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Article(id=1304921691763798779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752768000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-18, revisedDate=1757174400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047175589, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047175589, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047175589, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047175589, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921635748864029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047162234, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117876219, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=76, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921692015457021, articleId=1304921691763798779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on DC voltage endurance characteristics of polypropylene insulation materials, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To systematically investigate the short-term and long-term DC voltage endurance characteristics of polypropylene (PP) materials, we took PP sheet specimens as the research object and tested their DC breakdown strength at different temperatures and thicknesses. Through linear voltage ramp and stepwise voltage ramp tests, the effects of voltage application method and ramp rate on the DC breakdown strength of the specimens were studied. On this basis, combined with the breakdown test data under constant voltage, the DC voltage endurance coefficients of the material determined by different voltage application methods were compared, and the applicability of each method was analyzed. The results show that as the temperature increases, the DC breakdown strength of the PP specimens decreases, which conforms to the Arrhenius equation. As the specimen thickness increases, the breakdown strength decreases following an inverse power law. The faster the voltage ramp rate, the higher the measured DC breakdown strength. As the voltage application time increases, the breakdown strength of the specimens decreases. The DC voltage endurance coefficient of the PP material determined by the inverse power law of electrical ageing based on the data from the constant voltage method and the stepwise voltage ramp method is approximately 13.

, authors=Ying Liu, Yatong Fang*, Zhaogui Liu, authorsList=Ying Liu, Yatong Fang, Zhaogui Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yatong Fang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921694892749590, articleId=1304921691763798779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=聚丙烯绝缘材料的直流电压耐受性能研究, columnId=1190369198724452531, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=绝缘技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为系统研究聚丙烯（PP）材料在直流电压下的短时及长期耐受性能，本文以PP片状试样为对象，测试了不同温度及厚度下试样的直流击穿强度。通过线性升压和逐级升压试验，研究了电压施加方式和上升速率对试样直流击穿强度的影响。在此基础上，结合恒定电压下的击穿试验数据，综合对比了不同加压方式所确定的材料直流电压耐受指数，并分析了各方法的适用性。结果表明：随着温度升高，PP试样的直流击穿强度下降，符合Arrhenius方程；随着试样厚度增加，击穿强度呈反幂规律下降；电压上升速率越快，测得的直流击穿强度越高；随着电压作用时间延长，试样的击穿强度降低。基于恒定电压法和逐级升压法数据，利用电老化反幂定律所确定的PP材料直流电压耐受指数约为13。

, authors=刘英, 方雅彤*, 刘兆贵, authorsList=刘英, 方雅彤, 刘兆贵, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=方雅彤, authorNote=

刘英（1976-），女（汉族），四川资阳人，教授，研究方向为高压绝缘结构设计、电力电缆工程计算及应用

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方雅彤（2002-），女（汉族），江西上饶人，硕士生，研究方向为高压电缆本体及附件的结构设计及工程应用。
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刘英（1976-），女（汉族），四川资阳人，教授，研究方向为高压绝缘结构设计、电力电缆工程计算及应用

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刘英（1976-），女（汉族），四川资阳人，教授，研究方向为高压绝缘结构设计、电力电缆工程计算及应用

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=U-t life curves of PP samples, figureFileSmall=IMOupMa1X7Nn8jpRcbrgwg==, figureFileBig=F7qAK/4PC3nv3R+q0bnA8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921698139140936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=CN, label=图12, caption=PP试样的U-t寿命曲线, figureFileSmall=IMOupMa1X7Nn8jpRcbrgwg==, figureFileBig=F7qAK/4PC3nv3R+q0bnA8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921698193666889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The parameter settings of breakdown tests under stepwise DC voltages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别U0/kV∆U/kV
第一组05
第二组334
), ArticleFig(id=1304921698269164362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

逐级升压击穿试验的参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别U0/kV∆U/kV
第一组05
第二组334
), ArticleFig(id=1304921698336273227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Weibull parameters of DC breakdown strength for PP samples at different temperature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃255075100
尺度参数/(kV/mm)415.4349.5314.9268.9
形状参数8.317.777.496.72
), ArticleFig(id=1304921698407576396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同温度下PP试样直流击穿强度的Weibull参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃255075100
尺度参数/(kV/mm)415.4349.5314.9268.9
形状参数8.317.777.496.72
), ArticleFig(id=1304921698470490957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Weibull parameters of DC breakdown strength for PP samples with different thickness

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厚度/mm0.200.350.500.70
尺度参数/(kV/mm)314.9263.9167.6132.9
形状参数7.4914.0324.4025.38
), ArticleFig(id=1304921698545988430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同厚度PP试样直流击穿强度的Weibull参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厚度/mm0.200.350.500.70
尺度参数/(kV/mm)314.9263.9167.6132.9
形状参数7.4914.0324.4025.38
), ArticleFig(id=1304921698613097295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Weibull parameters of DC breakdown strength for PP samples under continuous-rising voltage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压上升速率/(kV/s)尺度参数/(kV/mm)形状参数
1415.48.31
2421.79.22
10444.811.69
), ArticleFig(id=1304921698671817552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

持续升压下PP试样直流击穿强度的Weibull参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压上升速率/(kV/s)尺度参数/(kV/mm)形状参数
1415.48.31
2421.79.22
10444.811.69
), ArticleFig(id=1304921698734732113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Weibull parameters of DC breakdown strength for PP samples under step-rising voltage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别∆t/s尺度参数/(kV/mm)形状参数
第一组20389.316.56
360336.914.56
3 600285.911.64
第二组300337.537.04
600328.721.96
1 200307.220.24
2 400287.414.85
4 800267.411.41
), ArticleFig(id=1304921698801840978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

逐级升压下PP试样直流击穿强度的Weibull参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别∆t/s尺度参数/(kV/mm)形状参数
第一组20389.316.56
360336.914.56
3 600285.911.64
第二组300337.537.04
600328.721.96
1 200307.220.24
2 400287.414.85
4 800267.411.41
), ArticleFig(id=1304921698868949843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The DC breakdown strengths of PP samples under different voltage rising rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压上升速率/(kV/s)0.001 390.013 90.251210
击穿强度/(kV/mm)285.9336.9389.3415.4421.7444.8
), ArticleFig(id=1304921698944447316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同升压速率下PP试样的直流击穿强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压上升速率/(kV/s)0.001 390.013 90.251210
击穿强度/(kV/mm)285.9336.9389.3415.4421.7444.8
), ArticleFig(id=1304921699011556181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Breakdown voltage-endurance time data for PP samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
恒定电压试验
电压/kV0.9Ub0.8Ub0.7Ub
击穿电压/kV74.766.458.1
耐受时间/s63.8432.11 688.0
持续升压试验
电压上升速率/(kV/s)1210
击穿电压/kV83.0284.2688.96
耐受时间/s83.0242.138.96
逐级升压试验：第一组
∆t/s203603 600
击穿电压/kV77.7867.6257.36
耐受时间/s311.124868.6441299.2
逐级升压试验：第二组
∆t/s3006001 2002 4004 800
击穿电压/kV67.4865.3061.7757.5053.27
耐受时间/s2 5864 8458 63114 70024 324
), ArticleFig(id=1304921699074470742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921691763798779, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

PP试样的击穿电压-耐受时间数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
恒定电压试验
电压/kV0.9Ub0.8Ub0.7Ub
击穿电压/kV74.766.458.1
耐受时间/s63.8432.11 688.0
持续升压试验
电压上升速率/(kV/s)1210
击穿电压/kV83.0284.2688.96
耐受时间/s83.0242.138.96
逐级升压试验：第一组
∆t/s203603 600
击穿电压/kV77.7867.6257.36
耐受时间/s311.124868.6441299.2
逐级升压试验：第二组
∆t/s3006001 2002 4004 800
击穿电压/kV67.4865.3061.7757.5053.27
耐受时间/s2 5864 8458 63114 70024 324
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聚丙烯绝缘材料的直流电压耐受性能研究
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刘英 , 方雅彤 * , 刘兆贵
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2026,59(7): 76-85
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绝缘材料 |绝缘技术 2026 , 59 (7) : 76 -85
聚丙烯绝缘材料的直流电压耐受性能研究
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刘英（1976-），女（汉族），四川资阳人，教授，研究方向为高压绝缘结构设计、电力电缆工程计算及应用

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刘英, 方雅彤*, 刘兆贵
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 电气工程学院，陕西　西安　710049
通讯作者:
方雅彤（2002-），女（汉族），江西上饶人，硕士生，研究方向为高压电缆本体及附件的结构设计及工程应用。
作者简介:

刘英（1976-），女（汉族），四川资阳人，教授，研究方向为高压绝缘结构设计、电力电缆工程计算及应用

Research on DC voltage endurance characteristics of polypropylene insulation materials
Ying Liu, Yatong Fang*, Zhaogui Liu
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.009
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摘要
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为系统研究聚丙烯（PP）材料在直流电压下的短时及长期耐受性能，本文以PP片状试样为对象，测试了不同温度及厚度下试样的直流击穿强度。通过线性升压和逐级升压试验，研究了电压施加方式和上升速率对试样直流击穿强度的影响。在此基础上，结合恒定电压下的击穿试验数据，综合对比了不同加压方式所确定的材料直流电压耐受指数，并分析了各方法的适用性。结果表明：随着温度升高，PP试样的直流击穿强度下降，符合Arrhenius方程；随着试样厚度增加，击穿强度呈反幂规律下降；电压上升速率越快，测得的直流击穿强度越高；随着电压作用时间延长，试样的击穿强度降低。基于恒定电压法和逐级升压法数据，利用电老化反幂定律所确定的PP材料直流电压耐受指数约为13。

聚丙烯材料  /  直流击穿强度  /  电压耐受指数  /  累积损伤理论

To systematically investigate the short-term and long-term DC voltage endurance characteristics of polypropylene (PP) materials, we took PP sheet specimens as the research object and tested their DC breakdown strength at different temperatures and thicknesses. Through linear voltage ramp and stepwise voltage ramp tests, the effects of voltage application method and ramp rate on the DC breakdown strength of the specimens were studied. On this basis, combined with the breakdown test data under constant voltage, the DC voltage endurance coefficients of the material determined by different voltage application methods were compared, and the applicability of each method was analyzed. The results show that as the temperature increases, the DC breakdown strength of the PP specimens decreases, which conforms to the Arrhenius equation. As the specimen thickness increases, the breakdown strength decreases following an inverse power law. The faster the voltage ramp rate, the higher the measured DC breakdown strength. As the voltage application time increases, the breakdown strength of the specimens decreases. The DC voltage endurance coefficient of the PP material determined by the inverse power law of electrical ageing based on the data from the constant voltage method and the stepwise voltage ramp method is approximately 13.

polypropylene material  /  DC breakdown strength  /  voltage endurance coefficient  /  cumulative damage theory
刘英, 方雅彤, 刘兆贵. 聚丙烯绝缘材料的直流电压耐受性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (7) : 76 -85 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.009
Ying Liu, Yatong Fang, Zhaogui Liu. Research on DC voltage endurance characteristics of polypropylene insulation materials[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (7) : 76 -85 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.009
正文
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0　引言
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聚丙烯（PP）是一种传统绝缘材料，很早就以薄膜形式应用在高压及超高压电容器中，展现出优异的耐温及耐压性能。近年来，世界各国对电力设备绿色环保和电力能源可持续发展的需求相继提高，PP绝缘因其可回收再利用、生产能耗低、生产效率高等优势，逐渐受到广泛关注[1-2]。
欧洲已有150 kV聚丙烯绝缘电缆投运，我国也有110 kV聚丙烯绝缘电缆示范工程挂网[3]。然而，相较于在交流电缆中的应用，PP绝缘在直流电缆上的应用更被寄予厚望，因其耐温等级高、无交联副产物以及绝缘电导率稳定性好，这些特性被认为有助于解决目前交联聚乙烯（XLPE）绝缘直流电缆运行温度低、空间电荷效应显著的问题[4-6]。然而，关于PP材料在直流电压下的短时及长期耐受性能，尚缺乏系统研究。
电压耐受性能，包括短期及长期性能，是绝缘材料特别是高压绝缘材料的关键性能，其主要参数包括击穿强度、电压耐受指数等，通常采用击穿试验进行测量，但试验结果受到测试条件、材料厚度及试验方法等诸多因素的影响[7]。对于交流绝缘材料和系统的长期耐压性能评估，IEC标准中已经给出了比较详细的指导方法[8]；而在直流绝缘材料方面，仅有相关研究从不同角度进行了初步探索，还没有成熟的标准或规范可供参考。目前，关于聚烯烃材料电压耐受性能的研究主要集中在交联聚乙烯绝缘上。钱恺羽等[9]研究发现XLPE试样的直流击穿强度随温度升高而降低，不同温度下XLPE的击穿强度与厚度的关系符合反幂定律，且指数因子随温度而变化。Liu Xia等[10]研究发现XLPE电缆绝缘切片样品的直流击穿强度随温度升高而呈指数型下降。关于PP材料的研究则主要针对其作为电容器薄膜的应用场景。例如，S J Laihonen等[11]研究发现，PP薄膜的直流击穿强度随电极面积的减小而增大。
本文以聚丙烯材料为研究对象，制备不同厚度的片状试样，在不同条件下对试样进行击穿试验，探讨试验温度、试样厚度、电压施加方式等对PP试样直流击穿强度及电压耐受指数的影响，对比不同方法确定的电压耐受指数的差异并分析原因，确定工程适用的测试方法和试验条件，以期为高压直流电缆用PP绝缘提供关键基础性能的参考数据。
1　试验
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1.1　试样制备
实际直流电缆中的PP绝缘材料需要经过各种改性处理来协调电气与力学性能，例如共混、共聚或者接枝，不同处理方法制备的材料性能不同[12]。本文选用茂名石化生产的t30s型纯等规聚丙烯为原料，其性能测试结果可作为各种改性材料的参考基础。
首先将PP原料置于60℃真空环境下干燥24 h，之后采用平板硫化机将原料在190℃下按5 MPa/200 s+10 MPa/200 s+15 MPa/200 s的程序分次加压成型，最后水冷5 min左右，制得片状试样。试样为边长100 mm的方形薄片，厚度分别为0.20、0.35、0.50、0.70 mm。
1.2　直流击穿强度测试
直流击穿强度测试系统如图1所示。直流高压发生器的输出电压为0～150 kV，精度为0.1 kV。采用球-柱电极结构进行测试，上电极为直径20 mm的铜球，下电极为直径25 mm的铜柱，其边缘倒角半径为2.5 mm，有利于削弱电极边缘场强畸变[13]，试样和电极一起浸于油浴锅的变压器油中，并保证油面完全覆盖高压电极。为了控制温度，将油浴锅放置于烘箱中。烘箱的控温范围为25～100℃，精度为0.1℃。
1.2.1　不同温度下的击穿测试
对厚度为0.20 mm的PP试样，分别在25、50、75、100℃下，以1 kV/s的升压速率持续施加直流电压直至击穿，每组测试重复15次。
1.2.2　不同厚度试样的击穿测试
对厚度分别为0.20、0.35、0.50、0.70 mm的PP试样，在75℃下，以1 kV/s的升压速率持续施加直流电压直至击穿，每组测试重复15次。
1.2.3　不同电压施加方式下的击穿测试
按照电压施加方式的不同，常用的加速电老化寿命试验包括持续升压、恒定电压、以及逐级升压3种。本组试验均在25℃下对厚度为0.2 mm的PP试样进行测试。
（1）持续升压
在试样上施加从0开始以固定速率持续升高的电压，直至试样击穿，记录试样击穿时的时间或电压。电压上升速率包括1、2、10 kV/s，每组测试重复进行15次。
（2）恒定电压
以1 kV/s升压速率下测得的试样直流击穿电压为基准，将其命名为Ub（约为83 kV），在试样上施加幅值为0.9Ub、0.8Ub、0.7Ub的电压，直至试样击穿，记录从电压施加至试样击穿的时间，每组测试重复进行10次。
（3）逐级升压
在试样上施加初始电压U0，之后每经过∆t时间将电压升高∆U，直至试样击穿，记录试样的击穿时间和击穿电压。在开展逐级升压击穿试验之前，需先确定相关参数，包括起始电压U0、电压步长∆U、每级电压持续时间∆t。
本研究共设计了两组试验。第一组中，U0=0， ∆U=5 kV，∆t分别为20、360、3 600 s，每组测试重复15次。第二组中，令U0≈40%Ub=33 kV，∆U≈5%Ub=4 kV，∆t分别为300、600、1 200、2 400、4 800 s，每组测试重复8次。表1为逐级升压击穿试验的参数设置。
2　试验结果
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采用双参数Weibull分布对试样的击穿数据进行统计处理，以场强为自变量时，试样的累积失效分布函数如式（1）所示[14]。
PE=1-exp-EE0β
式（1）中：P(E)为试样的累积失效概率；E为试样的击穿强度，kV/mm；E0为Weibull分布尺度参数，即累积失效概率为63.2%时的击穿强度，kV/mm；β为Weibull分布形状参数，反映击穿强度的分散程度，β越大，测试数据分散性越小。
式（1）中的自变量为E，也可以采用时间t，例如在恒压试验中各组试样在外加恒定直流电压下的击穿时间。
在开展Weibull统计分析时，各组中试样的失效概率采用Ross公式确定，如式（2）所示。
Pi, N=i-0.44N+0.25
式（2）中：N为每组数据总数；i为将所有数据按照从小到大的顺序排列后某一个数据对应的序号；P为总数为N的一组数据中第i（i=1,2,…,N）个数据的累积失效概率。
2.1　不同温度下的击穿强度测试结果
根据25、50、75、100℃下厚度为0.20 mm的PP试样的击穿强度数据，绘制Weibull累积失效概率分布图如图2所示，对应Weibull参数列于表2中。
从图2和表2可以看出，随着温度从25℃升高至100℃，PP试样的直流击穿强度即Weibull分布尺度参数持续下降，从415.4 kV/mm降低至268.9 kV/mm，降幅达到35.3%；同时形状参数也从8.31持续减小至6.72，下降了19.1%。说明温度升高不但导致PP试样的直流击穿强度降低，也使其性能稳定性下降。
温度导致击穿强度下降的经典理论有自由体积击穿理论和热击穿理论。自由体积理论认为温度升高导致试样内部的自由体积增大[15]，同时电子的动能增大，在直流电压作用下，电子定向运动过程中可以积累更多能量，与分子链碰撞过程形成更严重的破坏，导致材料的击穿强度下降。而热击穿理论[16]认为温度升高使得内部热量累积，材料电导率增大，电流增大，导致击穿强度下降。
温度对击穿过程中电子移动速率的影响与温度对化学反应速率的影响具有相似性，均可采用阿伦尼乌斯（Arrhenius）模型来解释，基于此，建立PP试样击穿强度与温度的关系，如式（3）所示。
ET=AexpΔGkT
式（3）中：E(T)为温度T下试样的击穿强度，kV/mm；k为玻尔兹曼常数，其值为1.38×10-23 J/K；A为拟合系数；∆G为试样的活化能，eV。
将表2中的温度和尺度参数数据利用式（3）进行拟合，结果如图3所示。图3中，以lnE(T)为纵坐标，以1/(kT)为横坐标，得到阿伦尼乌斯曲线，曲线斜率即活化能。离散点为原始测量数据，得到最优拟合曲线表达式如式（4）所示，相关系数达到0.99。
lnET=3.93+0.054kT
从式（4）可以看出，PP试样对应击穿过程的活化能∆G为0.054 eV，远低于掺杂复合PP材料，如李莹[17]确定30%玻璃纤维填充PP材料（PP-GF30）的活化能为0.297 5 eV；方志刚[18]采用修正的三参数阿伦尼乌斯公式从高温数据外推到低温区域，获得掺杂抗氧剂的PP活化能为0.555 8 eV。进一步与XLPE材料对比，Bian Haoran等[19]通过电老化寿命评估模型确定交流电缆用XLPE材料的活化能在0.05～0.60 eV；徐鹏飞[20]通过评估XLPE材料直流击穿强度的厚度效应，确定厚度为0.10、0.15、0.20 mm的XLPE活化能分别为0.170、0.219、0.223 eV。
综上所述，改性PP材料与XLPE材料的活化能均高于本试验中讨论的纯PP，通常材料的活化能小，表明其势垒较低，介电性能参数的温度敏感性将更高，从本文测试数据来看，PP试样的击穿强度随温度变化幅度较大，与此相符。
2.2　不同厚度试样的击穿强度测试结果
根据75℃下厚度分别为0.20、0.35、0.50、0.70 mm的PP试样的击穿强度数据，绘制Weibull累积失效概率分布图如图4所示，对应Weibull参数列于表3中。
从图4和表3可知，随着PP试样的厚度增加，其直流击穿强度降低，从0.20 mm时的314.9 kV/mm下降至0.70 mm时的132.9 kV/mm，降幅达到57.8%。这是因为一方面，随着厚度增加，试样内部电场分布不均匀程度增大，热量累积效应变得更严重，相同电场下试样击穿的概率增大；另一方面，随着厚度增加，试样内部包含缺陷和局部不均匀（例如存在气泡、杂质等）的可能性增大，这些弱点位置场强局部集中，导致试样的击穿强度降低。
从表3还可以看出，当PP试样厚度从0.20 mm增加至0.70 mm时，其形状参数从7.49增大至25.38，增幅达到238.9%，并且当厚度超过0.50 mm后，形状参数变化不大，击穿数据的分散性较小且基本达到稳定。Wu Kai等[21]将聚合物形态的无序特性通过随机分布的陷阱势垒来表征，提出了一种将聚合物形态的无序性与击穿的随机性相联系的方法，并推导出用陷阱分布描述击穿概率的方程。研究表明，在试样厚度小于阈值之前，击穿强度较高，但击穿发生的概率较不稳定；当试样厚度大于阈值之后，击穿强度减小且更容易发生击穿，数据分散性减小。此外，薄试样在加工过程中更难保证均一性和一致性，而厚试样由于随机缺陷导致击穿的数据分散性更小。
文献[22]表明，固体电介质的击穿强度存在厚度效应，即击穿强度E(d)随着试样厚度d的增大而减小，两者之间满足反幂关系，可表示为式（5）。
Ed=Ad-m
式（5）中，A和m是与绝缘材料性能相关的两个常数，其中A值为厚度为1 mm试样的击穿强度，可以作为绝缘材料耐压性能的特征指标，m作为厚度d的幂指数，反映击穿强度对厚度变化的敏感程度，即厚度效应的大小。
基于式（5），对不同厚度PP试样的直流击穿强度数据进行拟合，结果如图5所示，相关系数达0.96，拟合表达式为式（6）。
Ed=115.7d-0.64
钱恺羽等[9]和徐鹏飞[20]采用直流电缆用XLPE材料制备了不同厚度的试样，并测得试样在70℃下的击穿强度，将击穿强度与厚度的关系基于式（5）进行拟合，结果如式（7）和式（8）所示，并同样绘于图5中。
E(d)=46.62d-0.56
E(d)=36.52d-0.72
从图5可以看出，直流电压下，PP的A值比XLPE大一倍以上，而两者的厚度指数m相差不大，这表明两种材料具有相似的厚度效应，但PP的本征击穿强度高于XLPE。当厚度较小（小于0.5 mm）时，XLPE和PP材料的击穿强度均随厚度增大而显著降低；而当厚度大于0.5 mm之后，厚度效应逐渐减弱，击穿强度趋于稳定。
综上所述，为了尽量减弱厚度效应影响以及降低数据分散性，建议在进行击穿试验时，PP试样厚度不小于0.5 mm，以提高测试数据的稳定性和可比性。
2.3　不同电压施加方式下的击穿强度测试结果
2.3.1　持续升压
由于实验设备电压输出范围的限制，厚度为0.50 mm的试样在常温下难以击穿，因此本试验选用厚度为0.20 mm 的PP试样进行测试，相关结果也适用于厚度为0.50 mm的试样。在25℃下，对PP试样分别以1、2、10 kV/s的速率施加直流电压进行击穿试验，获得击穿强度数据，绘制Weibull分布图如图6所示，对应Weibull参数列于表4中。
从表4中的Weibull分布尺度参数可以看出，随着直流电压上升速率从1 kV/s升高至10 kV/s，PP试样的击穿强度从415.4 kV/mm增大至444.8 kV/mm，增幅为7.1%。这符合电老化反幂定律，升压快、试样耐压时间短，因此击穿强度高。此外，在升压至击穿过程中试样的空间电荷行为也可能存在差异，较快的升压导致电荷来不及产生和迁移，对试样中电场分布的影响更小，因此试样需在更高的外加电压下才能发生击穿。
本试验中升压速率的变化范围不大，均属于快速升压的范畴，从结果来看，试样击穿强度的总体变化幅度不大，数据分散性的差别也不大。
2.3.2　逐级升压
在25℃下，对厚度为0.20 mm的PP试样施加逐级升高的直流电压，其参数设置如表1所示，获得试样的击穿强度数据，绘制Weibull累积失效概率分布图如图7所示，对应Weibull参数列于表5中。
从表5可以看出，随着每级电压持续时间（∆t）的增加，PP试样的直流击穿强度显著下降，且数据分散性增大。具体而言，在第一组试验中，当∆t从20 s增加到3 600 s时，尺度参数从389.3 kV/mm下降到285.9 kV/mm，形状参数从16.56下降到11.64；在第二组试验中，当∆t从300 s增加到4 800 s时，尺度参数从337.5 kV/mm下降到267.4 kV/mm，形状参数从37.04下降到11.41。
图8是逐级升压下PP试样的Weibull形状参数和∆t的分布图。从图8可以看出，相较于持续升压，逐级升压击穿数据分散性更小，且第一组中不同∆t下形状参数接近；第二组的形状参数始终高于第一组，但随着∆t增大，两组之间差距逐渐缩小。虽然增大∆t有助于反映材料在长期电压作用下的劣化趋势，但过大的∆t不仅增加测试时间，也会加剧数据波动。因此，建议在逐级升压试验中，将每级电压持续时间控制在不超过2 400 s的范围内。
2.3.3　升压速率对击穿强度的影响分析
在持续升压试验中，由于设备限制，不能将升压速率控制在较小的值，如2.3.1节所示，最小升压速率为1 kV/s。为了在更宽的范围内讨论电压上升速率对PP试样直流击穿强度的影响，将起始值为零的逐级升压（即第一组）等效为持续升压，采用∆U/∆t作为近似，确定对应的升压速率分别为0.25、0.013 9、0.001 39 kV/s。将此数据和2.3.1节中的数据汇总，列于表6中，并将不同升压速率下PP试样的击穿强度绘制成图，如图9所示。
从表6及图9可以看出，随着电压上升速率的增加，PP试样的直流击穿强度持续增大，但变化幅度逐渐减小。这一现象可以归因于空间电荷的积累和热效应的影响。在升压速率较小时，热效应起主导作用；而当电压快速上升时，电子崩和空间电荷成为主导因素：由于从加压到击穿的时间更短，试样内空间电荷来不及产生与迁移，对电场分布的影响减弱，而且移动电子需要更高的能量才能引发电子崩，因此击穿电压较高。
3　直流电压耐受指数的计算与分析
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电压耐受指数是表征绝缘材料长期耐电强度的关键参数，需要通过规范化的测试方法准确测定，这对于高压电力设备的结构设计和寿命评估具有重要意义。
3.1　基于累积损伤确定电压耐受指数
理论认为，相同试样在击穿前的材料累积损伤应相等，基于此，可利用逐级升压击穿数据确定试样的电压耐受指数。试验时，电压按照Ui=U0+i∆U的规律从起始电压U0开始以级差∆U逐级递增，每级耐受时间∆t，直至第k级，样品耐受∆tend时间后发生击穿，则试样的累积损伤D可采用式（9）计算[24]，其中n为电压耐受指数。
D=Δt∑i=0k-1(U0+iΔU)n+(U0+kΔU)nΔtend
对于w种试验参数组合[U0，∆U，∆t]，在每组参数条件下重复试验m次，则可根据w·m次试验数据构建累积损伤矩阵。以矩阵的标准化方差S(n)为目标函数，调节n值，至目标函数取得最小值时，对应的电压耐受指数n值即为最优解。
本文中，基于PP试样在两组逐级升压试验中获得的电压和时间数据，可分别构建出维数为3×15和5×8的累积损伤矩阵，矩阵的标准化方差S(n)随n变化的曲线如图10所示。
从图10可以看出，根据累积损伤效应法确定的n值分别为16.80和9.75，存在明显偏差。
3.2　基于电老化寿命模型确定电压耐受指数
选取0.9Ub、0.8Ub、0.7Ub（Ub=83 kV）三个电压水平，对PP试样进行恒定电压下的击穿试验，确定各电压下试样耐受时间，并作Weibull分布图，结果如图11所示。
电老化寿命定律表达式为式（10）。
Dc=En⋅t
式（10）中：t为试样在恒定电场E下的寿命；n为电压耐受指数；Dc为试样失效时的累计损伤量。对于给定的绝缘材料，在一定的场强范围内，通常认为n和Dc均为常数[23]。对式（10）取对数，lnE和lnt的关系为一条直线，由直线斜率即可确定n。
为了评估PP试样的直流电压耐受指数，首先将恒定电压、持续升压及逐级升压试验中获得的击穿电压和耐受时间数据进行整合，统一列于表7中。
由于所有击穿数据都是在25℃下测试，试样厚度均为0.20 mm，为了方便，此处直接采用击穿电压数据进行分析。然后基于表7中PP试样的击穿电压-耐受时间数据，利用电老化寿命方程在双对数坐标系中分组进行直线拟合，结果如图12所示。
在本文中，各时间段内的数据是在不同的电压施加方式下测得的，总体来看，随着试样耐压时间的延长，击穿强度降低，满足电老化一般规律。
图12中，将U-t按时间粗略分为3个区域，其中区域一对应时间约为100 s以内，为快速升压下的短时电击穿，由于电压上升迅速且总体加压时间短，试样中的热效应和缺陷效应不显著，测得的n值偏大，为31.52；区域二时间约在100～2 500 s，对应恒定电压下的电击穿，n值为13.2，反映材料在恒压作用下的长期耐受特性；区域三对应时间超过2 500 s的长时耐压阶段，此阶段包含大部分逐级升压击穿数据，电压施加时间长，电致老化及热效应更显著。本文逐级升压击穿试验的数据分布在区域二和三，由两组逐级升压击穿试验中电压和时间数据确定的n值为13.36，与基于恒压击穿数据确定的n值13.2基本一致。
由上述结果可知，采用快速升压方式确定材料的电压耐受指数是不合适的，一方面，电压和时间数据中可能存在较大的误差；另一方面，因为电压作用时间太短，材料中的缺陷和不均匀性等都来不及暴露，得到的电压耐受指数显著偏大，不能有效表征材料的长时耐压性能。与之相对应，采用恒定电压下击穿试验的U-t（或E-t）数据确定材料的电压耐受指数是一种有效的方法，操作简单，结果可靠；但需要注意电压的合理选择，如果选得过高，试样击穿时间短（如图12中区域一），则可能数据误差大；如果电压选得过低，可能存在试验耗时特别长的风险。此外，逐级升压法可以涵盖从低到高的较大电压（场强）范围，反映试样在较长持续时间内的耐压性能，综合揭示高压绝缘材料的电、热学性能，因此具有较好的工程应用性。
综上，在区域一，试样上所施加的电场快速增大，空间电荷积累尚未形成，因此击穿强度较高，n值较大。随着耐压时间延长，试样中的缺陷逐渐暴露，空间电荷累积效应和热效应开始显现，因此击穿强度降低，n值减小且逐渐达到稳定。为了尽可能反映材料的长时耐压性能，采用两种逐级升压方式相结合，基于U-t（或E-t）数据确定材料的电压耐受指数，可以获得较为准确的结果。如图10中基于各组数据分别确定的n值存在偏差（16.8和9.75），而图12中综合两组数据共同确定的n值（13.36）与恒压法结果高度一致（n值为13.20）。
4　结论
收起
本文制备了不同厚度的聚丙烯片状试样，测试分析了温度、厚度及不同加压方式对试样直流击穿强度的影响，讨论了不同加压方式测得的电压耐受指数的差异，得出以下结论：
（1）PP试样直流击穿强度与温度的关系符合Arrhenius方程，击穿过程的活化能为0.054 eV。当温度从25℃升高至100℃时，0.20 mm厚的试样击穿强度从415.4 kV/mm降至268.9 kV/mm，降幅为35.3%。
（2）PP试样直流击穿强度随厚度的变化符合反幂关系，拟和式的幂指数为0.64。当厚度从0.20 mm增加到0.70 mm时，75℃下试样的击穿强度由314.9 kV/mm下降至132.9 kV/mm，降幅为57.8%。
（3）电压施加时间越长，PP试样直流击穿强度越低，符合电老化一般规律。基于恒压法确定的电压耐受指数为13.20，综合两组逐级击穿试验中电压-时间数据确定的电压耐受指数为13.36，两者数据一致。在实际测量中，推荐采用组合逐级击穿试验测定材料的电压耐受指数。

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2026年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.009
  • 接收时间：2025-07-18
  • 首发时间：2026-09-10
  • 出版时间：2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期：2025-07-18
  • 修回日期：2025-09-07
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    西安交通大学 电气工程学院，陕西　西安　710049

通讯作者:

方雅彤（2002-），女（汉族），江西上饶人，硕士生，研究方向为高压电缆本体及附件的结构设计及工程应用。
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