Article(id=1304921609186341568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748275200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-27, revisedDate=1753372800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047155901, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047155901, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047155901, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047155901, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921526004904728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047136068, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118116024, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=99, endPage=109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921609383473857, articleId=1304921609186341568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress on influence of mechanical stress on cable performance during laying process, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the laying process, excessive lateral pressure and traction would cause mechanical damage to cables, leading to severe failures such as sheath grounding, overheating, insulation breakdown, and combustion during operation. This paper summarized the research progress on traction and lateral pressure of land cables, including their generation processes and effects on cable insulation structures and materials, calculation methods, monitoring, and online control techniques of traction and lateral pressure. The influence of mechanical stress on microscopic characteristics such as crystal size, crystallinity, and trap number and depth in cable insulation materials was discussed in detail, and the failure mechanisms of cable materials under mechanical stress were analyzed. Regarding the calculation methods for mechanical stress, the shortcomings of current approaches were summarized, and future research directions for cable mechanical stress were outlined.

, authors=Shiwei JIA1, Junshu LI2, Ding SUN2, Quanlai ZHAO1, Lei ZHANG1, Huaqiang LI2, *, authorsList=Shiwei JIA, Junshu LI, Ding SUN, Quanlai ZHAO, Lei ZHANG, Huaqiang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huaqiang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921610964726480, articleId=1304921609186341568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=敷设过程中机械应力对电缆性能的影响研究进展, columnId=1198667062198497665, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

电缆在敷设过程中,如侧压力与牵引力过大,会使电缆遭受机械损伤,在运行过程中会导致电缆发生护套接地、过热、绝缘击穿、燃烧等严重故障。本文综述了陆地电缆牵引力及侧压力的研究进展,包括牵引力及侧压力的产生过程及对电缆绝缘结构及绝缘材料的性能影响,牵引力及侧压力的计算方法、监测与在线控制方法。详细探讨了机械应力对电缆绝缘材料结晶尺寸、结晶度、陷阱数量及深度等微观特性的影响,分析了机械应力对电缆材料的破坏机理。针对机械应力的计算方法,总结了当前机械应力计算方法的不足,论述了电缆机械应力的未来研究方向。

, authors=贾世伟1, 李俊树2, 孙丁2, 赵全来1, 张磊1, 李华强2, *, authorsList=贾世伟, 李俊树, 孙丁, 赵全来, 张磊, 李华强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李华强, authorNote=

贾世伟(1994-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,工程师,主要从事电缆施工的研究

, correspAuthorsNote=
李华强(1981-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,副研究员,主要从事绝缘、电缆、变压器方向的研究。
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贾世伟(1994-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,工程师,主要从事电缆施工的研究

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Vertical high drop large cross-section cable laying construction method[J].Electric Power System Equipment,2021(1):92-95., articleTitle=Vertical high drop large cross-section cable laying construction method, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304921611157664465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304921611166053074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, companyId=1304921611157664465, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Grid Beijing Electric Power Company, Beijing 102209, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304921611170247379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, companyId=1304921611157664465, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1国网北京市电力公司,北京 102209)]), AuthorCompany(id=1304921611233161940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304921611241550549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, companyId=1304921611233161940, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304921611245744854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, companyId=1304921611233161940, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1304921613993014019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Cable laying site diagram, figureFileSmall=DELtkBF/oJLrm+aV3NyOnQ==, figureFileBig=EQueNQQB36eIt49ZlvGwrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921614060122884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, language=CN, label=图1, caption=电缆敷设现场图, figureFileSmall=DELtkBF/oJLrm+aV3NyOnQ==, figureFileBig=EQueNQQB36eIt49ZlvGwrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921614366307077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of common side pressures, figureFileSmall=UhiDVfknlBi1eFg+mVrLBQ==, figureFileBig=OL3skXn20Bqf7TZkM1q+oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921614429221638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, language=CN, label=图2, caption=常见侧压力示意图, figureFileSmall=UhiDVfknlBi1eFg+mVrLBQ==, figureFileBig=OL3skXn20Bqf7TZkM1q+oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921614508913415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Buffer layer ablation due to electric field distortion, figureFileSmall=AhzkWEugKqugRnlJYrtcEA==, figureFileBig=UwTCSCje5uMCh5SdTtBzlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921614592799496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921609186341568, language=CN, label=图3, caption=电场畸变导致缓冲层烧蚀

(a) 缓冲层穿孔 (b) 铝护套内表面的烧蚀痕迹

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(a) 平滑铝护套 (b) 皱纹铝护套

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Maximum allowable lateral pressure of cable sheaths specified by domestic standard

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电缆金属护套分类圆弧滑板侧压力/(kN/m)滚轮侧压力/kN
铅护套3.00.5
皱纹铝护套3.02.0
无金属护套3.01.0
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国内标准规定电缆护层最大允许侧压力

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电缆金属护套分类圆弧滑板侧压力/(kN/m)滚轮侧压力/kN
铅护套3.00.5
皱纹铝护套3.02.0
无金属护套3.01.0
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Maximum allowable lateral pressure of cable sheaths specified by international standard

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电缆类型允许侧压力/(kN/m)
金属护套与金属屏蔽合并设计/聚乙烯护套25
金属护套与金属屏蔽分离设计/聚乙烯护套10
半导电层分离设计/聚氯乙烯护套7.5
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国外标准规定电缆护层最大允许侧压力

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电缆类型允许侧压力/(kN/m)
金属护套与金属屏蔽合并设计/聚乙烯护套25
金属护套与金属屏蔽分离设计/聚乙烯护套10
半导电层分离设计/聚氯乙烯护套7.5
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敷设过程中机械应力对电缆性能的影响研究进展
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贾世伟 1 , 李俊树 2 , 孙丁 2 , 赵全来 1 , 张磊 1 , 李华强 2, *
绝缘材料 | 综述 2026,59(3): 99-109
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绝缘材料 |综述 2026 , 59 (3) : 99 -109
敷设过程中机械应力对电缆性能的影响研究进展
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贾世伟1, 李俊树2, 孙丁2, 赵全来1, 张磊1, 李华强2, *
作者信息
  • 1国网北京市电力公司,北京 102209
  • 2西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
李华强(1981-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,副研究员,主要从事绝缘、电缆、变压器方向的研究。
作者简介:

贾世伟(1994-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,工程师,主要从事电缆施工的研究

Research progress on influence of mechanical stress on cable performance during laying process
Shiwei JIA1, Junshu LI2, Ding SUN2, Quanlai ZHAO1, Lei ZHANG1, Huaqiang LI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Beijing Electric Power Company, Beijing 102209, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.011
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电缆在敷设过程中,如侧压力与牵引力过大,会使电缆遭受机械损伤,在运行过程中会导致电缆发生护套接地、过热、绝缘击穿、燃烧等严重故障。本文综述了陆地电缆牵引力及侧压力的研究进展,包括牵引力及侧压力的产生过程及对电缆绝缘结构及绝缘材料的性能影响,牵引力及侧压力的计算方法、监测与在线控制方法。详细探讨了机械应力对电缆绝缘材料结晶尺寸、结晶度、陷阱数量及深度等微观特性的影响,分析了机械应力对电缆材料的破坏机理。针对机械应力的计算方法,总结了当前机械应力计算方法的不足,论述了电缆机械应力的未来研究方向。

电缆敷设  /  机械应力  /  力学损伤  /  绝缘性能  /  计算方法  /  监测报警  /  在线控制

During the laying process, excessive lateral pressure and traction would cause mechanical damage to cables, leading to severe failures such as sheath grounding, overheating, insulation breakdown, and combustion during operation. This paper summarized the research progress on traction and lateral pressure of land cables, including their generation processes and effects on cable insulation structures and materials, calculation methods, monitoring, and online control techniques of traction and lateral pressure. The influence of mechanical stress on microscopic characteristics such as crystal size, crystallinity, and trap number and depth in cable insulation materials was discussed in detail, and the failure mechanisms of cable materials under mechanical stress were analyzed. Regarding the calculation methods for mechanical stress, the shortcomings of current approaches were summarized, and future research directions for cable mechanical stress were outlined.

cable laying  /  mechanical stress  /  mechanical damage  /  insulation properties  /  calculation method  /  monitoring alarm  /  online control
贾世伟, 李俊树, 孙丁, 赵全来, 张磊, 李华强. 敷设过程中机械应力对电缆性能的影响研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (3) : 99 -109 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.011
Shiwei JIA, Junshu LI, Ding SUN, Quanlai ZHAO, Lei ZHANG, Huaqiang LI. Research progress on influence of mechanical stress on cable performance during laying process[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (3) : 99 -109 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.011
随着我国城市电网规模逐步扩大,地下电网密集程度增加,电缆逐渐成为城市电网的主要电力传输媒介,其敷设长度和数量逐年上升[1-9]。电缆敷设是电缆应用中的重要环节,敷设时牵引力与侧压力超标会使电缆出现机械损伤,导致电缆无法长期安全稳定运行[10-13]。因此,电缆敷设施工中牵引力和侧压力的控制尤为关键。
目前陆地电缆敷设主要采用人机结合的方式,敷设时受到的主要机械应力为牵引力与侧压力[14-17]。过大的应力会导致电缆结构完整性遭到破坏,使电缆的护套、金属屏蔽、缓冲层、绝缘层等受到损伤,最终导致电缆运行过程中出现各种电气故障,缩短电缆寿命[18-19]。其中,电缆的绝缘层受损从外观上难以判断,但对电缆绝缘性能的影响是长期的,绝缘材料受损后,其晶体结构、陷阱深度均会产生变化,进而对其空间电荷、击穿电压、电导、水树枝、电树枝等介电特性产生影响,影响电缆的长期稳定运行。
此外,电缆在敷设中可能承受的牵引力及侧压力的计算、电缆所能承受最大牵引力及侧压力的标准、敷设过程中的应力监测与报警装置,均有助于将牵引力及侧压力控制在合理范围内,进而减小电缆应力损伤,实现电缆智能敷设。
鉴于此,本文系统总结敷设过程中陆地电缆所受机械应力的研究现状,重点分析机械应力对电缆绝缘材料的影响机制及影响方式,介绍机械应力的计算方式、适用标准以及监测与控制方法,最后展望机械应力现有标准的发展方向。
电缆敷设过程中,往往会由于牵引力和侧压力过大造成机械损伤,电缆的典型敷设现场如图1所示。深入研究敷设期间牵引力与侧压力的产生机理及其危害,对于预防电缆受损,提升电缆敷设的精确度,延长电缆的使用寿命,保障电缆的完整性和稳定性至关重要。
电缆机械敷设的动力主要来自牵引机的牵引力和输送机的推送力。对于电缆本体,输送机速度不匹配或与牵引机牵引方向不一致都会造成电缆在某一段出现过度拉伸或扭转。牵引力过大会造成电缆过度拉伸,对其结构完整性造成破坏,进而导致其绝缘性能下降;牵引力过小又会造成电缆松弛下垂,降低线路机械强度。
牵引方式主要有两种,分别是网套牵引和牵引头牵引[20]。网套牵引容易导致电缆端部进水,且网套材质较牵引头更脆弱,不能承受过大拉力;牵引头牵引相较于网套牵引具有密封防水功能,但牵引头牵引会导致应力主要集中在电缆的导体和金属护套上,作用点单一,受力集中,易导致敷设终点处牵引力超过许用牵引力,对电缆造成破坏[21]
电缆敷设侧压力是指电缆在弯曲的路径上与转弯器械接触时,电缆受到的牵引力在沿弯曲半径方向的分力与接触面对电缆反作用力的合力。电缆在敷设过程中,通常通过电缆隧道、电缆沟、穿管、直埋等方式进行敷设,这些敷设方式均会导致电缆受到侧压力的影响,使得电缆受到损伤[22-23]
同时,弯曲器械的选择如滚轮和圆弧滑板也会影响侧压力大小,进而导致电缆表皮损伤程度不同[24]。常见的侧压力类型分别有直线牵引侧压力、堆叠侧压力和弯曲牵引侧压力,如图2所示。图2F为电缆所受的侧压力,T为电缆所受的牵引力。
水平直线侧压力和堆叠侧压力主要由电缆自身重力产生,一般情况下电缆自重侧压力对于电缆本体的损伤可以忽略,在考虑大截面大重量电缆时才需进行控制。
弯曲敷设侧压力主要是因电缆在沿某种弯曲器械转向时,电缆外侧产生张力,电缆内侧遭受弯曲器械带来的。常见的弯曲器械有两种,滚轮和圆弧滑板。弯曲敷设主要分为水平弯曲敷设和垂直弯曲敷设,水平弯曲敷设产生的侧压力仅为电缆和弯曲器械之间的挤压力,垂直弯曲敷设的侧压力由电缆和弯曲器械之间的挤压力与电缆本体的重力的合力产生。垂直弯曲敷设的侧压力更大,造成损伤的可能性也更高。
在电缆牵引过程中,牵引力过大时会导致电缆端部结构破损,外部水分可能通过外护套破损处侵入电缆致使绝缘受潮,进而严重影响电缆的电气绝缘性能。此外,敷设路径上存在杂物或毛刺,且牵引力过大、敷设速度过快时,电缆外护套极易受损,进而引发金属护套多点接地,危及电缆的稳定运行[25-26]
当电缆侧压力较大时会导致电缆护套产生凹陷,从而产生应力集中,造成机械强度下降,更容易破损甚至暴露出金属屏蔽,危害设备和人身安全[27]。护套凹陷还会导致局部电场畸变增强,更易遭受电压击穿[28-29]。此外,护套凹陷还可能造成缓冲阻水带的破损,导致水分入侵,引发缓冲层与铝护套之间的电化学腐蚀(如图3所示)。缓冲层表面产生不导电的白斑,会破坏缓冲层与铝护套之间有效的电气连接,削弱缓冲层传导电缆充电电流和绝缘层泄漏电流等功能,导致电缆的电场更加集中,产生局部放电现象,最终造成绝缘层被击穿[30-33]
侧压力过大还会导致电缆金属屏蔽产生凹陷[34],如图4所示。凹陷会造成金属屏蔽和线芯之间的绝缘距离缩短,金属屏蔽和阻水带之间的阻值降低,导致水分侵入缓冲阻水带造成阻水粉发生电解,缓冲层中导电离子浓度增加,体积电阻率减小。随着时间的增加,由于电化学腐蚀产生的Al(OH)3以及受热分解生成的Al2O3属于绝缘物质,增大了缓冲层和电极间的接触电阻,导致缓冲层的体积电阻率逐步增大[35]
综上,电缆牵引力及侧压力过大会导致电缆结构损伤,造成电缆进水,进而造成局部场强过大、电流过大等危害,最终导致电缆发生护套接地、过热、绝缘击穿、燃烧等故障。
敷设过程中的机械应力还会造成绝缘材料受损,缩短电缆的使用寿命。电缆在敷设过程中遭受牵引力时会使其内部绝缘被拉伸,而在遭受弯曲与侧压力时会使绝缘材料弯曲外侧被拉伸、内侧被挤压,致使绝缘材料遭受机械应力损伤,对绝缘材料的形态结构、空间电荷、陷阱深度和电树枝形成产生影响,进而影响其绝缘性能。
(1)结晶与密度
影响电介质微观性能的主要参数为结晶度、微晶尺寸以及非本征特性的微裂缝,这些特性是影响击穿电压、电导、介质损耗、电树枝及水树枝的基础。有机绝缘材料受到机械应力时,其结晶形态、分子间距及密度产生改变,进而影响电气性能,如聚乙烯的电气强度已被观察到随着密度的增加而增加。这种效应与Dissado和Fothergill描述的自由体积击穿机制一致,因为密度的增加有效地减少了电荷载流子加速时的可用自由体积[36-37]。E DAVID等[38]认为聚乙烯薄膜较小程度的拉伸会增加无定形部分的密度,结晶部分发生滑动并重新排列,使其分子链更加整齐。SU J G等[39]发现拉伸率为30%时,聚乙烯的结晶度和微晶尺寸比未拉伸时有所下降。这是由于拉伸应力的增加使晶粒断裂,导致分子链的取向运动受阻。
因此,微观尺度上,当绝缘材料受到拉伸时,机械应力会导致结晶部分在较小拉伸应力下重新排列,并增加无定形部分的密度,随着拉伸应力提升,其结晶度与密度下降。而当绝缘材料受到挤压时,结晶度与密度随之上升。
(2)空间电荷
近年来,我国的直流电缆在持续投运,如张北柔性直流输电工程中的±535 kV直流陆缆、厦门直流工程中的±320 kV直流陆缆等[40-41]。空间电荷在直流电缆中分布不均,会导致电场畸变,进而导致绝缘加速老化,引发电缆突发故障。WANG X等[42]研究了空间电荷与低密度聚乙烯形态结构之间的关系,结果表明结晶度的增加和球形晶体尺寸的减小会减少空间电荷的积累。A I MOHAMED等[43]研究了压缩应力对低密度聚乙烯空间电荷特性的影响,发现当材料受到压缩应力时,空间电荷在绝缘材料内部的渗透受到限制。WANG Y Y等[44]研究了拉伸对含纳米氧化镁的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)复合材料空间电荷行为的影响。拉伸前在电极附近观察到异种电荷,拉伸后则转变为同种电荷,且聚合物基纳米复合材料的电学特性主要受纳米粒子与聚合物基体之间的界面影响,拉伸后界面面积可能会增大,这可能会增加电荷陷阱的数量和深度。此外,拉伸会导致自由体积增大,极性分子受力可能会减小,从而导致纳米复合材料的电学特性发生变化,导致空间电荷陷阱增加。徐航等[45]测量了不同拉伸率的聚丙烯/聚烯烃弹性体(PP/POE)共混物的陷阱分布,发现随着拉伸率的增加,陷阱深度先减小后增大,说明拉伸影响陷阱分布特性的主要原因是试样结构发生了变化。综上,机械应力可通过改变绝缘材料结晶度来改变空间电荷分布,压缩应力会限制空间电荷在绝缘材料内部渗透,空间电荷密度的降低可以根据其渗透深度观察到。拉伸应力较小时会使绝缘材料分子链间距和自由体积变大,随着拉伸应力增大,会对材料结构产生影响,引入新的陷阱,从而增加绝缘材料中的空间电荷积累,并使其电荷种类转变,因此陷阱深度先减小后增大。
(1)击穿特性
E DAVID等[38]发现较小的拉伸应变可提高聚乙烯材料的电气强度,这是因为较小的拉伸应变会导致交联聚乙烯分子链重整,使其更加整齐,结晶部分重新排列。SU J G等[39]对拉伸率分别为10%、20%、30%的交联聚乙烯薄膜的耐击穿性能进行研究,发现随着拉伸率的增加,聚乙烯的击穿电压不断降低,如图5所示。当拉伸率为10%时,分子链之间的距离变大,有利于离子和电子的迁移,表面电位的衰减速率增加。随着拉伸率的进一步增加,样品内产生更多的缺陷,陷阱深度增加,从而降低了表面电位的衰减速度,导致样品中大量电荷积累,降低了材料的绝缘性能。因此在大拉伸形变下,聚乙烯的击穿电压随着拉伸应力的增加而降低。R J DENSLEY等[46]发现对交联聚乙烯施加30%拉伸应变的机械应力,可缩短击穿时间。E ILDSTAD等[47]通过对XLPE施加21%的应变,样品的电气强度降至未施加应变样品的77%。综上,绝缘材料在受到较小拉伸形变时,其电气强度会有较小提升,随着拉伸形变进一步增加,其材料内部缺陷增加,电气强度会随之降低。
(2)电导和损耗
绝缘材料的电导特性对直流电缆的电场分布起决定性作用。根据自由体积理论,聚乙烯的结晶区和非晶区之间存在一定的自由体积,在拉伸作用下自由体积增加,载流子在电场作用下的迁移速率增加,导致电导率随着拉伸率的增加而增加[48]。当拉伸率增加时,试样上的拉伸应力也会变大,一些非晶带不会及时转化为结晶带。随着试样拉伸导致晶粒之间发生滑动,非晶区比例增加,部分载流子被陷阱释放[49]
绝缘材料的介质损耗因数是反映交流电缆介质损耗的关键参数。M FLORKOWSKI等[57]研究了弯曲循环对电缆介质损耗特性的影响,发现当电缆弯曲至500次时,其介质损耗因数从0.009增至0.014,表明弯曲会提升电缆损耗。
(3)电树枝
电树枝是聚合物材料在受到高电应力时常见的劣化现象,电树枝一旦形成,经过一段时间就会发展到跨接导体,导致绝缘系统故障[50]。B R VARLOW等[51]分析了机械应力对电树枝萌生的影响,发现敷设应力会影响电介质材料的结晶度及微晶尺寸,甚至产生裂缝,进而降低其力学性能(特别是拉伸强度、弹性模量和断裂韧性),这对试样中电树枝的萌发和生长有很大影响。R J DENSLEY[46]研究了机械应力对XLPE电缆绝缘层中电树生长的影响,发现树状结构从针尖向机械应力方向的法线平面扩展,形成二维树枝型或椭圆树丛型树状结构,并认为这是由于电气强度随拉伸应力的增加而降低以及材料在垂直于应力方向的开裂引发的,这表明弹性形变后的最终机械损伤增加了电树枝的传播速度。ZHENG X Q等[52]发现XLPE样品中机械应力的存在对电树枝树状结构和低频下的生长速率有显著影响,树状结构表现出起始时间短、生长速度快、结构呈松枝状的特点。在拉伸应力作用下,分子链容易断裂,微空腔的尺寸变大,聚合物材料中的自由体积增加,因此电树枝的萌生变得更加容易[50]。相反,在挤压应力作用下,微腔会受到抑制,从而阻碍电树枝的形成。电树枝的形状、树长、分形尺寸和累积损伤等观察结果可用于分析电树枝的行为,其中在拉伸应力下,电树枝的长度、分形尺寸和累积损伤会增加,如图6(a)所示;而在挤压应力下则会减少[50],如图6(b)所示。
(4)水树枝
在电缆敷设过程中,应力过大时会导致电缆结构破损,外部水分可能通过破损处侵入电缆致使绝缘受潮进而产生水树枝。因水树枝由成树过程中产生的微空腔组成,故认为机械应力在这一过程中起着相对重要的作用。T TANAKA等[53]研究了机械应力对水树枝发展的影响。他们以不同方式老化的电缆绝缘为研究对象,发现水树枝集中分布在机械应力显著但非破坏性的区域,应力范围为1~8 MPa。这种内应力可能产生于电缆制造过程和运行过程。TU D M等[54]将聚乙烯样品置于压力为0.1~3.0 MPa的水点电极下,应力作用时间相对较短(15 h)。发现在高应力情况下,水树枝的形成速度更快,但其发展速度比低应力情况下慢。
(5)局部放电
Z AHMED等[55]认为在制造、安装过程中产生的局部绝缘应力会在固体绝缘层内或绝缘层-半导体层界面处形成微空腔和应力增强点。空腔的电导率和电气强度相对较低时会导致局部电场增强,可能会超过材料电气强度,从而引发局部放电。空腔内的局部放电通过化学、机械、热和辐射过程,使绝缘材料性能下降[56]。M FLORKOWSKI等[57]研究了电力电缆横向机械弯曲对局部放电的影响,发现放电集中在高压导体-绝缘层和绝缘层-外接地半导体层的界面上,且随着机械弯曲次数增加,局部放电起始电压随之下降。
电缆敷设前首先要根据整个电缆敷设线路对电缆敷设整体过程进行受力分析计算,目前国内对电缆受力的计算主要依据DL/T 5221—2016《城市电力电缆线路设计技术规定》[24]。电缆敷设中牵引分为4种工况:水平直线牵引、倾斜直线牵引、水平弯曲牵引和垂直弯曲牵引。R C RIFENBURG[58]对敷设过程中的牵引力进行了推导计算,该计算方法由S DAVID[59]进一步推广。
目前电力标准中电缆牵引力及侧压力算法还存在一些不足,如无法准确计算复杂地质条件下的实际牵引力和侧压力、未能充分考虑气候条件和周围环境对电缆敷设的影响、在某些工况下不适用等。
杨光耀等[60]认为电力标准中关于电缆牵引力的计算存在以下不足:①未将电缆自身的重力以及重力导致的侧压力与牵引摩擦力的切向分量纳入计算公式中,在遇到大弯曲半径、小弯曲角度等特定的施工情况时,该公式不适用。②针对垂直弯曲牵引的工况,标准中公式的弯曲角度都是基于水平面或垂直面为起始点,然而在实际的工程实践中,弯曲的起始角度往往是从斜面开始。因此他们提出了一种充分考虑电缆自身重力因素的电缆敷设牵引力和侧压力改进算法,并利用有限差分法进行实现,解决了垂直弯曲牵引起始角度不为零的问题。
DL/T 5221—2016所使用的计算模型将电缆近似为柔性绳索,忽略弯矩影响,仅考虑了电缆重量以及与电缆张力方向变化相关的弯曲内弧面的额外纵向摩擦力。但如果电缆具有复杂的空间几何形状,则必须考虑弯曲形变对施加在电缆上的张力的贡献。在这种情况下,传统模型无法进行等效计算。M IORDANESCU等[61]提出了一个结合电缆弯曲刚度的分析模型,以预测电缆敷设过程中施加在电缆上的最大拉力。该模型还考虑了电缆在弯曲和承受高张力时行为的几何和物理非线性。此外,W R BULLARD等[62]将电缆弯曲部分等效为直线长度,在计算最大张力值后,考虑弯曲处电缆重量的影响以对R C RIFENBURG提出的公式进行修正。
有部分研究者采用有限元仿真分析的方法对电缆在敷设过程中的受力进行计算。夏云海等[34]采用CableCAD仿真软件对平滑铝护套电缆模型的弯曲性能进行分析计算,通过改变电缆弯曲半径,计算其应力分布情况,并根据计算结果分析其安全系数。YANG C J等[63]设计了一种针对电缆牵引过程受力的多体动态预测模型,此模型综合考量了柔性电缆与刚性排管的属性,以及电缆敷设时与地下排管间复杂的接触摩擦关系。该方法相较于以往的传统模型展现出更高的通用性能,能够预测复杂管道中电缆所受的牵引力。
侧压力是由牵引力引起,且与牵引力大小、弯曲半径有关,如图7所示。图7T为电缆两端拉力,F为两端拉力在径向上的合力,P为侧压力,R为弯曲半径,α为弯曲角度。
F的计算公式为式(1)。
F=2Tsinα
单位长度侧压力P0为单位长度的合力,计算公式为式(2)。
P0=Fl=2Tsinα2πR2α/2π=TsinααR
式(2)中,l为电缆长度。
l趋近于0即α趋近于0时,可得式(3)~(4)。
limx0 sinα=α
liml0 P0=P=TR
由式(2)和(4)可以看出,侧压力P的单位为N/m。
电缆能够承受的侧压力与其自身的结构特性密切相关,承受的侧压力过大,会对电缆的绝缘层和护套造成损坏[64]。国内对于敷设过程中侧压力的规定主要根据DL/T 5221—2016《城市电力电缆线路设计技术规定》中的要求,其中圆弧滑板侧压力不大于3 kN/m,不同护套滚轮侧压力为0.5~2.0 kN,该标准与IEC TR 61901-2016[65]的对比如表1表2所示。
IEC TR 61901-2016根据半导电阻水层、金属屏蔽层和外护套材质与结构的不同,将电缆允许的侧压力分为7.5、10、25 kN/m。DL/T 5221—2016与其要求不同的原因在于国内标准未对电缆结构进行细致分类,因此统一按照力学性能较弱电缆的允许侧压力进行要求,导致国内标准侧压力值要求较低,相对更为严格。随着国内电缆工艺的进步,电缆对侧压力的耐受能力进一步增强,建议对侧压力耐受标准进行细化。
传统的电缆敷设中,电缆侧压力的监测与控制主要依赖施工人员的工程经验。近年来,主要采用侧压力与牵引力的监测与控制装置来提醒施工人员停止敷设,来保证敷设质量以避免电缆损伤。常见的检测与控制装置包含侧压力与牵引力监测装置、应力过大报警系统等。
检测装置在电缆敷设中有很多技术难点,其中包括:关键点的选择、传感器的布置和安装、实时采集和计算、误差校正和精度提升、设备可靠性和稳定性等[66]
沈圣炜[67]为监测牵引力设计了一种装置,通过内窥镜技术观测管道内部的缺陷情况,在电缆铺设时借助拉力传感器测量牵引力大小。此外,他还设计了一种复合钢缆,该钢缆集成了光纤通信、供电电缆以及钢丝护套,光纤作为数据和图像传输的载体,供电电缆作为输电的基础设施,钢丝护套为电缆提供力学保护。
蔡俊杰等[66]提出了垂直侧压力检测装置,可实时监测电缆在高落差、大转角敷设环境下的受力情况,并及时发出警报。该侧压力传感器检测范围为0~5 000 N,误差值为±0.5%。传感器的响应时间短于0.1 s,可在恶劣条件下正常工作。
蒋谦等[68]在实际敷设过程中使用牵引力监测模块测量牵引力,并与理论数据进行比较,当实测值超过理论计算值的20%时,系统进行预警,当超过电缆所能承受力的90%时,发出报警信息。
S KRISHNASWAMY等[69]采用可编程数字张力计来监测并记录电缆在牵引过程中所产生的应力。基于这一监测结果,提出了一种新的敷设电缆的方法:在存在多个弯曲路段的情况下,通过使用多台输送机进行同步操作,可以有效地降低电缆所承受的牵引力。
P ARGAUT[70]在电缆的敷设路径上安装传感器,用于监测电机的运行状态。同时通过调节电滚轮之间的速度差异,有效减少滚轮速度差造成的电缆应力。
赖万斌等[71]研发了一套电缆敷设系统,该系统采用先进的可编程控制方式,能够电动展放电缆。在敷设过程中,系统会实时监测电缆所受的应力,并通过可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)内部程序进行判断、计算和调节,从而实现对电机转速的精准控制,达到自动调节展放电缆速度的目的。
K M KOTHARI等[72]提出了一种通过液压动力系统进行控制的牵引设备,该设备根据监测到的压力数据调整液压动力系统的压力,实现对牵引力的调节。
詹卫国[73]提出了一套电缆敷设方案,包括输送机、具有电动液压制动功能的电缆盘托等。该方案实时监控电缆敷设速度,根据需求与标准可调整输送机的夹紧力度,从而有效防止电缆与输送机之间发生滑动或脱落。同时,可对敷设速度进行调整。
现阶段对于监测报警装置的主要研究方向是提高装置报警的灵敏度、制动装置的快速性以及监测预测模型的准确性。对于牵引力和侧压力的控制研究主要集中于敷设电动系统的速度调节、液压动力系统的压力调节等。主要目的是控制敷设速度,降低敷设时动力滚轮之间的速度差,进而保证电缆受到的牵引力及侧压力满足要求。
(1)在电缆工程中,电缆敷设作为核心环节,其机械损伤的防控至关重要。牵引力和侧压力过大是造成电缆机械损伤的常见因素,会导致电缆在运行过程出现老化、击穿、燃烧等问题。
(2)机械应力对电缆绝缘材料的性能有很大影响。拉伸应力较小时会使结晶区重排,使其结构更加整齐。随着拉伸应力增大,交联聚乙烯结晶区破损,分子链断裂,微空腔的尺寸变大,聚合物材料中的自由体积增加,结晶度下降,进而导致电气强度下降,电树枝与水树枝的萌生变得更加容易。此外,拉伸应力会使样品内产生更多更深的缺陷,降低了表面电位的衰减速度,导致样品中大量电荷积累,最终电导率上升。机械弯曲还会导致电缆介质损耗上升,局部放电起始电压下降,电缆绝缘性能降低。
(3)电缆牵引力及侧压力计算所依据的电力标准并不能涵盖所有实际工况,且相对国际标准,国内电力标准规定的电缆承受侧压力值更低,要求更为严格。随着电缆工业的进步,应对标准进行细致化调整。
(4)电缆牵引力及侧压力的监测与控制技术主要通过监测电缆的受力、电缆的敷设速度,进而控制电缆的牵引力、夹紧力、展放速度等参量,以降低电缆在敷设时的机械损伤,是电缆敷设未来的发展方向之一。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.011
  • 接收时间:2025-05-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-27
  • 修回日期:2025-07-25
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    1国网北京市电力公司,北京 102209
    2西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

李华强(1981-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,副研究员,主要从事绝缘、电缆、变压器方向的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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