综合以上研究,SiO2/PTFE复合材料的热力性能和介电特性受到SiO2填料的尺寸、填充量、粒径分布的显著影响。对于球形SiO2体系,存在特定最优的粒径选择区间以实现性能平衡。大粒径填料在介电损耗方面具有优势,高填充量可有效降低复合材料的热膨胀系数。
PTFE/空心填料复合体系具有低密度、低介电常数和低热膨胀系数等优势。胡福田等[42]采用偶联剂改性的空心玻璃微珠,通过湿法共混工艺填充改性PTFE复合材料。结果表明,复合材料的介电常数、CTE均随空心微珠用量的增加而降低,填充质量分数为35%微珠时,复合材料的介电常数为2.3,填充质量分数为40%微珠时,复合材料的CTE为65×10-6-1。贾倩倩等[43]、武聪等[16]制备了铝硅氧化陶瓷空心球为填料的PTFE复合基板,研究表明,填料含量、空心陶瓷粉的铝硅原子比、球壳厚度及空心球粒径对基板介电性能和热力学性能都存在影响。该复合基板具有较优的综合性能:介电常数为2.00,介电损耗为0.002 7,CTE为39×10-6-1,吸水率为0.025%。
除了内部中空球之外,球壳含微孔的二氧化硅填料亦有应用报道。LI X等[44]采用微孔-介孔二氧化硅(mSiO2)为填料,利用其含有的微孔-介孔通道的物理吸附效应实现与PTFE的紧密界面结合,制备mSiO2/PTFE复合材料。通过高分辨透射电镜证实多孔二氧化硅与PTFE树脂界面结合更为紧密,且介电性能较优。当填料体积分数为30%时,在30 GHz频率下,复合材料的相对介电常数为2.29,介电损耗为0.002 3。此外,HAN K等[45]研究了光滑、空心、多孔三种结构二氧化硅填料对SiO2/PTFE复合材料微观结构、介电性能及热力学性能的影响。结果表明,颗粒表面的开放孔隙在无化学偶联剂的情况下可改善SiO2与PTFE之间的界面粘附性。随填料含量的增加,复合材料的介电常数和介电损耗逐渐增加,热膨胀系数逐渐降低。多孔填料内部含大量气相,可显著降低复合材料的介电常数,这种新的表面结构改性策略为界面调控提供了全新的思路。
棉状玻纤的纤维较长,无法直接用于PTFE复合材料的制备,通常需要将其打散后使用。同时,短玻纤的加入量和长径比分布对复合材料的性能具有显著影响。张立欣等[46]制备了不同石英纤维含量的PTFE/高介电陶瓷粉/短石英纤维复合介质基板。测试结果表明,随着石英纤维含量的增加,复合材料的热膨胀系数降低,拉伸强度提升;然而,孔隙数量随之增多,造成基板密度降低、吸水率和介电损耗升高。当石英纤维质量分数为3%时,复合材料的综合性能最佳。王军山等[47]采用低速磨碎处理工艺,通过控制研磨时间和转速,将超细玻璃纤维棉的纤维长径比分布调控至合适范围,验证了短玻纤长度的最优分布。采用该最优分布纤维制备的水浆料分散均匀且无团聚体。上述工作中,短玻纤的直径和长度分布控制是材料制备过程中的难点。
另一个值得注意的研究是XI Z等[48-49]将PTFE/GF复合的PCB基板粉碎后重新热压回收。研究首先通过机械研磨对PTFE/GF印制电路板进行回收,然后采用有压烧结和无压烧结工艺将PTFE/GF再生料重新制造成新的复合材料,这种PTFE/GF再生料可以替代原生PTFE/GF使用。此外,研究发现,当引入少量玻璃纤维(体积分数<15%)时反而造成复合材料热膨胀系数增大,研究认为可能与孔隙以及玻璃纤维的排列有关,说明了高长径比填料在体系中影响机理的复杂性。
此外,另一种将PTFE与随机玻纤复合的方案是将商品化、以随机玻纤为原料生产的玻纤纸或者玻纤毡与PTFE树脂浸涂复合[50-51]。梁梦微等[50]采用不同参数的玻纤纸浸涂PTFE乳液并制备基板。结果表明,玻纤纸的透气度和孔径大小与上胶量紧密相关,且可通过使用不同孔隙结构的玻纤纸调控基板性能。但是,对于大尺寸基板的制造,该方法制备的基板介电常数稳定性依赖于玻纤纸的孔隙均匀性和密度均匀性——这在实际的工业生产中颇具挑战。因此,如果大规模量产,基板材料均匀性与介电常数稳定性值得关注。
高介电微波复合介质基板通常指介电常数高于9的介质基板。常见的高介电陶瓷粉体有二氧化钛(TiO2)、钛酸钡(BT)、钛酸锶钡(BST)、铌镁酸铅-钛酸铅(PMN-PT)等[52]。其中,研究较多的是TiO2填料,主要集中在TiO2填料的粒径、添加量对复合材料介电性能的影响。贾倩倩等[53]D50为6、24、34 μm的TiO2陶瓷粉分别制备PTFE/TiO2复合材料,分析了粒径变化对复合材料性能的影响规律。研究发现,当TiO2填料粒径增大时,复合材料内部界面比例降低,吸水性得到改善。但需指出的是,大粒径的球形颗粒是由粒径约为200 nm的粒子经高温烧结形成的类球形颗粒。S RAJESH等[54]采用挤出-压延工艺制备了填充金红石的PTFE复合材料基板。当填充粒径为3 μm的金红石粉末时,质量分数约为67%,复合材料的介电常数为10.2,介电损耗为0.002 2。除了微米尺寸填料粒径外,研究还比较了纳米尺寸金红石填料(粒径<100 nm)对PTFE复合材料微波介电性能的影响[55]。与微米尺寸填料相比,该复合材料表现出更高的介电常数和介电损耗。介电常数的升高归因于纳米填料的高极化率以及纳米金红石填充复合材料界面体积的增加。
TiO2填料的另一大研究与应用方向是与SiO2填料复配,通过复配比例实现性能调控。黄全全等[56]在无定形SiO2D50=20 μm)中掺杂少量TiO2制备PTFE复合材料。研究发现,随着TiO2掺杂量的增加,复合材料的密度增大,吸水率降低,热膨胀系数增大,介电常数增大,介电损耗先增大后降低。当TiO2质量分数为7%时,复合材料的性能最优:在10 GHz频率下,介电常数为2.94,介电损耗为0.000 8。YUAN Y等[57]制备了填充不同TiO2/SiO2比例的PTFE复合基板。随着TiO2比例的增加,复合材料的介电常数呈上升趋势,介电损耗先下降后上升。当TiO2质量分数为5%、SiO2质量分数为50%时,复合材料展现出优良的介电性能(Dk=2.87,Df=0.000 75)、可接受的吸水率(0.2%)以及良好的热膨胀系数(17×10-6 -1)。
以钛酸钡、钛酸锶钡为代表的钛酸盐功能陶瓷在PTFE复合体系中研究较多。例如,钛酸锶/随机玻纤/PTFE复合介质基板,其介电常数可达17.0,同时介电损耗为0.003 3,热膨胀系数为18×10-6-1[58-59]。此外,其他新型高介电陶瓷填料近年来也被用于PTFE体系的研究[60-63],包括Li2SnMg0.5O3.5(LSMO)、Na1/2Sm1/2TiO3、Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3、Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3(BMN)、Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3(BNT)、0.8BaTi4O9-0.2BaZn2Ti4O11(BZT)等。
对于高介电陶瓷-PTFE复合基板,研究当前最关心的几个性能包括:①填料与PTFE树脂的界面结合情况和复合材料孔隙率;②填料加入后复合材料的介电常数及稳定性(尤其是温度稳定性);鉴于高介电常数陶瓷通常具有较大绝对值的介电常数温度系数,控制复合材料介电常数的温度稳定性是行业内的一个挑战;③高频下的介电损耗;④热膨胀系数;⑤吸水率。
具备优异导热性能与低介电损耗特性的基板能够显著改善信号传输质量,减少能耗,并通过高效散热有效抑制热失效现象,从而提升设备整体的工作寿命与稳定性,保证电子元件的长期使用性能。特别是在高频、高功率的射频微波工作条件下,高导热和低介电损耗尤其重要。
为了提高复合材料的导热能力,可以通过调控导热填料的种类、形貌、粒径比例,以构建更多导热通路。PAN C等[64]制备了氮化铝(AlN)/六方氮化硼(hBN)/PTFE复合基板,重点研究了不同形状和粒径的杂化填料对复合材料热导率的影响机理,研究表明,微-纳米粒径的协同填充提升了复合材料的热导率,但纳米填料的引入增加了介电损耗;研究还发现,从机理上,复合材料热导率的提升与填料的取向度更为相关。陈鸿[65]采用“球磨-超声-均质”法制备了六方氮化硼和氧化铝两种导热填料,并利用微射流高压均质法调控氧化铝的粒径。通过调控填料比例和填料尺寸,可在保持优异介电性能和摩擦性能的同时,显著提升复合材料的热导率。
除了上述最常见的导热陶瓷(如氧化铝、氮化硼和氮化铝)外,金属或碳系材料(如石墨烯、碳纳米管)在合适掺杂含量下也能提升导热性能,同时对基材介电性能的影响可控。这一方向在PTFE基微波基板中报道较少,但仍是一个潜在的研究点。例如,LIANG F等[66]制备了Ag@TiO2核-壳颗粒和Ag@TiO2/PTFE复合材料,在填料体积分数为60%时,复合材料同时具有高介电常数(25)、高热导率(1.367 W/(m·K))以及低CTE(26×10-6-1)特性,但介电损耗较高(0.005 0)。
如前文所述,PTFE树脂具有化学惰性,因此其与填料及增强材料之间的界面结合是重要的研究课题。普遍认为,良好的有机-无机界面结合能有效减少界面缺陷,改善复合材料的力学性能,并提升介电性能。由于直接改性PTFE的手段有限,当前研究主要集中于填料的表面改性与结构设计。目前,PTFE基复合材料中最广泛使用的界面改性技术有硅烷偶联剂改性、稀土改性、表面包覆改性及直接氟化等。
硅烷偶联剂改性是目前应用历史最久且最广泛的改性方式,几乎所有用于填充PTFE的陶瓷类填料在使用前都可以进行偶联剂处理。在SiO2/PTFE复合体系里,使用常规硅烷偶联剂、锆酸盐偶联剂及钛酸盐偶联剂进行改性,可在吸水特性、尺寸稳定性、力学性能与介电性能方面带来改进[67]
偶联剂的添加量存在最优范围。CHEN Y C等[68]研究了苯基三甲氧基硅烷偶联剂(Z6124)含量对SiO2(60%)/PTFE复合材料性能的影响。结果显示,经质量分数为3%硅烷处理的样品拉伸强度最高、介电损耗最小。此外,拉伸强度及热膨胀系数随硅烷含量增加而上升,吸水率则降低。除了单一种类偶联剂外,多种偶联剂也可复配使用。游媛媛等[69]采用3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)与Z6124复配改性SiO2/PTFE复合材料,结果表明其介电损耗与吸水率性能相比单一改性剂更优。周茜等[70]采用含氟偶联剂改性SiO2/PTFE复合薄膜,相比其他种类偶联剂,该薄膜的综合性能更优,孔隙缺陷更少。此外,偶联剂的改性工艺参数也对偶联剂改性的效果具有影响。李攀等[71]研究了偶联剂改性工艺中水解试剂(酸醇溶液)的种类、比例与用量对改性效果的影响。除SiO2外,对其他种类陶瓷及玻纤的偶联剂改性研究也较为广泛[28,42,72-74]
然而,该领域的研究方法大部分通过制品的宏观性能测试数据变化来评估偶联剂的影响方式。同时,PTFE-无机填料的界面最主要的技术手段为扫描电子显微技术(SEM)。新的有机-无机界面直接表征技术及相关研究相对缺乏。上述两点导致行业内硅烷偶联剂提升PTFE基复合材料性能的深层机理认识不足。一方面,性能提升可能源于偶联剂增强了基体与填料间的界面结合力。而另一些研究则认为,其主要益处在于改善填料在复合材料中的分散性,或因其降低局部体系黏度,从而有助于促进团聚体的破裂[75]
研究者早已证实稀土改性可提升PTFE复合材料的力学性能和耐磨性能[76]。当前,稀土改性在PTFE基微波基板中的应用已有一些初步探索。叶恩淦等[77]采用不同组分配比的稀土改性剂与硅烷偶联剂进行复配,将其对磨碎玻璃纤维表面进行改性处理,制备玻璃纤维粉末/PTFE复合材料,分析了改性剂对复合材料介电性能、热膨胀系数、热导率的影响。研究发现,随稀土改性剂含量增加,复合材料的介电常数增大,介电损耗和CTE则呈现先减小后增大的趋势,热导率增大。当稀土改性剂质量分数为0.3%(以玻纤质量为基准)时,复合材料的综合性能最优。该研究团队还采用不同的稀土改性剂(La、Ce、Pr、Nd和Sm)对SiO2和玻璃纤维进行改性处理,制备随机玻璃纤维/SiO2/PTFE复合材料。结果表明,稀土La改性剂的改性效果优于其他元素,归因于“镧系收缩”导致La-F的配位作用最强[78]
当前,表面包覆方面研究最多的分子是聚多巴胺。YU Yuanying等[79-80]合成了具有核壳结构的二氧化硅@聚多巴胺(SiO2@PDA)填料,并制备了SiO2@PDA/PTFE复合材料。结果表明,当SiO2体积分数为40%时,与未包覆的填料体系相比,复合材料的热膨胀系数降幅达50%。同时,其介电常数(Dk=2.3)和介电损耗(Df=0.002 4)分别增加了2%和40%。此外,该领域也有一些其他聚合物包覆方案被陆续报道。WEI J等[81]研究五氟苯乙烯(PFS)作为界面改性剂包覆SiO2形成SiO2@PFS填料,进而制备SiO2@PFS/PTFE复合微波基板。结果表明,缺电子的全氟苯基聚合物PFS与聚四氟乙烯之间具有垂直的C-F…π相互作用。梁泽宇[82]采用芴聚酯(FPE)包覆SiO2纳米颗粒形成具有核壳结构的SiO2@FPE纳米填料,并制备SiO2@FPE/PTFE电介质薄膜,结果表明该方法提升了复合电介质薄膜的致密性。
上述研究中,采用包覆改性的方法使复合材料的宏观性能得到改善,间接证明了表面包覆的聚合物与聚四氟乙烯树脂具有更强的结合能力。然而,因PTFE本身的化学惰性,多数研究将结合能力的增加归因于PTFE与包覆聚合物的非共价作用上,包括氢键、π相互作用、分子间作用、机械互锁等,但更为深入的机理研究相对有限。
此外值得注意的是,CHEN S Y等[83]提出直接采用F2/N2混合气对纳米SiO2进行表面氟化处理。经此处理,在10 GHz频率下,纳米SiO2的介电常数从5.72降至2.92,介电损耗从0.149降至0.022。不过,这类直接氟化处理的填料尚未应用于PTFE体系,其介电损耗仍高于典型微波基板的要求。
对工程开发与产品开发而言,上述界面改性技术有效提升了复合材料的宏观性能,其中一部分技术已在当前市场产品中被广泛应用。但是,基础的界面研究——尤其是PTFE-陶瓷界面作用机理及其对复合材料介电性能影响规律的研究仍显不足,这主要源于两方面限制:一是制备工艺条件对界面结构的影响显著,其单独作用机制难以被清晰剥离;二是界面性能的精准表征技术存在局限,导致深入机理研究面临较大挑战。
值得一提的是,PTFE与聚酰亚胺(PI)复合可以构筑兼具二者优异特性的复合材料,是近年来低介电薄膜领域一个重要的研究方向[84]。在该类材料设计中,PTFE与PI可分别作为连续相和分散相,而两相的界面相容性提升,是实现性能优化的关键点。
随着高频、高速、高密度互联对印制电路板性能要求的提升,采用超低损耗的热固性基板材料(热固性环烯烃类、1,2-双(乙烯基苯基)乙烷类、二乙烯基苯共聚物类、苯并环丁烯类)制造高密度高速多层板成为趋势,未来或可在高端毫米波与通信应用中替代PTFE材料[85]。自2024年起,国内外基板制造商相继推出介电损耗低于0.002 0的热固性低CTE基板。松下的MEGTRON 8S系列产品R-579YS(U)在14 GHz频率下的介电损耗为0.001 2,玻璃化转变温度前CTE为35×10-6-1,铜箔剥离强度(HVLP3级)达0.7 kN/m。同时,松下、台光等企业也已发布MEGTRON 9系列产品及同等性能的实验室样品。此类新型热固性树脂基板在超低损耗、低热膨胀系数、多层板加工性和传统PCB工艺兼容性方面具备显著优势,在车载毫米波等传统微波应用领域展现出替代高端PTFE基板的潜力。但是,新型热固性树脂要全面替代PTFE基板仍面临以下挑战:其一,超低损耗热固性树脂种类有限,且将介电损耗稳定控制在0.001以下是当前技术关键瓶颈,导致该类基板成本显著高于PTFE,后者在实现同等介电性能时仍具备明显成本优势;其二,新型热固性树脂在剥离强度和吸水性方面的表现普遍不及PTFE材料;其三,超低损耗热固性树脂的阻燃性能存在不足,实现有效阻燃仍具挑战。
同时,基于当前高校、企业及研究机构对下一代太赫兹通信与器件的研究进展,PTFE基复合材料在该领域仍占据重要地位[86-89]。现有研究表明,在系统主体线路可采用二氧化硅或太赫兹陶瓷基板的前提下,PTFE复合基板主要承担传输线连接与过渡功能。例如,胡媛等[88]报道的星载220 GHz混频器装配技术中,主电路采用二氧化硅基板,中频电路通过石英基板过渡至RT/duroid 5880基板,最终与SMA接头焊接。尽管热固性树脂(如BCB、COC)在太赫兹器件设计领域已有诸多研究[90-91],但其应用场景与PTFE存在显著差异。短期而言,PTFE基复合材料在太赫兹通信研发及早期应用阶段仍将保持关键地位。
目前PTFE乳液浸渍编织玻纤布的工艺较为成熟,国内已形成规模化产能。激烈的市场竞争促使PTFE-编织玻纤复合基板生产成本显著降低,广泛应用于通信微波领域;但其他结构复合材料(如陶瓷填充体系)的成型工艺仍存在诸多挑战。对微波用PTFE复合基板制造商而言,核心在于突破制造成型技术瓶颈,实现高质量、低成本、批间稳定的产业化生产目标。例如,在填充陶瓷的PTFE-玻纤复合材料(含编织/随机结构)中,需重点解决陶瓷分布均匀性控制与缺陷抑制等关键问题,确保基板厚度批间一致性及性能稳定性。
未来几年行业需重点聚焦的方向包括:①新成型工艺开发;②智能化生产质量管控技术;③毫米波段介电性能测试方法研究;④在线检测系统的开发。这些突破有望推动高端PTFE复合基板成本下降,拓展其民用批量化市场。值得注意的是,复合材料成型高度依赖专用设备,工艺开发除需化学与材料工程师参与外,更需设备厂商的深度协同开发。
从材料而言,微波用PTFE复合基板的进步离不开树脂、陶瓷、增强纤维及铜箔的进步。首先,对于PTFE树脂,受原料供应约束与经济周期影响,行业长期存在产能瓶颈,未来国内PTFE产能难以大幅扩张。在产能增长有限的背景下,行业发展聚焦高端化,包括开发低单体残留PTFE树脂、开发新型含氟单体共聚物,以突破进口依赖[92]。其次,对于功能陶瓷,通信应用的快速发展催生对微波基板的差异化需求,例如高导热、低热膨胀系数、超高介电常数、超低介电损耗、近零温漂等特性,驱动着新型特种功能性陶瓷的开发;同时,粉体的微观形貌调控,对粉体进行表面改性或包覆,也是重要的技术开发方向。再者,对于铜箔,国内高端铜箔包括高等级低粗糙度电解铜箔、压延铜箔,近些年取得显著进展,但与国际先进水平仍存差距。综上,高端树脂、功能陶瓷填料及高端铜箔仍是PTFE微波基板产业未来核心发展方向,需产业链上下游协同突破。
对研究者而言,PTFE与无机填料的界面结合问题始终是高性能复合材料领域的核心挑战。若通过复合材料宏观物理性能间接表征界面状态,易受成型工艺及缺陷等因素干扰,难以揭示界面效应对宏观性能的作用机制。尽管当前界面表征手段有限,除扫描电子显微镜技术外,微观力学表征技术(单纤维拉伸拉拔试验、单纤维碎片实验、纳米压痕技术)、拉曼光谱、高分辨TEM等新技术方法[93-94]均可以应用于聚合物-无机填料的界面研究。因此,发展新型界面性能检测方法,深化对多组分PTFE复合材料界面行为的认知,进而优化界面调控策略,是本领域的一个重要研究方向。
PTFE凭借优异的介电性能被广泛应用于微波基板领域,但其高CTE、弱粘接性及加工难度等问题,促使其多以复合材料形态应用于微波场景。当前主流复合材料结构包括:PTFE-编织玻纤、PTFE-陶瓷-编织玻纤、PTFE-随机玻纤增强、PTFE-陶瓷-随机玻纤增强、PTFE-陶瓷体系。以罗杰斯公司为代表的国际企业凭借深厚技术积淀,在高端PTFE复合材料市场占据主导;国内企业在PTFE-编织玻纤结构基板领域进步显著,产能快速提升,但其他结构基板的产品稳定性与市场认可度仍需突破。
尽管超低损耗热固性基板显现替代PTFE基微波基板的潜力,其全面应用仍需长期验证,PTFE复合材料在毫米波/太赫兹领域仍具不可替代性。要缩小与国际先进水平差距,需材料厂商、高校及科研机构在PTFE复材成型工艺创新、高端PTFE树脂开发、功能性陶瓷填料设计和复合材料界面的基础研究等方面实现突破,从而通过产学研的协同,推动我国PTFE微波基板技术和产品跻身国际前列。

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2026年第59卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.006
  • 接收时间:2025-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-01
  • 修回日期:2025-11-08
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    1宁波湍流电子材料有限公司,浙江 宁波 315800
    2西北工业大学 电子信息学院,陕西 西安 710129
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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