Article(id=1304921686906790561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759248000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-01, revisedDate=1764518400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047174430, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047174430, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047174430, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047174430, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921686403474081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047174311, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118019323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=34, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921687074562722, articleId=1304921686906790561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Progress in preparation technology of low-dielectric polymers, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Low dielectric polymer materials play a critical role in modern microelectronics, telecommunications, power systems, and aerospace industries, and the development of their preparation technologies continuously drives the progress of related industries. The research background of low dielectric polymer material fabrication techniques was elaborated in this paper. Beginning with material design principles, the relationship between molecular structures, functional group characteristics, and dielectric properties was deeply analyzed. The research progress of low-dielectric polymers, including polyolefins, fluorinated polymers, silicon-containing polymers, and aromatic polymers, was systematically classified and discussed, aiming to provide a reference for further research and application of low-dielectric polymer materials.

, authors=Meng WEN, Liyi SHI*, authorsList=Meng WEN, Liyi SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liyi SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921687770817191, articleId=1304921686906790561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=低介电聚合物材料制备技术进展, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

低介电聚合物材料在现代微电子、通信、电力和航空航天等领域发挥着重要作用,其制备技术的发展不断推动相关产业的进步。本文详细阐述了低介电聚合物材料制备技术的研究背景,从材料设计原理入手,深入分析分子结构、基团特性与介电性能的关系。系统分类并讨论了聚烯烃类、氟代聚合物类、含硅聚合物类、芳香族聚合物类低介电聚合物的研究进展,旨在为低介电聚合物材料的进一步研究与应用提供参考。

, authors=文萌, 施利毅*, authorsList=文萌, 施利毅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=施利毅, authorNote=

文萌(1995-),女(汉族),陕西咸阳人,博士研究生,研究方向为功能化纳米材料

, correspAuthorsNote=
施利毅(1963-),男(汉族),上海人,教授,博士生导师,博士,研究方向为功能化纳米材料。
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文萌(1995-),女(汉族),陕西咸阳人,博士研究生,研究方向为功能化纳米材料

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低介电聚合物材料制备技术进展
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文萌 , 施利毅 *
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(6): 34-44
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低介电聚合物材料制备技术进展
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文萌, 施利毅*
作者信息
  • 上海大学 纳米科学与技术研究中心,上海 200444
通讯作者:
施利毅(1963-),男(汉族),上海人,教授,博士生导师,博士,研究方向为功能化纳米材料。
作者简介:

文萌(1995-),女(汉族),陕西咸阳人,博士研究生,研究方向为功能化纳米材料

Progress in preparation technology of low-dielectric polymers
Meng WEN, Liyi SHI*
Affiliations
  • Center for Nanoscience and Technology Research, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.004
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低介电聚合物材料在现代微电子、通信、电力和航空航天等领域发挥着重要作用,其制备技术的发展不断推动相关产业的进步。本文详细阐述了低介电聚合物材料制备技术的研究背景,从材料设计原理入手,深入分析分子结构、基团特性与介电性能的关系。系统分类并讨论了聚烯烃类、氟代聚合物类、含硅聚合物类、芳香族聚合物类低介电聚合物的研究进展,旨在为低介电聚合物材料的进一步研究与应用提供参考。

低介电聚合物  /  绝缘材料  /  低介电常数  /  设计机理

Low dielectric polymer materials play a critical role in modern microelectronics, telecommunications, power systems, and aerospace industries, and the development of their preparation technologies continuously drives the progress of related industries. The research background of low dielectric polymer material fabrication techniques was elaborated in this paper. Beginning with material design principles, the relationship between molecular structures, functional group characteristics, and dielectric properties was deeply analyzed. The research progress of low-dielectric polymers, including polyolefins, fluorinated polymers, silicon-containing polymers, and aromatic polymers, was systematically classified and discussed, aiming to provide a reference for further research and application of low-dielectric polymer materials.

low dielectric polymers  /  insulating materials  /  low dielectric constant  /  design mechanism
文萌, 施利毅. 低介电聚合物材料制备技术进展. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (6) : 34 -44 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.004
Meng WEN, Liyi SHI. Progress in preparation technology of low-dielectric polymers[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (6) : 34 -44 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.004
随着5G/6G通信、航空航天、高速集成电路以及新一代能源传输系统的飞速发展,电力电子设备不断向小型化、高速化、高频化方向迈进,对绝缘材料的性能,尤其是介电常数(εᵣ)和介电损耗因子(tanδ)提出了更高要求[1]。低介电常数是指材料在电场中储存电荷的能力,低介电常数材料的工程价值体现在3个关键维度:信号完整性、能耗效率与系统轻量化。在高速数字电路中,信号传播速率与介质介电常数的平方根成反比[2],当介电常数εᵣ从4.0降至2.2时,信号延迟减少约25%,这对信号的高速传输至关重要。在功率器件中,介质损耗功率密度直接决定器件发热量,而介电损耗因子tanδ=εᵣ″/εᵣ′(εᵣ″为介电常数虚部,εᵣ′为介电常数实部)直接反映材料将电场能量转化为热能的比例[3]
绝缘材料的介电性能直接决定了电磁信号在介质中的传播速度和能量损耗,对系统信号运行稳定性影响显著。低介电聚合物绝缘材料因具有低介电常数(通常εᵣ≤3.0)和低介电损耗、质量轻、加工性优异及化学稳定性良好等特点,且能够有效减少信号传输延迟与抑制串扰、降低高频下能量损耗,成为满足高频高压场景绝缘需求的关键材料,在微电子、通信、电力等领域展现出不可或缺的作用[4-6]。低介电聚合物广泛应用于各个领域,如图1所示[11]。当信号频率进入GHz甚至THz范围时,传统聚合物绝缘材料因较高介电损耗会导致信号延迟、波形畸变和介质发热等问题,严重制约了高频高速设备性能提升,在实际应用中仍面临诸多挑战[7]。虽然低介电材料的介电性能优异,但存在成本高昂、力学性能与耐热性难以兼顾等问题[7]。与此同时,高频场景下材料需保持稳定的介电性能、耐电晕性[8]以及与基材良好的相容性[9],进一步提高了材料设计的难度。因此,开发兼具低介电常数、低介电损耗、优异力学性能、热稳定性与化学稳定性及工艺适应性高的聚合物绝缘材料,已成为当前材料科学与工程领域的研究热点[10]
本文旨在系统介绍低介电聚合物绝缘材料的研究进展,对低介电聚合物设计原理及性能优化策略发展方向、低介电聚合物材料体系展开分析,为新型低介电聚合物绝缘材料的设计与开发提供理论参考和技术借鉴。
聚合物低介电化的核心在于调控其分子极性与微观结构。从材料物理角度看,介电性能主要来源于电场作用下材料的极化行为,包括电子极化、原子极化、取向极化和界面极化等[12],低介电聚合物极化机理如图2所示[13]
根据德拜方程[14],介电常数与极化率的关系可由式(1)表示。
εr-1εr+2
式(1)中:N为单位体积分子数,m-3αe为电子极化率,αd为离子极化率,C·m2/V;μ2/(3kT)为取向极化率;ε0为真空介电常数,其值为8.854×10-12 F/m;μ为材料中极性分子固有偶极矩,C·m;T为绝对温度,K;k为玻尔兹曼常数,其值为1.381×10-23 J/K。
由式(1)可知,降低介电常数的本质在于减少极化率或单位体积极化分子数。因此,低介电聚合物的分子设计围绕降低极化率与优化分子堆积结构即增加自由体积两大核心展开[15-16]
一般通过以下路径降低聚合物的介电常数:
(1)减少极性基团,引入低极性或非极性材料。由于非极性或低极性材料的偶极矩小,取向极化弱,介电常数较低。常用低极性聚合物材料主要有:聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚乙烯(PE)、环烯烃共聚物(COC/COP)、聚苯醚(PPO/PPE)、聚酰亚胺、液晶聚合物(LCP)等。SHI M L等[17]设计并合成了含交联苯并环丁烯基团的烷基苯,在10 GHz频率下,固化树脂的介电常数在2.44~2.52之间,介电损耗在(5.0~7.8)×10-4之间,烷基侧链对芳香聚合物的介电性能有较大的改善作用,介电常数随烷基侧链长度的增加而减小。氟原子取代属于减少极性基团的一种方式,具体机理如下:C-H键中的氢原子电负性弱,电子云相对松散,更容易在外电场下发生偏移。相比之下,氟是电负性最强的元素,当氟原子与碳原子形成共价键时,电子会被强烈地拉向氟原子一端,使得C-F键的电子云被紧紧束缚在原子核周围,难以被外部电场扭曲。根据德拜方程可知,电子云在外电场下越难发生偏移极化,分子的电子极化率将会变得极低。同时C-F键的极性强,键矩主要存在分子内部,而氟原子外层电子云分布均匀,使得分子间的作用力(范德华力)非常弱,意味着聚合物链无法紧密堆积,在微观上表现为形成更多的自由体积(微小的空穴)。G G HOUGHAM等[18]证明氟取代聚合物通常具有低折射率和低介电常数,是由两种机制共同作用决定的。C-F键相对于C-H键的电子极化率降低,同时氟取代使分子链堆砌更松散,自由体积显著增大。自由体积的增大使折射率和介电常数分别降低了约49%和64%(1 kHz)。引入硅烷化/硅氧烷属于减少极性基团的另一种方式,具体机理如下:硅羟基作为强极性基团,易与水分子形成氢键,会显著增强材料的电子极化与取向极化,同时导致材料吸湿性增大,不利于介电性能稳定。以多孔二氧化硅这类经典低介电材料为例,其表面大量存在的极性羟基是介电常数偏高的重要诱因,而引入硅烷化/硅氧烷,可通过-Si-O-Si-或-Si-R基团(如硅树脂、硅改性环氧树脂)对极性位点进行封端,大幅减少极性基团数量、降低材料表面极化率。这是因为-Si-O-Si-具有较宽的键角与高柔韧性,其偶极矩可在较大范围内变化甚至相互抵消,使整体极化率显著降低。并且Si-O键键能较高,还能赋予材料优异的热稳定性。FAN L等[19]通过水解缩合将硅氧烷单元引入到聚碳硅烷主链中,生成具有硅氧烷-碳硅烷杂化主链的低聚物。该低聚物可以通过二硅环丁烯的反应进行紫外线固化,并通过苯并环丁烯在侧链上的反应进行热固化以形成固化树脂。固化后的树脂具有光敏性,与聚碳硅烷热固性树脂相比,不仅表现出更高的耐热性,而且保持了优异的低介电性能。
(2)引入大体积/刚性结构:设计具有大自由体积(即单位体积极化分子数降低)和刚性分子链结构(如多孔有机聚合物、固有微孔聚合物),如引入金刚烷基、降冰片烯等笼状结构,限制分子链段旋转和运动,降低取向极化。LÜ P X等[20]通过在PI链中引入柔性聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)段和刚性金刚烷基团,制备出具有超低介电常数的多孔PI薄膜,在1 MHz时其介电常数为1.85。这是由于金刚烷基团和PDMS段降低了极化率,而大体积金刚烷基团和纳米孔同时增大了自由体积。
(3)交联:适度交联可以限制聚合物链段运动和偶极取向,降低其介电常数(但过度交联可能引入更多极性基团或增大密度,效果复杂)。HOU W等[21]采用柠檬酸(CA)交联制备了一种低介电常数、低介电损耗的纤维素绝缘材料。由于纤维素链上羟基被消耗,CA交联降低了纤维素极化率。此外,交联网状结构有效阻碍了纤维素链的运动,降低了取向极化。经浓度为0.4 mol/L的CA交联处理后,纤维素绝缘材料在50 Hz时的介电常数从4.89降低到4.12,介电损耗相比未改性纤维素绝缘材料降低了32.6%。
单一微孔材料虽然能有效降低介电常数,但会面临机械强度急剧下降,易于吸附极性小分子(如水)等问题。因此多尺度孔隙设计成为目前降低介电常数更为理想的方式。空气的介电常数接近1(理想真空为1),远低于大多数固体材料。在基体中引入封闭或连通的孔隙,相当于用低介电常数的空气部分替代了高介电常数的基体材料,从而可以显著降低复合材料整体的介电常数。具体实现方法如下:
(1)采用超临界流体发泡,其可以在较低温度接近室温时实现纳米级闭孔尺寸均匀控制且无任何化学残留。ZHANG X T等[22]采用超临界CO2发泡法将大量低介电空气引入到原位纳米纤维改性全氟聚合物中,在5 GHz时获得了现有的聚合物材料中最低的介电损耗0.000 15,增强了全氟聚合物的疏水性、疏油性和耐强碱腐蚀性,并保持耐强碱腐蚀和V0阻燃性。
(2)添加中空微球,中空微球是一种微米级空心球形粉末,中空结构内部包裹着空气或者惰性气体,当其均匀分布在聚合物基体中时,单位体积内高介电常数材料被低介电常数空气取代,降低了极化分子数,且中空微球外壳坚硬,能承受一定的加工压力和剪切力。中空微球主要有以下两类:①玻璃中空微球,由硼硅酸盐玻璃制成,壁薄、密度极低;②聚合物/陶瓷中空微球,如酚醛树脂微球、氧化铝空心球等。ZHANG X L等[23]提出一种简单的接枝策略,通过将玻璃中空微球与多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷反应,然后与环氧树脂混合,制备出环氧树脂中空玻璃微球复合材料。当中空玻璃微球 (P-HGM)质量分数为20%时,所制备的复合材料在2 MHz时的介电常数为2.59,介电损耗为0.014 5。同时,复合材料的拉伸强度、冲击强度和弯曲强度分别为42.15 MPa、24.33 kJ/m2和90.82 MPa,表明中空玻璃微球复合材料具有优异的力学性能。
(3)采用模板法,通过引入可去除的模板相作为占位剂,待基体材料固化成型后,将模板相脱除,从而在材料内部形成均匀分布的空隙。利用空隙中引入的空气相,可以显著降低材料的介电常数。MA Y Y等[24]采用微乳液法,以水滴为模板,在聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜的两侧涂覆具有多层孔结构的多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS),制备出三明治结构复合薄膜。通过引入具有图案孔和POSS的两层分层多孔结构,显著降低了PI薄膜的介电常数和介电损耗。更重要的是,即使引入多孔结构,PI薄膜的力学性能仍然可以保持,甚至可以通过优化POSS含量来提高。
综上,微观结构调控的关键技术点为:控制孔隙率、孔径大小和分布以及孔隙的连通性。
低介电材料制备工艺的创新目前主要针对以下方向展开:①控制结晶度,针对半结晶聚合物,结晶区和非晶区的介电常数不同,通过控制加工条件(如冷却速率)可以调控结晶度,从而调整整体的介电常数(影响通常较小且复杂);②降低杂质和水分含量,极性杂质(尤其是水分子,εᵣ≈80)会显著提高材料介电常数和介电损耗。严格干燥工艺、使用疏水材料或添加干燥剂、防潮封装至关重要;除此之外,低介电材料的性能还高度依赖分散均一性与缺陷控制。
近年制备工艺创新主要集中在以下3方面:
(1)提高分散性。分散性直接影响材料的微观结构均匀性,提高分散性可以防止形成局部高介电区域,减少界面缺陷和界面极化,避免引入气隙和缺陷。MIAO Z C等[25]采用原位合成方法将面状氮化硼纳米带(BNNRs)与环氧树脂(EP)进行复合,结果发现BNNRs表面羟基和氨基不仅可以改善分散性,还可以通过原位开环反应促使BNNRs与EP形成复合材料。当BNNRs质量分数为1%时,纳米复合材料的导热系数提高了48%,电气强度提升了66.53%。当BNNRs质量分数为0.5%时,介电常数为4.47(1 kHz),相比纯环氧树脂下降了约0.33,降幅约为6.9%。
(2)梯度发泡成型。JIA X Y等[26]针对半结晶聚合物,提出了一种制备密度梯度结构(DGS)聚丙烯(PP)泡沫塑料的两步发泡方法。首先采用低温预发泡法,制备结构均匀的PP预泡沫,然后对部分饱和的PP预泡沫进行二次发泡,制备PP DGS泡沫塑料。通过调整部分饱和的时长,可以得到具有不同DGS的PP泡沫塑料。与常用的一步发泡法和均匀发泡法相比,两步发泡法制备的PP DGS泡沫塑料不仅力学性能显著增强,而且导热系数最低,隔声性能优异。同时,两步发泡法制备的泡沫密度梯度更平缓、孔结构更均匀,使材料介电性能呈现更稳定、连续且可控的梯度分布,可有效降低界面极化与局部电场集中,实现低介电常数、低介电损耗。
(3)等离子体表面氟化改性。GAO S H等[27]通过CF4电容耦合等离子体对室外绝缘硅橡胶(SIR)进行改性。经CF4等离子体修饰后,SIR表面静态接触角由100.78°提高到150.28°,形成超疏水表面。当CF4等离子体引入氟元素时,会降低表面极性,有利于提高低介电性能。同时表面超疏水,可避免水分对介电性能的影响。
聚烯烃类低介电聚合物是指以烯烃为单体聚合而成且介电常数较低的高分子材料,聚烯烃类低介电聚合物包括聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚4-甲基-1-戊烯(PMP)等。分子结构中主要为C-C和C-H键,极性弱,介电常数较低(通常为2.2~2.4左右),且具有良好的化学稳定性和加工性。聚烯烃类低介电聚合物介电常数较低,主要与其分子结构特点密切相关,核心原因如下:①分子极性弱。聚烯烃分子主链由C-C键构成,侧链多为C-H键(如聚乙烯、聚丙烯),这些化学键电负性差异小(C与H电负性差值仅为0.35),分子整体极性极低,甚至接近非极性。而介电常数与分子极性直接相关,极性越弱,在外电场作用下产生的偶极极化越低,介电常数也就越低。②聚烯烃类分子结构规整且紧密。部分聚烯烃(如聚乙烯)具有较高结晶度,分子排列规整、堆砌紧密,减少了分子间的空隙和极性基团的暴露,进一步降低了极化程度,从而维持较低的介电常数。③缺乏强极性基团。聚烯烃分子中不含氧、氮等电负性强的原子,也没有酯基、羰基等极性官能团,避免了因极性基团产生的永久偶极矩,从根本上抑制了介电极化。这些结构特性共同作用,使得聚烯烃类聚合物成为低介电材料中的重要类别,但聚烯烃类低介电聚合物目前存在耐热性与力学性能相互矛盾的问题。低密度聚乙烯介电性能虽优异,但在高温下热和机械稳定性差。高密度聚乙烯和聚丙烯耐热性更好且介电性能优于交联聚乙烯,但是存在低温脆性问题[30]
聚乙烯(PE)的化学稳定性与加工性能良好。YANG X P等[28]通过机械共混结合热压成型工艺,将二氧化硅纳米棒(SNR)与聚乙烯复合,发现SNR的加入可有效提升复合材料的机械强度和弹性模量;当SNR质量分数为5%时,聚乙烯(PE)的介电常数从约2.4降至约2.2(10 MHz)。SNR的加入改变了聚乙烯晶体结构与分子链排列方式,从而降低了材料的极化程度与介电常数。E HELAL等[29]研究发现,与纯PE相比,聚乙烯/接枝马来酸酐纳米复合材料(PE/SEBS-MA)的电气强度和抗局部放电表面侵蚀的能力降低。当填充质量分数为1%的ZnO时,PE/SEBS-MA/ZnO复合材料抗表面侵蚀能力相比PE/SEBS-MA提高了45%,比纯PE提高了38%,比相同ZnO负载的PE/ZnO纳米复合材料提高了30%。同时PE/SEBS-MA/ZnO复合材料具有优异的低介电性能,介电常数稳定在2.2~2.4。在温度高达80℃时,其介电损耗低于PE/ZnO纳米复合材料。
聚丙烯(PP)的极性很弱且属于易于加工的材料,成型方法丰富,工业应用广泛。XIE Z L等[30]采用一步烷基改性,实现了氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)在PP中的均匀分散和界面工程化。由于BNNS与大分子链之间具有较强的界面非共价相互作用(抑制界面极化)以及BNNS具有良好的六方晶格(保证声子传输),经该方法制备的PP纳米复合膜的导热系数显著提高,达到2.74 W/(m·K),介电损耗仅为0.002。同时该材料具有优异的电气强度、柔韧性和拉伸性,为制备低介电损耗的导热介电材料提供了一种方案。
聚4-甲基-1-戊烯(PMP)具备优良的电气绝缘性能,是合成树脂中介电常数较小的类型。凭借低介电特性及高透光、耐高温等优点,其可用于高频电子元件、5G基站配件以及照明器件等领域。储松潮等[31]采用双向拉伸方法试制聚4-甲基-1-戊烯(BOPMP)薄膜,并加工成金属化膜试制电容器,最后对电容器的性能进行相应测试评价。不同频率下BOPMP薄膜电容器的介质损耗、介电常数均与BOPP薄膜电容器接近。
氟代类低介电聚合物是指分子结构中含有氟原子的高分子材料,因其独特的化学结构而具备极低的介电常数,如聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚全氟乙丙烯(FEP)、全氟环丁基(PFCB)等,且耐高温、耐腐蚀性优异,使其在高频领域、电子封装领域获得广泛应用[32-34]。氟代类低介电聚合物的介电常数较低,核心原因与其分子结构中氟元素的特性及分子整体构型密切相关,主要包括:①分子极性弱且对称。氟代聚合物(如PTFE)的分子结构中,C-F键虽因氟的高电负性存在一定极性,但氟原子通常对称分布在碳链两侧(如PTFE的-CF2-CF2-重复单元),形成非极性分子。对称结构使键的极性相互抵消,分子整体极性极低,在外电场作用下产生的偶极极化较弱,从而降低了介电常数。②低极性基团与高键能。氟原子电负性强(4.0),与碳形成的C-F键键能高且稳定,不易发生电荷偏移。相较于含氧、氮等极性原子的聚合物,氟代聚合物中无强极性官能团(如酯基、羟基),避免了永久偶极矩带来的极化增强,从根本上抑制了介电常数升高。③分子链刚性与大自由体积。氟原子体积较大且电负性强,使分子链间的相互作用力弱,分子排列相对疏松,自由体积较大。这些结构特点共同作用,使氟代聚合物成为低介电材料中性能优异的一类,尤其在高频场景下表现稳定。氟代类低介电聚合物目前还存在以下问题:由于分子链惰性导致溶解性和熔融加工性能差;氟原子的引入、含氟侧链的体积和数量等因素,均可以对聚合物分子链的运动和堆叠产生影响,造成材料热稳定性能下降;纯PTFE的导热系数低,难以满足高效散热的需求[35],影响介电性能稳定性;PTFE的热膨胀系数高,难以满足高频通信对尺寸稳定性的要求[36]
聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的介电常数极低,通常为2.1左右,介电损耗也很小,是目前氟代聚合物中低介电性能最突出的材料之一。其分子结构中C-F键极性弱且对称分布,整体分子极性极低,同时具有优异的耐高低温性能、化学惰性和耐候性,因此被广泛应用于高频电路板基板、微波天线罩等要求超低介电常数的场景。CAI X Z等[35]通过液体混合、冷压和烧结工艺,制备硼氮化物纳米片-石墨烯纳米片-聚四氟乙烯(BNNs-GNs-PTFE,BGP)复合材料,在硼氮化物-聚四氟乙烯复合材料中添加质量分数为1%的石墨烯纳米片,可以显著提高复合材料的导热系数,同时保持其低介电常数。WEI H R等[36]开发了一种应用于高频通信的玻璃纤维/聚四氟乙烯(GF/PTFE)复合材料。通过造纸工艺,玻璃纤维可以以随机方向分散,从而形成一个骨架,PTFE基体则进入纤维网络空间中,成功制备了具有低介电常数、介电损耗保持不变,且热机械性能稳定的介电复合材料,其中玻璃纤维质量分数为15%时,复合材料的介电常数为2.32,tanδ为5.24×10-3(30 GHz),具有良好的频率稳定性。
聚全氟乙丙烯(FEP)的性能接近PTFE,但加工性更优(可熔融挤出、注塑)。分子主链为全氟结构,保留了低极性特征,同时兼具良好的柔韧性和耐腐蚀性,适合制作高频电缆绝缘层、薄膜等。CHENG T J等[37]研究了低介电、高粘接聚酰亚胺/聚全氟乙丙烯(PI/FEP)纳米复合薄膜。氟碳表面活性剂能显著改善FEP在PI基体中的分散性,从而使PI/FEP纳米复合膜表现出优异的力学性能,拉伸强度提高到46.6 MPa,断裂伸长率提高到13.7%。在10 GHz高频下,填充质量分数为60%的FEP纳米复合膜显示出超低的介电损耗(0.006)和介电常数(2.69)。刘德桃等[38]公开了一种低介电聚全氟乙丙烯覆铜板制备方法,选用聚全氟乙丙烯树脂制备覆铜板。该树脂的介电常数为2~2.5,介电损耗为0.000 8~0.001 5,吸水率为0.02%~0.05%,制备的覆铜板介电性能良好,吸水率低,粘结性好,可加工性强。
含硅低介电聚合物是指分子主链或侧链中引入硅元素(如硅氧键-Si-O-、笼型倍半硅氧烷POSS、硅烷基等)的高分子材料,包含聚硅氧烷类(如聚甲基苯基硅氧烷、聚二甲基硅氧烷)、含硅芳杂环聚合物 (如聚硅烷、聚碳硅烷)、有机硅树脂 (如BCB官能化树脂)、笼型倍半硅氧烷基聚合物等[39-42]。通过有机-无机杂化分子设计,巧妙结合硅基团内在低极性和芳香环刚性耐热性,从而实现优异的低介电特性,同时兼具良好的力学性能、热稳定性和优异加工性,在先进电子封装、高频通信等领域应用广泛[43-44]。含硅低介电聚合物的介电常数较低,核心原因与其分子结构中硅元素特性及分子构型密切相关,主要包括:①分子极性弱。含硅聚合物的主链多为-Si-O-Si-结构(如聚硅氧烷),硅氧键(Si-O)的极性较弱,且侧链常连接非极性基团(如甲基-CH3、苯基-C6H5)。非极性基团自身极性低,且可以通过空间位阻降低分子间的相互作用来降低整体极性,从而减弱外电场下的偶极极化,降低介电常数。②分子链堆积松散且自由体积大。硅的原子半径较大,并且侧链非极性基团(如甲基)空间位阻较大,造成分子链难以紧密堆积,从而形成较大的自由体积。自由体积中充满空气(介电常数约1.0),进一步降低了材料的介电常数。③化学结构稳定,极化能力弱。硅氧键键能高(约为460 kJ/mol),分子结构稳定,在电场作用下不易发生电荷偏移或分子链运动导致极化。这些结构特点共同作用,使得含硅聚合物在保持良好稳定性的同时,具备较低的介电常数,适用于对高频信号传输和绝缘性能要求高的场景。但含硅低介电聚合物目前存在以下问题:低介电常数与杨氏模量和硬度之间的相互矛盾;超低介电常数与玻璃化转变温度(Tg)和热分解温度之间的相互矛盾;非极性的化学结构导致与硅衬底、金属线基底的粘附性较差;纯聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)介电常数(约为2.7)较高、机械强度低、刚度不足、结构支撑性差[46];传统有机硅树脂高频下(GHz)介电损耗随温度升高而显著上升,同时热分解温度较低,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)不明确(有机硅树脂为高度交联的三维网状结构,分子链运动受限严重,同时由于结构不均一,导致DSC曲线中没有明显的玻璃化转变台阶,无法准确测定玻璃化转变温度),长期高温下容易发生热氧化老化,导致介电性能与力学性能骤降[49]
聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)的介电常数约为2.7,介电损耗低,且在较宽温度和频率范围内性能稳定[45]。其分子主链为-Si-O-Si-结构,硅氧键极性较弱,侧链为非极性甲基(-CH3),整体分子极性低,分子链柔性高,堆积松散,自由体积较大,因此介电常数较低,同时具有优异的耐高低温性、耐候性和柔韧性,适合作为柔性电子器件的绝缘层、密封材料等。XU F等[46]采用超声搅拌和真空抽吸工艺,制备了由PDMS基体和不同数量微尺寸铁氧体颗粒组成的xCo2Z/PDMS(x=2,4,6,8,10)复合薄膜。结果表明4Co2Z/PDMS薄膜在800 MHz下具有较好的磁介电性能(磁导率为1.49,介电常数为4.54,磁损耗为0.058,介电损耗为0.008)。
聚硅氧烷-聚酰亚胺共聚物通过引入硅氧烷链段改善传统聚酰亚胺高介电问题(纯聚酰亚胺的介电常数约为3.1[47]),保留聚酰亚胺力学性能和耐热性的同时,利用硅氧烷低极性和大自由体积降低整体介电常数,兼顾性能与加工性,适用于高频电路板基材。DONG J等[48]提出了一种制备氨基超支化聚硅氧烷(NH2-HBPSi)增强聚酰亚胺(PI)复合纤维的方法,该纤维具有优异的介电性能、力学性能和热性能。在原位聚合过程中,氨基功能化的NH2-HBPSi接枝到PI链上,促进了NH2-HBPSi纳米粒子的均匀分散,并在NH2-HBPSi与PI基质之间形成了较强的界面相互作用。与纯PI纤维相比,含10% NH2-HBPSi的复合纤维拉伸强度和弹性模量分别提高了10%和26%。由于NH2-HBPSi引起的介电约束效应,NH2-HBPSi/PI复合材料的介电常数显著降低,在108 Hz时介电常数最低可达2.2。
有机硅树脂(如MQ树脂)通过交联形成三维网络结构,刚性较强,耐热性突出。分子中硅氧键和非极性有机基团(甲基、苯基)的组合,使其在高频下介电损耗小,常用作耐高温电子封装材料。这类材料的低介电特性主要源于硅氧键的低极性、非极性侧链(如甲基)的空间位阻效应,以及分子链松散堆积形成的大自由体积,有效抑制了介电极化,因此在对介电性能和稳定性要求较高的场景中表现良好。C ROBEYNS等[49]根据所选择的前体(例如氯硅烷、烷氧基硅烷、硅酸钠等)介绍了不同的树脂合成方法,明确M/Q比、分子量、硅羟基含量是决定树脂状态和性能的关键因素,同时验证后缩合、封端、乙烯基功能化等改性方法可以调控树脂的结构和性能。ZHOU G H等[50]通过调节各种聚合因素,如温度、反应时间、M/Q比、乙醇用量和搅拌速度等,对水玻璃法中的Q-Q缩合和M-Q封端共缩合进行按需控制,制得了一系列相对分子质量(19 400~3 600 Da)、硅醇含量(5.65%~0.20%)、M/Q比(0.56~0.98)可控的MQ硅树脂。
芳香族类低介电聚合物是指分子主链或侧链含芳香环(如苯环、萘环等)结构的高分子材料,包含聚苯硫醚(PPS)、聚芳醚(PAE)、聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚苯并噁唑(PBO)等[51-54]。通过分子设计减少极性基团,可实现低介电特性,兼具较高的机械强度和耐热性[55]。芳香族类低介电聚合物的介电常数较低,核心原因与其分子结构中的芳香环及整体构型密切相关,主要包括:①分子极性弱。芳香环(如苯环)本身为非极性刚性结构,且这类聚合物的主链多通过弱极性键(如醚键-O-、亚胺键-N-等)连接芳香环,整体分子极性较低。同时,通过改性(如引入三氟甲基、甲基等非极性侧链)可进一步减少极性基团,降低偶极极化能力,从而减弱外电场下的极化响应,使聚合物的介电常数降低。②分子链堆积松散且自由体积大。芳香环刚性结构及较大空间位阻会阻碍分子链紧密堆积,形成较多自由体积,从而降低聚合物的介电常数。例如聚苯撑醚中,苯环的刚性和侧链的空间位阻使分子链难以紧密排列,自由体积占比高,介电常数较低。③化学稳定性强且极化损耗小。芳香环共轭结构及强化学键(如C-C芳香键、C-O醚键)使分子结构稳定,在电场作用下不易发生电荷偏移或分子链运动导致的极化损耗。相较于含强极性基团(如C=O、N-H)的聚合物,这类聚合物极化响应更弱,介电常数自然更低。这些结构特点共同作用,使得芳香族类聚合物在保持良好耐热性能和力学性能的同时,具备较低介电常数,适合高频电子领域的应用。但芳香族类低介电聚合物目前还存在以下问题:芳香族聚合物分子链上的芳香环之间存在强烈的π-π堆叠相互作用,使材料具有良好的机械强度和热稳定性,但是会形成有效的电荷传输通道。在高电场和高温环境下,π-π堆叠形成的电荷传输通道会导致电导损耗急剧增加。纯聚苯硫醚(PPS)、纯聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、纯苯并噁嗪(BOZ)等芳香族类低介电聚合物的介电常数均大于2.5,介电损耗均大于0.001(在低频段介电常数和介电损耗虽然看着都很小,但是在5G毫米波高频段由于极化弛豫滞后效应引起介电损耗和介电常数增大导致的信号延迟增加会被放大),无法满足5G毫米波(26~40 GHz)的要求,在高频下易引发信号传输损耗与延迟。
聚苯硫醚(PPS)是一种具有高热稳定性的聚合物,具有较低的介电常数和介电损耗。其分子主链由苯环通过硫醚键(-S-)连接,苯环为非极性刚性结构,硫醚键极性较弱,整体分子极性低;刚性芳香环的空间位阻使分子链堆积松散,自由体积较大,因此介电常数较低,同时耐热性和力学性能优良,常与其他树脂共混用于高频电路板基材。ZHANG L S等[56]利用聚苯硫醚(PPS)的低介电分子结构特性和超临界CO2发泡的无残留低介电特性来提高其低介电性能。通过调整聚苯硫醚分子链的规律性,拓宽聚苯硫醚晶体的熔化范围,获得了大膨胀比的聚苯硫醚微孔泡沫,在3 GHz时具有超低的介电常数(1.14)和介电损耗(0.000 5),在26~40 GHz的Ka频段,宽带信号传输几乎没有损耗(99%)。李军等[57]通过预处理空心微珠、磺化PEEK与聚芳醚酮基体复配制备复合材料,提高复合材料流动性的同时,通过分段升温模压,有效防止了空心微珠迁移析出,解决了复合材料相分离问题,实现了空心微珠在基体中均匀分散,制备得到具有低介电、轻质、耐高温的复合材料。
聚芳醚酮类(PAEKs)作为一种高性能热塑性工程塑料,广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、电子等高科技领域。聚醚酮酮(PEKK)是聚芳醚酮(PAEK)家族中的一个重要成员。传统PEEK通过引入非极性侧链或增加芳香环比例进行低介电改性,可将介电常数降至2.8以下[58]。分子中芳香环提供刚性和稳定性,改性后的弱极性结构偶极极化减少,适合对耐热性和机械强度要求高的低介电应用场景。LIU X Y等[59]制备了几种可溶氟化萘基聚芳醚酮。随着氟原子和萘环的引入,获得的聚合物比传统PEEK具有更优异的热稳定性,其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)在167℃以上,氮气作用(氮气作为惰性保护气,消除氧气对聚合物热分解的干扰)下5%分解温度(Td5)在528℃以上,拉伸强度为62.86~104.13 MPa,拉伸模量为1.96~3.83 GPa。含1-(3,5-二三氟甲基苯甲酰)的聚芳醚酮(NPEEK-3)在1 MHz时的介电常数和吸水率最低,分别为2.57和0.31%,远低于市售PEEK的介电常数3.3。WANG Y等[60]采用双向拉伸方法制备了各向同性的PEEK薄膜。双向拉伸技术通过改变分子链的排列,形成了更好的晶体结构,提高了薄膜的拉伸强度,同时降低了介电常数。基于结晶结构和取向结构,双向拉伸的PEEK薄膜拉伸强度比未拉伸的PEEK薄膜提高了近2.5倍。此外,双向拉伸的PEEK薄膜介电常数大幅降低到2.62(106 Hz),电气强度达到503.6 MV/m。
普通聚酰亚胺(PI)的低介电改性因含强极性酰亚胺基团(-CO-NH-CO-),导致介电常数较高,通过在芳香环上引入氟原子、大体积烷基或形成半芳香结构,可将介电常数降至2.5以下[61]。在保留芳香族结构耐热性的基础上,同时降低极性,兼顾低介电与耐高低温性能,成为柔性电子器件常用绝缘材料。SONG N N等[62]基于可交联二胺单体成功制备了一系列新型共聚聚酰亚胺。随着交联基团含量的逐渐增加,共聚聚酰亚胺的介电性能、耐水性、热学性能和力学性能都得到优化。含30%交联基团的交联共聚聚酰亚胺表现最佳,在1 MHz时介电常数为2.32,吸水率极低,仅为0.051%,75%湿度下保持14天后介电常数增幅仅为1.37%。CHEN W X等[63]通过常规两步酰亚胺化工艺,以苯甲烷基团的二胺(TriPMPDA和TriPMDA二胺)为原料,制备出两种新型含氟芳香族聚酰亚胺(FI)。相应的聚酰亚胺薄膜在10 kHz下的介电常数分别为2.56和2.33,庞大的三苯甲基侧基和曲折主链结构使其介电常数降低。
聚苯并噁唑(PBO)分子主链由芳香环和噁唑环交替连接,极性弱且结构刚性强,分子堆积松散,自由体积大。同时具有耐辐射、耐化学腐蚀性能,是适合在恶劣环境中使用的低介电材料。其低介电特性主要源于芳香环非极性或弱极性、分子链刚性带来的松散堆积(大自由体积),以及通过改性减少强极性基团,从而降低介电极化能力,在高频、高温等严苛条件下表现出稳定的介电性能[64-65]。CHEN J B等[66]设计并合成了一种具有大烃基末端基团的新主链苯并噁嗪共聚物低聚物。这种基于脂肪族二胺的共聚物在高频条件下(5 GHz和10 GHz)具有较低的介电常数(<3)和极低的介电损耗(<0.005),适用于高频通信领域。ZENG M等[67]采用简便的一锅法,合成新型星形苯并噁嗪-聚氨酯预聚物。通过预聚物中噁嗪基团的开环聚合反应,得到固化的苯并噁嗪共聚物。其中基于脂肪族二异氰酸酯的聚(苯并噁嗪-脲)具有最低的高频介电常数(在5 GHz时2.94,在10 GHz时2.96)以及相对较高的玻璃化转变温度(220℃)。
低介电聚合物绝缘材料的发展经历了从单一性能优化向多参数协同设计的范式转变。研究人员根据分子结构设计策略(通过引入低极性或非极性骨架、大自由体积/刚性结构和采用适度交联达到限制聚合物链段运动和偶极取向)、微观结构调控技术(在基体中引入封闭或连通的孔隙,以降低复合材料整体的介电常数)、制备工艺创新技术(通过控制加工条件调控结晶度,严格干燥工艺,降低杂质和水分含量,提高分散均一性)有效降低了材料介电常数,提升了绝缘性能,使得低介电聚合物绝缘材料在航空航天、微电子和通信等领域显现出巨大的发展前景,推动了5G/6G通信与航空航天技术的升级。未来,低介电聚合物绝缘材料的制备技术将向着多功能化(介电-导热、介电-电磁屏蔽、介电-耐极端环境和介电-可加工等)、高性能化(超低介电性能、高宽频稳定性、高耐热温度和低热膨胀系数等)和微观结构调控精准控制的方向发展,以满足市场增长需求和科技进步要求。不断的研究和创新将推动低介电聚合物领域持续向前发展,为相关的产业升级和创新提供有力支撑。

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2026年第59卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.004
  • 接收时间:2025-10-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-01
  • 修回日期:2025-12-01
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    上海大学 纳米科学与技术研究中心,上海 200444

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施利毅(1963-),男(汉族),上海人,教授,博士生导师,博士,研究方向为功能化纳米材料。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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