Article(id=1304921658238726478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754323200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-05, revisedDate=1758124800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047167595, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047167595, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047167595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047167595, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921635748864029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047162234, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117876219, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=30, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921658427470159, articleId=1304921658238726478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on effect of synergistic modification by β-nucleating agent and MMT on microstructure and dielectric properties of polypropylene, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the dielectric properties of polypropylene (PP), different mass fractions of β-nucleating agent and nano-montmorillonite (MMT) were added into a PP matrix in this paper to construct various ternary composite systems β-MMT-PP, and the synergistic effect of the two on the microstructure and dielectric properties of PP was investigated. The modified PP materials were characterized by means of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy, pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method, conduction current, and DC breakdown tests. The results indicate that the addition of an appropriate amount of β-nucleating agent and MMT can effectively improve the microstructure of PP. When the mass fractions of β-nucleating agent and MMT are 0.5% and 1.0%, the β-crystal content and crystallinity in the composite system reach their peak values of 84.01% and 55.4%, respectively. With the addition of β-nucleating agent and MMT, both the space charge injection threshold field strength and the breakdown strength of PP are improved, reaching maximum values of 19.73 kV/mm and 94.99 kV/mm, respectively. An appropriate amount of β-nucleating agent can induce the transformation from α-crystal form to β-crystal form and refine the spherulites, thereby better improving the dielectric properties of the material.

, authors=Yan He1, Huan Li1, *, Meng Nan1, 2, Zhuobin Hui1, authorsList=Yan He, Huan Li, Meng Nan, Zhuobin Hui, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huan Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921660163912034, articleId=1304921658238726478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=β成核剂与MMT协同改性对聚丙烯微观结构和介电性能的影响研究, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为改善聚丙烯(PP)的介电性能,本文通过向PP基体中添加不同质量分数的β成核剂与纳米蒙脱土(MMT)以构建不同三元复合体系β-MMT-PP,并研究二者的协同作用对PP微观结构及介电性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、偏光显微镜、电声脉冲法(PEA)、电导电流及直流击穿测试等手段对改性后的PP材料进行表征。结果表明:适量β成核剂与MMT的添加可有效改善PP的微观结构,当β成核剂与MMT的质量分数分别为0.5%和1.0%时,复合体系中β晶型含量和结晶度达到峰值,分别为84.01%和55.4%。随着β成核剂与MMT的添加,PP的空间电荷注入阈值场强与击穿强度均有所提升,最高分别可达19.73 kV/mm和94.99 kV/mm。适量的β成核剂可诱导α晶型向β晶型的转化并细化球晶,从而更好地改善材料的介电性能。

, authors=和妍1, 李欢1, *, 南梦1, 2, 惠卓斌1, authorsList=和妍, 李欢, 南梦, 惠卓斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李欢, authorNote=

和妍(2001-),女(汉族),陕西渭南人,硕士生,主要从事聚丙烯绝缘材料的改性及应用的研究

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李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,主要从事电介质物理、固体介质的劣化及失效机制、绝缘结构设计等的研究。
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和妍(2001-),女(汉族),陕西渭南人,硕士生,主要从事聚丙烯绝缘材料的改性及应用的研究

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和妍(2001-),女(汉族),陕西渭南人,硕士生,主要从事聚丙烯绝缘材料的改性及应用的研究

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caption=The correlation analysis between β crystal content and dielectric properties parameters, figureFileSmall=PvkG6RF+TvkrG47n+0cC5A==, figureFileBig=lwAeYVVwI3/bNnohvpw+MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921663833928091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921658238726478, language=CN, label=图9, caption=β晶含量与介电性能参数的关联性分析, figureFileSmall=PvkG6RF+TvkrG47n+0cC5A==, figureFileBig=lwAeYVVwI3/bNnohvpw+MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921663901036956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921658238726478, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Details of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样β成核剂质量分数/%MMT质量分数/%
纯PP00
MMT1.0-PP01.0
β0.3-MMT1.0-PP0.31.0
β0.5-MMT1.0-PP0.51.0
β1.0-MMT1.0-PP1.01.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304921663980728733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921658238726478, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试样信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样β成核剂质量分数/%MMT质量分数/%
纯PP00
MMT1.0-PP01.0
β0.3-MMT1.0-PP0.31.0
β0.5-MMT1.0-PP0.51.0
β1.0-MMT1.0-PP1.01.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304921664047837598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921658238726478, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

X-ray diffraction peak intensity and relative content of crystal form of pure PP and different composite samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样衍射峰强度/cpsKα/%Kβ/%
α(110)α(040)α(130)β(300)
纯PP13 27216 4989 3030100.000
MMT1.0-PP13 88716 7239 3740100.000
β0.3-MMT1.0-PP3 2575 2103 61547 42520.3179.69
β0.5-MMT1.0-PP3 3154 5263 44659 27515.9984.01
β1.0-MMT1.0-PP1 0551 7671 32417 71418.9781.03
), ArticleFig(id=1304921664144306591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921658238726478, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

纯PP及不同复合试样的X射线衍射峰强度与晶型的相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样衍射峰强度/cpsKα/%Kβ/%
α(110)α(040)α(130)β(300)
纯PP13 27216 4989 3030100.000
MMT1.0-PP13 88716 7239 3740100.000
β0.3-MMT1.0-PP3 2575 2103 61547 42520.3179.69
β0.5-MMT1.0-PP3 3154 5263 44659 27515.9984.01
β1.0-MMT1.0-PP1 0551 7671 32417 71418.9781.03
), ArticleFig(id=1304921664219804064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921658238726478, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Change rule of crystallinity of pure PP and different composite samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样结晶度/%
纯PP42.8
MMT1.0-PP48.6
β0.3-MMT1.0-PP47.8
β0.5-MMT1.0-PP55.4
β1.0-MMT1.0-PP49.2
), ArticleFig(id=1304921664303690145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921658238726478, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

纯PP及不同复合试样结晶度的变化规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样结晶度/%
纯PP42.8
MMT1.0-PP48.6
β0.3-MMT1.0-PP47.8
β0.5-MMT1.0-PP55.4
β1.0-MMT1.0-PP49.2
), ArticleFig(id=1304921664379187618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921658238726478, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistics of conductivity parameters of pure PP and different composite samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样名称阈值场强(Eth)/(kV/mm)斜率载流子迁移率/(m2/(V·s))
Ohm区SCLC区20 kV/mm25 kV/mm
纯PP15.040.732.634.52×10-149.82×10-14
MMT1.0-PP17.810.712.361.02×10-142.41×10-14
β0.3-MMT1.0-PP16.121.374.026.07×10-151.17×10-14
β0.5-MMT1.0-PP19.730.722.452.18×10-152.74×10-15
β1.0-MMT1.0-PP17.640.881.683.77×10-157.28×10-15
), ArticleFig(id=1304921664458879395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921658238726478, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

纯PP及不同复合试样的电导参数统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样名称阈值场强(Eth)/(kV/mm)斜率载流子迁移率/(m2/(V·s))
Ohm区SCLC区20 kV/mm25 kV/mm
纯PP15.040.732.634.52×10-149.82×10-14
MMT1.0-PP17.810.712.361.02×10-142.41×10-14
β0.3-MMT1.0-PP16.121.374.026.07×10-151.17×10-14
β0.5-MMT1.0-PP19.730.722.452.18×10-152.74×10-15
β1.0-MMT1.0-PP17.640.881.683.77×10-157.28×10-15
), ArticleFig(id=1304921664534376868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921658238726478, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Weibull distribution parameters of pure PP and different composite samples kV/mm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样纯PPMMT1.0-PPβ0.3-MMT1.0-PPβ0.5-MMT1.0-PPβ1.0-MMT1.0-PP
α84.6589.6486.9294.9991.14
β17.9010.8116.2814.8614.91
), ArticleFig(id=1304921664601485733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921658238726478, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

纯PP及不同复合试样的Weibull分布参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样纯PPMMT1.0-PPβ0.3-MMT1.0-PPβ0.5-MMT1.0-PPβ1.0-MMT1.0-PP
α84.6589.6486.9294.9991.14
β17.9010.8116.2814.8614.91
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β成核剂与MMT协同改性对聚丙烯微观结构和介电性能的影响研究
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和妍 1 , 李欢 1, * , 南梦 1, 2 , 惠卓斌 1
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2026,59(7): 30-40
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绝缘材料 |材料研究 2026 , 59 (7) : 30 -40
β成核剂与MMT协同改性对聚丙烯微观结构和介电性能的影响研究
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和妍1, 李欢1, *, 南梦1, 2, 惠卓斌1
作者信息
  • 1陕西理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 汉中 723001
  • 2陕西彬长大佛寺矿业有限公司,陕西 咸阳 713508
通讯作者:
李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,主要从事电介质物理、固体介质的劣化及失效机制、绝缘结构设计等的研究。
作者简介:

和妍(2001-),女(汉族),陕西渭南人,硕士生,主要从事聚丙烯绝缘材料的改性及应用的研究

Study on effect of synergistic modification by β-nucleating agent and MMT on microstructure and dielectric properties of polypropylene
Yan He1, Huan Li1, *, Meng Nan1, 2, Zhuobin Hui1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
  • 2Shaanxi Binchang Dafosi Mining Co., Ltd., Xianyang 713508, China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.004
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为改善聚丙烯(PP)的介电性能,本文通过向PP基体中添加不同质量分数的β成核剂与纳米蒙脱土(MMT)以构建不同三元复合体系β-MMT-PP,并研究二者的协同作用对PP微观结构及介电性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、偏光显微镜、电声脉冲法(PEA)、电导电流及直流击穿测试等手段对改性后的PP材料进行表征。结果表明:适量β成核剂与MMT的添加可有效改善PP的微观结构,当β成核剂与MMT的质量分数分别为0.5%和1.0%时,复合体系中β晶型含量和结晶度达到峰值,分别为84.01%和55.4%。随着β成核剂与MMT的添加,PP的空间电荷注入阈值场强与击穿强度均有所提升,最高分别可达19.73 kV/mm和94.99 kV/mm。适量的β成核剂可诱导α晶型向β晶型的转化并细化球晶,从而更好地改善材料的介电性能。

聚丙烯(PP)  /  β成核剂  /  蒙脱土(MMT)  /  协同改性  /  介电性能  /  微观结构

To improve the dielectric properties of polypropylene (PP), different mass fractions of β-nucleating agent and nano-montmorillonite (MMT) were added into a PP matrix in this paper to construct various ternary composite systems β-MMT-PP, and the synergistic effect of the two on the microstructure and dielectric properties of PP was investigated. The modified PP materials were characterized by means of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy, pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method, conduction current, and DC breakdown tests. The results indicate that the addition of an appropriate amount of β-nucleating agent and MMT can effectively improve the microstructure of PP. When the mass fractions of β-nucleating agent and MMT are 0.5% and 1.0%, the β-crystal content and crystallinity in the composite system reach their peak values of 84.01% and 55.4%, respectively. With the addition of β-nucleating agent and MMT, both the space charge injection threshold field strength and the breakdown strength of PP are improved, reaching maximum values of 19.73 kV/mm and 94.99 kV/mm, respectively. An appropriate amount of β-nucleating agent can induce the transformation from α-crystal form to β-crystal form and refine the spherulites, thereby better improving the dielectric properties of the material.

polypropylene(PP)  /  β-nucleating agent  /  montmorillonite(MMT)  /  synergistic modification  /  dielectric properties  /  microstructure
和妍, 李欢, 南梦, 惠卓斌. β成核剂与MMT协同改性对聚丙烯微观结构和介电性能的影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (7) : 30 -40 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.004
Yan He, Huan Li, Meng Nan, Zhuobin Hui. Study on effect of synergistic modification by β-nucleating agent and MMT on microstructure and dielectric properties of polypropylene[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (7) : 30 -40 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.004
交联聚乙烯(XLPE)因其优良的电气性能和理化性能,被广泛应用于中高压电缆绝缘领域,并逐步取代了聚氯乙烯(PVC)和油浸纸电缆绝缘[1]。然而,由于XLPE是一种热固性材料,当电缆达到服役年限后难以对其进行回收利用,易造成资源浪费等问题[2]。此外,XLPE在交联工艺上存在生产所需设备占地面积较大、能源转化效率不理想,以及整体生产成本较高等问题[3]。因此,探索和研发节能环保和可回收的新型热塑性电缆绝缘材料是高压电力电缆未来发展的重要方向。
聚丙烯(PP)作为一种半结晶热塑性聚合物,凭借其优异的耐高温和耐腐蚀性能、可循环回收再利用、生产过程无需进行交联等优势,简化了生产流程,降低了生产成本,提高了能源利用率,符合“双碳”目标的发展要求,得到了国内外学者的广泛研究[4]。然而,PP材料存在柔韧性差、低温耐冲击性差、耐热老化性能不足等缺陷,且介电性能有待进一步提升,很难直接应用于电力电缆的绝缘领域[5]。因此,有必要针对PP绝缘材料进行改性研究。
目前,针对PP基体的改性方法有单元改性和协同改性,其中常见的单元改性可以分为接枝改性[6]、共混改性[7]、纳米粒子掺杂[8]以及成核剂改性[9]。马来酸酐(MAH)接枝PP可引入深陷阱,抑制电荷迁移,从而改善复合材料的电气性能,但MAH中的极性小分子会增大介质损耗并引发PP大分子链降解,导致接枝率降低[10]。弹性体共混可有效提高PP的力学性能,但会改变PP的分子结构,劣化复合材料的空间电荷特性与击穿强度[11]。纳米填料可有效抑制空间电荷积累、提高击穿强度、抑制局部放电并降低电导率[12-13]。其中,蒙脱土(MMT)因成本低、易改性且可规模化制备而备受关注。通过熔融插层法将MMT分散于PP中,可减小复合材料的结晶尺寸,提高结晶速率与结晶度[14]。MMT的片层结构还能阻隔电树枝的发展,抑制其在电场方向上的扩散[15]。成核剂改性主要通过调控PP的结晶行为以改变其晶型结构,而PP的电学性能与其结晶度和晶型密切相关[16]α成核剂虽可提升PP的结晶速率及结晶温度,但会降低材料的冲击韧性[17]β成核剂能诱导α晶型向β晶型转变,而β晶型结构具有更优异的拉伸性能和冲击韧性,不仅可以改善复合材料的力学性能,还可以抑制空间电荷积累,提升介电性能[18-19]。彭兆伟等[20]研究发现,添加质量分数为0.1%的TMB-5型β成核剂可使PP在70℃、-100 MV/m下的电场畸变率从36.1%降至13.2%。然而,成核剂的过量添加会因团聚效应导致性能劣化,因此优化成核剂配比至关重要。
与此同时,协同改性因其能够整合多种改性剂的优势而受到广泛关注。蒋毅恺等[21]通过向聚丙烯/聚烯烃弹性体(POE)复合材料中添加β成核剂构建PP-POE-β三元体系,使三元体系的交流击穿强度相较POE单一改性PP体系提高了11.4%。江平开等[22]研究表明,纳米MgO与POE在改性PP时表现出协同效应,即单一POE改性可提升PP的结晶速率与结晶温度,但其与PP分子链的强相互作用会阻碍晶区完善,导致结晶度下降;而引入纳米MgO后,不仅有效提高了复合材料的结晶度,更因陷阱密度的增加而有效抑制了空间电荷积聚。谢军等[23]通过烧结法将片状MMT与球形TiO2@SiO2纳米颗粒结合,进行多维度纳米颗粒协同改性PP的绝缘性能,发现二维MMT提升了复合材料的结晶度和熔融温度,使晶体结构更完善;TiO2@SiO2纳米颗粒则改善了MMT的分散性并引入深陷阱,共同增强了介电性能,且在填充质量分数为1.0%时性能最优。Hu Jing等[24]采用马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-MAH)作为基体与MMT进行熔融共混,制备的复合材料球晶尺寸降低,且MMT的加入降低了介电常数,抑制了电树枝的发展。上述结果表明,协同改性方法为综合调控PP的多性能平衡提供了可行路径。
虽然已有研究为PP的协同改性提供了重要参考,但现有关于β成核剂与纳米MMT协同改性PP的研究多集中于改性后复合材料的微观形态、结晶行为及力学性能的表征,鲜有研究提及协同改性下聚合物介电性能的变化规律,因此还需进一步探讨其影响机制。
本文通过β成核剂与纳米MMT协同改性PP,构建β-MMT-PP三元复合体系,旨在揭示晶型调控与纳米掺杂的协同作用机制。首先在PP基体中添加质量分数为1.0%的MMT,在此基础上添加不同质量分数的β成核剂,制备得到不同三元复合试样。系统研究β成核剂协同MMT对PP微观结构及介电性能的影响,进而确定三元复合材料的最佳配比,希望能为开发高性能环保电缆绝缘材料提供理论依据。
等规聚丙烯(iPP)颗粒,型号为K8303,熔融温度约为165℃,密度为0.91 g/mL,中国石化燕山石化公司;β成核剂,型号为WBG-II,化学结构为La3+Ca2+PmXnQk,广东炜林纳新材料科技股份有限公司;有机纳米蒙脱土(MMT),纯度大于95%,铭森塑胶原料公司;聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐(PP-g-MAH),接枝率为1.2%,南京和润偶联剂有限公司。
采用密炼仪(BD-8875-B-1L型,宝鼎精密仪器有限公司)在190℃、40 r/min条件下按表1配方混炼出MMT质量分数为1.0%、β成核剂含量不同的β-MMT-PP三元复合试样的原料,接着将混合后的原料置于平板硫化机(BD-8820-A型,宝鼎精密仪器有限公司)中,于190℃下预热10 min后,再在5 MPa压力下热压10 min,分别制备出厚度为0.1、0.2、0.3 mm的三元复合试样。
使用X射线衍射仪(Ultima IV型,日本理学公司)对厚度为0.3 mm的三元复合试样进行扫描,测试试样的晶型结构,衍射角的扫描范围为10°~30°,扫描速率为5°/min,采用Cu靶作为辐射源,工作电压为40 kV。
使用差示扫描量热仪(DSC-300L型,南京大展公司)对试样的熔融特性进行表征,将质量为6 mg左右的试样在氮气气氛中由室温升温至200℃,升温速率为10℃/min,再降温至室温。
使用偏光显微镜(M330-M50型,深圳市奥斯微光学仪器有限公司)对试样的晶型进行表征,将试样置于200℃的加热台上恒温处理10 min,先使试样充分熔融然后冷却,再观察其结晶型态,研究β成核剂协同MMT对聚丙烯结晶形貌的影响规律。
使用温控直流电场平板空间电荷检测仪(HY-PEA-DPT01型,上海荷仪电气有限公司)对试样的空间电荷分布特性进行表征,整个实验过程将温度保持在25℃。首先进行参考实验,在3 kV/mm的场强下测试10 min;然后进行正式测量,在40 kV/mm的场强下加压30 min后短路20 min,得到空间电荷曲线图。
使用温控型固体介质直流电导测试系统(HY-HFC1型,上海荷仪电气有限公司)测试试样的导电特性,其电极结构采用三电极系统。在25℃的实验环境温度下,依次施加3、5、8、10、15、20、25、30 kV/mm的电场强度,各电场强度下持续加压10 min,随后短路2 min,得到电导电流曲线图。
使用交-直流击穿设备(GJW-100 kV型,长春市智能仪器设备有限公司)测试试样的电气强度,采用圆柱形电极,试样始终浸泡在变压器油中,防止放电对实验结果的影响,实验过程中升压速率为1 kV/s,且同一试样至少测得8次有效击穿数据。
采用XRD对5种不同试样的晶型结构进行表征。根据等规聚丙烯的晶型特征衍射峰辨别晶型的类型:α晶型(2θ分别为14.1°、16.9°、18.5°、21.8°)对应的特征衍射峰为α(110)、α(040)、α(130)和α(131);β晶型(2θ分别为16.0°和21.0°)对应的特征衍射峰为β(300)和β(301)。
图1展示了纯PP、MMT1.0-PP以及不同β成核剂含量三元复合试样的XRD衍射峰。从图1可以看出,纯PP在14.1°、16.9°、18.5°、21.8°处存在α晶型的特征衍射峰,表明其晶型主要为α晶型。MMT1.0-PP试样的XRD图谱与纯PP一致,仍以α晶型的特征衍射峰为主,这说明MMT的加入并未对PP的晶型产生影响。β成核剂与MMT协同改性聚丙烯后,显著诱导了β晶型的形成,在2θ为16.0°(β(300))和21.0°(β(301))处出现β晶型特征衍射峰。随着β成核剂添加量的增加,α晶型特征峰强度逐渐减弱,而β晶型特征峰强度先增大后减小,这表明β晶型含量也呈现先增加后减少的趋势。
为了进一步研究β成核剂与MMT对聚丙烯晶型含量的影响,对图1曲线进行分峰拟合处理,然后基于Turner-Jones公式计算不同复合试样的特征衍射峰,可估计α晶型和β晶型的相对含量,计算公式如式(1)和式(2)所示。晶型的相对含量计算结果列于表2
Kα=Hα(110)+Hα(040)+Hα(130)Hα(110)+Hα(040)+Hα(130)+Hβ(300)
Kβ=Hβ(300)Hα(110)+Hα(040)+Hα(130)+Hβ(300)
式(1)~(2)中:Hα(110)Hα(040)Hα(130)α晶型的衍射峰强度;Hβ(300)β晶型的衍射峰强度;Kα、Kβ分别为αβ晶含量。
表2可以看出,同时引入β成核剂和MMT时,β-MMT-PP三元复合体系中的晶型主要为β晶型,这表明协同作用使得β成核剂的异相成核能力更强。当β成核剂的质量分数为0.3%时,β0.3-MMT1.0-PP试样中β晶型的相对含量为79.69%;随着β成核剂与MMT质量比的增加,β0.5-MMT1.0-PP试样中β晶型的相对含量达到最大值84.01%;而当β成核剂与MMT质量比过高时,β晶型的相对含量下降至81.03%。总体来看,β晶型相对含量随着β成核剂与MMT质量比的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,这与XRD衍射峰的强度变化规律一致。
从协同改性对PP晶型结构的影响规律可以看出,当添加适量β成核剂和MMT时,MMT能够促进β成核剂在PP基体中的溶解和分散,然后以更好的纤维结构再结晶,从而增强β成核剂的成核效率,二者的协同作用提高了聚丙烯中β晶型的相对含量[25]
然而,过量的β成核剂和MMT会导致β成核剂在PP基体中的分散性变差,进而发生团聚现象。一般而言,聚合物基体中的纳米粒子团聚源于其高的比表面能以及颗粒间的范德华力、静电力等吸引作用,同时还受聚合物分子链缠结及颗粒-基体界面相互作用的显著影响[26]。过量β成核剂与MMT在PP基体中形成聚集体,不仅减少有效异相成核位点,而且阻碍分子链有序排列,最终抑制β晶生成。因此,在协同改性体系中严格控制添加比例以保障分散均匀性至关重要。
图2为纯PP、MMT1.0-PP以及不同三元复合试样的DSC曲线。从图2可以看出,纯PP仅表现出一个熔融峰,其起始熔融温度为135℃,完全熔融温度为189℃,熔融峰值温度为170℃,该峰对应于α晶型。MMT1.0-PP的起始熔融温度为134℃,完全熔融温度为187℃,熔融峰值温度为169℃,其熔融峰也对应α晶型,且与纯PP的最大熔融峰值温度相近,表明MMT的加入未改变PP的熔融行为。当β成核剂与MMT共同加入至PP时,三元复合体系β-MMT-PP出现两个熔融峰,其起始熔融温度为138℃,完全熔融温度为181℃,两个熔融峰的峰值温度分别为154℃和168.1℃。其中,154℃处的熔融峰对应于β晶型,而168.1℃处的熔融峰仍对应α晶型。这也证实了MMT与β成核剂的共同作用能有效诱导β晶型的形成。
为了精确分析熔融峰面积的变化规律,将三元复合体系中相互叠加的两个熔融峰进行分峰拟合,得到α晶型和β晶型熔融峰曲线的变化规律,如图2中的虚线所示,拟合结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,随着β成核剂与MMT质量比的增加,α晶型的熔融峰面积先减小后增大,而β晶型的熔融峰面积则先增大后减小,当β成核剂与MMT质量分数分别为0.5%和1.0%时,β晶型的熔融峰面积达到最大值。由此可见,体系中β成核剂含量在一定范围内增加时,其异相成核作用为β晶型提供了更多的成核中心,促进了β晶型的生成,同时抑制了α晶型的形成。然而,β成核剂超出该范围时,其含量的进一步增加反而抑制β晶型的形成。
晶型含量的变化会影响结晶度,为了更清晰地表征成核剂与纳米粒子对PP结晶度的影响,依据式(3)计算5种不同试样的结晶度(Xc),将结果汇总于表3
Xc=ΔHmΔH0×100%
式(3)中:ΔHm为材料在熔融过程中吸收的热焓;ΔH0为PP完全结晶时的平衡热焓,其值为209 J/g。
表3可以看出,添加适量MMT可以有效提高PP基体的结晶度。MMT作为异相成核剂,能够促进α晶型的生成,使MMT1.0-PP的结晶度达到48.6%。当β成核剂与MMT共同加入至PP时,二者对PP中晶型的生成呈正向促进作用,β0.5-MMT1.0-PP复合体系的结晶度达到最大值55.4%。这表明在协同改性体系中,MMT能够有效促进β成核剂在PP基体中的分散性,增强二者的异相成核作用,从而提升复合材料的结晶度。
采用偏光显微镜对纯PP、MMT1.0-PP以及不同三元复合试样的球晶形貌进行表征,结果如图4所示。
图4可以看出,纯PP的球晶尺寸较大,平均直径约为50 mm,晶区与非晶区界面清晰,单位面积内球晶数量较低。当加入质量分数为1.0%的MMT后,复合材料的球晶尺寸显著减小,约为25 mm,同时单位面积内球晶分布密度显著提升。这一现象可以解释为MMT的片层结构阻碍了PP分子链的有序运动,导致PP分子链在降温结晶过程中因来不及完成解缠结而被固定,无法有效参与球晶结构的形成,最终导致试样球晶尺寸的减小[27]
图4还可以看出,向聚丙烯基体中引入β成核剂与MMT后,β-MMT-PP试样的球晶尺寸显著减小,单位面积内球晶数量增加,且微晶团簇呈现棒状无序取向结构,表明二者的协同作用可有效诱导β晶型生成[28]。随着三元复合体系中β成核剂含量的增加,微晶团簇尺寸呈现先减小后增大的非线性变化趋势,β0.5-MMT1.0-PP试样的微晶团簇尺寸最小且分布密度最高。这是由于适量β成核剂的引入增加了成核中心,促进其与MMT的异相成核作用,使得β-MMT-PP微晶团簇尺寸减小且数量显著增加。过量β成核剂与MMT的加入则会由于团聚效应降低异相成核效率,表现为微晶团簇尺寸增大及密度降低。因此,通过优化β成核剂与MMT的复合比例,可以突破单元改性体系的性能瓶颈,但需严格控制成核剂的临界含量,避免团聚现象导致结晶度下降。
采用PEA测试系统对纯PP、MMT1.0-PP以及不同三元复合试样的空间电荷分布特性进行表征,5种试样在40 kV的电压下加压30 min,测量结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,纯PP试样的阴极附近出现异极性空间电荷的积聚,当加压至1 800 s时,电荷积聚量最高达到了3.53 C/m3。MMT1.0-PP试样的阴极和阳极均出现了少量空间电荷的积聚,但相较于纯PP,MMT的引入使得复合试样中的空间电荷积聚量有所降低,电荷迁移也有所改善。一般认为,PP中晶型结构和结晶度对其介电性能有较大影响。一方面,MMT诱导PP发生异相成核,促进α晶型生成并细化球晶,引入深陷阱能级,增强电荷的捕获能力,提高电子的注入势垒;另一方面,MMT可作为深陷阱中心有效捕获载流子,并通过复合过程中的声子辐射释放能量,从而抑制空间电荷积聚,使介质内的空间电荷分布趋于均匀[29]
β成核剂和MMT同时加入至PP基体时,三元复合体系的空间电荷积聚显著改善,β0.3-MMT1.0-PP试样在加压过程中,电极附近出现少量的空间电荷积聚,阴极和阳极附近的最大积聚量分别为0.48 C/m3和1.25 C/m3。当β成核剂和MMT质量比继续增加时,β0.5-MMT1.0-PP试样表现出优异的电荷抑制性能,稳态加压阶段电荷密度降至约0,但加入过量的β成核剂后,阳极附近又出现了少量的空间电荷积聚。由于β成核剂促进β晶型生成,同时细化晶粒并增加晶相和非晶相界面,复合体系的支链及端基形成陷阱,从而抑制电荷的迁移与注入。然而,过量的成核剂会在PP基体中发生团聚,这不仅会抑制β晶型的生成,还降低了复合材料的结晶度,导致陷阱数量减少,削弱了对电荷注入与迁移的阻碍能力。同时,MMT作为分散剂可优化β成核剂的分布,从而引入深陷阱,增强捕获电荷的能力,提高试样内部场强及注入势垒,最终显著抑制电荷的注入与迁移,使空间电荷积聚量最小化。
为了进一步分析试样内部空间电荷的分布情况,对试样不同时段的空间电荷曲线进行积分,根据式(4)求出试样内部的积聚量,进一步根据式(5)得到单位体积内的平均电荷积累密度(qt)。
Q(t)=0dρ(x,t)Sdx
qt=QtSd=1d0dρx,tdx
式(4)~(5)中:Q(t)为电荷的积聚量;d为试样的厚度;ρ(x, t)为电荷密度;S为电极面积。
根据式(4)和式(5)对纯PP、MMT1.0-PP以及三元复合试样的平均电荷积聚密度进行计算,结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出,5组试样中,纯PP试样达到电荷累积稳态所需时间最长,约为1 800 s,且其最大平均电荷密度达2.21 C/m3。MMT1.0-PP试样的空间电荷积聚速率相对纯PP显著减缓,达到电荷累积稳态时间缩短至1 000 s左右,电荷密度降低至0.54 C/m3,这表明引入适量的MMT对电荷积聚有一定的抑制作用。加入β成核剂后,β0.3-MMT1.0-PP试样的最大平均电荷密度达到0.53 C/m3β0.5-MMT1.0-PP试样的最大平均电荷密度降至最低,为0.24 C·m-3,相较于纯PP和MMT1.0-PP分别下降了89.14%和55.56%;但过量的添加比例会导致电荷密度增大。β0.5-MMT1.0-PP具有最优的电荷抑制性能,协同改性效果最好。
图7为不同试样的电导电流曲线。从图7可以看出,随着外施场强的增加,各试样的电导电流增大,并且存在某一阈值场强,阈值场强前后电导电流曲线斜率存在显著差异。当施加场强小于某一阈值时,lnI-lnE曲线的斜率较小,电介质的电导电流与其施加电压遵循欧姆定律,此段区域称为“欧姆(Ohm)区”。当电场超过此阈值时,lnI-lnE曲线的斜率变大,试样内部开始发生空间电荷的积聚现象,此区域称为“陷阱作用(SCLC)区”[30]。这一阈值场强称为空间电荷限制电流的过渡电场强度。
图7中不同试样的阈值场强以及各曲线的斜率列于表4
表4可以看出,纯PP的阈值场强最小,仅为15.04 kV/mm。加入MMT后,MMT1.0-PP试样的阈值场强增大,达到了17.81 kV/mm。当β成核剂和MMT共同加入后,二者的协同作用使得β-MMT-PP复合试样的阈值场强呈现先增大后减小的趋势。其中,β0.5-MMT1.0-PP试样的阈值场强最大,为19.73 kV/mm,相较于纯PP和MMT1.0-PP都有所提高。聚合物的电导电流特性与载流子的迁移能力紧密相连,根据式(6)对不同试样的载流子迁移率进行计算,计算结果列于表4
μ=8JL39U2ε0εr=8JL9E2ε0εr
式(6)中:μ为视在迁移率;J为电流密度;L为试样厚度;U为外施电压;E为外施场强;ε0为真空介电常数;εr为相对介电常数。
表4可以看出,试样在25 kV/mm场强下的载流子迁移率均比20 kV/mm下的高,说明高电场可能通过降低跳跃势垒或增强载流子动能,提升迁移效率。5种试样中,纯PP的载流子迁移率最高,MMT的加入降低了试样的迁移率,这是由于MMT能够促进α晶型生成,从而增大了试样的结晶度,使得复合材料陷阱数量增加,载流子迁移过程中受到的阻力增大,最终使得载流子的迁移率降低。从表4还可以看出,随着β成核剂含量的加入,三元复合试样的载流子迁移率呈先显著降低后逐渐升高的变化趋势,β0.5-MMT1.0-PP试样的迁移率最低。
直流击穿强度是表征绝缘材料介电性能的关键参数,以β成核剂和蒙脱土(MMT)作为复合添加剂,不仅能够有效调控复合电介质的综合性能,还能显著提升材料的本征击穿强度[31]。采用两参数Weibull分布函数(如式(7)所示)对实验结果进行处理,分析试样在一定场强下的击穿概率。
F(Eb; α, β)=1-exp-Uαβ
式(7)中:Eb为击穿强度,kV/mm;α为尺度参数,表示击穿概率为63.2%时的击穿强度,kV/mm;β为形状参数,表征数据的分散性;U为测试电压,kV。
为了计算试样的击穿概率,本节采用Ross分布函数进行求解,如式(8)所示。
Fi, ni-0.44n+0.25×100%
式(8)中:i为试样序号;n为试样总数。
图8为纯PP、MMT1.0-PP以及三元复合试样的直流击穿Weibull分布图,5种试样的尺寸参数α和形状参数β表5所示。
表5可以看出,纯PP的击穿强度在所有试样中最低,为84.65 kV/mm,而MMT1.0-PP试样的击穿强度则显著提升至89.64 kV/mm,这一性能提升归因于MMT的引入诱导了α晶的生成,从而提高了复合电介质的结晶度,形成更加致密的晶型结构,这种微观结构的优化直接影响了材料的介电性能。加入β成核剂后,三元复合试样β-MMT-PP的击穿强度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,从整体上来看,添加β成核剂的试样击穿强度均高于纯PP。其中,β0.5-MMT1.0-PP试样的击穿强度最高,为94.99 kV/mm,相较于纯PP和MMT1.0-PP试样分别提升了12.2%和6.0%,但β成核剂用量增至1.0%时,复合试样的击穿强度反而下降。
综合电导特性、击穿强度及晶型分析结果,并结合β晶相对含量随组分的变化规律,得到如图9所示的关联性分析。从图9可以看出,β晶含量与复合材料的介电性能存在显著的正相关性。该关联性主要体现在两方面作用机制:一方面,较高含量的β晶不仅引入更多的深陷阱能级,有效抑制空间电荷注入与积累,并降低载流子迁移率;另一方面,β晶相与无定形区之间形成的界面,以及与MMT片层的协同作用,共同延长了电荷迁移路径、促进了能量耗散,从而显著延缓绝缘击穿过程,提升材料的介电性能[32-33]
然而成核剂过量添加引发的团聚会破坏β晶的规整生长与均匀分布,导致陷阱效应减弱和界面特性劣化,介电性能也随之下降,进一步证明了β晶相对含量与介电性能之间的密切关联。因此,在抑制团聚的前提下,提高β晶含量是优化复合材料介电性能的有效途径。后续可通过表面改性或工艺优化进一步抑制团聚,以提升β-MMT-PP复合材料的综合性能[34]
(1)与单元改性相比,β成核剂与MMT的协同改性能够进一步细化球晶,β晶型的相对含量和复合体系的结晶度也进一步提升。但当β成核剂过量时,会出现团聚效应,抑制β晶型的生成。
(2)β成核剂和MMT的加入提升了PP试样的介电性能。当β成核剂与MMT质量分数分别为0.5%和1.0%时,复合体系表现出最优的电荷抑制能力,稳态电荷密度低至0.24 C/m3,此时空间电荷注入阈值场强与击穿强度达到最大值,分别为19.73 kV/mm和94.99 kV/mm。
(3)协同改性PP的晶型结构和结晶度等微观结构与其介电性能存在显著关联性。β成核剂促进β晶生成,同时细化晶粒并增加晶相和非晶相界面,复合体系的支链及端基形成陷阱,从而抑制电荷的迁移与注入。
(4)复合试样β-MMT-PP中MMT的引入不仅作为分散剂优化了β成核剂的分布,进一步促进了β晶的生成,还因其特殊的片层结构有效延长了电荷的迁移路径,耗散电荷能量的同时提高了击穿强度。

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2026年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.004
  • 接收时间:2025-08-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-05
  • 修回日期:2025-09-18
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    1陕西理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 汉中 723001
    2陕西彬长大佛寺矿业有限公司,陕西 咸阳 713508

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李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,主要从事电介质物理、固体介质的劣化及失效机制、绝缘结构设计等的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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