Article(id=1304921646293348513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755100800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-14, revisedDate=1762358400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047164747, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047164747, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047164747, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047164747, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921585991836085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047150370, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117776362, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=58, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921646465314978, articleId=1304921646293348513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on thermal-mechanical-electrical properties of composite epoxy resin and its hydrothermal ageing resistance mechanism, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effect law of hydrothermal ageing on performances of epoxy resin, a hygrothermal resistant epoxy resin was prepared by blending highly reactive and thermally stable glycidylamine-type multifunctional epoxy resin (TGDDM) with bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (DGEBA) according to different mass rations in this paper. Different samples were subjected to 100℃ boiling water ageing experiments, and the performance degradation of the blended epoxy resin system and traditional epoxy resin system before and after ageing was analyzed from microscopic and macroscopic levels. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying the hydrothermal resistance of blended epoxy resin systems was analyzed by MS molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that when the mass ratio of DGEBA to TGDDM is 2∶1, the thermal-mechanical-electrical properties of D-MLB-2 system are better than those of traditional epoxy resins. Its glass transition temperature (Tg) is 174.2℃, the bending strength is 107.26 MPa, and the electric strength is 44.0 kV/mm. After 8 days of ageing, the Tg, bending strength, electric strength, and dielectric loss factor retention rate of the D-MLB-2 system are better than those of the conventional epoxy resin system. This research provides a theoretical basis for the development of hydrothermal resistant insulating materials and the exploration of hydrothermal ageing mechanisms.

, authors=Hechen Liu1, 2, Shuyue Nan1, *, Yuli Wang1, 2, Haibo Ma1, 2, Nana Xue3, Qingjun Zhang3, Wenhao Tian1, 2, Junbo Men1, 2, authorsList=Hechen Liu, Shuyue Nan, Yuli Wang, Haibo Ma, Nana Xue, Qingjun Zhang, Wenhao Tian, Junbo Men, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuyue Nan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921648017207475, articleId=1304921646293348513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=复合型环氧树脂热-力-电性能分析及其耐水热老化机理研究, columnId=1190369198724452531, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=绝缘技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究湿热老化对环氧树脂性能的影响规律,本文引入活性高、耐热性好的缩水甘油胺型多官能环氧树脂(TGDDM),与双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA)按照不同质量比采用共混改性的方法,制备耐湿热环氧树脂。并对不同样品进行100℃水煮老化实验,从微观和宏观层面分析共混环氧树脂体系与传统环氧树脂体系老化前后的性能劣化情况。最后使用MS分子动力学模拟对共混环氧树脂体系耐湿热性能进行机理分析。结果表明:当DGEBA与TGDDM的质量比为2∶1时,D-MLB-2体系的热-力-电综合性能优于传统环氧树脂,其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为174.2℃,弯曲强度为107.26 MPa,电气强度为44.0 kV/mm。且老化8 d后D-MLB-2体系的Tg、弯曲强度、电气强度和介质损耗因数保留率均优于传统环氧树脂体系。本研究有望为研制耐湿热绝缘材料、探究湿热老化机理提供理论依据。

, authors=刘贺晨1, 2, 南树岳1, *, 王昱力1, 2, 马海博1, 2, 薛娜娜3, 张庆军3, 田文浩1, 2, 门筠博1, 2, authorsList=刘贺晨, 南树岳, 王昱力, 马海博, 薛娜娜, 张庆军, 田文浩, 门筠博, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=南树岳, authorNote=

刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北衡水人,副教授,博士,主要从事环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、高压直流电缆绝缘状态评估及电树枝特性研究等工作

, correspAuthorsNote=
南树岳(2001-),男(汉族),山东德州人,硕士生,主要从事新型电工材料的研究工作。
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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Dielectric loss factor of four kinds of epoxy resin samples at different ageing stages, figureFileSmall=qJrKprNu8aZEif1RHay16g==, figureFileBig=DpAUYVXWA0F8CHfT2TMnsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922222343254541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=CN, label=图6, caption=4种环氧树脂试样在不同老化阶段的介质损耗因数, figureFileSmall=qJrKprNu8aZEif1RHay16g==, figureFileBig=DpAUYVXWA0F8CHfT2TMnsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922222439723534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The optimized models of E51 and D-MLB-2 samples(uncrosslinked), figureFileSmall=xwVuLLeu8g4CHQT3tj3vMg==, figureFileBig=41z/0/a6fwjxHkDCdh8EBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922222527803919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=CN, label=图7, caption=E51和D-MLB-2试样优化后模型(未交联)

(a) E51优化后模型 (b) D-MLB-2优化后模型

, figureFileSmall=xwVuLLeu8g4CHQT3tj3vMg==, figureFileBig=41z/0/a6fwjxHkDCdh8EBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922222620078608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The models after crosslinking of E51 and D-MLB-2 samples each resin system, figureFileSmall=JBtoJpxVULN2AMG/FIkDjA==, figureFileBig=eVGVnpAX6wYyA+8bxglaww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922222712353297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=CN, label=图8, caption=E51和D-MLB-2试样交联后模型

(a) E51交联后模型 (b) D-MLB-2交联后模型

, figureFileSmall=JBtoJpxVULN2AMG/FIkDjA==, figureFileBig=eVGVnpAX6wYyA+8bxglaww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922222796239378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Naming and mass rations of each resin system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂体系mDGEBAmTGDDM
E511∶0
D-MLB-11∶1
D-MLB-22∶1
D-MLB-33∶1
), ArticleFig(id=1304922222892708371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各树脂体系命名以及质量比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂体系mDGEBAmTGDDM
E511∶0
D-MLB-11∶1
D-MLB-22∶1
D-MLB-33∶1
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Bending strength retention of four epoxy resin samples at different ageing stages

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试样弯曲强度保留率/%
老化0 d老化4 d老化8 d
E-5110075.3564.70
D-MLB-110083.3074.30
D-MLB-210091.0080.59
D-MLB-310092.2779.27
), ArticleFig(id=1304922223026926101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

4种环氧树脂试样在不同老化阶段弯曲强度保留率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样弯曲强度保留率/%
老化0 d老化4 d老化8 d
E-5110075.3564.70
D-MLB-110083.3074.30
D-MLB-210091.0080.59
D-MLB-310092.2779.27
), ArticleFig(id=1304922223127589398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Glass transition temperatures of four epoxy resin samples at different ageing stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样Tg/℃
老化0 d老化4 d老化8 d
E-51144.0134.0132.0
D-MLB-1176.7159.1148.0
D-MLB-2174.2154.4149.6
D-MLB-3168.8154.0149.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304922223228252695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4种环氧树脂试样在不同老化阶段的玻璃化转变温度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样Tg/℃
老化0 d老化4 d老化8 d
E-51144.0134.0132.0
D-MLB-1176.7159.1148.0
D-MLB-2174.2154.4149.6
D-MLB-3168.8154.0149.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304922223320527384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Thermal stability parameters of four kinds of epoxy resin samples

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试样T5%/℃Tmax/℃
老化0 d老化4 d老化8 d老化0 d老化4 d老化8 d
E-51364.2363.7359.9426.0425.0425.0
D-MLB-1337.5326.4322.7410.0404.0399.0
D-MLB-2337.1335.4333.9422.0420.0419.0
D-MLB-3340.9339.2334.1423.0422.5420.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304922223404413465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

4种环氧树脂试样的热稳定性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样T5%/℃Tmax/℃
老化0 d老化4 d老化8 d老化0 d老化4 d老化8 d
E-51364.2363.7359.9426.0425.0425.0
D-MLB-1337.5326.4322.7410.0404.0399.0
D-MLB-2337.1335.4333.9422.0420.0419.0
D-MLB-3340.9339.2334.1423.0422.5420.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304922223513465370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The mass ratio of two sample models

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试样mDGEBAmTGDDM
E513∶0
D-MLB-22∶1
), ArticleFig(id=1304922223622517275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

两种试样模型的质量比

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试样mDGEBAmTGDDM
E513∶0
D-MLB-22∶1
), ArticleFig(id=1304922223723180572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Diffusion coefficients of different samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样扩散系数/(Å2/ps)
E-510.061 5
D-MLB-20.047 0
), ArticleFig(id=1304922223815455261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921646293348513, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同试样的扩散系数

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试样扩散系数/(Å2/ps)
E-510.061 5
D-MLB-20.047 0
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复合型环氧树脂热-力-电性能分析及其耐水热老化机理研究
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刘贺晨 1, 2 , 南树岳 1, * , 王昱力 1, 2 , 马海博 1, 2 , 薛娜娜 3 , 张庆军 3 , 田文浩 1, 2 , 门筠博 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2026,59(8): 58-68
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绝缘材料 |绝缘技术 2026 , 59 (8) : 58 -68
复合型环氧树脂热-力-电性能分析及其耐水热老化机理研究
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2华北电力大学,河北省绿色高效电工新材料与设备重点实验室,河北 保定 071003, bio={"content":"

刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北衡水人,副教授,博士,主要从事环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、高压直流电缆绝缘状态评估及电树枝特性研究等工作

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刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北衡水人,副教授,博士,主要从事环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、高压直流电缆绝缘状态评估及电树枝特性研究等工作

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刘贺晨1, 2, 南树岳1, *, 王昱力1, 2, 马海博1, 2, 薛娜娜3, 张庆军3, 田文浩1, 2, 门筠博1, 2
作者信息
  • 1华北电力大学,燕赵电力实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 2华北电力大学,河北省绿色高效电工新材料与设备重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 3浙江省七一电器股份有限公司,浙江 开化 324300
通讯作者:
南树岳(2001-),男(汉族),山东德州人,硕士生,主要从事新型电工材料的研究工作。
作者简介:

刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北衡水人,副教授,博士,主要从事环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、高压直流电缆绝缘状态评估及电树枝特性研究等工作

Study on thermal-mechanical-electrical properties of composite epoxy resin and its hydrothermal ageing resistance mechanism
Hechen Liu1, 2, Shuyue Nan1, *, Yuli Wang1, 2, Haibo Ma1, 2, Nana Xue3, Qingjun Zhang3, Wenhao Tian1, 2, Junbo Men1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Yanzhao Electric Power Laboratory, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 2Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient New Electrical Materials and Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 3Zhejiang Qiyi Electric Co., Ltd., Kaihua 324300, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.007
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为了探究湿热老化对环氧树脂性能的影响规律,本文引入活性高、耐热性好的缩水甘油胺型多官能环氧树脂(TGDDM),与双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA)按照不同质量比采用共混改性的方法,制备耐湿热环氧树脂。并对不同样品进行100℃水煮老化实验,从微观和宏观层面分析共混环氧树脂体系与传统环氧树脂体系老化前后的性能劣化情况。最后使用MS分子动力学模拟对共混环氧树脂体系耐湿热性能进行机理分析。结果表明:当DGEBA与TGDDM的质量比为2∶1时,D-MLB-2体系的热-力-电综合性能优于传统环氧树脂,其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为174.2℃,弯曲强度为107.26 MPa,电气强度为44.0 kV/mm。且老化8 d后D-MLB-2体系的Tg、弯曲强度、电气强度和介质损耗因数保留率均优于传统环氧树脂体系。本研究有望为研制耐湿热绝缘材料、探究湿热老化机理提供理论依据。

共混改性  /  耐湿热  /  环氧树脂  /  水煮老化

To explore the effect law of hydrothermal ageing on performances of epoxy resin, a hygrothermal resistant epoxy resin was prepared by blending highly reactive and thermally stable glycidylamine-type multifunctional epoxy resin (TGDDM) with bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (DGEBA) according to different mass rations in this paper. Different samples were subjected to 100℃ boiling water ageing experiments, and the performance degradation of the blended epoxy resin system and traditional epoxy resin system before and after ageing was analyzed from microscopic and macroscopic levels. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying the hydrothermal resistance of blended epoxy resin systems was analyzed by MS molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that when the mass ratio of DGEBA to TGDDM is 2∶1, the thermal-mechanical-electrical properties of D-MLB-2 system are better than those of traditional epoxy resins. Its glass transition temperature (Tg) is 174.2℃, the bending strength is 107.26 MPa, and the electric strength is 44.0 kV/mm. After 8 days of ageing, the Tg, bending strength, electric strength, and dielectric loss factor retention rate of the D-MLB-2 system are better than those of the conventional epoxy resin system. This research provides a theoretical basis for the development of hydrothermal resistant insulating materials and the exploration of hydrothermal ageing mechanisms.

blending modification  /  hydrothermal resistance  /  epoxy resin  /  water boiling ageing
刘贺晨, 南树岳, 王昱力, 马海博, 薛娜娜, 张庆军, 田文浩, 门筠博. 复合型环氧树脂热-力-电性能分析及其耐水热老化机理研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (8) : 58 -68 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.007
Hechen Liu, Shuyue Nan, Yuli Wang, Haibo Ma, Nana Xue, Qingjun Zhang, Wenhao Tian, Junbo Men. Study on thermal-mechanical-electrical properties of composite epoxy resin and its hydrothermal ageing resistance mechanism[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (8) : 58 -68 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.007
自20世纪40年代环氧树脂(EP)开始工业化生产以来,迅速成为一类品种繁多、应用广泛的热固性树脂[1]。由于环氧树脂具有优异的电性能、粘接性、耐腐蚀性、成型性、耐化学药品性和低收缩率等性能,可作为涂料、胶黏剂和成型材料广泛应用于电气、电子、土木建筑、航空航天、新能源汽车等领域[2]。目前常用的电工环氧树脂为双酚A二缩水甘油醚型EP(DGEBA),占据环氧树脂市场的90%以上。但随着电力设备的容量和功率密度不断提高,行业对绝缘材料的综合性能提出了更高要求。在沿海等一些高湿地区或特殊工作环境,环境中的水分会直接降低材料的绝缘特性。此外,环氧树脂本身导热性能较弱,设备运行时持续受热会加速其老化进程。因此设备长期遭受湿、热因素的影响,会导致绝缘材料发生不可逆的氧化分解反应,严重影响电力系统的运行可靠性[3-8]
为了解决上述问题,使用共混改性的方法制备新型树脂成为近年来的研究热点。周浩然等[9]在最佳固化工艺和配比条件下,以4,4′-二氨基二苯基砜(DDS)作为固化剂,经聚酰胺酸(PAA)改性,制备的EP热分解温度为411℃,比未改性EP的热分解温度提高了约80℃。陈丽等[10]首先以三苯基磷作催化剂将端环氧基聚硅氧烷与酚醛树脂在熔融态于150℃下反应5 h,制得聚硅氧烷酚醛树脂嵌段共聚物,然后与EP混合,由于嵌段共聚物中的酚醛链段与EP相容性好,可促进聚硅氧烷在EP中均匀分散。结果表明,采用聚硅氧烷平均嵌段分子量为2 000的共聚物改性的环氧模塑料,其玻璃化转变温度几乎与未改性体系相同,而模量和热膨胀系数均降低。R S Kumar等[11]采用环氧基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷改性双酚A型EP、双马来酞亚胺(BMI)与4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷制备新型复合材料,结果表明复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、玻璃化转变温度和热变形温度均得到改善。以上研究验证了使用共混改性方法改善环氧树脂性能的可行性,但关于耐湿热环氧树脂的制备、湿热老化对环氧树脂性能影响规律的研究较少。
缩水甘油胺型多官能环氧树脂通过环氧氯丙烷与多元胺的缩聚反应合成,其分子结构中含有2个或2个以上缩水甘油胺基,具有多官能度、活性高、交联密度大、耐热性高、粘接力强、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能良好的优点,且该环氧树脂对玻璃纤维、碳纤维的润湿性非常好[12-14]。此类环氧树脂固化网络呈现拓扑结构特征——由芳香环、醚键及亚甲基构成的三维互穿网络,其耐热性能相比传统环氧树脂得到大幅提升。陈健等[15]以对氨基苯酚二缩水甘油环氧树脂作为主体树脂,以芳香胺和改性酚醛树脂的混合物作为固化剂,制备一种室温固化且耐热性能良好的结构胶,其适用于耐火材料粘接。孙军等[16]采用四官能团缩水甘油胺环氧树脂制备了一种室温固化、耐高温的双组分环氧胶黏剂,其耐热性和功能性出色,适合野外及大面积施工。虞鑫海等[17]以2,2′-双(3-氨基-4-羟基苯基)六氟丙烷(BAHPFP)、2,2′-双[4-(4-氨基苯氧基)苯基]丙烷(BAPOPP)、2,2′-双[4-(3,4-二羧基苯氧基)苯基]丙烷二酐(BPADA)为主要原料,选择马来酸酐(MA)作封端剂,合成了含酚羟基的聚醚酰亚胺树脂(HPEI),然后将HPEI作为耐高温增韧剂,与N,N,N′,N′-四缩水甘油基-4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(TGDDM)、氢化双酚A环氧树脂(HBPAE)以及潜伏性固化剂等物质混合,成功制备综合性能优异的耐高温单组分环氧胶黏剂。缩水甘油胺型多官能环氧树脂在耐高温胶黏剂、耐高温先进复合材料、耐高温涂料上应用较广,但在电工绝缘材料领域的应用较少。
缩水甘油胺型四官能环氧树脂(TGDDM)分子中含有4个环氧基团,相较于传统的双酚A型环氧树脂(如E-51),TGDDM在固化时能够形成更高交联密度的三维网状结构。本研究利用TGDDM产生的高交联密度结构对电工绝缘材料中常用的双酚A型环氧树脂进行改性,并使用耐湿热能力较好的酸酐类固化剂制备耐湿热共混环氧树脂体系[18-19]。通过水煮老化试验代替湿热老化试验模拟温-湿双重作用耦合场,从微观和宏观层面分析共混环氧树脂体系与传统环氧树脂体系老化前后的性能劣化情况,根据性能劣化情况得到共混体系最优配比,并揭示材料在湿热环境下的失效机理。最后,通过分子动力学模拟进一步验证最优配比共混环氧树脂的耐湿热机理。为研制耐湿热绝缘材料、探究湿热老化机理、延缓绝缘老化、提高电力设备运行可靠性提供理论依据。
双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA),型号为E-51,环氧值为0.51~0.54 eq/100 g,山东金宏新材料科技有限公司;N,N,N′,N′-四环氧丙基-4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(TGDDM),环氧值为0.86 eq/100 g,湖北世腾化工科技有限公司;固化剂为甲基六氢苯酐邻苯二甲酸酐(MHHPA),纯度≥98%,广州阿尔斯新材料有限公司;固化促进剂为2,4,6-三(二甲氨基甲基)苯酚(DMP-30),纯度≥98%,广州市德晟化工有限责任公司。
将DGEBA与固化剂MHHPA按照质量比为100∶80混合后,再加入质量分数为0.5%的促进剂DMP-30搅拌均匀,在真空条件下抽除气泡,然后将混合液注入模具进行固化,固化工艺为120℃/2 h+150℃/5 h,固化后冷却脱模获得传统环氧树脂试样,命名为E51。
因TGDDM在低温下黏度较大,将DGEBA与TGDDM加热到60℃并按不同质量比混合,水浴搅拌30 min后加入固化剂MHHPA,继续搅拌30 min。搅拌完成后取出混合液,待混合液冷却至室温,向其中加入催化剂DMP-30,搅拌10 min后,在真空条件下抽除气泡。将混合液注入模具进行固化,固化工艺为130℃/2 h+160℃/5 h,冷却脱模后获得耐湿热环氧树脂试样。DGEBA与TGDDM的质量比见表1,耐湿热环氧树脂试样命名为D-MLB-x,其中x表示DGEBA与TGDDM的质量比,固化剂按环氧基团与酸酐基团的物质的量之比为1∶1添加,促进剂的添加量为环氧基团总摩尔分数的1%。
依据GB/T 24344—2009相关要求,使用扬州伍兴电气科技有限公司生产的工频高压试验控制台,采用双球电极法对环氧树脂试样进行耐压性能评估。测试过程中,将试样裁剪成尺寸为500 mm×500 mm×1 mm的方形薄片,以恒速升压模式(2 kV/s)施加交流电压直至试样击穿,记录击穿瞬间的临界电压值,实验环境温度控制为(25±2)℃、相对湿度控制为45%±5%,以排除温湿度对击穿特性的干扰。每种试样取15个有效数据,使用Weibull分布对数据进行统计分析。
根据GB/T 1409—2006相关要求,使用上海扬高电器公司生产的YG9100型全自动抗干扰介质损耗测试仪,将直径为100 mm、厚度为3 mm的圆形试样施加电压为2 kV、频率为50 Hz的正弦交流电压,测定试样的介质损耗因数(tanδ)。每种试样重复测试3次,以标准差≤1.5%作为有效性判定阈值。
使用珀金埃尔默公司生产的热重分析仪(TGA 4000型)进行热性能测试。称取质量≤10 mg的试样置于Al2O3坩埚中,设置升温速率为10℃/min,测试温度为30~600℃,在N2气氛下进行测试。
采用德国Bruker公司生产的TENSOR27型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对试样表面化学键信息进行表征,通过KBr压片法(试样与KBr质量比为 1∶100,压片压力为10 MPa)制备试样,采用ATR全反射模式(Ge晶体,入射角为45°)。测试波数为400~4 000 cm-1,扫描次数为32次。
使用赛默飞世尔科技公司生产的扫描电子显微镜(Nova NanoSEM 450型)的场发射扫描电镜-能谱联用系统(SEM-EDS)对环氧树脂试样断面进行观测,研究水煮老化对环氧树脂微观结构的影响。
根据ISO 178-2010相关要求采用深圳万测试验设备有限公司生产的ETM-104C型电子万能试验机对试样进行弯曲强度测试,将试样尺寸裁剪为80 mm×10 mm×4 mm(跨距为64 mm),加载速率为 2 mm/min,每种试样均测试10组数据,剔除异常数据并取平均值,确保结果准确性。
根据阿伦尼乌斯公式可知,温度升高可显著加快水分渗透速率与化学键水解反应速率,本文使用的环氧树脂玻璃化转变温度(Tg)在144℃及以上,远高于100℃,因此采用100℃水煮老化不会改变环氧树脂试样的老化机理,只会加快老化速度[20]。试验时将环氧树脂试样分散置于水浴锅中,水浴锅温度设置为100℃,持续水煮8 d,为观察不同吸湿阶段对不同样品老化的影响,在水煮4 d时取1次试样[21]。老化试样分别命名为E51-yd、D-MLB-1-yd、D-MLB-2-yd、D-MLB-3-yd,其中y为老化天数。
试样E51、D-MLB-1、D-MLB-2、D-MLB-3的红外光谱如图1所示。从图1可以看出,波数为2 925 cm-1处属于脂肪族-CH2-和-CH3的反对称伸缩振动峰,主要源于DGEBA的亚甲基链段、TGDDM的环氧丙基侧链及MHHPA的甲基结构,随着TGDDM含量的增加,峰位较E51(2 928cm-1)逐渐红移,可能与共混体系中脂肪链堆积密度有关[22]。波数为1 729 cm-1处对应酯羰基C=O的伸缩振动峰,表明MHHPA与环氧树脂(DGEBA及TGDDM)发生开环酯化反应形成酯键。波数为1 610 cm-1与1 510 cm-1处对应芳香环C=C骨架振动峰,分别源自DGEBA的双酚A苯环及TGDDM的二氨基二苯甲烷苯环,共混体系中两种苯环的电子效应叠加导致峰位较E51(1 607 cm-1和1 507 cm-1)轻微偏移[23]。波数为1 453 cm-1处对应-CH2-弯曲振动峰,与DGEBA和TGDDM的亚甲基及芳香取代模式相关。波数为1 155 cm-1处对应C-O-C的反对称伸缩振动峰,峰位较E51(1 180 cm-1)显著红移,可能由于TGDDM的环氧丙基开环形成更复杂的醚网络结构,降低振动频率。随着TGDDM含量的增加,共混体系在波数为828 cm-1处逐渐呈现双肩峰特征,主峰对应对位取代苯环的C-H面外弯曲振动,而肩峰(798 cm-1)可能源于TGDDM中二氨基二苯甲烷的邻位取代苯环振动,表明共混体系中两类芳环取代构型共存。与E51相比,共混体系在波数为1 155 cm-1的红移及828 cm-1的双肩峰表明,TGDDM的引入显著改变了环氧网络的拓扑结构:其多官能度环氧基团可能促进高交联密度及邻位醚键生成,而二氨基二苯甲烷的刚性芳环可能增强分子间堆叠,导致局部极性环境变化,从而改变试样的宏观性能[24]
试样E51、D-MLB-1、D-MLB-2、D-MLB-3老化后的红外光谱图如图2所示。从图2可以看出,4种环氧树脂试样的吸收峰位置与未老化时均一致,只在吸收峰强度上有所变化,表明水煮老化后树脂体系中基本上没有新的官能团生成。
图2还可以看出,在老化4 d时,4种试样在波数为1 729、1 610、1 510、1 453、1 155 cm-1处峰强度均有不同程度的增强,这是由于环氧树脂在湿热环境下进行后固化和局部交联优化,峰强度有所增强。在老化8 d时,4种试样脂肪族-CH2-/-CH3(2 925 cm-1)峰强度未显著波动,表明脂肪链段在长期老化中仍保持良好的化学稳定性,未发生显著水解。波数为1 729 cm-1处对应酯羰基C=O伸缩振动峰,峰强度较老化第4 d试样降低。其中,D-MLB-2试样在经历8 d老化后,其酯键与醚键的特征峰信号强度未见明显衰减,甚至略高于老化前的初始水平,表明D-MLB-2与其余3种试样相比具有更优的稳定性。湿热老化对材料的影响主要体现在酯键和醚键的含量变化上,其演变规律揭示了交联与水解的竞争机制。早期固化延续(0~4 d):湿热条件促进残留酸酐(MHHPA)与环氧基进一步反应,生成酯键(峰强度增强);长期水解主导(4~8 d):水分子渗透引发酯键断裂(C=O峰强度下降)。双肩峰特征(主峰828 cm-1,肩峰798 cm-1)持续存在,表明TGDDM的邻位取代苯环与DGEBA对位取代构型在长期老化中仍共存,芳环取代模式未因水解发生改变。
试样E51、D-MLB-1、D-MLB-2、D-MLB-3水煮老化后,不同老化阶段弯曲强度测试结果如图3所示。同时定义弯曲强度保留率为老化后弯曲强度与未老化初始弯曲强度的百分比值,用于衡量材料在湿热老化过程中的力学性能保持能力,弯曲强度保留率结果如表2所示。从图3可以看出,未老化时,随着TGDDM的增加,试样的弯曲强度先增大后减小,当DGEBA和TGDDM的质量比为2∶1时,试样的弯曲强度最大,较E51提高了10%。产生这种现象的原因是TGDDM分子中含4个环氧基团,会形成更密集的交联网络使试样的刚性增强。TGDDM交联产生的刚性结构与E51的柔性链段在分子尺度形成物理缠结,类似“自增韧”效果,可抑制裂纹扩展,使对应的弯曲强度增加。同时,由于DMP-30对DGEBA和TGDDM两种树脂的催化作用不同,当DGEBA和TGDDM的质量比为2∶1时,TGDDM的含量较低,其高反应活性被DGEBA稀释,因此两者的固化速率差异较小,形成较为均匀的网络结构,能够有效分散应力,从而D-MLB-2试样表现出最大的弯曲强度[25]。在D-MLB-1试样中,由于TGDDM引入过多导致树脂体系交联密度过高,且TGDDM的高反应活性可能导致局部区域过快固化,形成不均匀的固化网络,从而产生内应力,引发脆性断裂,导致树脂体系的弯曲强度减小。
图3表2还可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,各试样的弯曲强度逐渐下降,但共混体系的弯曲强度保留率均大于E51树脂。在老化第8 d时,D-MLB-2试样的弯曲强度保留率最高,较E51提高了15.89%,这主要是由于水煮老化后,环氧树脂中的酯键、醚键等化学键在水和高温作用下发生水解,导致分子链断裂,交联网络破坏。同时,水分子的浸入,产生了增塑效果,两者共同导致环氧树脂的力学性能下降[26],而D-MLB-2试样中形成了更稳定的交联网络结构,这种结构能够更好地抵抗水分渗透和热应力,从而延缓树脂的降解过程。
玻璃态高聚物在载荷作用下的失效过程通常表现为银纹化损伤、裂纹萌生及扩展等阶段,断面上将反映出对应的的特征形貌[27]。通过扫描电镜对水煮老化前和老化8 d后传统树脂和共混体系弯曲断裂试样的断面形貌进行观察,结果如图4所示。从图4(a)可以看出,E51树脂断面非常平滑,“河流”状条纹较少且裂纹扩展方向单一,呈现典型的脆性断裂特征。TGDDM的引入使试样断面出现不同程度的变化,裂纹长度变长,密度增加,树脂被破坏时所消耗的能量增加,表现为力学性能提高(如图4(d)所示)。当TGDDM与DGEBA质量比为2∶1时,D-MLB-2试样的断面粗糙度明显增加、裂纹数量增加且裂纹方向分散,裂纹尖端在扩展过程中出现了偏转和歧化,应力分散现象突出,表明韧性增加,此时弯曲强度达到最大,如图4(c)所示[28-29]。当TGDDM含量继续增加时,断面中裂纹密集区与光滑平面交替出现(如图4(b)所示),可能是由于固化速率不同,导致固化网络不均一,该现象与上文分析一致。
水煮老化8 d后,各试样断面形貌粗糙度均有不同程度的增加,由树脂水解产生的碎颗粒物和缺陷明显增多。而且图4(d)中出现纤维状断裂,表明水分对树脂有增塑作用。微观形貌变化很好地佐证了上文提到的弯曲性能变化规律。
交联聚合物的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)是由聚合物网络的主链刚度和交联密度共同影响[30]。4种环氧树脂试样老化前后的Tg测试结果如表3所示。从表3可以看出,随着TGDDM含量的增加,试样的Tg逐渐升高,且D-MLB-1、D-MLB-2、D-MLB-3试样的玻璃化转变温度均远高于E51。产生该现象的原因是随着TGDDM含量的增加,环氧树脂的交联密度逐渐增加,交联结构的链段运动受到抑制,使得试样从玻璃态转变为橡胶态所需的能量增加,所以试样的Tg升高[31]
经过水煮老化试验后,各试样的Tg均呈下降趋势。水煮老化初期(0~4 d),各试样的Tg下降速率较快,这是由于在湿热环境中,水分的渗透扩散会导致树脂内部自由体积分数增加,促使聚合物三维网络发生膨胀而形变,产生塑化效应。这种效应会使得分子间平均间距扩大,链段迁移率提升,导致材料从玻璃态向高弹态转变的临界温度(即Tg)下降[32]。随着老化时间的延长(4~8 d),树脂基体逐渐接近水分饱和状态,树脂表面和内部的水分浓度梯度减小,水分扩散速率显著减慢,Tg下降的速率也随之减缓。老化第8 d时,共混体系的Tg仍然高于E-51,表明共混体系相较于E51,在高温高湿条件下具有更好的稳定性和耐久性。
在热重分析技术(TGA)中,材料的热分解特性可通过质量损失进行定量评估,其中材料抗热降解能力的高低会影响电力设备在高温环境下的服役寿命。4种环氧树脂试样老化前后的热重分析相关参数列于表4。其中,T5%代表质量损失为5%时对应的温度(初始分解温度),Tmax为失重速率最大时对应的温度。由表4可知,试样D-MLB-1、D-MLB-2、D-MLB-3的初始分解温度均低于E51,这是由于共混体系相较于E51增加了易于热裂解的酯键的数量,使得共混体系初始分解温度降低[33]。D-MLB-1试样相较于其他3种试样的Tmax较低。这是由于其交联网络过于致密,内部应力产生了微裂纹,成为主链分解的起始点,使其Tmax下降。
老化后4种环氧树脂试样的初始分解温度均有不同程度的下降,这是由于水煮老化过程中,水分子会逐渐渗透到环氧树脂的内部,破坏交联网络并降低分子量,降低了材料的刚性,从而使得树脂初始分解温度逐渐降低。
环氧树脂的电气强度是指其在强电场下可承受的最大电场强度,它是衡量环氧树脂在电工绝缘材料应用中性能的重要指标。4种环氧树脂试样在老化前后电气强度的测试结果如图5所示。
图5可以看出,试样老化前,共混体系的电气强度均大于E51,且随着TGDDM含量的增加,共混体系的电气强度先增大后减小。因为随着TGDDM的引入,形成了更紧密的交联网络,树脂交联程度提高,减少了分子链间的自由体积,抑制了电场集中,从而提高电气强度。TGDDM含量过多时(如试样D-MLB-1),分子链刚性增强会引发微裂纹或局部应力集中,且有可能因空间位阻效应使得交联网络不均,形成结构缺陷,成为击穿起始点,表现为电气强度降低[34]
随着水煮老化时间的延长,4种环氧树脂试样的电气强度较老化前均呈下降趋势。老化8 d后,D-MLB-2试样的电气强度大于其余3种试样。这是因为环氧树脂在水煮老化过程中,其分子结构中的酯键与醚键易发生水解反应,导致化学键断裂及交联网络破坏。与此同时,水分逐渐渗入材料内部,可能导致微观裂纹与孔隙的形成。这些结构缺陷在电场作用下成为局部高场强区域,加剧了电场集中效应。此外,水解作用扩大了材料内部的自由体积,为载流子(如离子或电子)提供了迁移通道,在外部电场驱动下,载流子更易沿缺陷路径运动并积累能量,最终降低材料的绝缘性能,使各共混体系更早达到击穿阈值[35]。D-MLB-2因交联密度适中,形成致密交联结构的同时,试样因过度交联导致的缺陷较少,使其抵御水分子的能力增强,延缓了水解反应对化学键的破坏,所以老化后相较于其他试样依旧保持较好的电气强度。
介质损耗是衡量介电材料在交变电场工况下绝缘能力的关键性能指标。在交变电场作用下,固体材料的介质损耗通常用介质损耗因数(tanδ)表示。4种环氧树脂试样水煮老化前后的介质损耗因数如图6所示。
图6可以看出,在试样老化前,随着TGDDM含量的增加,试样的tanδ先减小后增大,这是由于TGDDM的引入会增加交联密度,显著提升分子链刚性,限制偶极子转向极化的自由度,从而抑制极化损耗[36]。另外,交联密度的提高会改变环氧树脂的微观结构,使体系的最低未占分子轨道(LUMO)能级降低。LUMO能级下降会加深电荷陷阱的能级深度,从而提升电荷捕获效率,导致被束缚的空间电荷难以自由迁移,从而降低了电导损耗[37-38]。而过量的TGDDM导致交联密度过高,刚性交联网络内应力累积,可能诱发微观裂纹或局部相分离。这些结构缺陷为界面极化提供了新的活性位点,同时部分抵消了偶极子极化的抑制作用,最终导致tanδ回升。
随着水煮老化时间的延长,各试样的介质损耗因数有不同程度的增大。这是因为湿热环境会促使环氧树脂中的酯键和醚键发生水解反应,交联网络断裂,分子链段自由度增加,偶极子极化增强,表现为介质损耗因数增大。
综上所述,D-MLB-2试样因其致密的交联网络,充分延缓了水分子对环氧树脂的水解作用,使其在水煮老化前后均表现出优异的电气性能。
为了探索E51与D-MLB-2试样的水煮老化机理,本文通过Material Studio(MS)搭建了两种试样的模型[39]。首先用Visualizer模块搭建了DGEBA、TGDDM、MHHPA以及对应的一次交联模型,对其进行几何结构优化。接着在Amorphous Cell模块中,设置温度为580 K、密度为0.6 g/cm³的条件,按照表5中的树脂分子的质量比,构建了不同的树脂无定形结构模型。筛选出能量最低的模型后,对其进行几何结构优化。
为了消除建模时产生的内部应力,本文选用COMPASSII力场,在580 K和1.0×10-4 GPa环境下,对几何优化后的模型进行了100 ps的恒温恒压(NPT)分子动力学模拟[40]。整个过程完成后得到的最终模型结构展示在图7中。
通过在MS软件嵌入自动交联的Perl脚本程序实现不同树脂体系的交联固化反应,交联温度设置为580 K,当界面层中原子距离小于7 Å时,发生交联反应,本文中模型的交联程度均设为85%[41]。交联后得到的模型如图8所示。
为了验证D-MLB-2试样在水煮老化过程中阻挡水分子入侵的能力优于E51,本文通过packing功能将H2O加入到交联模型中,然后采用COMPASSII力场在373.15 K和1.0×10-4 GPa下对模型进行分子动力学模拟。结合式(1)对模拟后的模型进行分析,得到水分子在不同体系的扩散系数(D),结果列于表6
D=16Νlimtddti=1NRit-Ri02
式(1)中:Ri(t)和Ri(0)分别表示系统内原子在时间t和初始时的位移矢量;N为体系中参与均方位移统计的水分子总数。
表6可以看出,水分子在D-MLB-2中的扩散系数较小,说明水分子在D-MLB-2中的扩散速度较传统树脂E51更慢。这是由于TGDDM的引入增加了共混体系的交联密度,自由体积分数减小,从而在一定程度上抑制了水分子在共混树脂中的扩散,使得D-MLB-2在水煮老化后依旧保留较好的力学和电气性能,与上文试验结果一致。
本文通过E-51、TGDDM成功制备了耐湿热环氧树脂体系,并对传统树脂体系和共混树脂体系(E-51/TGDDM)进行水煮老化试验和MS分子动力学模拟,系统地研究了各树脂体系在老化前后的性能演变规律,得到相关结论如下:
(1)共混环氧树脂体系弯曲强度优于传统环氧树脂,弯曲强度随TGDDM含量增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,当DGEBA与TGDDM的质量比为2∶1(D-MLB-2)时,弯曲强度达到最大值。水煮老化后,共混环氧树脂体系弯曲强度保留率较传统环氧树脂均有提升。其中,D-MLB-2试样老化前弯曲强度较传统树脂提升了10%,弯曲强度保留率提高15.89%。
(2)与传统环氧树脂相比,共混环氧树脂体系的玻璃化转变温度更高,老化后共混环氧树脂体系的Tg依旧远高于传统环氧树脂体系。但共混环氧树脂体系的初始分解温度略低于传统环氧树脂体系。
(3)与传统环氧树脂相比,D-MLB-2试样具有更优异的电气强度和较低的介质损耗因数,即使在水煮老化后,其电气强度和介质损耗因数仍最优。
(4)分子动力学模拟表明,100℃下水分子在D-MLB-2中的扩散系数较E51更低,揭示了D-MLB-2在水煮老化中保留较好的力学和电气性能的原理。本研究有望为研制耐湿热绝缘材料、探究湿热老化机理提供理论依据。

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2026年第59卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.007
  • 接收时间:2025-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-14
  • 修回日期:2025-11-06
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    1华北电力大学,燕赵电力实验室,河北 保定 071003
    2华北电力大学,河北省绿色高效电工新材料与设备重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
    3浙江省七一电器股份有限公司,浙江 开化 324300

通讯作者:

南树岳(2001-),男(汉族),山东德州人,硕士生,主要从事新型电工材料的研究工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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