Article(id=1304921665717161988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753977600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-01, revisedDate=1758211200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047169378, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047169378, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047169378, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047169378, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921635748864029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047162234, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117876219, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921666094649349, articleId=1304921665717161988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=A review of prevention and detection technologies for magnetic slot wedge detachment in motors, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Magnetic slot wedges of motors play a crucial role in improving the air gap magnetic flux density distribution, reducing motor temperature rise and noise, and enhancing efficiency. However, their detachment can lead to severe problems such as stator-rotor rubbing and insulation damage, threatening the safe operation of the motor. To address this, in this paper, the anti-detachment technologies for magnetic slot wedges were systematically reviewed. The factors influencing the detachment of magnetic slot wedges were summarized, the effects of material and structure on the anti-detachment performance of magnetic slot wedges were concluded, and the existing detection methods for slot wedge detachment were combed. Finally, the future development directions of anti-detachment research were discussed.

, authors=Yaxuan Li1, 2, Bin Xiong1, 2, *, authorsList=Yaxuan Li, Bin Xiong, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin Xiong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921669382983715, articleId=1304921665717161988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=电机磁性槽楔脱落预防与检测技术研究综述, columnId=1198667062198497665, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

电机磁性槽楔在改善气隙磁密分布、降低电机温升与噪音、提高效率等方面具有重要作用,但其脱落会引发扫膛和绝缘损坏等严重问题,威胁电机的安全运行。为此,本文系统综述了磁性槽楔防脱落技术,归纳了影响磁性槽楔脱落的因素,总结了材料和结构对磁性槽楔防脱落性能的影响,梳理了现有的槽楔脱落检测方法,并探讨了防脱落研究的未来发展方向。

, authors=李亚轩1, 2, 熊斌1, 2, *, authorsList=李亚轩, 熊斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=熊斌, authorNote=

李亚轩(2001-),男(汉族),河北唐山人,硕士生,主要从事电机结构优化的研究

, correspAuthorsNote=
熊斌(1979-),男(汉族),重庆人,研究员,主要从事电机与电器、冷却技术、电气设备健康状况评估等的研究。
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李亚轩(2001-),男(汉族),河北唐山人,硕士生,主要从事电机结构优化的研究

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李亚轩(2001-),男(汉族),河北唐山人,硕士生,主要从事电机结构优化的研究

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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1304921672331579458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Several typical preparation processes of slot wedge, figureFileSmall=3fS6yMXLVb35LXPqcE+6Gw==, figureFileBig=qG0y7Kc9hZdaB7fSzY6pBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921672398688323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图1, caption=几种典型的槽楔制备工艺, figureFileSmall=3fS6yMXLVb35LXPqcE+6Gw==, figureFileBig=qG0y7Kc9hZdaB7fSzY6pBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921672784564292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The flow direction of paint liquid on the lower and upper part of the stator, figureFileSmall=qQsFskQK9Ub7MmTcksm0Bg==, figureFileBig=7TZONvGaDFXPd7185YX8HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921672855867461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图2, caption=定子下部和上部漆液流失方向, figureFileSmall=qQsFskQK9Ub7MmTcksm0Bg==, figureFileBig=7TZONvGaDFXPd7185YX8HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921672927170630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Relationship curve between the effective viscosity of epoxy adhesive and temperature, figureFileSmall=0nKzVLmNd/XH8yBq9IK0NQ==, figureFileBig=Lc6f6iCJTC/pz1prFRFD3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921673141080135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图3, caption=环氧胶有效黏度与温度的关系曲线, figureFileSmall=0nKzVLmNd/XH8yBq9IK0NQ==, figureFileBig=Lc6f6iCJTC/pz1prFRFD3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921673220771912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Force diagram of the slot wedge, figureFileSmall=t8lV8CRZYWWTQwekvoezrg==, figureFileBig=GxXpFpz+/jQlE5n7oG0LEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921673292075081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图4, caption=槽楔受力示意图, figureFileSmall=t8lV8CRZYWWTQwekvoezrg==, figureFileBig=GxXpFpz+/jQlE5n7oG0LEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921673560510538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The relationship between the relative magnetic permeability and the motor loss, figureFileSmall=gyY6eTsorgednp4SgAaLeg==, figureFileBig=PuhpK0kwpDTWFTcNqFG1gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921673640202315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图5, caption=相对磁导率与电机损耗之间的联系, figureFileSmall=gyY6eTsorgednp4SgAaLeg==, figureFileBig=PuhpK0kwpDTWFTcNqFG1gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921673719894092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Temperature change of each part of stator with the magnetic permeability of slot wedge, figureFileSmall=QoJJMKW0rV6CJ0BFj8ZWLQ==, figureFileBig=PuA+cukhFL7McMpBFUyPQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921674042855501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图6, caption=定子各部分温度随槽楔磁导率的变化, figureFileSmall=QoJJMKW0rV6CJ0BFj8ZWLQ==, figureFileBig=PuA+cukhFL7McMpBFUyPQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921674122547278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Change of the maximum temperature of rotor with the magnetic permeability of slot wedge, figureFileSmall=nXKZKGy6iTHKtmljh6U9hA==, figureFileBig=gAo+tcpKxGJ3xUJ6T0OwIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921674198044752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图7, caption=转子最高温度随槽楔磁导率的变化, figureFileSmall=nXKZKGy6iTHKtmljh6U9hA==, figureFileBig=gAo+tcpKxGJ3xUJ6T0OwIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921674407759953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The silicon steel sheet slot wedge with new structure, figureFileSmall=x3Pm9Sgk0rYqrou8esK/+g==, figureFileBig=FJQ3zOIKUCccYu8v14kUeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921674479063122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图8, caption=新型结构的硅钢片槽楔, figureFileSmall=x3Pm9Sgk0rYqrou8esK/+g==, figureFileBig=FJQ3zOIKUCccYu8v14kUeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921674558754899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Schematic diagram of magnetic slot wedge height parameters, figureFileSmall=aH41ymr1BH0IDBttVcHyDQ==, figureFileBig=evMqSpT3TC0iqn+xT0l3xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921674822996052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图9, caption=磁性槽楔高度参数定义示意图, figureFileSmall=aH41ymr1BH0IDBttVcHyDQ==, figureFileBig=evMqSpT3TC0iqn+xT0l3xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921674885910613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Variation curves of the rotor loss with the height of slot wedge under different open slots, figureFileSmall=EEPIrX9HIblcQVWNYr62/A==, figureFileBig=NpuPKbuyqIcbje16a5vVUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921674953019478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同开口槽下转子损耗随槽楔高度的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=EEPIrX9HIblcQVWNYr62/A==, figureFileBig=NpuPKbuyqIcbje16a5vVUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921675238232151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=The structure of the slotted magnetic slot wedge, figureFileSmall=+SfmLZmgME8g0NnE7in8hA==, figureFileBig=TFfv+QcXmZOn+CqMpq1szg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921675313729624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图11, caption=开槽型磁性槽楔结构, figureFileSmall=+SfmLZmgME8g0NnE7in8hA==, figureFileBig=TFfv+QcXmZOn+CqMpq1szg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921675385032793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=The structure of the hollow magnetic slot wedge, figureFileSmall=Dy2My+kMzvUzNRPn5Cfgow==, figureFileBig=0asica6JCaZjtEwGWohPbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921675464724570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图12, caption=中空型磁性槽楔结构, figureFileSmall=Dy2My+kMzvUzNRPn5Cfgow==, figureFileBig=0asica6JCaZjtEwGWohPbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921675712188507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Different structure of ferrite-silicon steel composite slot wedge, figureFileSmall=YlLupixh5+RySSx6FtjIhw==, figureFileBig=loFOuCJg+mJgiEmxT63XGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921675770908764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同铁氧体-硅钢复合槽楔结构, figureFileSmall=YlLupixh5+RySSx6FtjIhw==, figureFileBig=loFOuCJg+mJgiEmxT63XGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921676072898653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=The structure of skewed slot wedge-slant wedge-corrugated plate, figureFileSmall=bhsZR0VD8Gcrpij1dBKsTQ==, figureFileBig=5m/cDzFTEZbjDVE4ywNbyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921676131618910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=CN, label=图14, caption=斜槽楔-斜楔-波纹板结构, figureFileSmall=bhsZR0VD8Gcrpij1dBKsTQ==, figureFileBig=5m/cDzFTEZbjDVE4ywNbyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921676202922079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921665717161988, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Amplitudes of air-gap fundamental wave and tooth harmonic flux density corresponding to magnetic slot wedges with different relative permeabilities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相对磁导率基波磁密幅值/T53次齿谐波磁密幅值/T55次基波磁密幅值/T
10.840 00.019 60.018 5
30.877 40.005 40.004 1
50.889 10.004 10.000 8
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电机磁性槽楔脱落预防与检测技术研究综述
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李亚轩 1, 2 , 熊斌 1, 2, *
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电机磁性槽楔脱落预防与检测技术研究综述
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李亚轩(2001-),男(汉族),河北唐山人,硕士生,主要从事电机结构优化的研究

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李亚轩1, 2, 熊斌1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院电工研究所,高密度电磁动力与系统全国重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
通讯作者:
熊斌(1979-),男(汉族),重庆人,研究员,主要从事电机与电器、冷却技术、电气设备健康状况评估等的研究。
作者简介:

李亚轩(2001-),男(汉族),河北唐山人,硕士生,主要从事电机结构优化的研究

A review of prevention and detection technologies for magnetic slot wedge detachment in motors
Yaxuan Li1, 2, Bin Xiong1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of High Density Electromagnetic Power and Systems, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.001
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电机磁性槽楔在改善气隙磁密分布、降低电机温升与噪音、提高效率等方面具有重要作用,但其脱落会引发扫膛和绝缘损坏等严重问题,威胁电机的安全运行。为此,本文系统综述了磁性槽楔防脱落技术,归纳了影响磁性槽楔脱落的因素,总结了材料和结构对磁性槽楔防脱落性能的影响,梳理了现有的槽楔脱落检测方法,并探讨了防脱落研究的未来发展方向。

磁性槽楔  /  脱落  /  预防  /  检测  /  电机效率  /  分区设计

Magnetic slot wedges of motors play a crucial role in improving the air gap magnetic flux density distribution, reducing motor temperature rise and noise, and enhancing efficiency. However, their detachment can lead to severe problems such as stator-rotor rubbing and insulation damage, threatening the safe operation of the motor. To address this, in this paper, the anti-detachment technologies for magnetic slot wedges were systematically reviewed. The factors influencing the detachment of magnetic slot wedges were summarized, the effects of material and structure on the anti-detachment performance of magnetic slot wedges were concluded, and the existing detection methods for slot wedge detachment were combed. Finally, the future development directions of anti-detachment research were discussed.

magnetic slot wedge  /  detachment  /  prevention  /  detection  /  motor efficiency  /  partitioned design
李亚轩, 熊斌. 电机磁性槽楔脱落预防与检测技术研究综述. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (7) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.001
Yaxuan Li, Bin Xiong. A review of prevention and detection technologies for magnetic slot wedge detachment in motors[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (7) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.001
电机的定子槽开口会引发气隙磁密的高次谐波,显著增加电机脉动损耗,诱发振动和噪声[1-2]。研究表明,合理应用磁性槽楔能够有效抑制气隙磁密谐波[3],尤其是齿谐波[4],从而改善转矩脉动[5-6]和温升问题,提高电机效率[7]
然而,磁性槽楔在实际应用中易出现松动和脱落[8]。一旦槽楔发生脱落,不仅会破坏电机内部磁场分布,还会损坏电机绝缘[9],严重时将导致机组停机[10],严重威胁工业生产的安全。为此,国内外学者围绕磁性槽楔脱落的预防与检测方法进行了大量研究,但现有成果仍存在局限性,部分应用场合甚至被迫采用非磁性槽楔[11],导致磁性槽楔的推广和应用受到限制。
本文依据现有的研究成果,总结磁性槽楔脱落的影响因素,从材料改进和结构优化两个角度梳理现有的磁性槽楔防脱落措施,同时,系统归纳槽楔脱落的检测方法,并对其未来的研究方向和发展趋势进行展望。
在电机运行中引起磁性槽楔脱落的原因,可归结为3种因素的共同作用:制造和安装工艺、电腐蚀、电-磁-机械综合作用下磁性槽楔受到的拉力。
传统的磁性槽楔,往往在树脂中加入导磁铁粉,然后分别通过模压、层压、引拔3种工艺制备[12],如图1所示。常用的模压磁性槽楔机械强度不高;层压磁性槽楔的导磁板在受到交变电磁力后有层间分离的风险,而且在加工过程中易裸露铁粉,导致绝缘电阻下降,引起涡流损耗和发热;引拔磁性槽楔的纵向纤维长且密,但缺少横向纤维,横向强度较低。
在槽楔安装过程中,需要在槽楔与铁心的接触面上刷环氧胶,以增大槽楔与铁心之间的摩擦力。当胶液调制黏度过低时,环氧胶无法充分填充槽楔与铁心之间的间隙,导致有效接触面积减少;反之,黏度过高则会阻碍胶液的渗透,造成局部空洞的形成,导致磁性槽楔极易脱落。此外,槽楔与槽口尺寸不匹配也会限制环氧胶发挥作用[13],降低槽楔的稳定性。
为保证槽楔与槽口充分接触,槽楔安装时除使用环氧胶进行粘连外,也会对定子绕组进行浸漆烘焙。在挂漆过程中,绝缘漆的黏度将经历由稀至稠的转变,最终凝固。然而,槽楔与铁心之间的垫条十分光滑,因此很难有效实现漆膜附着[14]从而发生漆液流失现象。在绕组定子平置浸漆干燥时,电机定子的下部、上部漆液流失路径如图2所示。从图2可以看出,定子下部漆液沿磁性槽楔-垫条-线圈路径流动,流失路径较短,在未完全固化前即已流失,造成槽楔与垫条接触面漆液填充不充分;而定子上部漆液流动方向为线圈-垫条-磁性槽楔,漆液流失路径较长,会在磁性槽楔下方积聚并固化[15],因此可形成相对较好的填充效果。
这种浸漆工艺将导致电机中部分磁性槽楔与定子铁心紧密结合,而部分磁性槽楔无漆膜粘附。其中,无漆膜粘附的槽楔在经铜锤敲击检测后,会出现空腔和松动。这表明浸漆工艺的缺陷会导致部分磁性槽楔与垫条、定子铁心间难以形成稳固粘结。
电腐蚀一般指在电机运行过程中,由磁通变化引发的磁滞损耗和涡流损耗导致磁性槽楔脱落和缺损的过程。损耗会引发磁性槽楔的温升,环氧树脂在高温环境下会发生热老化,导致其有效黏度下降[16],如图3所示。环氧胶的老化会造成磁性槽楔的空鼓、凸起等不平整现象。同时,温度变化引起的热胀冷缩也会对磁性槽楔的结构强度造成破坏[17],进而引起磁性槽楔的脱落,影响设备的正常运行。
磁性槽楔的松动将导致其与铁心之间的间隙扩大,此外,电机在热、电、机械等应力作用下易产生绝缘缺陷[18],当间隙中的电场强度超过间隙的击穿场强时,将产生槽放电现象[19],槽放电过程中生成的硝酸会进一步引起槽楔的烧损和腐蚀,最终导致磁性槽楔脱落。
引起磁性槽楔脱落的力主要可归为三类[20]:转子磁场对磁性槽楔产生的磁拉力、磁性槽楔内感应电流与磁场交互作用产生的电磁力、定子铁心齿顶部的周期性机械振动力。磁性槽楔的粘接空隙在力的作用下会逐渐扩展成裂纹[21],最终导致磁性槽楔的松动和脱落。
磁拉力本质上是麦克斯韦力,其方向指向定子与转子间的气隙。通常在符合工程精度的前提下,可根据磁拉力做功与气隙能量变化相同这一关系进行大致估算。槽楔受力示意图如图4所示。
图4中,取磁性槽楔的径向为y轴、垂直方向为x轴,槽楔的宽度为b1,气隙的相对磁导率为μ0,磁性槽楔的相对磁导率为μk。鉴于磁性槽楔磁力线与分界面垂直,磁拉力在x轴方向无分量。假设定子槽口宽度远小于极距,由此可以推断,同一槽内任意位置的磁密峰值与电机正常运行时的气隙磁密相等[22];同时假设定子槽内磁通量为零,则磁性槽楔靠近绕组方向的拉力Fy为零,磁拉力仅朝向定子和转子间的气隙。
设在磁场基波作用下,槽楔受到的磁拉力为F,气隙磁密为Bδ,电源角频率为ω。气隙中的磁场能量密度W随时间t变化的函数关系如式(1)所示。
W(t)=Bδ22μ0sin2(ωt)
当磁性槽楔移动长度Dy后,根据虚功原理,设l为磁性槽楔长度,根据磁拉力做功等于气隙能量的变化,整理可得磁拉力F的表达式为式(2)。
F(t)=Bδ212μ0(1-1μk)b1lsin2(ωt)
电磁力源自电磁感应现象,当感应电流流过磁性槽楔时,定子齿区的磁场会对磁性槽楔产生作用力,使得位于电机齿槽内的磁性槽楔持续受到磁拉力的作用,这些力可分解成径向力和切向力。鉴于磁性槽楔处的漏磁通量较少,可以忽略由切向力引发的对磁性槽楔的振动效应。径向力作用于定子和转子间的气隙,将会引发磁性槽楔的振动,随着振动的发生,槽楔可能会出现松动或损坏。若磁性槽楔的电阻率足够高,其承受的电流及作用力均会降至较低水平[23]
机械振动力源于铁心齿顶部产生的周期性机械振动,最后传递至磁性槽楔,其变化范围广泛,计算颇为复杂。在大型电机的实际生产中,通常要求定子铁心与转子铁心之间的轴向相对位置偏差不得超过5 mm,以减小机械振动力。
磁性槽楔脱落问题是制约磁性槽楔普及的重要因素,众多研究者为此进行了深入探索,从材料、结构等方向提出了多种解决方案,旨在提升磁性槽楔的稳定性和可靠性,推进和发展磁性槽楔的防脱落技术。
磁性槽楔能够调和槽口气隙区域的等效磁导[24],抑制齿槽边缘的磁场突变,实现磁场的平滑过渡。不同材料的电磁性能差异会直接影响气隙磁场的调制深度与能量传递效率。因此,研究不同材料磁性槽楔的电磁性能及其对磁性槽楔脱落的影响具有重要的意义。
传统磁性槽楔常用的导磁材料为铁粉,铁粉含量越高,磁导率越高,模压磁性槽楔的铁粉含量通常在65%以上[25],若采用同等用量的锰锌软磁铁氧体或纳米晶软磁材料,则会增大磁性槽楔的磁导率[26]。研究表明,适度提高磁性槽楔的相对磁导率能够降低卡特系数[27],抑制高频气隙磁密谐波的幅值[28],进而控制定子齿谐波[29],显著降低电机的温升和振动[30],增加槽楔的稳定性;但过高的磁导率会因漏磁通的增加导致电机转矩、效率和功率因数的下降[31],因此选择磁导率合适的材料非常重要。
文献[32]针对内置式永磁同步电机,构建了多物理场耦合模型,揭示了磁性槽楔的转矩脉动抑制机理。通过仿真验证了在不同槽楔开口宽度和磁导率的情况下磁性槽楔对转矩脉动的影响,结果表明即使将开口宽度加宽至槽距的一半,磁性槽楔也能有效抑制转矩脉动,但当磁性槽楔的相对磁导率大于10时,这种抑制效果饱和。由于转矩脉动是电机振动的来源之一,磁导率的增大减弱了电机振动,进而减小了槽楔受力,有利于槽楔保持稳固。
对磁性槽楔的相对磁导率进行优化时,需在增强气隙基波磁密与抑制齿谐波磁密之间建立平衡。文献[33]以三相同步发电机为研究对象,建立了有限元仿真模型,分析了径向磁密基波、定子一阶齿谐波和空载励磁电流随不同相对磁导率定子槽楔的变化关系。同时,采用有限元与能量法相结合的方法计算了不同相对磁导率槽楔引起的定子槽漏抗,得出定子磁滞损耗、涡流损耗、基本铁耗随槽楔相对磁导率的变化曲线,如图5所示。从图5可以看出,随着磁性槽楔相对磁导率的增大,定子基本铁耗略有增加,但变化的幅度较小。
此外,文献[33]还通过对电机模型进行瞬态场仿真,获得了不同相对磁导率磁性槽楔对应的基波磁密幅值与齿谐波磁密幅值,结果如表1所示。从表1可以看出,磁性槽楔相对磁导率越大,对齿谐波磁密的削弱能力越强,但气隙基波磁密在增大,其对铁耗的影响占据了主导地位,因此,在考虑磁性槽楔的磁导率优化时,必须兼顾基波磁密与谐波磁密的平衡。
磁性槽楔通过优化气隙磁密分布,使磁通更接近正弦波,从而削弱高次谐波和局部涡流损耗。文献[34]以一台315 kW/6 kV实心转子高压永磁电机为例,建立了样机的二维电磁场时步有限元模型,分析了装配不同相对磁导率磁性槽楔的电机转子及定子各部分的温度分布。实验表明,随着槽楔相对磁导率的提高,定子电流减小,定子绕组铜耗减小,电机定子各部分温度先降低后趋于稳定,如图6所示。
电机转子的最高温度也会随着定子槽楔相对磁导率的增大而逐渐降低,如图7所示。当相对磁导率增加到一定值时,电机转子的涡流损耗随槽楔相对磁导率的增加逐渐趋于恒定,转子温度也趋于稳定。这表明随着磁性槽楔磁导率的增大,永磁电机的定子和转子温升均得到了抑制,这有助于延缓槽楔环氧胶的老化,降低槽楔脱落发生的概率。
磁导率是影响电机导磁性能的关键参数,在槽楔设计中应首先考量,然而电导率与磁滞特性也不容忽视。研究表明,硬磁材料槽楔可有效削弱电机气隙磁密的高次谐波分量,且相比软磁材料对电机受力波动的抑制效果更显著[35]。而槽楔的电导率直接影响磁性槽楔内的涡流损耗,可使用无机物粉末或热固性树脂对导磁材料进行绝缘包覆来提高电阻率,抑制涡流损耗[36]。因此在选择槽楔材料时,需综合考虑磁性槽楔的电磁性能。
随着磁性槽楔的电磁性能与脱落关系研究的不断深入,众多研究者为了有效解决槽楔脱落问题,优化电机性能,采用了不同种材料制备磁性槽楔,取得了有效的成果。
硅钢片槽楔由定子冲剪下来的废料制成的硅钢片堆叠、铆压制成,相比于传统的还原铁粉槽楔,硅钢片槽楔的磁导率更大,制作成本更低,且能够有效削弱齿槽效应对转矩波动的影响。文献[37]提出了包裹定子齿顶部的具有间隔结构的硅钢片槽楔,如图8所示。该结构有效实现了电机半闭口槽的功能特性以及对气隙磁导的优化设计,使气隙磁密呈现正弦波形态,显著抑制了齿谐波带来的电机振动和磁拉力问题,改善了槽楔受力。
硅钢片槽楔实现了定子材料的回收再利用,降低了制作成本,也增大了磁性槽楔的导磁效果,同时硅钢片材料的屈服强度也高于还原铁粉槽楔。但该槽楔结构需要冲剪硅钢片,且依赖于铆钉的固定,加工步骤较为繁琐。
软磁复合材料(soft magnetic composite,SMC)也称为磁粉芯,是将表面包覆绝缘层的直径为0.1 mm的金属铁粉经混合、压制、退火后喷漆制成的一种新的磁功能材料。该材料不仅机械强度高、耐腐蚀[38],还具备较高的饱和磁感应强度,可在高频(kHz~MHz)下使用。因为SMC的磁导率优于传统磁性槽楔材料,而其饱和磁密又弱于硅钢片材料,所以SMC槽楔既能中和气隙磁导的突变,又能在一定程度上限制主磁通在定子齿之间的漏磁。由于其表面绝缘层的存在,SMC槽楔还具有较高的电阻率,从而能够有效抑制槽楔中的涡流效应,减少因槽楔发热而导致的槽楔烧毁脱落现象。
文献[39]采用软磁复合材料(SMC)制得的槽楔替代传统磁性槽楔,建立了二维及三维有限元模型进行仿真,并对10 kW轴向磁通永磁(AFPM)电机进行了实验测试,结果证明了SMC槽楔在改善槽楔脱落问题具有一定优势。然而,相比于硅钢片材料,软磁复合材料的总铁耗较大,这是由于在对SMC材料加工过程中,其表面上铁粉粒之间的绝缘容易被破坏[40],从而产生了额外的铁耗。
半磁性槽楔的相对磁导率通常在2~10,相比于铁磁槽楔,能有效抑制电机最大转矩的下降。此外,半磁性槽楔同样具有导磁性,可通过优化气隙磁通路径降低谐波含量,从而减少转矩脉动,改善槽楔脱落现象。文献[41]通过对18槽14极电机进行有限元分析,对比了非磁性和半磁性槽楔对转矩的影响,结果证实半磁性槽楔能有效降低转矩脉动。然而,使用半磁性槽楔较磁性槽楔会减弱在定子槽齿尖的磁密,若电导率过高,还会产生额外的磁损耗[42]。文献[43]针对同步磁阻电机的研究表明,在分数槽非重叠绕组的永磁同步电机中,两种不同磁性的半磁性槽楔均能在一定程度上降低转矩脉动,使电机运行更加平稳,但同时也会导致功率因数轻微下降。此外半磁性槽楔易进入饱和状态,在电机高负载状态下,半磁性槽楔的饱和会导致漏磁通的增加,因此会削弱其对电机性能的提升效果[44]
文献[45]指出,相比于具有较高相对磁导率的软磁复合材料槽楔,采用相对磁导率为1.5和3.0的半磁性槽楔,在电机额定转速下仍能有效降低转子铁损,特别是永磁体损耗。值得注意的是,虽然半磁性槽楔会引起定子齿尖磁密减弱进而导致定子铁损略有上升,但整体上仍然可以提高电机效率。
除了材料本身的性能外,槽楔的几何形状以及结构布局也直接决定了其承载电磁力和机械应力的能力,同时还对电机气隙磁场分布和电磁性能有显著影响[46]。因此,研究磁性槽楔的结构设计,对防止磁性槽楔脱落具有重要意义。
随着槽楔高度的提高,其覆盖的槽口区域也扩大,如图9所示(其中h1h2分别表示磁性槽楔在气隙中和铁芯中的高度),从而更高效地引导主磁通流经齿部,抑制气隙内谐波分量。但当槽楔过高时,漏磁路径的磁阻会相应减小,导致槽内漏磁通增强,进而引起漏电感上升,研究表明,楔块厚度和凸出气隙的距离在降低转子涡流损耗上存在最优解[47]
文献[48]以轴向叠片同步磁阻电机为研究对象,通过有限元分析,研究了半磁性槽楔高度对转子损耗的影响,如图10所示。从图10可以看出,转子损耗受槽开口尺寸b1的影响,当槽开口较大时,随着槽楔高度增加,转子损耗持续下降;而当槽开口较小时,转子损耗呈现先下降后上升的趋势,存在最佳槽楔高度。文中指出,半磁性槽楔高度的增加导致电机槽处的漏磁通增大,当槽楔高度与槽口高度相近时,可将转子损耗维持在较低水平。
开槽型槽楔是在原有槽楔基础上开出一道空气通道,来减弱磁性槽楔的横向导磁性能。文献[49]在轴向磁场电机中配置了中间开槽的软磁复合材料槽楔,结构示意图如图11所示。仿真研究结果表明,在特定范围内,随着槽楔中间开槽宽度的增加,齿槽转矩将进一步减小,降低槽楔脱落可能性。
开槽型磁性槽楔的导磁性能与开槽的宽度密切相关,因此对加工精度有一定的要求。此外,开槽也会造成槽楔的稳定性不足,难以满足大功率电机的需求。
中空型磁性槽楔通过在槽楔冲片中间开孔来改善槽楔的导磁性能。文献[50]提出了一种叠片中空式磁性槽楔,其在冲片叠压的硅钢片上开孔,如图12所示。对于大功率、含开口槽的永磁同步电机而言,叠片式槽楔的中空结构可对齿槽漏磁通产生磁桥饱和效应,从而大幅度减小槽漏抗,且能够大幅降低17次和19次谐波幅值,使得气隙谐波含量显著减少,从而改善槽楔受力。
中空型磁性槽楔依靠磁桥饱和效应削弱齿槽漏磁,其开孔位置与尺寸会直接影响磁桥处的磁通密度和磁饱和程度。鉴于在不同电机拓扑及运行工况下磁饱和条件各不相同,中空槽楔的开孔位置及几何参数需依据具体需求进行优化调整,以在抑制漏磁的同时兼顾电机的稳定性与可靠性。
文献[51]将两种不同磁性材料分别采用上下复合和左右复合的方式构成了4种磁性槽楔方案,如图13所示,研究聚焦于3槽4极绕组结构的永磁直线同步电机。结果表明,左右复合型磁性槽楔相较于上下复合型在抑制推力波动方面表现更为出色,同时能够降低电机推力,减少涡流损耗。尽管复合型槽楔能规避单一材料的局限,但拼接结构对稳定性和加工工艺提出了更高要求,且在磁拉力作用下,拼接部位存在断裂风险。
文献[52]针对原始槽楔固定方式在深度调峰工况下稳定性不足的问题,提出了斜槽楔-斜楔-波纹板结构,如图14所示。槽楔下放置的波纹板具有高弹性,能产生压向槽底的预紧力,在电磁力振动环境下,这种结构可保证电机定子线圈稳固,减少振动和位移,使槽楔固定更牢固。
实验研究表明,在负荷快速变化的工况下,槽楔结构优化后直线段线棒位移最大值相较于优化前大幅降低,大幅减小了机械力振动对磁性槽楔的威胁。但是这种方法需要精确控制各个部件的位置和安装精度,以确保结构的紧固效果和稳定性,对安装人员的技术水平提出了较高要求。
磁性槽楔的材料升级与结构优化固然能够增强其综合效能,但仍潜藏风险。开发并应用有效的磁性槽楔脱落检测技术与方法,是电机安全稳定运行的重要保障。
电信号检测是一种非侵入式的监测手段,通过电机电气参数的变化来判断磁性槽楔的机械状态。其基本原理是:当磁性槽楔脱落或松动时,定子绕组的电感或漏抗会发生微小但可测量的变化。通过对电信号的分析,可以实现对槽楔状态的判断。
通过便携式逆变器注入高频电压脉冲[53],测量定子电流响应。缺失或松动的槽楔会产生导致电感不对称现象。但是该方法依赖精确的数学模型进行傅里叶变换,且需定制逆变器和信号处理系统,成本较高。
通过注入高频零序电压信号[54],采集电流导数并同步采样,再将信号转换到α-β静止坐标系,松动或缺失的槽楔轨迹会出现直流偏移或幅值变化。通过分析电流导数,可确定故障严重程度和位置。该方法对早期故障检测灵敏度高,能检测早期轻微松动或部分缺失的槽楔,然而此方法需进行高频信号采集、同步采样和坐标变换,对硬件和算法的要求高。
通过采集电机定子的三相电压和电流信号,利用对称分量法分解出负序电压和负序电流,当磁性槽楔缺失导致定子槽漏感不对称时,会引起有效负序阻抗的显著变化[55]。其变化可直接反应定子槽结构的对称性,若磁性槽楔出现脱落,各项漏感系数将呈现非对称分布。该方法无需拆机或增加传感器即可判断槽楔状态,但是对对称故障不敏感,依赖于稳态条件,易受多因素干扰。
文献[56]依据声学检测原理,通过槽楔在力作用下的声音幅值、频率与槽楔紧固状态之间的紧密联系来判断其松动状态,提出了声检测方法,即以声信号第一峰值点的幅值作为槽楔松动程度的判断标准,并以600 MW大型发电机为测试对象,结合纵、横向比较,验证了检测方法的精确性。尽管声检测法可通过隔绝外界杂音并运用信号处理技术来提升检测精度,但在实际操作环境中,复杂的噪声源仍可能对声信号的纯净度构成干扰,进而引发特征参数提取时的误差。
文献[57]通过将波纹板的载荷位移曲线转换为压强位移曲线,确定了槽楔松紧度的临界值,经由有限元分析与压力检测仪的实验验证,证明了此方法的适用性和准确性。然而,值得注意的是,该方法仅适用于波纹板固定的槽楔结构,对于斜楔式等其他固定方式的槽楔松动检测并不适用。
磁性槽楔脱落预防与检测技术是保障电机稳定高效运行的重要措施,近年来逐渐成为研究者重点关注的领域。为此,本文综述了电机磁性槽楔脱落预防与检测技术,系统总结了国内外相关研究与技术现状:
(1)磁性槽楔材料的电磁性能直接影响气隙磁场的调制与能量传递。硅钢材料、软磁复合材料及半磁性材料槽楔有效改善了脱落问题,但也存在加工复杂、铁耗及磁损耗增加等局限。
(2)磁性槽楔的几何形状与结构设计在防脱落中具有关键作用。开槽、中空、复合和斜楔-波纹板结构的磁性槽楔在优化磁场分布及增强稳定性方面展现出优势,但同时也对加工精度和安装工艺提出了更高要求。
(3)现有的槽楔脱落检测技术为电机的可靠运行提供了重要保障。电信号检测依托外界设备,实现了非侵入式监测;声学检测灵敏度高,但易受噪声干扰;机械检测通过载荷-位移特性判定槽楔松紧度,有效却适用性有限。
为防止磁性槽楔脱落,现提出一种分区的磁性槽楔结构,即在磁性槽楔中划分出强导磁区和弱导磁区,通过调节强导磁区与弱导磁区的形状和面积来实现对不同工况下电机的磁性槽楔导磁性能的调节。此外,分区磁性槽楔采用一体成型的工艺,避免了后期的机械加工对槽楔机械强度的破坏,提高了机械强度。在磁性槽楔的防脱落方案研究中,分区磁性槽楔具备诸多优势,未来的发展方向及关键技术问题将主要集中在以下几个方面:
(1)强、弱导磁区的材料选型
随着磁性槽楔应用场景的多样化,需根据实际工况,实现各区域导磁材料的精确匹配。这旨在确保主磁通高效传输的同时,有效控制漏磁现象并抑制高次谐波的产生,以提高槽楔的整体耐久性和抗脱落能力。
(2)导磁区的面积及结构研究
材料的选型是实现分区磁性槽楔抗脱落的基础,然而强、弱导磁区的面积及结构布局同样影响磁性槽楔的导磁路径和受力情况,通过建立电-磁-机械耦合数值模型,研究不同的分区结构对磁性槽楔抗脱落能力的影响,将为不同工况下的分区设计提供科学依据与指导。
(3)基于数字孪生的脱落预测模型
电机的可靠运行依赖于有效的监测系统。数字孪生技术能够实时反馈强导磁区和弱导磁区于槽楔脱落初期,在温度、磁场、结构等方面的动态特征。基于数字孪生技术研发磁性槽楔脱落的预测模型,提前规避风险,能够有效降低维护成本,提高电机的安全性,是未来磁性槽楔防脱落研究的重要发展方向之一。

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2026年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.001
  • 接收时间:2025-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-01
  • 修回日期:2025-09-19
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    1中国科学院电工研究所,高密度电磁动力与系统全国重点实验室,北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学,北京 100049

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熊斌(1979-),男(汉族),重庆人,研究员,主要从事电机与电器、冷却技术、电气设备健康状况评估等的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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