Article(id=1304921821170655430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757520000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-11, revisedDate=1761062400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047206441, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047206441, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047206441, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047206441, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921686403474081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047174311, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118019323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=149, endPage=159, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921821346816199, articleId=1304921821170655430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and high frequency low dielectric properties of biobased benzoxazine and its composite resins, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the problem that it is difficult for high-frequency and high-speed electronic packaging materials to exhibit both high thermal stability properties and low dielectric properties, a novel biobased benzoxazine (M-f) was synthesized from 4-vinylguaiacol and furfurylamine using both solvent and solvent-free methods, and then the benzoxazine monomer was chemically grafted onto polyphenylene oxide oligomer (SA9000) through free radical copolymerization to fabricate a series of IPN resins. The structure, thermal, and dielectric properties of all resins were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis (DMA), and microwave network analyzer. The results demonstrate that both M-f and M-f/SA9000 IPN resins display relatively high glass transition temperatures (170-245℃), and high frequency low dielectric properties (dielectric constant<3, dielectric loss factor≤0.008) under 5 and 10 GHz, which is satisfied with the requirement of high frequency communications. In particular, the M-f and M-f/SA9000 IPN resins prepared via the solvent-free method exhibit superior high-frequency low dielectric properties compared with the corresponding samples fabricated by the solvent method. Therefore, the work provides a new strategy for the structural design and preparation method of high-performance electronic packaging biomaterials.

, authors=Ming ZENG1, Shilin FAN1, Yalin WU1, Nannan HE1, Yufang SHEN2, Faxi LIU2, Qingyu XU2, authorsList=Ming ZENG, Shilin FAN, Yalin WU, Nannan HE, Yufang SHEN, Faxi LIU, Qingyu XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921828179341561, articleId=1304921821170655430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=生物基苯并噁嗪及其复合树脂的制备与高频低介电性能研究, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对高频高速电子封装材料难以兼具高热稳定性与低介电性的问题,本研究以天然来源的乙烯基愈创木酚与糠胺通过溶剂法和无溶剂法制备出新型生物基苯并噁嗪(M-f),再通过自由基共聚将苯并噁嗪单体与聚苯醚低聚物(SA9000)进行化学接枝以制备出复合树脂。采用核磁共振、傅里叶变换红外光谱对单体及复合树脂的化学结构进行表征,通过动态热机械分析仪和微波矢量网络分析仪分别评价其热性能和介电性能。结果表明:生物基苯并噁嗪树脂及其复合树脂不仅具有较高的玻璃化转变温度(170~245℃),还具有高频低介电性能(5 GHz和10 GHz高频下介电常数均低于3,介电损耗因子低于0.008),已达到低损耗级高频介电材料的性能要求。尤其是,无溶剂法制备的生物基苯并噁嗪树脂及其复合树脂的高频低介电性能均优于溶剂法制备的相应样品。因此,本研究通过分子结构设计和合成方法优化策略,为制备生物基高性能电子封装材料提供了新的研究路径。

, authors=曾鸣1, 樊士林1, 吴娅林1, 何楠楠1, 沈玉芳2, 刘发喜2, 徐庆玉2, authorsList=曾鸣, 樊士林, 吴娅林, 何楠楠, 沈玉芳, 刘发喜, 徐庆玉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

曾鸣(1971-),男(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,主要从事面向高频通信的功能高分子树脂研究。

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曾鸣(1971-),男(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,主要从事面向高频通信的功能高分子树脂研究。

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曾鸣(1971-),男(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,主要从事面向高频通信的功能高分子树脂研究。

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生物基苯并噁嗪及其复合树脂的制备与高频低介电性能研究
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曾鸣 1 , 樊士林 1 , 吴娅林 1 , 何楠楠 1 , 沈玉芳 2 , 刘发喜 2 , 徐庆玉 2
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(6): 149-159
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绝缘材料 | 2026 , 59 (6) : 149 -159
生物基苯并噁嗪及其复合树脂的制备与高频低介电性能研究
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曾鸣(1971-),男(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,主要从事面向高频通信的功能高分子树脂研究。

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曾鸣(1971-),男(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,主要从事面向高频通信的功能高分子树脂研究。

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曾鸣1, 樊士林1, 吴娅林1, 何楠楠1, 沈玉芳2, 刘发喜2, 徐庆玉2
作者信息
  • 1中国地质大学(武汉) 材料与化学学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 2淮北市绿洲新材料有限责任公司,安徽 淮北 235100
作者简介:

曾鸣(1971-),男(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,主要从事面向高频通信的功能高分子树脂研究。

Preparation and high frequency low dielectric properties of biobased benzoxazine and its composite resins
Ming ZENG1, Shilin FAN1, Yalin WU1, Nannan HE1, Yufang SHEN2, Faxi LIU2, Qingyu XU2
Affiliations
  • 1Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2Huaibei Oasis New Materials Co., Ltd., Huaibei 235100, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.015
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针对高频高速电子封装材料难以兼具高热稳定性与低介电性的问题,本研究以天然来源的乙烯基愈创木酚与糠胺通过溶剂法和无溶剂法制备出新型生物基苯并噁嗪(M-f),再通过自由基共聚将苯并噁嗪单体与聚苯醚低聚物(SA9000)进行化学接枝以制备出复合树脂。采用核磁共振、傅里叶变换红外光谱对单体及复合树脂的化学结构进行表征,通过动态热机械分析仪和微波矢量网络分析仪分别评价其热性能和介电性能。结果表明:生物基苯并噁嗪树脂及其复合树脂不仅具有较高的玻璃化转变温度(170~245℃),还具有高频低介电性能(5 GHz和10 GHz高频下介电常数均低于3,介电损耗因子低于0.008),已达到低损耗级高频介电材料的性能要求。尤其是,无溶剂法制备的生物基苯并噁嗪树脂及其复合树脂的高频低介电性能均优于溶剂法制备的相应样品。因此,本研究通过分子结构设计和合成方法优化策略,为制备生物基高性能电子封装材料提供了新的研究路径。

苯并噁嗪  /  聚苯醚  /  生物来源  /  高频低介电性能

To address the problem that it is difficult for high-frequency and high-speed electronic packaging materials to exhibit both high thermal stability properties and low dielectric properties, a novel biobased benzoxazine (M-f) was synthesized from 4-vinylguaiacol and furfurylamine using both solvent and solvent-free methods, and then the benzoxazine monomer was chemically grafted onto polyphenylene oxide oligomer (SA9000) through free radical copolymerization to fabricate a series of IPN resins. The structure, thermal, and dielectric properties of all resins were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis (DMA), and microwave network analyzer. The results demonstrate that both M-f and M-f/SA9000 IPN resins display relatively high glass transition temperatures (170-245℃), and high frequency low dielectric properties (dielectric constant<3, dielectric loss factor≤0.008) under 5 and 10 GHz, which is satisfied with the requirement of high frequency communications. In particular, the M-f and M-f/SA9000 IPN resins prepared via the solvent-free method exhibit superior high-frequency low dielectric properties compared with the corresponding samples fabricated by the solvent method. Therefore, the work provides a new strategy for the structural design and preparation method of high-performance electronic packaging biomaterials.

benzoxazine  /  polyphenylene oxide  /  bioresource  /  high frequency low dielectric properties
曾鸣, 樊士林, 吴娅林, 何楠楠, 沈玉芳, 刘发喜, 徐庆玉. 生物基苯并噁嗪及其复合树脂的制备与高频低介电性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (6) : 149 -159 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.015
Ming ZENG, Shilin FAN, Yalin WU, Nannan HE, Yufang SHEN, Faxi LIU, Qingyu XU. Preparation and high frequency low dielectric properties of biobased benzoxazine and its composite resins[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (6) : 149 -159 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.015
随着5G时代的到来以及AI技术的快速发展,对电子封装材料提出了更高的要求。其中,覆铜板的基体树脂在高频(3~30 GHz)下应具有优异的低介电性能(介电常数Dk<3,介电损耗因子Df≤0.008)。苯并噁嗪单体可通过酚类化合物、胺类化合物与多聚甲醛的缩合反应制备,具有分子设计性强的特点。苯并噁嗪热固性树脂则具有低吸水率、高耐热性、低介电性能等优点,在高频通信领域具有应用前景[1-6]。但商业化的苯并噁嗪树脂Dk为3.5左右,Df为0.01~0.02,无法满足日益发展的高频高速通信的需求,需要通过化学或物理改性来获得符合要求的高频低介电性能。
聚苯醚(PPO)具有优异的低介电性能(Dk通常为2.5~2.8)、耐水解和耐溶剂性能,在高频电路基板领域占据重要地位[7]。但聚苯醚存在分子量大、黏度高导致加工性能差,因缺少反应活性官能团而难以热固化,且玻璃化转变温度(Tg)较低等问题,因此实际应用多采用分子量低、含活性官能团的甲基丙烯酸甲酯封端的2,6-二甲基聚苯醚(SA9000)等PPO改性低聚物[8]。互穿聚合物网络(IPN)结构是两种或两种以上的高分子网络相互穿插形成的网络结构,聚合物之间具有良好的相容性和较强的分子间化学或物理相互作用。本课题组之前的研究中将含烯丙基的苯并噁嗪与SA9000共混制备出一系列IPN复合树脂,具有高Tg(198~245℃)、低Dk(2.530~2.631,10 GHz)以及低Df(0.006 15~0.007 17,10 GHz)的优点[9]。苯并噁嗪树脂赋予IPN复合树脂高交联密度和耐热性,而SA9000使IPN复合树脂具有高频低介电性能,从而有效实现两类树脂的优势互补。但需要指出的是,苯并噁嗪树脂的烯丙基反应活性低,难以与SA9000的双键实现接枝共聚。
目前苯并噁嗪主要以化石基原料合成,面临着碳达峰碳中和的挑战。而自然界中存在许多天然原料可供合成苯并噁嗪,包括生物基酚类(腰果酚、己烯雌酚、厚朴酚等)和生物基胺类(糠胺、硬脂胺等)[10]。本研究为兼顾绿色节能和高频低介电性能需求,利用具有独特化学结构的生物资源,采用溶剂法、无溶剂法制备新型生物基苯并噁嗪单体。选取来自木质素的反式阿魏酸脱羧制备4-乙烯基愈创木酚(MVP),与源自玉米芯、甘蔗渣等生物质的糠胺制备出MVP/糠胺型苯并噁嗪(M-f),通过引入低极性、化学活性乙烯基和呋喃环以降低苯并噁嗪树脂的极化率并提高交联密度。在此基础上,利用M-f和SA9000的自聚反应,以及M-f中乙烯基与SA9000中丙烯基的自由基共聚反应,制得接枝型IPN复合树脂。同时,以MVP/苯胺型苯并噁嗪(M-a)作为对照组,对比研究所设计苯并噁嗪化学结构对苯并噁嗪树脂及其IPN复合树脂固化行为、热性能以及高频介电性能的影响。
多聚甲醛(纯度为96%),天津市福晨化学试剂厂;糠胺(纯度为99%)、苯胺(纯度为99%)、三乙胺(纯度为98%),上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司;反式阿魏酸(纯度为99%),上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;乙醚(AR),天津天力化学试剂有限公司;无水硫酸镁(纯度为98%),上海笛柏生物科技有限公司;甲苯(AR),天津天力化学试剂有限公司;乙醇(AR)、N,N′-二甲基甲酰胺(AR),国药集团化学试剂有限公司;双叔丁基过氧化二异丙基苯(纯度为98%),合肥安邦化工有限公司;聚苯醚SA9000(AR),沙伯基础工业公司(SABIC)。
首先以反式阿魏酸(FA)为原料制备MVP,其反应式如图1(a)所示。将FA(20.11 g,0.104 mol)加入到三乙胺(29 mL)和DMF(55 mL)混合溶液中,在100℃下反应3 h,之后通过减压蒸馏除去三乙胺,待混合溶液冷却后用去离子水和乙醚萃取,之后在恒温水浴锅中加热使乙醚挥发,最后加入无水硫酸镁除水,得到淡黄色液体即MVP。
以MVP为酚源,苯胺或糠胺为胺源,与多聚甲醛按官能团摩尔比1∶1∶2合成苯并噁嗪单体(M-a和M-f)。溶剂法是将3种原料加入到甲苯溶液中在110℃下反应24 h,反应产物均为黄褐色黏稠状固体,其中M-a产率为40%,M-f的产率为47%。无溶剂法是将3种原料加入到烧杯中,在110℃下反应4 h,反应结束后将产物溶解到乙醇中重结晶得到黄褐色黏稠状产物,其中M-a的产率为68%,M-f的产率为76%。合成反应式如图1(b)图1(c)所示。
将上述4种苯并噁嗪单体与SA9000(结构式如图1(d)所示)按官能团摩尔比1∶1、2∶1、3∶1共混,并加入双叔丁基过氧化二异丙基苯作为SA9000的聚合促进剂,其加入量为SA9000质量的2%,得到4个系列的复合预聚体,命名为M-f/M-a∶SA9000=1∶1/2∶1/3∶1。然后按照固化程序80℃/12 h+100℃/1 h+120℃/1 h+140℃/1 h+160℃/1 h+180℃/1 h+200℃/ 1 h+220℃/1 h进行固化,制得4个系列复合树脂,命名为poly(M-f/M-a:SA9000=1∶1/2∶1/3∶1)。再按照所述4个系列复合树脂固化方法,制备纯苯并噁嗪树脂与纯SA9000树脂,并分别命名为poly(M-f)、poly(M-a)、poly(SA)。
采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR,Nicolet 6700型,赛默飞公司),使用KBr压片法和红外衰减全反射法(ATR)分别对苯并噁嗪单体和固化后的树脂结构进行表征,扫描波数为500~4 000 cm-1,扫描次数为32次。
采用超导核磁共振波谱仪(400MHz Avance III HD型,Bruker公司)对产物进行核磁测试,以四甲基硅烷(TMS)为内标,使用氘代氯仿(CDCl3)或氘代二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂。
采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC,DSC 3型,梅特勒-托利多公司)对苯并噁嗪单体及其IPN预聚物进行DSC测试。称取6~8 mg干燥后的样品,氮气气氛,温度从30℃升至350℃,升温速率为10℃/min。
采用扫描电镜(SEM,Inspect F型,赛默飞公司)对IPN树脂片的截面进行形貌表征,样品表面镀金后在相应放大倍数下测试。
采用动态热机械分析仪(DMA,DMA/SDTA861e型,梅特勒-托利多公司)对树脂的热力学性能进行测试,样品为6 mm×5 mm×0.7 mm的薄片,在频率为1 Hz、最大力振幅为5 N、最大位移振幅为10 μm条件下进行剪切模式测试,测试温度为25~400℃,升温速率为5℃/min。
采用微波矢量网络分析仪(N5232A型,Keysight公司)对树脂进行介电性能测试,样品直径为(2.8±0.01)mm,厚度为(0.60±0.01)mm,测试频率分别为10 GHz和5 GHz。
图2为FA和MVP的FTIR图。从图2可以看出,反式阿魏酸FA和产物MVP的化学结构中都出现波数为1 604 cm-1处的C=C特征峰,而MVP在1 686 cm-1处的-COOH特征峰显著减弱,说明FA已发生脱羧反应。图3为MVP的1H-NMR图,图中化学位移4.93、5.46、6.47处是MVP中C=C的特征吸收峰,芳香环的化学位移位于6.60~6.90,3.59处的特征峰属于甲氧基上质子的特征吸收峰。以上结果说明由FA脱羧合成了目标酚源MVP。
对树脂单体进行1H-NMR测试,以验证所设计和合成的两种苯并噁嗪单体结构,结果如图4图5所示。
图4图5可以看出,溶剂法(图4)和无溶剂法(图5)合成的M-a苯并噁嗪单体分别在4.63和5.98 左右出现Ar-CH2-N和O-CH2-N结构的噁嗪环特征吸收峰,在5.46和6.71左右的特征吸收峰表明M-a分子结构中存在乙烯基。溶剂法和无溶剂法合成的M-f苯并噁嗪单体在4.84和5.70左右出现Ar-CH2-N和O-CH2-N结构的噁嗪环特征化学位移,在5.61和6.70左右的特征吸收峰表明乙烯基的存在。另外,在6.95、6.59和7.62处出现归属于呋喃环部分的特征吸收峰。
通过噁嗪环上亚甲基质子与乙烯基上质子积分面积比例计算单体的成环率,成环率表明单体/齐聚物的比例。溶剂法制备的M-a和M-f成环率分别为74.3%和70.3%,而无溶剂法制备的M-a和M-f成环率分别为90.2%和87.45%,均高于溶剂法。这是因为极性反应溶剂不利于噁嗪环的稳定存在,导致成环率下降。
图6图7分别为溶剂法和无溶剂法合成的两种苯并噁嗪单体以及SA9000的FTIR谱图。
图6图7可以看出,在SA9000的谱图中,波数为1 610和1 736 cm-1分别对应C=C和C=O的特征吸收峰,说明存在甲基丙烯酸甲酯官能团。在两种方法合成的两种苯并噁嗪单体谱图中,波数为930~931 cm-1对应噁嗪环的特征吸收峰,波数为1 013~1 020 cm-1和1 230 cm-1分别是C-O-C的对称和反对称吸收峰,波数为1 636 cm-1处则为C=C双键的特征吸收峰。此外,波数为1 586~1 590 cm-1和波数为980~986 cm-1对应两种方法合成的M-f中呋喃环的特征吸收峰。综上,1H-NMR结合FTIR结果表明溶剂法和无溶剂法都成功合成所设计的两种苯并噁嗪单体M-a和M-f。
本文采用阶梯升温固化方式以制备苯并噁嗪树脂及其复合树脂,并测得样品在各个阶梯温度下的FTIR和DSC图谱,探求不同固化温度下苯并噁嗪的化学结构变化情况及聚合机理。
图8为溶剂法和无溶剂法合成的M-a在不同固化温度下的FTIR图。从图8可以看出,随着固化温度升高,波数为930~931 cm-1处噁嗪环特征峰逐渐减弱,表明随着固化温度升高,苯并噁嗪的开环、聚合反应渐趋完全。此外,在波数为1 663 cm-1处的 C=C特征吸收峰也逐渐减弱,说明乙烯基聚合并参与到苯并噁嗪的交联网络中。在图9中溶剂法和无溶剂法合成的M-f阶梯升温FTIR图中也出现类似现象,波数为930~931 cm-1处噁嗪环和波数为1 676 cm-1处C=C特征吸收峰显著减弱。不同的是,随着固化温度升高,波数为980~986 cm-1处对应呋喃环的特征吸收峰逐渐变弱,表明呋喃环发生亲电取代反应,也参与到苯并噁嗪的开环聚合中[11]
图10为溶剂法和无溶剂法合成的两种苯并噁嗪单体的DSC曲线。从图10可以看出,两种方法合成的M-a苯并噁嗪单体的固化曲线均存在1个位于156~239℃的放热宽峰,由乙烯基聚合和苯并噁嗪开环聚合共同产生。两种方法合成的M-f苯并噁嗪单体的固化曲线中,在80℃左右出现1个吸热峰,由单体熔融产生。同样,在182~241℃出现1个放热宽峰,由乙烯基聚合和苯并噁嗪开环聚合共同产生。溶剂法合成的两种单体固化峰值温度均低于无溶剂法,这是因为溶剂法合成单体的成环率相对较低,二聚体、三聚体开环产生的酚羟基能够对单体聚合起到促进作用。此外,由于糠胺的引入,噁嗪环开环后呋喃环继续发生亲电取代反应,因此 M-f存在1个245℃左右的后固化峰[12]。基于FTIR和DSC结果,表明M-f型苯并噁嗪单体聚合过程包括噁嗪环开环聚合、呋喃环亲电取代、乙烯基的聚合反应。
图11图12分别是M-a和M-f苯并噁嗪单体与SA9000形成的IPN预聚物的DSC曲线。对比图10图1112可知,IPN预聚物的固化峰值温度均低于纯苯并噁嗪单体,推测是由于引发剂促进SA9000的自由基聚合,导致聚合放热从而引发苯并噁嗪在相对较低的温度下开环聚合。图11中,M-f IPN预聚体在155℃左右的放热峰为乙烯基聚合放热引起,在195℃左右的放热峰由噁嗪环开环放热、呋喃环亲电取代以及SA9000自由基聚合放热叠加引起,在324℃左右的后固化峰是SA9000中丙烯基进一步聚合的结果。图12中,M-a IPN预聚体也出现SA9000聚合和噁嗪环开环聚合所产生的190℃左右的放热峰,以及320℃左右丙烯基进一步聚合所产生的放热峰。此外,溶剂法和无溶剂法制备的苯并噁嗪单体及相应IPN预聚体的固化峰值温度都比较接近,虽然制备条件不同,但得到的产物化学结构相同,所以相应固化行为也相似。
采用红外光谱对固化后的苯并噁嗪及其IPN树脂进行分析,结果如图13图14所示。
图13图14可以看出,所有的FTIR图中,930~931cm-1处对应噁嗪环的特征吸收峰基本消失,3 500 cm-1处对应酚羟基的特征吸收峰显著增强,表明苯并噁嗪开环、聚合反应基本完全。同时,IPN预聚体中1 663~1 676 cm-1归属于苯并噁嗪的乙烯基特征谱带完全消失,1 610 cm-1处归属于SA9000的C=C特征峰则显著减弱,说明苯并噁嗪和SA9000含有的C=C双键都已经发生聚合反应,并参与到苯并噁嗪树脂的交联聚合物网络中。另外,图14中溶剂法和无溶剂法分别制备的M-f/SA9000 IPN树脂的FTIR图谱中,1 590 cm-1处对应呋喃环的特征吸收峰变宽,表明呋喃环与曼尼希桥之间发生化学键合反应[12]
对4种固化完全的复合树脂截面进行SEM表征,结果如图15图16所示。由图15图16可知,所有复合树脂的截面均光滑致密,不存在明显相分离,表明苯并噁嗪中C=C双键可能与SA9000中丙烯基发生接枝聚合,导致两种树脂的相容性好。其中poly(M-f∶SA9000=2∶1)IPN树脂中纹路更加致密,说明呋喃环与曼尼希桥的化学键合增大了IPN树脂的交联密度。另外,溶剂法样品中由于溶剂挥发而留下微小的孔,因此无溶剂法样品可能比溶剂法样品具有更为优异的性能[13]
综合上述FTIR、DSC和SEM结果,对苯并噁嗪及其IPN树脂的固化机理进行推导。由于M-f和M-a苯并噁嗪中酚羟基的邻位和对位被占据,交联反应倾向于发生在苯胺或糠胺中苯环和呋喃环的对位。因此,M-f和M-a苯并噁嗪的交联网络结构分别通过苯环和呋喃环上的胺离子亲电取代反应所构建(如图17所示)。而且,M-f苯并噁嗪单体中引入的低极性乙烯基和呋喃环均能够发生聚合反应。此外,SA9000中的丙烯基可以自聚参与到聚合物网络中,甚至实现与苯并噁嗪中乙烯基的接枝共聚。因此,新型M-f/SA9000 IPN树脂能够提升树脂体系的交联密度,降低分子极化率,有助于增强树脂的热性能和高频低介电性能。
使用DMA测试苯并噁嗪树脂及其复合树脂的储能模量(E′)及损耗因子(tanδ),研究其随温度变化的关系,其中tanδ峰值对应温度定义为树脂的玻璃化转变温度[14],结果如图18图19所示。由图18图19可知,M-f树脂的Tg较高(溶剂法为240℃,无溶剂法为245℃),而M-a树脂的Tg较低(两种方法均<175℃)。通过式(1)可计算聚合物的交联密度ρ
ρ=E'3ΦRT
式(1)中:E′为聚合物在Tg+10℃下的储能模量;Φ为前置因子,其值等于1;R为理想气体常数;T为绝对温度。
经计算,无溶剂法和溶剂法制备的M-f树脂交联密度均大于20 000 mol/m3,显著高于两种方法制备的M-a树脂(ρ<10 000 mol/m3)。除噁嗪环开环聚合和乙烯基的聚合反应外,M-f苯并噁嗪树脂中糠胺上的呋喃基团与曼尼希桥键发生交联反应,而且呋喃环上的氧原子可以与噁嗪环开环后产生的酚羟基形成氢键作用,都使树脂的Tg得到提高。而且,由于成环率低的溶剂法制备的M-f树脂中低聚物的酚羟基具有催化作用,使体系黏度上升快,固化反应很快进入扩散控制阶段,反应速度反而下降,导致体系的固化反应程度有所降低,因此溶剂法制备的M-f树脂Tg相对较低。
经计算,无溶剂法和溶剂法制备的M-f/SA9000复合树脂的交联密度均随M-f含量增加而显著提高,因此复合树脂的Tg值随着M-f含量增加而相应地提高。这是由于M-f苯并噁嗪中可交联的噁嗪环、乙烯基以及呋喃环的数量增加,从而增大了IPN交联网络的交联密度[9]
相对于M-a/SA9000 IPN树脂,溶剂法和无溶剂法制备的M-f/SA9000 IPN复合树脂均具有相对较高的Tg值。这一方面源于M-f苯并噁嗪树脂具有相对更高的Tg值,另一方面可能源于M-f苯并噁嗪与SA9000以原位聚合的方式进行大分子链的相互穿插,M-f的乙烯基与SA9000丙烯基之间甚至能够产生接枝共聚,导致形成更为致密的交联网络结构,从而增强了复合树脂的热学性能。
此外,4个系列IPN复合树脂均呈现出单一对称的tanδ峰,表明SA9000与两种苯并噁嗪树脂具有良好的共混相容性,没有出现微相分离现象,这与SEM结果相一致。
分别在10 GHz和5 GHz下测试树脂的高频介电性能,图20图21分别为溶剂法和无溶剂法合成的M-a/SA9000和M-f/SA9000复合树脂的高频介电性能。
图20图21可知,SA9000树脂在10 GHz下的Dk为2.62,Df为0.005 2,在5 GHz下的Dk为2.52,Df为0.006 7,表明其具有优异的介电性能。溶剂法制备的M-f树脂在10 GHz下的Dk为2.97,Df为0.015 0,而M-a树脂在10 GHz下的Dk为3.44,Df为0.017 6。相比而言,M-f具有更好的高频低介电性能,原因在于M-f固化时形成呋喃曼尼希桥交联结构,进一步增加苯并噁嗪树脂的交联密度,这与DMA分析结果一致。而且,M-f的呋喃环比M-a中苯环的极性小。而无溶剂法制备的M-f树脂在10 GHz下的Dk为2.74,Df为0.015 0,较溶剂法制备的M-f树脂具有更低的介电常数。这是由于无溶剂法成环率高,制备的树脂结构均一,能够形成更为致密规整的交联网络结构,从而有效降低树脂的极化率。
本文制备的4个系列IPN复合树脂均具有良好的超高频低介电性能,都能满足低损耗级别高频低介电的要求(5 GHz和10 GHz高频下Dk<3,Df≤0.008)。首先,聚苯醚树脂可以增强复合树脂的低介电性能。其次,交联密度的提高使IPN树脂形成更加致密的网络结构,有利于限制分子极化。而且,两种方法制备的M-f复合树脂均比M-a复合树脂具有更低的DkDf值,源于M-f树脂的低极性和高交联结构[15]。值得注意的是,无溶剂法制备的M-f树脂和M-f/SA9000 IPN复合树脂的高频低介电性能均优于溶剂法制备的相应样品,说明无溶剂法能够制备纯度高和介电性能更好的苯并噁嗪及其复合树脂,这也说明无溶剂法具有绿色、高效的优点。
本文通过溶剂法和无溶剂法合成了两种新型生物基苯并噁嗪M-f和M-a,并与SA9000共混制备出IPN复合树脂。研究结果表明,苯并噁嗪树脂及其复合树脂都具有较高的玻璃化转变温度和高频低介电性能,这源于苯并噁嗪单体中引入的低极性、化学活性乙烯基和呋喃环能够有效降低树脂的极化率并提高交联密度,而且M-f的乙烯基与SA9000的丙烯基甚至能够实现化学共聚从而进一步增强复合树脂的交联网络并抑制分子极化。另外,通过环保高效的无溶剂法制备的苯并噁嗪树脂及其复合树脂的高频低介电性能和热性能更为优异。值得注意的是,复合树脂完全满足低损耗级别高频低介电性能的要求(5 GHz和10 GHz高频下Dk<3,Df≤0.008),因此本研究通过分子结构设计和合成方法优化策略制备的高频低介电性生物基树脂具有实际应用潜力。

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2026年第59卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.015
  • 接收时间:2025-09-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-11
  • 修回日期:2025-10-22
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    1中国地质大学(武汉) 材料与化学学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    2淮北市绿洲新材料有限责任公司,安徽 淮北 235100
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