Article(id=1304921697912639681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=1755187200000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047177055, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047177055, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047177055, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047177055, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921635748864029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047162234, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117876219, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=67, endPage=75, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921698353041602, articleId=1304921697912639681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and performance optimization of nano-ATO/PS composite separator for new energy vehicle battery, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To develop composite separator materials with excellent flame retardancy, electrical properties, and mechanical properties to meet the safety requirements of power battery systems for new energy vehicles, we prepared a series of ATO/PS composites by adding different mass fractions of nano antimony tin oxide (ATO) to polystyrene (PS). The micromorphology, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, electrical properties, and corrosion resistance of PS and ATO/PS composites were systematically compared. The results show that when the ATO mass fraction is 4%, the ATO/PS composite achieves the best comprehensive performance. Compared with pure PS, its tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural strength, and impact strength increase by 27.75%, 36.71%, 20.31%, and 26.54%, respectively; the flame retardancy is significantly improved, with the limiting oxygen index increasing by 23.7% and the UL-94 rating upgrading from NR to V-0; in terms of electrical properties, the volume resistivity decreases by 77.5% and the dielectric loss factor decreases by 51.5%. When the ATO mass fraction is 5%, excessive ATO leads to a decline in mechanical properties due to the agglomeration effect, and the improvements in flame retardancy and electrical properties slow down.

, authors=Yan Du1, Rui Huang2, authorsList=Yan Du, Rui Huang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921702153081039, articleId=1304921697912639681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=新能源汽车电池用纳米氧化锡锑/聚苯乙烯复合隔板的制备与性能优化, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研制兼具优异阻燃性能、电学性能以及力学性能的复合隔板材料,满足新能源汽车动力电池系统安全需求,本研究通过向聚苯乙烯(PS)中添加不同质量分数的纳米氧化锡锑(ATO),制备了一系列ATO/PS复合材料。系统对比了PS与ATO/PS复合材料的微观形貌、力学性能、防火阻燃性能、电学性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:当ATO质量分数为4%时,ATO/PS复合材料的综合性能最佳,与纯PS相比,其拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、弯曲强度和冲击强度分别提升27.75%、36.71%、20.31%和26.54%;阻燃性能显著改善,极限氧指数提高23.7%,UL-94等级由NR提升至V-0;电学性能方面,体积电阻率降低77.5%,介质损耗因数降低51.5%。当ATO质量分数为5%时,过量ATO因团聚效应导致力学性能下降,阻燃与电学性能提升趋缓。

, authors=杜燕1, 黄瑞2, authorsList=杜燕, 黄瑞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

杜燕(1978-),女(汉族),浙江绍兴人,副教授,主要从事汽车新能源技术、汽车智能网联技术的研究

黄瑞(1985-),男(汉族),浙江台州人,高级实验师,主要从事汽车动力机械结构设计仿真及试验技术的研究。

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杜燕(1978-),女(汉族),浙江绍兴人,副教授,主要从事汽车新能源技术、汽车智能网联技术的研究

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杜燕(1978-),女(汉族),浙江绍兴人,副教授,主要从事汽车新能源技术、汽车智能网联技术的研究

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黄瑞(1985-),男(汉族),浙江台州人,高级实验师,主要从事汽车动力机械结构设计仿真及试验技术的研究。

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黄瑞(1985-),男(汉族),浙江台州人,高级实验师,主要从事汽车动力机械结构设计仿真及试验技术的研究。

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Fire resistance performance test results of PS and ATO/PS composite materials

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样品THR/(MJ/m2)Pk-HRR/(kW/m2)TTP/sTSR/m2FGR/(kW/m2·s)
PS对照组133.74502.798135.975.13
1%-ATO/PS127.18498.4105118.564.75
2%-ATO/PS104.48408.4140105.132.92
3%-ATO/PS98.52393.719595.642.02
4%-ATO/PS92.61361.320287.171.79
5%-ATO/PS83.00304.920569.961.49
), ArticleFig(id=1304921711737065719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921697912639681, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PS和ATO/PS复合材料的防火性能测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品THR/(MJ/m2)Pk-HRR/(kW/m2)TTP/sTSR/m2FGR/(kW/m2·s)
PS对照组133.74502.798135.975.13
1%-ATO/PS127.18498.4105118.564.75
2%-ATO/PS104.48408.4140105.132.92
3%-ATO/PS98.52393.719595.642.02
4%-ATO/PS92.61361.320287.171.79
5%-ATO/PS83.00304.920569.961.49
), ArticleFig(id=1304921711795785976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921697912639681, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Vertical flammability test results of PS and ATO/PS composite materials

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组别t1/st2/s有无熔体滴落是否引燃棉花LOI/%UL-94等级
PS对照组141421.1NR
1%-ATO/PS11922.1V-2
2%-ATO/PS10822.7V-1
3%-ATO/PS10723.0V-1
4%-ATO/PS8526.1V-0
5%-ATO/PS4227.6V-0
), ArticleFig(id=1304921711862894841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921697912639681, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PS和ATO/PS复合材料的垂直燃烧测试结果

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组别t1/st2/s有无熔体滴落是否引燃棉花LOI/%UL-94等级
PS对照组141421.1NR
1%-ATO/PS11922.1V-2
2%-ATO/PS10822.7V-1
3%-ATO/PS10723.0V-1
4%-ATO/PS8526.1V-0
5%-ATO/PS4227.6V-0
), ArticleFig(id=1304921712143913210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921697912639681, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Electrical and dielectric properties of PS and ATO/PS composite materials

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组别电气强度/(MV/m)体积电阻率/(×1013 Ω·m )介质损耗因数电导率(×10-10 S/cm )
PS30.31±2.035.8684.311.70
1%-ATO/PS29.99±2.135.5493.401.80
2%-ATO/PS28.17±1.814.8812.202.05
3%-ATO/PS26.19±2.122.4532.354.08
4%-ATO/PS25.60±1.761.3202.097.58
5%-ATO/PS24.55±1.681.2891.907.75
), ArticleFig(id=1304921712227799291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921697912639681, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PS和ATO/PS复合材料的电学性能和介电性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别电气强度/(MV/m)体积电阻率/(×1013 Ω·m )介质损耗因数电导率(×10-10 S/cm )
PS30.31±2.035.8684.311.70
1%-ATO/PS29.99±2.135.5493.401.80
2%-ATO/PS28.17±1.814.8812.202.05
3%-ATO/PS26.19±2.122.4532.354.08
4%-ATO/PS25.60±1.761.3202.097.58
5%-ATO/PS24.55±1.681.2891.907.75
), ArticleFig(id=1304921712299102460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921697912639681, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The required time for complete chemical corrosion under different concentrations of acid and alkali

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项目1%-ATO/PS2%-ATO/PS3%-ATO/PS4%-ATO/PS5%-ATO/PS
3M-HCl3340495147
2M-HCl4353586255
1M-HCl6873768494
3M-NaOH2133384247
2M-NaOH3141455356
1M-NaOH5662667176
), ArticleFig(id=1304921712366211325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921697912639681, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同浓度酸碱完全化学腐蚀所需时间

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项目1%-ATO/PS2%-ATO/PS3%-ATO/PS4%-ATO/PS5%-ATO/PS
3M-HCl3340495147
2M-HCl4353586255
1M-HCl6873768494
3M-NaOH2133384247
2M-NaOH3141455356
1M-NaOH5662667176
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杜燕 1 , 黄瑞 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2026,59(7): 67-75
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绝缘材料 |材料研究 2026 , 59 (7) : 67 -75
新能源汽车电池用纳米氧化锡锑/聚苯乙烯复合隔板的制备与性能优化
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杜燕(1978-),女(汉族),浙江绍兴人,副教授,主要从事汽车新能源技术、汽车智能网联技术的研究

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黄瑞(1985-),男(汉族),浙江台州人,高级实验师,主要从事汽车动力机械结构设计仿真及试验技术的研究。

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黄瑞(1985-),男(汉族),浙江台州人,高级实验师,主要从事汽车动力机械结构设计仿真及试验技术的研究。

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杜燕1, 黄瑞2
作者信息
  • 1浙江农业商贸职业学院 汽车技术学院,浙江 绍兴 312000
  • 2浙江大学 能源工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
作者简介:

杜燕(1978-),女(汉族),浙江绍兴人,副教授,主要从事汽车新能源技术、汽车智能网联技术的研究

黄瑞(1985-),男(汉族),浙江台州人,高级实验师,主要从事汽车动力机械结构设计仿真及试验技术的研究。

Preparation and performance optimization of nano-ATO/PS composite separator for new energy vehicle battery
Yan Du1, Rui Huang2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Automotive Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural Business College, Shaoxing 312000, China
  • 2College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.008
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为研制兼具优异阻燃性能、电学性能以及力学性能的复合隔板材料,满足新能源汽车动力电池系统安全需求,本研究通过向聚苯乙烯(PS)中添加不同质量分数的纳米氧化锡锑(ATO),制备了一系列ATO/PS复合材料。系统对比了PS与ATO/PS复合材料的微观形貌、力学性能、防火阻燃性能、电学性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:当ATO质量分数为4%时,ATO/PS复合材料的综合性能最佳,与纯PS相比,其拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、弯曲强度和冲击强度分别提升27.75%、36.71%、20.31%和26.54%;阻燃性能显著改善,极限氧指数提高23.7%,UL-94等级由NR提升至V-0;电学性能方面,体积电阻率降低77.5%,介质损耗因数降低51.5%。当ATO质量分数为5%时,过量ATO因团聚效应导致力学性能下降,阻燃与电学性能提升趋缓。

纳米ATO-PS复合材料  /  阻燃性能  /  电学性能  /  新能源汽车电池

To develop composite separator materials with excellent flame retardancy, electrical properties, and mechanical properties to meet the safety requirements of power battery systems for new energy vehicles, we prepared a series of ATO/PS composites by adding different mass fractions of nano antimony tin oxide (ATO) to polystyrene (PS). The micromorphology, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, electrical properties, and corrosion resistance of PS and ATO/PS composites were systematically compared. The results show that when the ATO mass fraction is 4%, the ATO/PS composite achieves the best comprehensive performance. Compared with pure PS, its tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural strength, and impact strength increase by 27.75%, 36.71%, 20.31%, and 26.54%, respectively; the flame retardancy is significantly improved, with the limiting oxygen index increasing by 23.7% and the UL-94 rating upgrading from NR to V-0; in terms of electrical properties, the volume resistivity decreases by 77.5% and the dielectric loss factor decreases by 51.5%. When the ATO mass fraction is 5%, excessive ATO leads to a decline in mechanical properties due to the agglomeration effect, and the improvements in flame retardancy and electrical properties slow down.

nano-ATO-PS composites  /  flame retardancy  /  electrical performance  /  new energy vehicle battery
杜燕, 黄瑞. 新能源汽车电池用纳米氧化锡锑/聚苯乙烯复合隔板的制备与性能优化. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (7) : 67 -75 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.008
Yan Du, Rui Huang. Preparation and performance optimization of nano-ATO/PS composite separator for new energy vehicle battery[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (7) : 67 -75 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.008
随着可再生能源与电力系统的深度耦合,电化学储能成为实现“碳中和”目标的关键环节。其中,新能源汽车电池隔板用于维持正、负极之间的电压稳定性,在保证电学性能的同时还需兼顾阻燃特性与机械稳定性[1-2]。尤其在高温、过充及火灾等极端工况下,隔板必须保持高阻燃性、结构完整性并具备抗电解液腐蚀能力,以防止热失控引发短路和安全事故。然而,传统聚烯烃隔板在此类条件下易发生热收缩、熔滴甚至燃烧等问题,制约了大容量储能系统的可靠性与使用寿命[3]。因此,研制兼具优异阻燃性、电学性能以及力学性能的复合隔板材料,已成为当前电池材料研究的热点与难点。
早期研究多聚焦于向聚合物基体中添加无机阻燃剂,如磷系、氮系阻燃剂及金属氧化物等,以抑制燃烧蔓延并改善残炭结构[4-5]。例如,A N Bayani等[6]在聚丙烯基隔板中负载多孔氢氧化铝,显著提高了极限氧指数,但因颗粒分散不均导致拉伸强度下降。丁韵[7]则通过共混膨胀型石墨,实现了隔板三维炭化网络的构建,但导电性仍不足以满足快速放电条件下的电荷均流需求。与此同时,导电陶瓷在高温条件下稳定的电学性能也引起学者关注。Niu Lei等[8]将掺杂锡的锡酸锑(ATO)纳米颗粒引入聚偏二氟乙烯基复合膜中,通过表面羟基化改性增强了纳米颗粒与聚合物链的相容性,同时在阻燃测试中展现了较低的峰值热释放速率。
聚苯乙烯(PS)作为一种易加工、介电性能优异的热塑性树脂,被广泛应用于电子绝缘件与散热结构件。但纯聚苯乙烯对火焰敏感,燃烧速率高,熔滴现象严重[9]。Zhang Qiyan等[10]研究了ATO纳米颗粒在丙烯酸酯基体中的分散性,发现ATO通过表面改性可以在基体中形成稳定的导电网络,从而提高复合材料的导电性。徐建林等[11]研究发现,当改性nano-Sb2O3和溴化环氧树脂(BEO)质量分数分别为7%和21%时,复合材料的极限氧指数(LOI)达到28.6%,垂直燃烧等级达到UL94V‑0级。研究表明,纳米粒子的改性和均匀分散对于提高复合材料的阻燃性能具有重要作用。然而,上述研究主要侧重阻燃效能,对电学性能与力学行为的多目标耦合优化尚未系统展开。
材料的尺寸稳定性与机械韧性尤为重要,单纯的纳米填料增强往往伴随刚性和脆性增加。Wu Chunlei等[12]通过引入柔性共聚物与ATO形成微相互连网络,在实现拉伸强度提升(由35  MPa增至48  MPa)的同时保持了15%以上的断裂伸长率[12]。然而,这些研究多采用通用型复合策略,即通过物理混合或表面改性改善相容性,但对填料在聚合物基体中的三维均匀分散与界面结合强度的定向调控关注不足。
针对上述问题,本研究提出一种“界面优化+多目标耦合”制备纳米氧化锡酸锑/聚苯乙烯复合隔板的思路。首先,通过超声分散技术,实现ATO纳米粒子在PS基体中的高效分散;其次,系统考察纳米填料含量、改性工况对材料热释放行为、垂直燃烧等级与极限氧指数的影响;同时,评估复合隔板在常温条件下的电学特性与机械强度;最后,以SEM表征微观界面结构,探讨阻燃炭化层分布情况。期望研究成果为电池材料的制备提供理论基础与实践路径,助力构建高安全性、高性能的下一代储能系统隔离组件。
聚苯乙烯(PS),牌号为GPPS123,工业级,上海赛科石油化工有限责任公司;纳米锡酸锑(ATO),牌号为A117622-100g,纯度≥99.5%,粒径为20~80 nm,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;二氯甲烷,牌号为80047318,分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
首先将聚苯乙烯(PS)溶解于适量的二氯甲烷中,形成均匀溶液。随后,按照不同质量分数(1%、2%、3%、4%、5%)将氧化锡锑(ATO)粉末逐步加入PS溶液中,使用磁力搅拌器在室温下搅拌4 h,确保ATO在PS溶液中均匀分散。然后将混合溶液在超声波处理器中超声30 min,以进一步提高ATO的分散性。接着,将溶液倒入模具中,在真空干燥箱中于60℃下干燥24 h,除去溶剂,得到ATO-PS复合材料薄膜,分别命名为1%-ATO/PS、2%-ATO/PS、3%-ATO/PS、4%-ATO/PS和5%-ATO/PS。最后,将干燥后的薄膜从模具中取出,并在80℃下进一步固化处理2 h,确保材料的完全成型。所有样品均在相同条件下制备,以确保实验结果的可比性[13-14]
使用透射电子显微镜(TEM,JEOL JEM-2100F型)表征ATO在PS中的分散性。使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,JEOL JSM-6700F型)观察样品及其燃烧后的微观形貌,样品表面用金喷镀处理,电压设置为20 kV,以分析ATO在PS基体中的分散状态和界面结合情况。使用氧指数测定仪(JL-JF-5型,南京炯雷仪器设备有限公司),依据ASTM D2863:2019[15]测试样品的极限氧指数(LOI),样品尺寸为100 mm×10 mm×4 mm,测试环境为23℃,相对湿度为50%。使用锥形量热仪(iCone2+型,Fire Testing Technology公司),依据ISO 5660-1:2015[16]测定样品的热释放速率(HRR)和总热释放量(THR),样品尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×4 mm,热辐射通量设置为35 kW/m2。使用锥形量热仪测试样品燃烧过程中产生的烟雾量,通过总烟雾释放量(TSR)计算烟雾释放速率(SPR),样品尺寸为125 mm×13 mm×3.2 mm。使用万能材料试验机(Instron 5567型),按照ASTM D638:2022对哑铃型样品(尺寸为150 mm×10 mm×4 mm)进行拉伸测试[17],拉伸速率为5 mm/min。使用万能材料试验机(Instron 5567型)对长方形样品(80 mm×10 mm×4 mm)依据ASTM D790:2017进行三点弯曲试验,跨距为64 mm,加载速率为2 mm/min。使用简支梁冲击试验机(HT-043-50D型,广东宏拓仪器科技有限公司)对无缺口长方形样品(尺寸为80 mm×10 mm×4 mm)进行冲击强度测试。使用高阻计(Keithley 6517B型)在室温下测量样品(直径为100 mm、厚度为2 mm)的体积电阻率,电极间距为10 mm。上述所有测试均重复3次,以确保数据的可靠性和准确性。
ATO/PS复合材料的TEM图如图1所示。从图1可以看出,所有样品均大量聚集了最小直径约为20 nm的球形初级颗粒,形成了明显的聚集体。不同样品的颗粒尺寸与分布存在差异,其中随着ATO含量的增加,样品中的粒度分布变窄,颗粒分布更加均匀。
PS和ATO/PS复合材料的SEM图如图2所示。从图2可以看出,加入ATO后,样品内部逐渐出现了片状物。其中4%-ATO/PS中ATO基本填充了整个复合材料体系,形成的ATO-PS网络结构如图2(e)所示;随着ATO含量继续增加,ATO出现明显团聚,甚至在PS基体中产生了孔隙,如图2(f)所示。
图3是PS和ATO/PS复合材料的力学性能测试结果。从图3可以看出,PS对照组的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、弯曲强度和冲击强度分别为80.05 MPa、1.58%、42.25 MPa和1.62 kJ/m2。ATO/PS复合材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、弯曲强度和冲击强度相对于PS均有所提高。随着ATO质量分数的增加,复合材料的力学性能先升高后降低,且在ATO质量分数为4%时达到最高,拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、弯曲强度和冲击强度分别为102.26 MPa、2.16%、50.83 MPa和2.05 kJ/m2。相比PS,4%-ATO/PS的拉伸强度提高了27.75%,断裂伸长率提升了36.71%,弯曲强度提高了20.31%,冲击强度提高了26.54%。然而,当ATO含量进一步增加至5%时,5%-ATO/PS的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、弯曲强度和冲击强度分别降低至93.81 MPa、1.97%、48.54 MPa和1.89 kJ/m2。这一现象可以归因于过量的ATO减弱了PS基体内的界面结合力,导致复合材料的力学性能降低[17-18]。上述数据表明,加入ATO可填充PS材料内的孔隙,显著提升复合材料的各项力学性能,但过量的ATO会对界面结合力产生负面影响。
图4是PS和ATO/PS复合材料的热释放速率(HRR)和总热释放量(THR)测试结果,作为表征材料燃烧裂解剧烈程度的重要参数,HRR和THR可以反映ATO/PS复合材料的防火性能[19]。从图4可以看出,PS的HRR曲线在98 s时达到峰值502.7 kW/m2,而THR峰值为133.74 MJ/m2。随着ATO的加入,ATO/PS复合材料的HRR曲线和THR曲线基本都向下平移,具有显著的阻燃效果。具体而言,1%-ATO/PS、2%-ATO/PS、3%-ATO/PS、4%-ATO/PS、5%-ATO/PS的HRR峰值分别降至498.4、408.4、393.7、361.3、304.9 kW/m2,且峰值出现时间分别延长至105、140、196、202、205 s,对应的THR值也显著降低,分别为127.18、104.48、98.52、92.61、83.00 MJ/m2。这些数据表明,ATO的加入有效抑制了PS的燃烧,提高了复合材料的阻燃性能。其机制可能是由于ATO本身具有优异的防火性能,且在PS燃烧过程中促进了成炭,形成的炭层能够阻隔气体和热量进入,从而抑制了PS的燃烧,降低了HRR和THR[20]
表1列出了PS和ATO/PS复合材料的火焰增长指数(FGR)值,该指数为峰值热释放速率(Pk-HRR)与峰值放热时间(TTP)的比值,用于量化材料在燃烧初期的热释放速率增长特性。FGR值越高,表明材料在火灾中释放热量的速度越快,火焰传播风险越大,阻燃性能越差。从表1可以看出,PS的FGR为7.39,随着ATO质量分数的增加,ATO/PS复合材料的FGR逐渐降低。说明向PS中添加ATO可降低FGR,有助于减缓火灾的蔓延。
燃烧时的烟释放速率(SPR)和总烟释放量(TSR)是评估材料防火性能和火灾风险程度的关键指标,PS和ATO/PS的SPR和TSR测试结果如图5所示,其中TSR数据列于表1。从图5表1可以看出,PS的SPR曲线在133 s附近达到峰值Pk-SPR(0.488 3 m2/s),其总烟释放量(TSR)为135.97 m2。随着ATO质量分数的增加,ATO/PS复合材料的SPR和TSR曲线总体呈下降趋势,1%-ATO/PS、2%-ATO/PS、3%-ATO/PS、4%-ATO/PS、5%-ATO/PS的Pk-SPR值分别下降至0.458 4、0.401 1、0.356 9、0.317 1、0.276 7 m2/s,Pk-SPR对应时间分别延长至213、236、267、280、303 s。表明ATO的加入对烟雾释放具有抑制作用,显著改善了材料的防火性能。
PS和ATO/PS复合材料的极限氧指数(LOI)和垂直燃烧测试结果如表2所示,其中t1t2分别为第一次和第二次施加火焰移开后,试样的有效燃烧时间。从表2可以看出,随着ATO质量分数的增加,ATO/PS复合材料的燃烧时间t1t2逐渐缩短,LOI逐渐增大,当ATO的质量分数达到4%时,ATO/PS复合材料的垂直燃烧等级达到V-0级。
综合防火性能和阻燃性能测试结果可以看出,4%-ATO/PS和5%-ATO/PS样品性能非常接近。这是由于ATO在PS中不断分散形成网络结构,对PS起到包裹和促进成炭作用,当ATO含量增加到一定量时,PS的网络空间结构已经形成,继续增加ATO对网络结构贡献不大,复合材料的阻燃性能也基本达到上限[21-22]。因此,ATO在PS中的分散和网络结构形成是提高复合材料阻燃性能的关键机制,并且在达到一定添加量后,阻燃性能趋于饱和。
图6是PS和ATO/PS复合材料燃烧后的SEM图。从图6(a)可以看出,PS的炭层多孔且不连续,导致热量/可燃气体渗透,与其高的总热释放量(TSR=133.74 MJ/m2)和峰值热释放速率(Pk-HRR=502.7 kW/m2)直接关联。从图6(e)~(f)可以看出,ATO质量分数达到4%后,因ATO网络结构形成[23],残炭致密度显著提升,孔隙减少,从而促使炭层物理屏障效应增强。此机制通过HRR数据得到验证:当ATO质量分数分别为4%和5%时,复合材料的Pk-HRR分别下降至361.3 kW/m2和304.9 kW/m2,峰值放热时间从PS的98 s分别延迟至202 s和205 s,且总热释放量分别降低30.8%和37.9%。同时,致密炭层能有效隔绝氧气扩散,使LOI值从21.1%分别提升至26.1%和27.6%,协同抑制熔滴现象并推动UL-94等级从NR升级至V-0,完整证实ATO通过催化-物理协同机制优化炭层质量,阻断燃烧三要素的传递路径[24]。与4%-ATO/PS相比,5%-ATO/PS由于颗粒团聚引发界面缺陷,导致出现阻燃与力学性能提升趋缓的“逾渗阈值”现象[25]
PS和ATO/PS复合材料的电学性能测试结果如表3所示。从表3可以看出,随着ATO质量分数的增加,复合材料的电气强度、体积电阻率和介质损耗因数(tanδ)均有所降低,而电导率则呈现增加的趋势,但仍维持在较低水平,说明其仍能保证复合材料的绝缘性能。
与PS相比,5%-ATO/PS的电气强度降低19.0%,体积电阻率降低78.0%,这是因为ATO在电场下迁移形成的微弱离子电流将增大材料内部的总电流密度,从而在极端条件下有效释放静电荷,保护内部材料免受静电击穿[26]。PS的tanδ为4.31,当ATO质量分数为5%时,复合材料的tanδ降至1.90,这是因为在PS基体中加入ATO的过程中虽然引入了更多的界面,增大了界面损耗,但纳米ATO本身具有一定的导电性,从而降低了复合材料的tanδ[27]
表3还可看出,PS的电导率为1.70×10-10 S/cm,当ATO质量分数达到3%时,复合材料的电导率明显增加,这表明渗流网络的形成在提升电子迁移率的同时,也产生了电场畸变和焦耳热积累,从而不可避免地削弱了复合材料的电气强度。
表4是ATO/PS复合材料在酸、碱性溶液中水解至无法进行标准拉伸测试所需的时间。从表4可以看出,随着ATO质量分数的增加,复合材料在HCl、NaOH溶液腐蚀下力学性能的下降速度减缓,这是因为均匀分散的ATO颗粒能够起到物理屏障作用,阻碍酸、碱介质向材料内部渗透,同时颗粒与基体之间的界面可消耗或偏转腐蚀介质的扩散路径,从而提高复合材料的耐腐蚀性;随着HCl、NaOH溶液浓度的增加,复合材料的力学性能下降速度增大,这是因为腐蚀介质浓度越高,单位时间内参与降解反应的活性物质越多,对聚合物基体的攻击强度增强,导致腐蚀速率提高,导致材料在更短时间内丧失力学性能;复合材料在NaOH溶液中的力学性能下降速度比在相同浓度的HCl中更快,这是因为聚苯乙烯(PS)基体在碱性环境中更容易发生水解或链断裂反应,且NaOH对有机物的溶胀和侵蚀作用往往强于HCl,从而导致更快的腐蚀速率。
(1)随着ATO质量分数的增加,ATO/PS复合材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、弯曲强度和冲击强度先升高后降低且均高于PS。当ATO质量分数为4%时,复合材料的力学性能达到最佳,继续增加ATO则因界面结合力减弱导致复合材料的力学性能下降。
(2)ATO的加入显著降低了PS复合材料的热释放速率(HRR)、总热释放量(THR)、火焰增长指数(FGR)和烟释放速率(SPR),并提高了极限氧指数(LOI)和垂直燃烧等级(ATO质量分数达到4%时达到V-0级)。ATO的加入促进了燃烧过程中致密连续炭层的形成,从而有效抑制了燃烧和烟雾释放。
(3)随着ATO质量分数的增加,ATO/PS复合材料的电气强度、体积电阻率和介质损耗因数降低,电导率增大。ATO/PS复合材料在保持较高电阻率的同时,可保证阻燃性能和电学性能上的协同优化,使其在新能源电池等领域具有重要的应用价值。

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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.008
  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28
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    1浙江农业商贸职业学院 汽车技术学院,浙江 绍兴 312000
    2浙江大学 能源工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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