Article(id=1304921634914201613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754323200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-05, revisedDate=1759507200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047162034, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047162034, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047162034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047162034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921585991836085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047150370, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117776362, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=28, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921635178442766, articleId=1304921634914201613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on structure and performance of high-voltage cable shielding materials containing high-structural degree conductive carbon black, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Conductive carbon black (CB) is a key component of shielding materials for high-voltage cables, and its structural characteristics have a decisive impact on the comprehensive performance of shielding materials. To address the issue of the deterioration of mechanical and processing properties of shielding materials caused by the high content of tradi-tional low-structural degree CB, this study prepared high-voltage cable shielding materials using ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) as the matrix and high-structural degree CB as the conductive filler. The electrical, mechanical, and processing properties of the shielding materials were systematically evaluated. The results show that high-structural degree CB has a significant advantage in constructing conductive networks due to its well-developed chain-like aggregates. The volume fraction percolation threshold of the shielding material is only 8.0%. When the high-structural degree CB mass fraction is 30%, the volume resistivity of the shielding material at 23℃ and 90℃ reaches 71 Ω·cm and 279 Ω·cm, respectively, and the elongation at break and tensile strength are 419% and 16.8 MPa, respectively, which meet the requirements of high-voltage cable standards. Compared with the shielding material added with a mass fraction of 35% low-structural degree CB, its maximum temperature rise and equilibrium torque during the mixing process decrease significantly, and the scorch resistance performance improves notably. Mechanistic analysis shows that high-structural degree CB enhances the filler network through physical cross-linking, increasing the storage modulus and complex viscosity of the shielding material. Meanwhile, the dense three-dimensional network structure formed by high-structural degree CB in the matrix inhibits the movement of EBA segments, resulting in a decrease in crystallinity.

, authors=Lichuan Jia1, Jiawei Wu1, Shuai Hou2, 3, Zhixing Wang1, Yunpeng Zhan2, 3, Runpan Nie1, *, Mingli Fu2, 3, authorsList=Lichuan Jia, Jiawei Wu, Shuai Hou, Zhixing Wang, Yunpeng Zhan, Runpan Nie, Mingli Fu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Runpan Nie, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921637481115687, articleId=1304921634914201613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=含高结构度导电炭黑的高压电缆屏蔽料结构与性能研究, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

导电炭黑(CB)是高压电缆屏蔽料的重要组分,其结构特性对屏蔽料综合性能具有决定性影响。针对传统低结构度CB含量高导致屏蔽料力学与加工性能劣化的问题,本研究以乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚物(EBA)为基体,采用高结构度CB为导电填料制备高压电缆屏蔽料,系统评价其电学性能、力学性能和加工性能等综合性能。结果表明:高结构度CB凭借发达的链枝状聚集体在构建导电网络方面具有显著优势,屏蔽料的体积分数渗流阈值仅为8.0%。当高结构度CB质量分数为30%时,屏蔽料在23℃和90℃的体积电阻率分别达到了71 Ω·cm和279 Ω·cm,断裂伸长率和拉伸强度分别为419%和16.8 MPa,均满足高压电缆标准要求。与添加质量分数为35%低结构度CB的屏蔽料相比,其混炼过程中的最大温升与平衡力矩显著降低,耐焦烧性能明显提升。机理分析表明,高结构度CB通过物理交联增强填料网络,提升了屏蔽料的储能模量与复数黏度。同时,高结构度CB在基体中形成的致密填料网络会抑制EBA链段运动,导致结晶度降低。

, authors=贾利川1, 吴佳伟1, 侯帅2, 3, 王智星1, 展云鹏2, 3, 聂闰盼1, *, 傅明利2, 3, authorsList=贾利川, 吴佳伟, 侯帅, 王智星, 展云鹏, 聂闰盼, 傅明利, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=聂闰盼, authorNote=

贾利川(1989-),男(汉族),河南鹤壁人,副研究员,博士,主要从事高压/超高压电缆材料基础理论、关键技术及应用的研究

, correspAuthorsNote=
聂闰盼(1995-),男(汉族),重庆人,副研究员,博士,主要从事高压电缆屏蔽料结构设计及应用研究。
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贾利川(1989-),男(汉族),河南鹤壁人,副研究员,博士,主要从事高压/超高压电缆材料基础理论、关键技术及应用的研究

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贾利川(1989-),男(汉族),河南鹤壁人,副研究员,博士,主要从事高压/超高压电缆材料基础理论、关键技术及应用的研究

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含高结构度导电炭黑的高压电缆屏蔽料结构与性能研究
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贾利川 1 , 吴佳伟 1 , 侯帅 2, 3 , 王智星 1 , 展云鹏 2, 3 , 聂闰盼 1, * , 傅明利 2, 3
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2026,59(8): 28-38
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绝缘材料 |材料研究 2026 , 59 (8) : 28 -38
含高结构度导电炭黑的高压电缆屏蔽料结构与性能研究
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贾利川(1989-),男(汉族),河南鹤壁人,副研究员,博士,主要从事高压/超高压电缆材料基础理论、关键技术及应用的研究

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贾利川(1989-),男(汉族),河南鹤壁人,副研究员,博士,主要从事高压/超高压电缆材料基础理论、关键技术及应用的研究

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贾利川1, 吴佳伟1, 侯帅2, 3, 王智星1, 展云鹏2, 3, 聂闰盼1, *, 傅明利2, 3
作者信息
  • 1四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 2特高压电力技术与新型电工装备基础国家工程研究中心,广东 广州 510663
  • 3南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司,广东 广州 510663
通讯作者:
聂闰盼(1995-),男(汉族),重庆人,副研究员,博士,主要从事高压电缆屏蔽料结构设计及应用研究。
作者简介:

贾利川(1989-),男(汉族),河南鹤壁人,副研究员,博士,主要从事高压/超高压电缆材料基础理论、关键技术及应用的研究

Study on structure and performance of high-voltage cable shielding materials containing high-structural degree conductive carbon black
Lichuan Jia1, Jiawei Wu1, Shuai Hou2, 3, Zhixing Wang1, Yunpeng Zhan2, 3, Runpan Nie1, *, Mingli Fu2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
  • 2National Engineering Research Center of UHV Technology and Novel Electrical Equipment Basis, Guangzhou 510663, China
  • 3Electric Power Research Institute of China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510663, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.004
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导电炭黑(CB)是高压电缆屏蔽料的重要组分,其结构特性对屏蔽料综合性能具有决定性影响。针对传统低结构度CB含量高导致屏蔽料力学与加工性能劣化的问题,本研究以乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚物(EBA)为基体,采用高结构度CB为导电填料制备高压电缆屏蔽料,系统评价其电学性能、力学性能和加工性能等综合性能。结果表明:高结构度CB凭借发达的链枝状聚集体在构建导电网络方面具有显著优势,屏蔽料的体积分数渗流阈值仅为8.0%。当高结构度CB质量分数为30%时,屏蔽料在23℃和90℃的体积电阻率分别达到了71 Ω·cm和279 Ω·cm,断裂伸长率和拉伸强度分别为419%和16.8 MPa,均满足高压电缆标准要求。与添加质量分数为35%低结构度CB的屏蔽料相比,其混炼过程中的最大温升与平衡力矩显著降低,耐焦烧性能明显提升。机理分析表明,高结构度CB通过物理交联增强填料网络,提升了屏蔽料的储能模量与复数黏度。同时,高结构度CB在基体中形成的致密填料网络会抑制EBA链段运动,导致结晶度降低。

高压电缆  /  屏蔽料  /  导电炭黑  /  结构度

Conductive carbon black (CB) is a key component of shielding materials for high-voltage cables, and its structural characteristics have a decisive impact on the comprehensive performance of shielding materials. To address the issue of the deterioration of mechanical and processing properties of shielding materials caused by the high content of tradi-tional low-structural degree CB, this study prepared high-voltage cable shielding materials using ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) as the matrix and high-structural degree CB as the conductive filler. The electrical, mechanical, and processing properties of the shielding materials were systematically evaluated. The results show that high-structural degree CB has a significant advantage in constructing conductive networks due to its well-developed chain-like aggregates. The volume fraction percolation threshold of the shielding material is only 8.0%. When the high-structural degree CB mass fraction is 30%, the volume resistivity of the shielding material at 23℃ and 90℃ reaches 71 Ω·cm and 279 Ω·cm, respectively, and the elongation at break and tensile strength are 419% and 16.8 MPa, respectively, which meet the requirements of high-voltage cable standards. Compared with the shielding material added with a mass fraction of 35% low-structural degree CB, its maximum temperature rise and equilibrium torque during the mixing process decrease significantly, and the scorch resistance performance improves notably. Mechanistic analysis shows that high-structural degree CB enhances the filler network through physical cross-linking, increasing the storage modulus and complex viscosity of the shielding material. Meanwhile, the dense three-dimensional network structure formed by high-structural degree CB in the matrix inhibits the movement of EBA segments, resulting in a decrease in crystallinity.

high-voltage cable  /  shielding material  /  conductive carbon black  /  structural degree
贾利川, 吴佳伟, 侯帅, 王智星, 展云鹏, 聂闰盼, 傅明利. 含高结构度导电炭黑的高压电缆屏蔽料结构与性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (8) : 28 -38 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.004
Lichuan Jia, Jiawei Wu, Shuai Hou, Zhixing Wang, Yunpeng Zhan, Runpan Nie, Mingli Fu. Study on structure and performance of high-voltage cable shielding materials containing high-structural degree conductive carbon black[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (8) : 28 -38 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.004
近年来,随着城市配电网智能化改造及海上风电等清洁能源项目的大规模推进,我国电力电缆产业迎来了快速发展期。在此背景下,高压电缆市场需求持续增长,已成为电缆产业链中最具成长潜力的领域之一[1-3]。作为高压电缆结构中的核心功能层,半导电屏蔽层在运行过程中承担着均匀电场、抑制局部放电等关键作用,其材料性能对电缆的绝缘水平、运行寿命及安全性具有决定性影响[4-5]
屏蔽料通常由导电炭黑、基体树脂和加工助剂经熔融共混制备而成。其中,导电炭黑(CB)作为电子传输的功能相,需在基体树脂中形成稳定且连续的导电通路,以确保屏蔽料优异的电学性能和电缆内部电场分布均匀。然而,为了满足电学性能要求,通常需向屏蔽料中添加较高含量的导电炭黑,这不可避免地导致屏蔽料力学性能和加工性能劣化。因此,亟需在电学、力学与加工性能之间实现有效平衡,这也对导电炭黑的结构特性提出了更高要求,以满足高压电缆严苛工况下的综合性能需求[6-8]
当前,高压电缆屏蔽料普遍采用较低结构度的炉法炭黑(如卡博特VULCAN XC68,其吸油值为123 mL/100 g)。然而,为了满足屏蔽料电学性能的要求,低结构度导电炭黑的质量分数通常需达到甚至超过35%。高添加量的导电炭黑不仅导致屏蔽料力学性能和加工性能显著下降,还会带来较高的材料成本。针对上述问题,国内外学者开展了一系列研究,主要聚焦于填料复配、基体改性和基体共混等方面[9-14]。Li G等[15]利用石墨烯替代部分导电炭黑,不仅减少了导电炭黑的使用量,而且降低了绝缘层中的电荷积累并抑制了正温度系数效应。Yang J等[16]提出了一种优化聚丙烯基半导电屏蔽材料中导电炭黑分布的方法。通过引入聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐选择性调控导电炭黑在聚丙烯和聚烯烃弹性体相之间的分布,构建更均匀的导电网络结构,有效抑制了屏蔽层/绝缘界面处的电荷注入和空间电荷积聚。贾利川等[17]将乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯(EBA)与低密度聚乙烯按质量比为6∶4共混,引导导电炭黑选择性分布于低密度聚乙烯相中,从而在复合体系中构建双逾渗导电网络结构,显著提高了导电路径的连通性,并使材料在23℃和90℃下电阻率分别降低了46.7%和74.4%,正温度系数(PTC)效应降低了52.1%。尽管目前提升屏蔽料性能的研究策略取得了显著成效,但是上述方法普遍存在成本高昂、接枝工艺复杂、难以实现工业化等问题。相比之下,导电炭黑结构特性对屏蔽料结构和性能影响的研究却鲜有报道。
基于此,本文以高结构度导电炭黑为填料,系统探究其对屏蔽料电学性能、力学性能、加工性能、结晶行为及流变性能的协同影响规律,揭示其在导电网络构建、链段运动调控及界面行为中的作用机制,为屏蔽料的性能优化提供关键数据支撑与技术路径,对推动高压电缆屏蔽料的国产化具有重要参考价值。
乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚物(EBA)购自Repsol公司;高结构度导电炭黑(CB1)购自Imerys公司,型号为ENSACO260G,吸油值为190 mL/100 g;低结构度导电炭黑(CB2)购自Cabot公司,型号为VULCAN XC68,吸油值为123 mL/100g;交联剂(2,4-二叔丁基过氧化异丙苯)、润滑剂(硬脂酸锌)、抗氧剂(抗氧剂300)及分散剂(乙烯基双硬脂酰胺)均购自成都科隆化学试剂厂。
屏蔽料试样通过转矩流变仪(型号为RM-200C,哈尔滨哈普电气科技有限公司)熔融混炼制备得到。具体操作步骤如下:将CB、EBA、润滑剂、抗氧剂和分散剂直接加入混炼腔中,分别按CB质量分数为4%、7%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%制备8组样品,混炼温度为160℃,在100 r/min的转速下混炼15  min制得母料。随后,将母料剪切成粒径均一的颗粒,在60℃恒温烘箱中放置6 h以除去吸附水分,充分干燥后按基体树脂与交联剂质量比为65∶1加入交联剂,之后在60℃恒温烘箱中放置6  h以确保交联剂充分吸附。将吸附交联剂后的母料颗粒置于方形模具中,将模具放在平板硫化机中按以下程序热压成型:首先在120℃、10 MPa条件下预热6  min,随后热压4 min,最后升温至180 ℃并热压20  min,最终制得测试所需屏蔽料试样。采用CB1和CB2制备的屏蔽料试样分别命名为1、2
导电炭黑的微观形貌以及屏蔽料断面形貌采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(Inspect-F型,FEI公司)及透射电子显微镜(Tecnai G2 F20s-TWIN型,FEI公司)观察。屏蔽料的热性能通过差示扫描量热仪(DSC-Q2000型,TA公司)测定,测试在氮气气氛下进行,测试温度为30~120℃,升温速率为10℃/min。采用高阻计(SM7110型,HIOKI公司)、绝缘电阻测试仪(TH2684A型,常州同惠电子股份有限公司)以及电缆半电层电阻测试装置(BDD-3型,嘉兴市英华检测设备有限公司)对不同电阻率试样的常温体积电阻率进行测量。力学性能采用电子万能拉伸试验机(Instron 5976型,INSTRON公司)测试,试样为哑铃形,标距为20 mm,加载速度为250 mm/min,测试温度为室温(约为25℃)。每组测试不少于5个试样以确保数据可靠性。加工温升和力矩测试通过转矩流变仪混炼平台进行,一、二、三区温度均为160℃,转速为100 r/min。耐焦烧测试通过转矩流变仪混炼平台进行,一、二、三区温度均为150℃,转速为85 r/min。表面光洁度采用高清测量显微镜(GP-304K型,GAOPIN公司)观察。熔体流动速率采用熔融指数仪(XRN-400C型,济南精基试验仪器有限公司)在140℃、10 kg载荷下进行测试,测试每30  s剪断并称量试样。流变性能采用旋转流变仪(MCR302型,Anton Paar公司)表征,采用直径为25 mm、厚度为1 mm的平行板夹具,测试温度为160℃,应变设定为1%,测试频率为0.03~100 Hz。动态力学性能采用动态力学分析仪(DMA 850型,TA公司)测试,测试频率为1 Hz,应变幅度为1%,测试温度为-70~120℃,升温速率为3℃/min。
导电炭黑的结构特征涵盖单个颗粒的形貌与粒径分布,以及颗粒间通过物理或化学作用形成的聚集体结构。通常,导电炭黑初级粒子聚熔形成的聚集体称为一次结构,聚集体进一步通过范德华力凝聚形成的附聚体称为二次结构。二次结构的稳定性较差,易在压缩、造粒或混炼加工过程中被破坏。
导电炭黑的结构对其在聚合物基体中的分散状态及网络形成具有关键作用。为进一步阐明高结构度导电炭黑对屏蔽料电性能、力学性能及加工性能的影响机制,本文对所使用导电炭黑的微观形貌进行表征。图1为CB聚集体的TEM和SEM图像。从图1可以看出,高结构度的CB1粒子间呈现紧密堆积状态,链枝状网络结构发达、分支程度高,聚集体可延展至微米尺度;而低结构度的CB2则呈现粒子堆积松散状态,链枝状网络结构不明显、分支较少,聚集体尺寸仅为纳米级。表明高结构度有利于导电炭黑在聚合物基体中构建连续导电网络,从而显著提升复合材料的电学性能。
体积电阻率是衡量屏蔽料电学性能的关键参数,不仅可以反映屏蔽料的导电能力,还影响其在电缆运行中对电场的均化效果以及对局部放电的抑制能力。为了评估屏蔽料在常温与高温服役环境下的温度稳定性,通常测试屏蔽料在23℃和90℃下的体积电阻率,结果如图2所示。从图2(a)可以看出,试样1、2在23℃下的体积电阻率随导电炭黑含量的增加均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,且在质量分数为10%~20%范围内出现急剧下降,表现出典型的逾渗行为。出现这一现象是因为当导电炭黑含量达到渗流阈值时,导电炭黑相互接触或间距较小,通过隧道效应或电子跃迁可以形成相互连通的导电网络。在外加电场作用下,电子在屏蔽料内部移动形成通道电流,因此更高的导电炭黑含量有助于构建完善、高效的导电网络[18]。值得注意的是,试样1在相同含量下始终表现出比试样2更低的体积电阻率,这是由于其发达的链枝状网络结构和较大的比表面积,在基体中能够形成更密集且完善的导电通路网络。
对比图2(a)图2(b)可以看出,温度升高导致屏蔽料体积电阻率显著上升,这主要源于高温下EBA基体分子链运动加剧及材料体积膨胀,破坏了原有的导电网络结构。值得注意的是,高结构度的CB1因其形成的网络结构更为稳固,屏蔽料的体积电阻率表现出优异的温度稳定性。当导电炭黑质量分数为30%时,试样1在23℃及90℃下的体积电阻率分别为71 Ω·cm和279 Ω·cm,满足高压电缆屏蔽料的标准性能指标要求(23℃体积电阻率≤100 Ω·cm,90℃体积电阻率≤350 Ω·cm),而试样2在23℃及90℃下的体积电阻率分别为318 Ω·cm和1 452 Ω·cm,未满足性能指标要求。
屏蔽料作为一种典型的导电复合材料,其导电行为遵循经典的逾渗模型,其数学表达式如式(1)所示。
σ=σ0(φ-φc)t
式(1)中:σ为复合材料的电导率;σ0为拟合常数;φ为填料的体积分数;φc为渗流阈值;t为导电指数。
对式(1)两边取自然对数,可将其转换为线性形式,如式(2)所示。
lnσ=lnσ0+tln(φ-φc)
图2(a)中的体积电阻率-质量分数关系转化为体积电导率-体积分数关系,转换公式如式(3)所示。
φCB=(ωCB/ρCB)/(ωCB/ρCB+ωEBA/ρEBA)
式(3)中:φCB为导电炭黑的体积分数;ωCB为导电炭黑的质量分数;ρCB为导电炭黑的真密度,取值为1.85 g/cm3ωEBA为EBA的质量分数;ρEBA为EBA的密度,取值为0.924 g/cm3
将转换后的数据带入逾渗模型进行线性拟合,计算得到的渗流阈值及线性拟合曲线如图3所示。从图3可以看出,试样1#的体积分数渗流阈值为8.0%,低于试样2#的11.0%,这是因为高结构度导电炭黑具有高度发达的分支结构和链状聚集体,能够以更低的含量形成有效的导电通路,因而逾渗阈值显著降低[19]
在电缆制造、敷设与运行过程中,屏蔽料需承受复杂的机械载荷作用,因此对屏蔽料的力学性能提出了严格要求,以维持电缆的结构完整性。图4为屏蔽料在不同导电炭黑含量下力学性能及交联性能的测试结果。从图4可以看出,随着导电炭黑含量的增加,屏蔽料的力学性能整体呈现下降的趋势,但所有试样的凝胶含量值均处于80%左右,表明各试样的交联度相近,因此导电炭黑含量的增加是导致屏蔽料力学性能下降的主要原因。一方面,导电炭黑作为刚性无机粒子,其含量增加会破坏聚合物基体分子链的连续性并限制链段运动;另一方面,高含量下导电炭黑分散不均,易发生团聚形成微观缺陷或应力集中点,从而导致屏蔽料力学性能的下降。当导电炭黑质量分数为30%时,试样1#的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度分别为419%和16.8 MPa,与试样2#相比均无显著差异;当导电炭黑质量分数为35%时,试样1#的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度分别为283%和13.7 MPa,满足高压电缆屏蔽料的技术指标要求(拉伸强度≥12 MPa,断裂伸长率≥150%)[20]
在电缆制造过程中,屏蔽料需经历长时间的高温混炼、挤出成型及交联固化等工艺环节。优异的加工性能对于降低能耗、提升生产效率至关重要,同时可有效避免因熔体黏度过高或流动不均匀引发的加工缺陷,从而保障电缆系统的运行稳定性和长期服役可靠性。因此,研究导电炭黑含量对屏蔽料流变特性与熔体流动速率等加工行为的影响,对于优化加工工艺窗口、指导材料配方设计具有重要的工程实用价值。
图5为屏蔽料在转矩流变仪混炼过程中的最大温升与平衡力矩。从图5可以看出,随着导电炭黑含量增加,试样1#的最大温升与平衡力矩均呈逐渐上升趋势。当CB1质量分数为30%时,试样1#的最大温升和平衡力矩分别为10.8℃和11.2 N·m,较CB1质量分数为35%的试样分别下降了1.6℃和1.2 N·m;而与CB2质量分数为30%的试样2#相比,试样1#的最大温升和平衡力矩则分别升高了0.6℃和0.7 N·m。出现上述现象的原因有两个方面:一方面是熔体黏度与流变性的变化,导电炭黑的引入提高了体系的熔体黏度,如图6所示,当导电炭黑质量分数为30%时,试样1#的熔融指数为2.9 g/10 min;当导电炭黑质量分数为35%时,试样1#的熔融指数显著降低至1.7 g/10 min,表明屏蔽料的流动性出现明显下降。高黏度熔体在强剪切作用下导致更剧烈的摩擦与能量耗散,进而产生更高的温升。另一方面是分子链运动能力的变化,高结构度以及高含量的导电炭黑均会限制基体分子链段的运动,从而加剧链段间以及链段与导电炭黑颗粒间的摩擦作用,进一步促进温升。
在高压海缆的实际生产中,大长度挤出工艺对屏蔽料的耐焦烧性能提出了严格要求。导电炭黑高含量下,强烈的剪切作用导致温升加剧,加之物料在设备中停留时间延长,极易诱发过早交联(即焦烧现象)。该现象不仅会导致屏蔽料熔体流动性骤降、挤出表面粗糙甚至开裂,还会引发电缆局放性能劣化。因此,屏蔽料的耐焦烧性能对于保证高压海缆的长时间挤出加工特性极其重要[21-22]。为评估结构度与导电炭黑含量对屏蔽料耐焦烧性能的影响,并模拟实际交联固化工艺,本研究选用导电炭黑达到渗流阈值的屏蔽料试样,即CB1导电炭黑质量分数分别为25%、30%、35%的试样1#进行耐焦烧性能测试,并设置CB2质量分数为30%的试样2#作为对比样,测试结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出,导电炭黑的结构度及含量对屏蔽料的焦烧行为均有较大影响。对于高结构度CB1制备的试样1#,当质量分数为25%、30%、35%时,焦烧时间分别约为15.2、12.8、12.3 min,低结构炭黑CB2制备的试样2#(CB质量分数为30%)焦烧时间约为12.8 min;其次在力矩变化方面,CB1质量分数为30%的试样1#力矩增幅为3.0 N·m,显著低于质量分数为35%试样的4.2 N·m,略高于CB2质量分数为30%试样2#的2.5 N·m。在平衡温度方面,CB1质量分数为30%试样1#的平衡温度为164℃,仅比CB2质量分数为30%试样2#高了1℃。出现上述现象的原因如下:导电炭黑结构度及含量越高,其在聚合物基体中更容易形成致密的填料网络结构,在转矩流变仪转子的剪切作用下,CB颗粒之间以及CB与基体之间的摩擦作用更加显著,从而产生更多热量,使料温升高。温度的升高进一步促进了过氧化物的分解,使体系中自由基浓度增加,加快交联反应速率,促进交联网络的形成,从而使体系力矩升高。
表面光洁度是衡量屏蔽料加工质量与性能可靠性的关键指标,其优劣主要取决于导电炭黑在聚合物基体中的分散性。理想的分散状态可确保填料被基体充分包覆,从而获得光滑平整的表面,这对于避免电场集中、抑制局部放电、保障电缆长期稳定运行至关重要。选取CB1质量分数分别为4%、15%、30%的试样1#,分别对应屏蔽料逾渗网络形成前、形成中及形成后的典型状态,和CB2质量分数为30%的对比试样2#,测试其表面光洁度,结果如图8所示。
图8可以看出,屏蔽料表面凸起点的数量与尺寸均与炭黑含量呈显著正相关,受结构度影响较小。试样1#在CB1质量分数为4%时,未观察到明显凸起点;在CB1质量分数为15%时,可观察到直径大于50 um的表面凸起点;而当CB1质量分数增至30%时,凸起点数量和直径均有所增加。相比之下,试样2#在CB2质量分数为30%时,表面凸起点尺寸相对CB1略有减小。这是因为屏蔽料的表面光洁度主要受到导电炭黑分散性影响。导电炭黑含量较低时,颗粒易均匀分散在基体中,与基体结合后表面平整;随着导电炭黑含量增加,粒子间距急剧缩小,粒子间范德华力显著增强,容易形成微米级团聚体。这些团聚体在加工过程中迁移至材料表面,形成表面凸起点[23]
图9是不同导电炭黑和不同含量下屏蔽料的SEM图像。当CB1质量分数为4%时,导电炭黑粒子主要以孤立聚集体或小尺寸团簇形式分散于基体中,粒子间接触有限,因此未能形成有效的导电路径。当CB1质量分数增加至15%时,导电炭黑粒子相邻聚集体开始发生桥联与重叠,形成局部连通的导电路径,如图2(a)所示,此时屏蔽料的体积电阻率急剧下降,表明体系已接近渗流阈值,实现了导电通路的临界连通。当CB1和CB2质量分数达到30%时,屏蔽料中已构建起贯穿整个基体的连续导电炭黑网络,表明体系已形成了稳定的三维导电通路。这种由离散导电粒子逐步演化为连续导电网络的结构演变过程,是屏蔽料导电性能提升的核心机制[24]
屏蔽料作为电缆的关键组件,在长期运行过程中需耐受高达90℃的工作温度。为了评估屏蔽料的耐热性能,采用DSC系统分析导电炭黑含量和结构度对屏蔽料熔融行为的影响规律,结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出,随着CB1质量分数从4%逐渐增加至30%,试样1的熔融峰温度没有显著变化,结晶度由22.4%下降至16.0%;当CB1和CB2导电炭黑含量相同时(30%),试样1的结晶度为17.6%,试样2的结晶度为18.5%,无显著差异。这一现象说明结晶行为主要受到导电炭黑含量的影响:在CB质量分数低于渗流阈值(4%)条件下,分散的导电炭黑颗粒间距较大,不仅未对EBA分子链段运动产生显著空间位阻,反而通过异相成核效应诱导α晶相生成,促进晶体有序排列,随着CB含量增加,导电炭黑颗粒逐渐形成连续网络结构,阻碍EBA分子链的规整排列,导致晶格堆叠受阻,从而降低材料的结晶完善程度[25-26]
为探究高结构度导电炭黑对屏蔽料流变性能的影响,采用旋转流变仪对试样在熔融态(160℃)下的动态流变行为进行表征,结果如图11所示。从图11可以看出,随着CB1质量分数从4%增加至30%,屏蔽料的储能模量(G′)、损耗模量(G″)及复数黏度(η*)均呈现显著上升趋势;在CB1和CB2质量分数为30%时,试样1#的上述所有流变参数均高于低结构度的试样2#,这一现象源于导电炭黑结构度对其导电网络构筑能力的影响。更高的结构度以及填料含量的增加,均有助于导电炭黑在EBA基体中形成更完善的三维逾渗网络结构,一方面通过物理交联作用显著限制聚合物链段的运动,增强材料的弹性响应;另一方面增加的填料-基体界面及颗粒间摩擦导致能量耗散增强[27]
图12是屏蔽料的动态力学性能曲线,其中储能模量(G′)和损耗模量(G″)的变化趋势与图11所示的流变学行为具有良好的一致性。值得注意的是,图12(c)中的损耗因子(tanδ)曲线在-30℃附近呈现明显的损耗峰,该特征峰对应EBA基体的玻璃化转变行为。实验结果表明,导电炭黑含量和结构变化对玻璃化转变温度(Tg)的影响不显著,这证实了填料网络的形成对聚合物链段的次级运动(β弛豫)影响有限。然而,在温度超过Tg进入高弹态区域后,不同导电炭黑含量及结构度试样的损耗因子差异显著增大,具体表现为:随着导电炭黑含量的增加(从4%增加至30%)以及结构度的提高,损耗因子峰值降低。这一现象可归因于逾渗网络结构的形成对材料黏弹行为的调控作用。当体系温度高于Tg时,EBA分子链段开始解冻。高含量及高结构度导电炭黑形成了更完善的填料网络,一方面通过物理交联作用增强了材料的弹性响应,另一方面限制了聚合物链段的黏性流动,导致损耗因子随导电炭黑含量及结构度的提升而逐渐下降[28-29]
本文系统研究了高结构度导电炭黑对EBA基半导电屏蔽料电性能、力学性能及加工性能等方面的综合影响,结合微观结构、结晶行为、流变特性及动态力学性能,揭示了导电炭黑结构与屏蔽料性能之间的构效关系。主要结论如下:
(1)高结构度导电炭黑凭借发达的链枝状聚集体,显著提升了导电网络的构建效率,试样1的体积分数渗流阈值仅为8.0%,显著低于试样2的11.0%。当CB1质量分数为30%时,试样1#在23℃和90℃体积电阻率分别为71 Ω·cm和279 Ω·cm,满足高压电缆标准要求,且表现出优异的温度稳定性。
(2)高结构度CB1通过物理交联作用增强填料网络,在质量分数为30%时,试样1#的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别为16.8 MPa和419%,满足高压电缆屏蔽料的力学性能指标,且相对试样2#无显著差异。
(3)高结构度CB1的低填充特性显著降低了加工过程中的熔体黏度和能量耗散,CB1质量分数为30%试样1#的最大温升和平衡力矩较质量分数为35%试样分别降低了1.6℃和1.2 N·m,且相对CB2质量分数为30%试样2#仅升高了0.6℃和0.7 N·m,同时具备较为优异的耐焦烧性。
(4)高结构度CB1在基体中形成连续的三维网络,通过物理交联提升储能模量和复数黏度,但过量填充对EBA链段运动的抑制效果增强。当CB1质量分数从4%增加至30%时,结晶度从22.4%下降到17.6%。动态力学性能进一步证实,填料网络对玻璃化转变温度影响较小,但显著增强了高弹态区域的弹性响应。

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2026年第59卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.004
  • 接收时间:2025-08-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-05
  • 修回日期:2025-10-04
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    1四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
    2特高压电力技术与新型电工装备基础国家工程研究中心,广东 广州 510663
    3南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司,广东 广州 510663

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聂闰盼(1995-),男(汉族),重庆人,副研究员,博士,主要从事高压电缆屏蔽料结构设计及应用研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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