Article(id=1304921833879393214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760889600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-20, revisedDate=1769529600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047209471, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047209471, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047209471, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047209471, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921686403474081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047174311, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118019323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=123, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921834705671103, articleId=1304921833879393214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and high-frequency dielectric properties of polytetrafluoroethylene reinanced bismaleimide-triazine resin/glass fiber composites, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the stringent requirements of 5G/6G high-frequency and high-speed communication technologies for printed circuit board (PCB) substrates, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-filled modified bismaleimide-triazine (BT) resin/glass fiber (GF) composite was designed and fabricated in this study. The glass fiber fabric was surface-modified with silane coupling agent KH570 to enhance interfacial bonding, and low-dielectric PTFE filler was introduced into the glass fiber cloth pores via high-temperature and high-pressure lamination process. The influence mechanism of PTFE content on the comprehensive properties of the composite was systematically investigated. Results demonstrate that when the PTFE mass fraction is 5%, the composite achieves the optimal comprehensive performance. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss are 4.3 and 0.006 at 1 MHz, and 3.4 and 0.003 at 10 GHz, respectively. The glass transition temperature increases to 250℃ (approximately 25℃ higher than that of the pure BT system), and the residual char yield at 800℃ reaches 76.63% (an increase of about 17.55%). The flexural strength is maintained at 574.7 MPa, and the water contact angle increases to 86.5°. Mechanism analysis reveals that the introduction of PTFE significantly improve the high-frequency dielectric properties of the composite by reducing the polarization degree, filling pores to decrease interfacial polarization losses, and restricting the orientation movement of polar groups. Simultaneously, the high bond energy of C-F bonds endows the composite with enhanced thermal stability. However, the high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of PTFE raises the CTE of composite to approximately 45×10-6-1, which requires further optimization. This material system achieves significant improvement in dielectric properties while maintaining the high heat resistance and good processability of BT resin, providing a cost-competitive substrate solution for mid-to-high frequency applications such as 5G millimeter-wave antennas and radio frequency front ends.

, authors=Jiangjun CHANG1, 2, Xiaobo LIU3, 4, Xiaodan LI1, 2, *, authorsList=Jiangjun CHANG, Xiaobo LIU, Xiaodan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaodan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921837436163027, articleId=1304921833879393214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=聚四氟乙烯增强双马来酰亚胺-三嗪树脂/玻璃纤维复合材料的制备及高频介电性能研究, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对5G/6G高频高速通信技术对印制电路板(PCB)基材的严苛需求,本研究设计并制备一种聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)填充改性双马来酰亚胺-三嗪(BT)树脂/玻璃纤维(GF)复合材料。通过硅烷偶联剂KH570对玻璃纤维布进行表面改性以增强界面结合,采用高温高压层压工艺将低介电PTFE填料引入玻璃纤维布孔隙,系统研究PTFE含量对复合材料综合性能的影响机制。结果表明:当PTFE质量分数为5%时,复合材料的综合性能达到最优,在1 MHz下介电常数和介电损耗分别为4.3和0.006,在10 GHz下分别为3.4和0.003;玻璃化转变温度提升至250℃(较BT/GF提高约25℃),800℃残碳率达76.63%(较BT/GF提升约17.55%),弯曲强度保持在574.7 MPa,水接触角增至86.5°。机理分析表明,PTFE的引入通过降低极化程度、填充孔隙减少界面极化损耗以及限制极性基团取向运动,显著改善复合材料的高频介电性能;同时利用C-F键的高键能特性提升了热稳定性。然而,PTFE的高热膨胀系数(CTE)导致复合材料的CTE升高至约45×10-6-1,需进一步优化。该材料体系在保持BT树脂高耐热性和良好加工性的同时,实现了介电性能的显著提升,为5G毫米波天线、射频前端等中高频应用场景提供了具有成本竞争力的基材解决方案。

, authors=昌姜军1, 2, 刘孝波3, 4, 李晓丹1, 2, *, authorsList=昌姜军, 刘孝波, 李晓丹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李晓丹, authorNote=

昌姜军(2000-),男(汉族),重庆丰都人,硕士生,主要从事低介电复合材料的研究

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李晓丹(1985-),女(汉族),四川南充人,教授,博士,从事高性能基体树脂、功能复合材料的研究。
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昌姜军(2000-),男(汉族),重庆丰都人,硕士生,主要从事低介电复合材料的研究

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昌姜军(2000-),男(汉族),重庆丰都人,硕士生,主要从事低介电复合材料的研究

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Thermal properties data of composites with different PTFE contents

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PTFE质量分数/%Td5/℃Td10/℃800℃残碳率/%
0304.6355.659.08
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3338.1379.063.82
5319.9391.976.63
7318.9366.463.49
9280.8339.855.51
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不同PTFE含量复合材料的热性能数据

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3338.1379.063.82
5319.9391.976.63
7318.9366.463.49
9280.8339.855.51
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聚四氟乙烯增强双马来酰亚胺-三嗪树脂/玻璃纤维复合材料的制备及高频介电性能研究
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昌姜军 1, 2 , 刘孝波 3, 4 , 李晓丹 1, 2, *
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(6): 123-132
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绝缘材料 | 2026 , 59 (6) : 123 -132
聚四氟乙烯增强双马来酰亚胺-三嗪树脂/玻璃纤维复合材料的制备及高频介电性能研究
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昌姜军1, 2, 刘孝波3, 4, 李晓丹1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆工商大学,材料科学与工程系,重庆 400067
  • 2重庆工商大学,环境催化重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400067
  • 3电子科技大学,材料与能源学院,四川 成都 611731
  • 4电子科技大学,四川省碳氮高分子新材料工程技术研究中心,四川 成都 611731
通讯作者:
李晓丹(1985-),女(汉族),四川南充人,教授,博士,从事高性能基体树脂、功能复合材料的研究。
作者简介:

昌姜军(2000-),男(汉族),重庆丰都人,硕士生,主要从事低介电复合材料的研究

Preparation and high-frequency dielectric properties of polytetrafluoroethylene reinanced bismaleimide-triazine resin/glass fiber composites
Jiangjun CHANG1, 2, Xiaobo LIU3, 4, Xiaodan LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
  • 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
  • 3School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
  • 4Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.012
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针对5G/6G高频高速通信技术对印制电路板(PCB)基材的严苛需求,本研究设计并制备一种聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)填充改性双马来酰亚胺-三嗪(BT)树脂/玻璃纤维(GF)复合材料。通过硅烷偶联剂KH570对玻璃纤维布进行表面改性以增强界面结合,采用高温高压层压工艺将低介电PTFE填料引入玻璃纤维布孔隙,系统研究PTFE含量对复合材料综合性能的影响机制。结果表明:当PTFE质量分数为5%时,复合材料的综合性能达到最优,在1 MHz下介电常数和介电损耗分别为4.3和0.006,在10 GHz下分别为3.4和0.003;玻璃化转变温度提升至250℃(较BT/GF提高约25℃),800℃残碳率达76.63%(较BT/GF提升约17.55%),弯曲强度保持在574.7 MPa,水接触角增至86.5°。机理分析表明,PTFE的引入通过降低极化程度、填充孔隙减少界面极化损耗以及限制极性基团取向运动,显著改善复合材料的高频介电性能;同时利用C-F键的高键能特性提升了热稳定性。然而,PTFE的高热膨胀系数(CTE)导致复合材料的CTE升高至约45×10-6-1,需进一步优化。该材料体系在保持BT树脂高耐热性和良好加工性的同时,实现了介电性能的显著提升,为5G毫米波天线、射频前端等中高频应用场景提供了具有成本竞争力的基材解决方案。

复合材料  /  双马来酰亚胺-三嗪树脂  /  聚四氟乙烯  /  介电性能  /  热膨胀系数  /  5G/6G通信

To address the stringent requirements of 5G/6G high-frequency and high-speed communication technologies for printed circuit board (PCB) substrates, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-filled modified bismaleimide-triazine (BT) resin/glass fiber (GF) composite was designed and fabricated in this study. The glass fiber fabric was surface-modified with silane coupling agent KH570 to enhance interfacial bonding, and low-dielectric PTFE filler was introduced into the glass fiber cloth pores via high-temperature and high-pressure lamination process. The influence mechanism of PTFE content on the comprehensive properties of the composite was systematically investigated. Results demonstrate that when the PTFE mass fraction is 5%, the composite achieves the optimal comprehensive performance. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss are 4.3 and 0.006 at 1 MHz, and 3.4 and 0.003 at 10 GHz, respectively. The glass transition temperature increases to 250℃ (approximately 25℃ higher than that of the pure BT system), and the residual char yield at 800℃ reaches 76.63% (an increase of about 17.55%). The flexural strength is maintained at 574.7 MPa, and the water contact angle increases to 86.5°. Mechanism analysis reveals that the introduction of PTFE significantly improve the high-frequency dielectric properties of the composite by reducing the polarization degree, filling pores to decrease interfacial polarization losses, and restricting the orientation movement of polar groups. Simultaneously, the high bond energy of C-F bonds endows the composite with enhanced thermal stability. However, the high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of PTFE raises the CTE of composite to approximately 45×10-6-1, which requires further optimization. This material system achieves significant improvement in dielectric properties while maintaining the high heat resistance and good processability of BT resin, providing a cost-competitive substrate solution for mid-to-high frequency applications such as 5G millimeter-wave antennas and radio frequency front ends.

composite  /  BT resin  /  PTFE  /  dielectric properties  /  coefficient of thermal expansion  /  5G/6G communication
昌姜军, 刘孝波, 李晓丹. 聚四氟乙烯增强双马来酰亚胺-三嗪树脂/玻璃纤维复合材料的制备及高频介电性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (6) : 123 -132 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.012
Jiangjun CHANG, Xiaobo LIU, Xiaodan LI. Preparation and high-frequency dielectric properties of polytetrafluoroethylene reinanced bismaleimide-triazine resin/glass fiber composites[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (6) : 123 -132 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.012
近年来,随着5G通信技术的规模化商用及6G技术的加速研发,电子产品和印制电路板(PCB)不断向高频化、高速化、微型化、集成化方向演进。5G通信系统主要部署于Sub-6 GHz(3.5~7.125 GHz)和毫米波(24~52 GHz)两大频段,而6G技术预计向太赫兹频段(100 GHz~1 THz)进一步拓展。在高频信号传输过程中,信号完整性面临严峻挑战:一是介电损耗导致的信号衰减;二是介电常数不匹配引起的信号反射和延迟;三是材料尺寸稳定性不足导致的层间错位。根据传输线理论,信号衰减与介电损耗因子(Df)成正比,在毫米波频段,即使微小的介电损耗也会导致显著的信号衰减,严重影响信号传输质量。
针对不同的应用场景,PCB基材的性能要求存在差异。首先在5G毫米波天线模块中,要求覆铜板(CCL)在24~52 GHz频段内介电常数Dk<3.5,Df<0.005,以保证天线辐射效率和波束指向精度。其次,在射频前端模块中,功率放大器等器件工作时会产生大量热量,局部温度常超过200℃。若基材的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)偏低,在高温下会发生软化与形变,导致电路阻抗漂移、信号失真甚至模块失效。尤其在多层高密度互连电路板中,高频信号布线密度高、层数多(常达10层以上),加工过程中的多次高温压合与焊接热冲击要求基材具备优异的热尺寸稳定性,高Tg成为确保长期可靠性的关键参数。此外,PCB多层化是提升集成度的必然趋势,但各层材料之间热膨胀系数(CTE)的不匹配会在热循环中引发累积热应力,导致通孔(PTH)开裂、层间分离等问题。尤其在毫米波天线等高频应用中,微带线宽度与间距已达微米级,轻微的材料膨胀即会引起阻抗突变与信号反射,严重影响天线效率与波束指向精度。因此,低CTE(尤其是Z轴方向)是保证高频电路信号完整性与结构可靠性的核心指标之一。
作为PCB的核心基材,CCL的性能在很大程度上取决于所采用的树脂体系。目前常用的树脂体系包括环氧树脂、氰酸酯树脂、双马来酰亚胺树脂、聚苯醚树脂、碳氢树脂等[1-3]。环氧树脂因其优异的工艺性和低成本优势占据主导地位,但其介电性能难以满足高频应用需求[4];聚苯醚(PPO)和碳氢树脂虽具有优异的介电性能(Dk≈2.4~2.6,Df≈0.001~0.002),但Tg偏低(<200℃),且CTE相对较高,在高温、高集成度应用场景中面临可靠性挑战[5]。尽管以英伟达为代表的企业在部分高性能计算卡中采用碳氢树脂作为基材,但其适用场景通常为散热条件较好、层数相对较少的模块,对于毫米波天线、高多层服务器背板等要求高耐热、高尺寸稳定性的领域,仍缺乏综合性能均衡的基材解决方案。因此,开发兼具低介电、高耐热、优异尺寸稳定性的新型树脂体系成为行业迫切需求。
双马来酰亚胺-三嗪(BT)树脂由双马来酰亚胺(BMI)与氰酸酯(CE)共聚而成,兼具BMI高Tg、高耐热性和CE的优异介电性能、低收缩率,被认为是极具潜力的高频高速覆铜板基体材料。王旭等[6]将BMI-80树脂与CE共聚制备BT树脂,将其浸渍玻璃纤维制备玻纤增强BT复合材料,研究了其结构和性能。王棋[7]采用烯丙基氟化聚砜和CE对BMI-80进行改性,制备的纤维增强复合材料改善了热性能、力学性能和介电性能。然而,上述研究中玻璃纤维布的孔隙均由树脂基体填充,若能由介电性能更优异的材料填充孔隙,复合材料的介电性能有望得到进一步提高。
聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)因其高度对称的分子结构(螺旋构象的-CF2-CF2-主链)和极低的C-F键极化率,具备极低的介电常数(Dk≈1.9~2.1)和介电损耗(Df<0.000 5),被誉为“塑料之王”[8]。玻璃纤维布孔隙填充PTFE后,其低损耗特性会覆盖玻璃纤维布的孔隙区域,减少孔隙内空气/树脂界面带来的额外损耗,使整体Df从0.005~0.02降至0.001以下,大幅降低高频信号的衰减和延迟。然而,西北工业大学房红强[9]研究表明,GF/PTFE复合材料存在加工难度大、成型工艺复杂、粘接性差、机械强度不足等问题,限制了其广泛应用。
基于上述分析,本研究提出一种创新的材料设计策略:采用PTFE填充玻璃纤维布孔隙,利用综合性能优异的BT树脂作为基体[10-11],通过高温高压成型技术制备PTFE/BT/GF复合材料。系统考察PTFE含量对复合材料微观结构、介电性能(1 MHz~12 GHz)、热性能、力学性能及吸水性能的影响规律,深入分析介电弛豫机制、热膨胀系数升高的原因及改进思路。该设计旨在充分发挥PTFE的超低介电性能和BT树脂的高耐热性、良好加工性,实现两者性能的优势互补,为高频高速覆铜板基材的开发提供理论依据和实验支撑。
双酚A型氰酸酯(BADCy,纯度为98%)、N,N-(4,4-亚甲基二苯基)双马来酰亚胺(BMI,纯度为98%)、2-甲基咪唑(纯度为98%)、γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550,纯度为98%)、γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570,纯度为98%)、3-氯丙基-3-甲氧基硅烷(CTS,纯度为98%),阿拉丁;聚四氟乙烯分散液(PTFE,固含量为60%),杜邦;E型玻璃纤维布(GF,单丝直径为9 μm,孔径为0.18 mm),巨石集团;乙酸(CH3COOH,纯度为36%)、无水乙醇(C2H5OH,纯度≥99.7%),国药集团;去离子水,自制。
将玻璃纤维布裁切为15 cm×15 cm的方形试样备用。为增强玻璃纤维布与PTFE及BT的界面结合作用,采用硅烷偶联剂对其进行表面处理[12]。本研究比较KH570、KH550和CTS 3种偶联剂的表面处理效果。首先将硅烷偶联剂与乙醇、去离子水(质量比为9∶1)混合,配制质量分数为2%的溶液,并用乙酸调节溶液pH值至弱酸性(pH≈4~5),于80℃下水解6 h。随后将玻璃纤维布置于水解后的偶联剂溶液中浸泡处理3 h,取出后置于100℃烘箱中干燥2 h,即完成玻璃纤维布的预处理。
取适量PTFE浓缩分散液(固含量为60%),加入相应比例的去离子水,稀释至目标质量分数(1%、3%、5%、7%、9%)。将稀释后的PTFE乳液在高速搅拌机中以2 000 r/min转速搅拌5 h进行破乳处理,得到均匀的PTFE乳化液。
将经硅烷偶联剂处理并干燥的玻璃纤维布浸入上述PTFE乳化液中,浸渍60~120 s后取出,重复3次以确保充分浸润。随后置于110℃烘箱中预烘30 min,取出冷却至室温备用。
称取60 g氰酸酯与20 g双马来酰亚胺于烧杯中,在170℃下加热熔融2 h进行预聚。随后加入2.4 g 2-甲基咪唑作为固化促进剂,充分搅拌混合均匀,得到BT树脂预聚体。
将浸润PTFE并预烘的玻璃纤维布平整铺放于自制模具中,倒入预聚的BT树脂。将模具置于120℃真空烘箱中抽真空30 min,使树脂充分浸渍玻璃纤维布。浸渍完成后,采用高温高压工艺进行阶梯式固化:先在140℃、2 MPa下凝胶化,随后依次在160℃、5 MPa下处理1 h,180℃、8 MPa下处理2 h、200℃、10 MPa下处理2 h、220℃、10 MPa下处理 2 h。固化完成后,保压自然冷却至室温,脱模得到PTFE/BT/GF复合材料。
傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR):使用日本岛津IR Prestige-21型红外光谱仪分析硅烷偶联剂改性后玻璃纤维布表面的官能团变化,测试波数为400~4 000 cm-1,分辨率为4 cm-1
扫描电子显微镜(SEM):采用德国Gemini ZEISS电子显微镜观察玻璃纤维布表面形貌、复合材料断面形貌及PTFE分布情况,加速电压为5 kV。
热重分析(TGA):使用德国耐驰Netzsch STA449F3型热重分析仪进行测试,在氮气氛围(流速为100 mL/min)下,以10℃/min的升温速率从40℃升至800℃,样品质量为3~5 mg。
动态热机械分析(DMA):采用德国耐驰DMA 242E型分析仪进行测试,三点弯曲模式,试样尺寸为60 mm×10 mm,厚度≥0.5 mm,升温速率为5℃/min,振幅为15~20 μm,频率为1 Hz。
介电性能测试:低频介电性能使用安捷伦E4980A型精密LCR表测试,测试频率为20 Hz~1 MHz;高频介电性能使用创远信科T5260A-2KA型矢量网络分析仪进行测试,采用谐振腔法,测试频段为8 GHz~12 GHz,试样尺寸为50 mm×50 mm。
热机械分析(TMA):使用德国耐驰TMA 402F1型热机械分析仪测试复合材料Z轴方向热膨胀系数,载荷为0.05 N,升温速率为10℃/min,测试温度为50~200℃。
力学性能测试:弯曲强度采用深圳三思纵横UTM420HA型万能试验机进行测试,试样尺寸为76.2 mm×25.4 mm×1.57 mm,跨距为25.4 mm,测试速度为0.76 mm/min;冲击强度采用承德市金建检测仪器有限公司XJUD-5.5型电子悬臂梁冲击试验机进行测试。
吸水率测试:分别测试常温和高温条件下的吸水率,试样尺寸为10 cm×10 cm,干燥后称重(W1),浸入蒸馏水(常温(23±2)℃,24 h;高温(100±2)℃,2 h)后取出擦干称重(W2),然后计算吸水率,计算公式为(W2-W1)/W1×100%。
水接触角测试:使用德国Dataphysics OCA 20型接触角测量仪进行测试,采用基线圆法分析水滴在材料表面的接触角。
图1为不同硅烷偶联剂改性后玻璃纤维布的红外光谱。从图1可以看出,经KH570处理的样品在波数为801 cm-1和1 028 cm-1附近出现了较强的吸收峰,分别对应Si-O-Si键的对称和不对称伸缩振动,表明偶联剂在玻璃纤维表面形成了交联网络结构。在波数为2 955 cm-1与2 838 cm-1处出现的吸收峰分别对应-CH3和-CH2的对称伸缩振动,表明KH570中的甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基成功接枝到玻璃纤维表面。相比之下,KH550和CTS处理的样品未出现明显的C-H伸缩振动峰,表明KH570的接枝效率更高。此外,KH570中的C=C双键可与BT树脂固化过程中产生的烯丙基自由基发生共聚反应,形成化学键合,进一步增强界面结合强度[13]。因此,后续实验中均采用KH570作为改性剂。
图2为不同PTFE含量复合材料的SEM照片。从图2(a)可以看出,与原始玻璃纤维的经纬编织结构相比(图2(g)),当PTFE质量分数为5%时,PTFE均匀填充于玻璃纤维布孔隙中,未出现明显团聚现象,纤维与树脂基体结合紧密,界面处无明显孔隙。这得益于KH570偶联剂改善了纤维与树脂的润湿性,同时PTFE乳液的良好分散性确保了填料在孔隙中的均匀分布。从图2(b)可以看出,当PTFE质量分数增至9%时,可以观察到明显的团聚现象,团聚体尺寸达到5~10 μm,且部分区域出现填料与基体的界面脱粘。这是由于过量PTFE超出了玻璃纤维布孔隙的容纳能力,多余的PTFE在树脂基体中发生团聚。图2(c)2(d)显示了质量分数为5%和9%的PTFE复合材料表面平整致密,未见明显缺陷。图2(e)2(f)分别为质量分数为5%和9%的PTFE复合材料断面形貌,可见质量分数为5%的样品断面光滑,纤维与基体结合良好;而质量分数为9%的样品断面粗糙,存在明显的纤维拔出现象和基体开裂,表明过量PTFE损害了基体和纤维的界面结合强度。
图3为不同PTFE含量复合材料在1 kHz~ 1 MHz下的介电性能。从图3可以看出,未添加PTFE的BT/GF复合材料在1 MHz下的介电常数约为4.8,介电损耗因子约为0.010。随着PTFE的引入,复合材料的介电常数和介电损耗均呈现先降低后略有回升的趋势。当PTFE质量分数为5%时,复合材料的介电常数降至4.3(106 Hz),较BT/GF降低了约12.2%;介电损耗因子降至0.006(106 Hz),较BT/GF降低了约40%。
介电性能的改善主要归因于以下因素:①PTFE具有极低的介电常数(Dk≈1.9)和介电损耗(Df≈0.000 2),其引入降低了复合材料整体的极化程度[14];②PTFE填充玻璃纤维布孔隙,减少了孔隙内空气(Dk≈1.0)与树脂基体(Dk≈4.5~5.0)界面处的电荷积累,降低了界面极化损耗[15];③硅烷偶联剂改性增强了玻璃纤维与树脂的界面结合,限制了界面处分子链的运动,减少了取向极化损耗。
图3(b)可以看出,未添加PTFE的BT/GF复合材料在测试频段内出现3个明显的弛豫峰。频率约为7 kHz处的弛豫峰归因于玻璃纤维与树脂界面处的Maxwell-Wagner界面极化。当两种介电常数和电导率不同的材料复合时,在外电场作用下界面处会产生电荷积累,形成宏观电偶极矩,在特定频率下表现为弛豫损耗峰。频率约为23 kHz处的弛豫峰对应玻璃纤维表面改性引入的极性基团(如Si-OH)与BT树脂分子链中极性基团(三嗪环、酰亚胺环)相互作用的偶极子取向极化。频率约为225 kHz处的弛豫峰则对应BT树脂中受限分子链的侧链弛豫(β-弛豫)。
添加PTFE后,复合材料的3个弛豫峰均出现不同程度的偏移和强度变化。这主要是因为PTFE分子链高度对称且刚性极强,主链由C-C单键构成,侧链为全氟取代基,分子链运动需克服较高能垒,其弛豫时间显著长于BT树脂中的三嗪环、酰亚胺环等运动单元。当PTFE与BT树脂共混时,两者的分子链动力学差异导致形成连续的弛豫时间分布,使原有弛豫峰向低频方向偏移。此外,PTFE的引入可能产生新的PTFE/BT界面弛豫峰,与原有弛豫峰叠加导致峰位移动和峰面积展宽。
图4为不同PTFE含量复合材料在8~12 GHz频段(X波段)的介电性能。从图4(a)可以看出,未添加PTFE的BT/GF复合材料介电常数约为3.7(10 GHz),随着PTFE含量的增加,复合材料的介电常数呈现单调下降趋势。当PTFE质量分数为5%时,复合材料的介电常数降至3.4(10 GHz),较BT/GF降低了约8.1%。介电常数的降低主要源于PTFE的低极化率特性:C-F键的电子极化率与偶极矩极低,氟原子的强电负性有效固定了电子云,抑制了电子极化;同时C-F键键能高、分子链刚性大,在高频交变电场下链段运动受限,取向极化进一步减弱。
图4(b)可以看出,复合材料的介电损耗随PTFE含量的增加呈现先降低后升高的趋势,当PTFE质量分数为5%时,复合材料的介电损耗因子达到最低值(0.003,10 GHz),较BT/GF降低了约50%。介电损耗的降低得益于PTFE填充纤维孔隙后,减少了玻璃纤维布孔隙中空气/树脂界面处的电荷积累和界面极化损耗。值得注意的是,未添加PTFE的BT/GF复合材料在10 GHz附近出现1个明显的弛豫峰,这主要归因于BT树脂中极性基团(酰亚胺基、氰酸酯基)的偶极弛豫。当偶极弛豫频率与测试频率(10 GHz)匹配时,偶极子无法快速跟随交变电场取向,克服内摩擦产生显著的能量损耗,形成损耗峰。添加PTFE后,该弛豫峰逐渐消失,主要原因包括:①PTFE分子链穿插在BT树脂分子链之间,限制了极性基团的自由转动,降低了偶极子的取向运动能力;②PTFE的低极性稀释了体系的极性基团浓度,使偶极弛豫强度大幅衰减;③PTFE填充纤维孔隙后改善了界面结合,减少了界面缺陷导致的额外损耗。然而,当PTFE质量分数超过5%时,复合材料的介电损耗略有回升,这与过量PTFE团聚导致的界面缺陷数量增加有关。
图5为不同PTFE含量复合材料的DMA曲线。从图5(a)的力学损耗因子(tanδ)曲线可以看出,BT/GF复合材料的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)约为225℃。随着PTFE的加入,复合材料的Tg逐渐升高,当PTFE质量分数为5%时,复合材料的Tg达到250℃,较BT/GF提升了25℃。Tg的提升可能归因于以下机制:①PTFE的结晶性诱导了BT树脂分子链的规整排列,提高了局部结晶度和分子间作用力[16];②PTFE分子链刚性高,其引入可限制BT树脂链段运动,形成物理交联点;③玻璃纤维充当PTFE结晶的非均相成核位点,降低了PTFE结晶所需的成核能。
图5(b)的储存模量曲线可以看出,复合材料的储存模量随PTFE含量增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,当PTFE的质量分数为5%时,复合材料的储存模量达到最大值36 000 MPa(30℃),较BT/GF提升约10 000 MPa。储存模量的提升表明复合材料刚性增强,这与PTFE的高模量特性及其对树脂基体链段运动的限制作用有关[17]。值得注意的是,在300℃后复合材料的储存模量呈现上升趋势,这主要是由于PTFE的结晶所致。在压力和温度的综合作用下,PTFE分子链的扩散、重排效果更佳,结晶度提高导致储存模量回升。而在340~350℃的峰对应氰酸酯单体自聚合形成三嗪环的玻璃化转变。
图6为不同PTFE含量复合材料在N2氛围下的TGA和DTG曲线,热性能数据见表1。从图6(a) TGA曲线和表1可以看出,所有样品均表现出良好的热稳定性,800℃残碳率均在55%以上。当PTFE质量分数为5%时,复合材料分解5%时的温度(Td5)和分解10%时的温度(Td10)分别达到319.9℃和391.9℃,800℃残碳率高达76.63%,较未添加PTFE样品(59.08%)直接提升约17.55%的残碳率,提升率近30%。
热稳定性的提升主要归因于PTFE分子链中C-F键的高键能(约为485 kJ/mol)和氟原子对碳链的紧密包裹保护作用,有效抑制了BT树脂分子链在高温下的断裂和热分解[18]。然而,过高的PTFE含量(如9%)因界面缺陷和团聚导致的应力集中,反而使热稳定性下降,Td5降至280.8℃。从图6(b)的DTG曲线可以看出,5% PTFE/BT/GF样品的最大分解速率温度(Tmax)向高温方向移动了约15℃,进一步证实了PTFE对材料热稳定性的改善作用。
图7为不同PTFE含量复合材料在50~200℃范围内的相对长度变化率。从图7可以看出,随着PTFE含量增加,复合材料的相对长度变化率呈明显上升趋势。经公式(1)计算得到,BT/GF复合材料的CTE约为32×10-6-1Z轴方向);当PTFE质量分数为5%时,复合材料的CTE升至约45×10-6-1,增幅约40%;当PTFE质量分数增至9%时,复合材料的CTE进一步升至约58×10-6-1
αL=1dT×dLL0
式(1)中:αL为线性热膨胀系数;dT为温度变化量;dL/L0为相对长度变化率。
CTE升高的原因可从以下方面进行分析:①PTFE本身具有极高的热膨胀系数(100×10-6~130×10-6-1,25~100℃),远高于BT树脂(35×10-6~45×10-6-1)和玻璃纤维(5.5×10-6-1)。在升温过程中,PTFE分子链运动自由度高,易获得更多热能,导致热膨胀系数增大[19]。②基体与填料之间的CTE失配导致热应力积累,在热循环过程中,PTFE的高膨胀在界面处产生剪切应力,当应力超过界面结合强度时,会产生微裂纹和脱粘,进一步增大整体CTE[20]。③过量PTFE团聚形成的界面缺陷为热膨胀提供了额外的自由空间,加剧了CTE的升高。
CTE升高对PCB应用的影响不容忽视。在PCB多层板制造过程中,Z轴方向的CTE失配会导致通孔(PTH)应力集中,在热冲击(如焊接过程)中产生通孔开裂或铜箔断裂失效。根据IPC-4101标准,高频覆铜板的Z轴CTE应控制在60×10-6 -1以下。本研究制备的5% PTFE/BT/GF复合材料CTE(45×10-6-1)满足该要求,但仍有进一步优化的空间。
图8为不同PTFE含量复合材料的弯曲强度与冲击强度。从图8可以看出,未添加PTFE的BT/GF复合材料弯曲强度为589.5 MPa。当PTFE质量分数低于5%时,复合材料的弯曲强度保持稳定,其中5%PTFE/BT/GF复合材料的弯曲强度为574.7 MPa,较BT/GF仅下降2.5%。这得益于KH570偶联剂改善了界面结合,PTFE填充孔隙后与树脂基体形成良好的机械啮合,有效传递外部应力。然而,当PTFE质量分数增至9%时,复合材料的弯曲强度下降至525 MPa,较BT/GF下降了约11%,但仍满足工业应用需求(>500 MPa)。
图8还可以看出,复合材料的冲击强度随PTFE添加略有下降,未添加PTFE的BT/GF复合材料冲击强度为88.6 kJ/m2,5%PTFE/BT/GF复合材料的冲击强度降至79.2 kJ/m2,9%PTFE/BT/GF复合材料的冲击强度进一步降至76.6 kJ/m2,但均保持在75 kJ/m2以上。冲击强度的降低主要归因于PTFE本身的脆性及其低表面能导致的界面粘附力较弱,受力时易从基体中脱粘形成裂纹源。随着PTFE含量的增加,团聚现象加剧,界面缺陷数量增多,进一步影响复合材料的韧性[21-22]
图9为不同PTFE含量复合材料的水接触角和吸水率测试结果。从图9(a)可以看出,未添加PTFE的BT/GF复合材料接触角为70.4°,呈亲水性。随着PTFE含量增加,复合材料的水接触角逐渐增大,当PTFE质量分数为5%时,复合材料的水接触角达到86.5°,表面疏水性增强[23]。这是由于PTFE分子中氟原子覆盖了整个分子链表面,形成了低表面能结构(表面能约为18 mN/m),根据Young方程[24],接触角增大表明材料表面能降低。
图9(b)可以看出,复合材料在常温和高温(100℃)条件下的吸水率均呈现先降低后升高的趋势。当PTFE质量分数为5%时,复合材料的常温吸水率最低,为0.35%;而高温吸水率在PTFE质量分数为7%时最低,为0.5%。PTFE中F元素的强疏水性及对碳链的保护作用有效阻止了水分子的渗透,同时PTFE填充纤维孔隙降低了材料的整体孔隙率。然而,当PTFE含量过高时,由于PTFE与树脂、玻璃纤维布之间表面极性的差异,导致界面处形成不可避免的微孔隙,引起吸水率回升。尽管如此,所有样品吸水率均低于1%,满足电子应用要求(IPC-4101要求<1.5%)。
(1)采用KH570硅烷偶联剂对玻璃纤维布进行表面改性,成功在其表面接枝Si-O-Si共价键和有机官能团,显著改善了玻璃纤维与PTFE及BT树脂基体的界面结合强度。
(2)当PTFE质量分数为5%时,所制备的PTFE/BT/GF复合材料综合性能最优:在1 MHz下介电常数和介电损耗因子分别为4.3和0.006,在10 GHz下分别为3.4和0.003;玻璃化转变温度达250℃,较BT/GF提升25℃;800℃残碳率达76.63%,较BT/GF提升约17.55%;弯曲强度保持在574.7 MPa,水接触角增至86.5°。
(3)介电性能分析表明,PTFE的引入通过降低极化程度、填充孔隙减少界面极化损耗以及限制极性基团取向运动,显著改善了复合材料的高频介电性能。在1 MHz下的3个弛豫峰分别对应界面极化、偶极子取向极化和侧链弛豫,PTFE的加入使峰位向低频方向偏移;在10 GHz下BT树脂的偶极弛豫峰随PTFE添加逐渐消失。
(4)PTFE的引入提升了材料的热稳定性和疏水性,但因其自身高热膨胀系数(100×10-6~130×10-6-1)及界面CTE失配,导致复合材料Z轴方向CTE升高(5%PTFE时约为45×10-6-1),虽满足IPC-4101标准(<60×10-6-1),但仍需进一步优化。

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2026年第59卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.012
  • 接收时间:2025-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-20
  • 修回日期:2026-01-28
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    1重庆工商大学,材料科学与工程系,重庆 400067
    2重庆工商大学,环境催化重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400067
    3电子科技大学,材料与能源学院,四川 成都 611731
    4电子科技大学,四川省碳氮高分子新材料工程技术研究中心,四川 成都 611731

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李晓丹(1985-),女(汉族),四川南充人,教授,博士,从事高性能基体树脂、功能复合材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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