Article(id=1304921604245447240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753891200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-31, revisedDate=1758470400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047154722, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047154722, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047154722, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047154722, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921585991836085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047150370, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117776362, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=10, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921604425802314, articleId=1304921604245447240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Synthesis of polyimide containing biphenyl units and study on structure and properties of its photoresist, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking the 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) as dianhydride monomer, and the fluorine-containing diamine 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane (6FAP) and 3,3′-dihydroxybiphenylamine (HAB) as the diamine monomers, a series of polyamic acid (PAA) precursors were synthesized by regulating the molar ratio of 6FAP and HAB. Then, polyamic acid esters (PAE) were synthesized through imidization and esterification reactions, and a series of polyimide (PI) films containing biphenyl units were prepared through cyclization reactions. The thermodynamic properties of the PI films were studied. The results show that when the molar fraction of HAB is 10%, the CTE of the PI film decreases from 46.2×10-6 K-1 to 38.1×10-6 K-1, and the Tg increases from 336.3℃ to 354.1℃. Using PAE with a molar fraction of 10% HAB as the resin matrix, a positive polyimide photoresist was formulated with diazine naphthoquinone (DNQ) and other components. After irradiation, development, and curing processes, the contrast of the photoresist pattern reaches 2.5, and the sensitivity of the photoresist is 80 mJ/cm2. Meanwhile, a photoresist pattern with a resolution of 4 µm can be obtained on a silicon wafer.

, authors=Jiaqi Hu, Yanqian Bu, Zhonggang Lu, Jie Dong*, Xin Zhao, Cuiqing Teng, Qinghua Zhang, authorsList=Jiaqi Hu, Yanqian Bu, Zhonggang Lu, Jie Dong, Xin Zhao, Cuiqing Teng, Qinghua Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jie Dong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921606686532203, articleId=1304921604245447240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=含联苯单元聚酰亚胺的合成及其光刻胶的结构与性能研究, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以3,3′,4,4′-联苯四羧酸二酐(BPDA)为二酐单体、含氟二胺2,2-双(3-氨基-4-羟基苯)六氟丙烷(6FAP)和3,3′-二羟基联苯胺(HAB)为二胺单体,通过调控6FAP与HAB的摩尔比合成一系列聚酰胺酸(PAA)前驱体,再通过异酰亚胺化和酯化反应合成了聚酰胺酸酯(PAE),并经过环化反应制备了一系列含联苯单元的聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜,对PI薄膜的热力学性能进行研究。结果表明:当HAB摩尔分数为10%时,PI薄膜的CTE由46.2×10-6 K-1降至38.1×10-6 K-1Tg由336.3℃提升至354.1℃。以HAB摩尔分数为10%的PAE为树脂基体,与重氮萘醌类化合物(DNQ)等组分配置成正性聚酰亚胺光刻胶,经辐照、显影、固化等工艺后制备的光刻图案对比度达到2.5,该光刻胶的灵敏度为80 mJ/cm2,同时,在硅片上可获得分辨率为4 µm的光刻图案。

, authors=胡嘉琪, 步颜倩, 陆忠刚, 董杰*, 赵昕, 滕翠青, 张清华, authorsList=胡嘉琪, 步颜倩, 陆忠刚, 董杰, 赵昕, 滕翠青, 张清华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董杰, authorNote=

胡嘉琪(2002-),女(汉族),河北泊头人,博士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺光刻胶材料合成的研究工作

, correspAuthorsNote=
董杰(1985-),男(汉族),江苏徐州人,教授,博士,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺材料及其工程化应用的研究工作。
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胡嘉琪(2002-),女(汉族),河北泊头人,博士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺光刻胶材料合成的研究工作

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胡嘉琪(2002-),女(汉族),河北泊头人,博士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺光刻胶材料合成的研究工作

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Materials Today Communications,2025,47:113210., articleTitle=A novel photosensitive poly(amic acid) for reducing film thickness shrinkage after curing, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304922259706105949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304922259756437598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, companyId=1304922259706105949, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304922259764826207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, companyId=1304922259706105949, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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figureFileBig=93q1Ogef2inMRYdaMIBgJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922266651873454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, language=CN, label=图11, caption=PSPI-2光刻图案的扫描电镜照片, figureFileSmall=CpFjIO4UufCYt0dbWaMMzA==, figureFileBig=93q1Ogef2inMRYdaMIBgJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922266710593711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=The thickness changes of PSPI-2 films before and after curing, figureFileSmall=fVAgjlO6ELzKmHXvIS6lYA==, figureFileBig=WVqLV1feYk/WwYWguqmwsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922266781896880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, language=CN, label=图12, caption=PSPI-2固化前后薄膜的厚度变化, figureFileSmall=fVAgjlO6ELzKmHXvIS6lYA==, figureFileBig=WVqLV1feYk/WwYWguqmwsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922267046138033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Diffraction angles and molecular chain spacing of PI films

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HAB摩尔分数%2θ/(°)d
020.84.3
1021.34.2
2021.44.2
3021.24.2
4021.44.1
), ArticleFig(id=1304922267138412722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PI薄膜的衍射角与分子链间距

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HAB摩尔分数%2θ/(°)d
020.84.3
1021.34.2
2021.44.2
3021.24.2
4021.44.1
), ArticleFig(id=1304922267234881715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Thermal properties and thermal dimensional stabilities of PI films

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HAB摩尔分数%Td5%/℃Td10%/℃Rw/%Tg/℃CTE/(×10-6 K-1)
0381.2435.541.6336.346.2
10422.3467.144.2354.138.1
20417.3462.248.5342.137.8
30422.4474.653.7348.638.4
40422.3469.648.7362.926.5
), ArticleFig(id=1304922267314573492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PI薄膜的热性能和尺寸稳定性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HAB摩尔分数%Td5%/℃Td10%/℃Rw/%Tg/℃CTE/(×10-6 K-1)
0381.2435.541.6336.346.2
10422.3467.144.2354.138.1
20417.3462.248.5342.137.8
30422.4474.653.7348.638.4
40422.3469.648.7362.926.5
), ArticleFig(id=1304922267524288693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mechanical properties data of PI films

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HAB摩尔分数%弹性模量/MPa拉伸强度/GPa应变/%
052.82.13.3
1049.13.23.8
2031.81.73.7
3028.71.43.1
4049.32.43.7
), ArticleFig(id=1304922267591397558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PI薄膜的力学性能数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HAB摩尔分数%弹性模量/MPa拉伸强度/GPa应变/%
052.82.13.3
1049.13.23.8
2031.81.73.7
3028.71.43.1
4049.32.43.7
), ArticleFig(id=1304922267889193143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Film-remaining rates of PSPI-2 in TMAH(aq) with concentration of 0.074%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质量分数/%15.317.520.5
初始膜厚/nm1 1601 5951 998
30 s留膜率/%97.899.090.4
60 s留膜率/%93.492.893.9
), ArticleFig(id=1304922267960496312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921604245447240, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PSPI-2在浓度为0.074%的TMAH(aq)中的留膜率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质量分数/%15.317.520.5
初始膜厚/nm1 1601 5951 998
30 s留膜率/%97.899.090.4
60 s留膜率/%93.492.893.9
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胡嘉琪 , 步颜倩 , 陆忠刚 , 董杰 * , 赵昕 , 滕翠青 , 张清华
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2026,59(8): 10-19
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绝缘材料 |材料研究 2026 , 59 (8) : 10 -19
含联苯单元聚酰亚胺的合成及其光刻胶的结构与性能研究
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胡嘉琪(2002-),女(汉族),河北泊头人,博士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺光刻胶材料合成的研究工作

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胡嘉琪(2002-),女(汉族),河北泊头人,博士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺光刻胶材料合成的研究工作

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胡嘉琪, 步颜倩, 陆忠刚, 董杰*, 赵昕, 滕翠青, 张清华
作者信息
  • 1东华大学,材料科学与工程学院,上海 201620
  • 2东华大学,先进纤维材料全国重点实验室,上海 201620
通讯作者:
董杰(1985-),男(汉族),江苏徐州人,教授,博士,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺材料及其工程化应用的研究工作。
作者简介:

胡嘉琪(2002-),女(汉族),河北泊头人,博士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺光刻胶材料合成的研究工作

Synthesis of polyimide containing biphenyl units and study on structure and properties of its photoresist
Jiaqi Hu, Yanqian Bu, Zhonggang Lu, Jie Dong*, Xin Zhao, Cuiqing Teng, Qinghua Zhang
Affiliations
  • 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.002
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以3,3′,4,4′-联苯四羧酸二酐(BPDA)为二酐单体、含氟二胺2,2-双(3-氨基-4-羟基苯)六氟丙烷(6FAP)和3,3′-二羟基联苯胺(HAB)为二胺单体,通过调控6FAP与HAB的摩尔比合成一系列聚酰胺酸(PAA)前驱体,再通过异酰亚胺化和酯化反应合成了聚酰胺酸酯(PAE),并经过环化反应制备了一系列含联苯单元的聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜,对PI薄膜的热力学性能进行研究。结果表明:当HAB摩尔分数为10%时,PI薄膜的CTE由46.2×10-6 K-1降至38.1×10-6 K-1Tg由336.3℃提升至354.1℃。以HAB摩尔分数为10%的PAE为树脂基体,与重氮萘醌类化合物(DNQ)等组分配置成正性聚酰亚胺光刻胶,经辐照、显影、固化等工艺后制备的光刻图案对比度达到2.5,该光刻胶的灵敏度为80 mJ/cm2,同时,在硅片上可获得分辨率为4 µm的光刻图案。

聚酰亚胺  /  联苯单元  /  正性光刻胶  /  光敏特性

Taking the 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) as dianhydride monomer, and the fluorine-containing diamine 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane (6FAP) and 3,3′-dihydroxybiphenylamine (HAB) as the diamine monomers, a series of polyamic acid (PAA) precursors were synthesized by regulating the molar ratio of 6FAP and HAB. Then, polyamic acid esters (PAE) were synthesized through imidization and esterification reactions, and a series of polyimide (PI) films containing biphenyl units were prepared through cyclization reactions. The thermodynamic properties of the PI films were studied. The results show that when the molar fraction of HAB is 10%, the CTE of the PI film decreases from 46.2×10-6 K-1 to 38.1×10-6 K-1, and the Tg increases from 336.3℃ to 354.1℃. Using PAE with a molar fraction of 10% HAB as the resin matrix, a positive polyimide photoresist was formulated with diazine naphthoquinone (DNQ) and other components. After irradiation, development, and curing processes, the contrast of the photoresist pattern reaches 2.5, and the sensitivity of the photoresist is 80 mJ/cm2. Meanwhile, a photoresist pattern with a resolution of 4 µm can be obtained on a silicon wafer.

polyimide  /  biphenyl unit  /  positive photoresist  /  photosensitive properties
胡嘉琪, 步颜倩, 陆忠刚, 董杰, 赵昕, 滕翠青, 张清华. 含联苯单元聚酰亚胺的合成及其光刻胶的结构与性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (8) : 10 -19 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.002
Jiaqi Hu, Yanqian Bu, Zhonggang Lu, Jie Dong, Xin Zhao, Cuiqing Teng, Qinghua Zhang. Synthesis of polyimide containing biphenyl units and study on structure and properties of its photoresist[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (8) : 10 -19 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.002
光敏聚酰亚胺(PSPI)是一类含有光敏基团、对特定光线敏感且能够在紫外曝光下发生光化学反应的高分子材料。PSPI具有传统聚酰亚胺(PI)材料优良的耐热性能、力学性能、介电性能以及耐溶剂腐蚀等特性,广泛应用于集成电路、电子系统、有机发光二极管等领域[1-2]
PSPI光刻胶是一种组合体系,包括聚酰亚胺树脂、光敏剂、光引发剂、溶剂等。根据曝光前后溶解度的变化,PSPI可以分为正性PSPI(p-PSPI)和负性PSPI(n-PSPI)[3]。n-PSPI光刻胶的辐照区域发生交联反应不溶于显影液,未辐照区域则在显影液中溶解;而p-PSPI光刻胶经辐照后在显影液中加速溶解,留下的图案为未辐照区域[4]。p-PSPI光刻胶因采用碱性水溶液作为显影液,对环境污染小、具有灵敏度高、图案分辨率高、可重复曝光显影的特点[5],成为光敏聚酰亚胺材料近年来的研究热点。
根据感光原理不同,将p-PSPI光刻胶分为自增感型和外加光敏剂型[6]。自增感型p-PSPI光刻胶因侧链含有光敏基团或主链可降解等特征,在紫外光辐照下会发生光化学反应,得到正性光刻图案。外加光敏剂型p-PSPI光刻胶是通过引入光敏剂赋予聚酰亚胺树脂感光性,这种PSPI树脂的分子结构设计自由度高,同时有利于调控光刻性能[7]。PSPI的前驱体主要包括PI前体树脂和可溶性PI,其中PI前体树脂包括聚酰胺酸(PAA)、聚酰胺酸酯(PAE)、聚异酰亚胺(PII)等。上述前驱体均可与二叠氮萘醌磺酸酯(DNQ)类光敏剂复合,在紫外光辐照下,DNQ转变为茚羧酸衍生物,加速前驱体树脂在碱性水溶液中的溶解,而DNQ本身是疏水性的,能够抑制树脂在碱性显影液的溶解性[3]
PAA主链含有大量的羧基基团,在碱性水溶液中易溶解,因此,PAA直接与DNQ构成的p-PSPI体系很难在辐照区域与未辐照区域之间产生明显的溶解性差异,导致图案的对比度下降,难以获得精细图案[8]。为了降低PAA的亲水性,可以通过提高分子链中芳香环、三氟甲基等疏水基团比例或通过酯化反应降低主链羧基含量来实现。M Tomikawa等[9]利用酯化剂对PAA进行酯化,探究酯化剂含量与酯化程度之间的关系,PSPI光刻胶可显影出分辨率为10 µm的图案。此外,还可以通过对PAA单元进行部分亚胺化,降低羧基的比例,抑制未辐照区树脂在碱性水溶液中的溶解性。M Hasegawa等[10]加入脱水剂与催化剂使PAA脱水环化形成酰亚胺环,结果表明由亚胺化程度为80%的PAA与溶解抑制剂构成的p-PSPI体系在辐照区域和未辐照区域之间具有良好的溶解性差异。步颜倩等[11]通过异酰亚胺化预处理再酯化调控PAA的酯化率,提高了p-PSPI体系的溶解对比度,并探究显影液浓度、光敏剂含量等光刻工艺参数对PSPI体系的影响,最终得到对比度为2.5,最高分辨率为3 µm的p-PSPI。
对于PSPI光刻胶而言,除了光敏特性外,图案化薄膜优异的力学性能、介电特性、尺寸稳定性等也是其安全服役的重要基础[12-13]。例如,当PSPI应用于芯片高精度封装时,光刻胶的线性热膨胀系数(CTE)通常要求控制在10×10-6~30×10-6 K-1,若光刻胶固化后薄膜与封装基板的CTE差异过大,在温度变化时产生的热应力会导致分层、翘曲和裂纹等缺陷,严重威胁芯片的安全服役。为降低PSPI体系的CTE,通常需要在主链中引入刚性结构或复合无机纳米粒子,提高链段堆积密度,抑制分子链热运动产生的体积膨胀,以满足PSPI的实际应用需求。
本文围绕聚酰胺酸酯型p-PSPI展开研究,以6FAP、HAB和BPDA为原料,采用溶液缩聚法合成共聚聚酰胺酸,再通过异酰亚胺化、酯化反应,得到聚酰胺酸酯。通过调控两种二胺(HAB与6FAP)的摩尔比,合成5种不同HAB含量的PSPI前体树脂。详细研究含刚性联苯单元HAB的含量对PI薄膜热性能、力学性能和尺寸稳定性的影响,获得优化的PSPI前驱体结构;进一步通过添加光敏剂和其他助剂制备p-PSPI光刻胶,并对其光刻性能进行研究。
2,2-双(3-氨基-4-羟基苯)六氟丙烷(6FAP,纯度为98%)、1-甲氧基-2-丙醇(PGME,纯度为99%),萨恩化学技术(上海)有限公司;3,3′,4,4′-联苯四羧酸二酐(BPDA,纯度为99%),天津众泰材料科技有限公司;3,3′-二羟基联苯胺(HAB,纯度为98%),安耐吉(上海)医药化学有限公司;N,N-二甲基甲酰胺二乙基缩醛(DFA,纯度为95%),上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC,AR),上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司;三氟乙酸酐(TFAA,纯度为98%),上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;三乙胺(TEA,纯度为99.5%)、乳酸乙酯(EL,纯度为99%),上海迈瑞尔生化科技有限公司;2,3,4,4′-四羟基二苯甲酮1,2-萘醌二叠氮基-5-磺酸盐(光敏剂PAC,纯度为98%),上海大然化学有限公司;四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAHaq,浓度为2.38%),长春应化(常熟)有限公司。
以BPDA、6FAP和HAB为原料,采用NMP为溶剂,聚合得到5种不同HAB摩尔分数(0、10%、20%、30%、40%)的聚酰胺酸酯,并分别命名为PAE-1、PAE-2、PAE-3、PAE-4和PAE-5。以PAE-2为例,具体合成步骤如下。
在氮气氛围下,将70 mL DMAC加入到250 mL三口烧瓶中,在机械搅拌下加入6FAP(6.59 g,0.018 mol)和HAB(0.43 g,0.002 mol)使其在DMAC中溶解形成稳定均匀的溶液;然后再加入BPDA(5.88 g,0.02 mol),并在冰水浴条件下反应12 h,得到棕色的PAA溶液。通过冰水浴将溶液冷却至10℃,向溶液中加入TFAA(12.60 g,0.06 mol)和TEA(8.95 g,0.06 mol),将溶液加热至25℃反应3 h。再向溶液中加入DFA(5.30 g,0.036 mol),并将溶液加热至50℃,使其发生酯化反应2 h。将所得溶液缓慢滴加到去离子水中析出,搅拌3 h后过滤,用去离子水反复洗涤3次,得到粉白色粒料,将其在60℃鼓风烘箱干燥12 h,得到PAE-2树脂(如图1(a)所示)。对于HAB摩尔分数为30%和40%的异酰亚胺溶液,需先利用DMAC溶剂将其体积分数稀释至12%,再进行酯化反应。
此外,取少量PAA溶液刮涂在玻璃板上,在真空烘箱中静置脱泡1 h,然后升温至80℃干燥12 h得到无黏性的薄膜,将薄膜置于真空烘箱中升温至290℃保温1 h,制得厚度约为40 μm的PI薄膜。将不同HAB摩尔分数的PI薄膜分别命名为PI-1、PI-2、PI-3、PI-4和PI-5,具体反应如图1(b)所示。
将PAE-1、PAE-2、PAE-3、PAE-4和PAE-5分别与PAC等助剂混合制备PSPI-1、PSPI-2、PSPI-3、PSPI-4和PSPI-5光刻胶。以PSPI-2为例,具体步骤如下。
将1.4 g PAE-2树脂与0.3 g光敏剂PAC溶于6.5 g PGME和1.5 g EL中,避光搅拌2 h,使用滤膜直径为0.22 µm的聚四氟乙烯过滤器过滤,得到固体质量分数为17.5%的PSPI-2溶液。
将PSPI溶液旋涂于玻璃片上,以1 000 r/min的转速旋涂15 s,经100℃软烘烤10 min以除去溶剂,得到无黏性的聚合物薄膜。将薄膜在波长为365 nm的紫外光下完全辐照,辐照能量为每秒100 mJ/cm2;然后在质量分数为0.074%的四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAHaq)溶液中显影,形成光刻图案。显影后,将样品在290℃真空烘箱中固化1 h,得到图案化的聚合物薄膜。
采用Bruker公司生产的Avance 600型核磁共振仪测试反应产物的1H-NMR,溶剂为氘代二甲基亚砜(DMSO-d6)。
采用Thermo公司生产的Nicolet 8700型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对样品进行结构测试,测试波数为500~4 000 cm-1,扫描次数为32次。
采用Rigaku公司生产的D/max-2550 PC型X射线多晶衍射仪(XRD)测试薄膜的聚集态结构。
采用Novocontrol公司生产的concept 40型宽频介电阻抗谱仪测试薄膜在不同频率下的介电常数和介质损耗因数。
采用TA仪器公司生产的Q400型热机械分析仪(TMA)测定薄膜的热膨胀系数,氮气氛围,预设应力为0.05 N,样品尺寸为10 mm×5 mm,加热速率为5℃/min,测试温度为50~250℃。
采用Netzsh公司生产的209F3型热重分析仪(TGA)测试样品的热稳定性能,测试温度为50~800℃,升温速率为10℃/min,吹扫气为氮气,气体流量为10 mL/min。
采用TA仪器公司生产的Q800型动态热机械分析仪(DMA)测试薄膜的储能模量(E′)和损耗因子(tanδ),样品尺寸为30 mm×10 mm,测试频率为 1 Hz,测试温度为30~400℃,升温速率为5℃/min。
采用Hitachi公司生产的Flex SEM 1000II型场发射扫描电镜(SEM)拍摄样品表面扫描电镜图像。
采用Bruker公司生产的Dektak XT型台阶仪测试旋涂薄膜的厚度,实验过程中选用光源波长为365 nm,辐照距离为15 cm,辐照能量参数由Height Led UV Meter LED能量计读取。
采用Instron公司生产的5966型万能试验机测量样品力学性能,矩形薄膜样品尺寸为100 mm×5 mm,拉伸速率为10 mm/min。
图2为PAE、PI和PSPI样品的红外光谱图。从图2(a)可以看出,波数为1 720 cm-1和1 612 cm-1处的吸收峰分别为羧基与酰胺基的吸收峰,同时,在波数为1 778 cm-1处出现了酯基的不对称伸缩振动峰,证明异酰亚胺PII通过酯化反应生成了PAE。从图2(b)可以看出,波数为1 773 cm-1和1 713 cm-1处的吸收峰分别为酰亚胺环C=O的不对称伸缩振动峰和对称伸缩振动峰,波数为1 366 cm-1处的吸收峰为酰亚胺环的C-N键的伸缩振动峰,波数为738 cm-1处的吸收峰为亚胺环C-N键的弯曲振动峰,表明PAA通过亚胺化反应转变为PI[14]。从图2(c)可以看出,PSPI-2在波数为1 788 cm-1和1 706 cm-1处分别出现了酰亚胺环C=O的不对称伸缩振动峰和对称伸缩振动峰,并在波数为734 cm-1处出现了酰亚胺环C-N-C键的伸缩振动峰,表明PAE前驱体树脂经辐照、显影和后烘等工序后同样会转变为PI。
图3为PAA和PAE样品的核磁共振氢谱图。图3(a)为HAB摩尔分数为10%的PAA、PAE样品的1H-NMR谱图,其中,化学位移δ为6.5×10-6~8.5×10-6的质子信号由芳香环中的氢质子引起。在PAA-2的1H-NMR谱图中,化学位移δ为13.5×10-6处出现的质子峰是由-COOH基团引起的,而PAE-2的1H-NMR谱图中,该化学位移处的质子信号减弱,在化学位移δ为4.30×10-6处出现归属于亚甲基的质子峰[15]。这一变化表明PAA发生了酯化反应。由化学位移δ为4.30×10-6处的亚甲基氢与(7.5~8.5)×10-6处的芳环氢比例,可以计算出酯化程度。结合图3(b)计算得出,当HAB单体的摩尔分数由0提高至40%时,PAE的酯化程度分别为53%、40%、31%、12%和10%,表明随着HAB含量的增加,PAE的酯化程度逐渐下降,这是由于HAB高刚性的联苯单元含量增加时,PAA溶液黏度显著提高,当HAB的摩尔分数为30%时,对其进行异酰亚胺化时会发生凝胶现象,不利于脂环反应,因此,HAB的摩尔分数应控制在30%以内。
图4为PI薄膜的XRD图。从图4可以看出,5种PI薄膜在2θ为21°附近均出现宽泛而弥散的衍射峰,表明5种PI薄膜均为无定形结构。随着HAB含量的增加,衍射峰向高2θ角方向偏移。通过布拉格方程计算分子链的堆积距离如表1所示。从表1可以看出,随着HAB含量的增加,分子链中-CF3等大体积侧基含量减少,产生的空间位阻效应减弱,分子链间距减小,电荷转移络合(CTC)效应增强,分子链堆积紧密[16],分子链的堆积距离减小。此外,HAB的引入促使分子链排列更为紧密有序,这有利于提升PI薄膜的耐热性能及尺寸稳定性。
图5(a)和(b)分别是PI薄膜的TGA曲线和DTG曲线,相关数据列于表2中。从图5(a)、(b)表2可以看出,所有薄膜样品在温度为350~450℃发生第1阶段热失重,这是由于非主链结构单元的耐热性较差,率先发生热分解[17]。当温度升至480℃时,样品再次出现热失重,这是由于聚合物主链发生热分解,当温度升至550℃时,聚合物分解速率达到最大。与未加入HAB的PI-1薄膜相比,共聚PI薄膜的5%热失重温度(Td5%)、10%热失重温度(Td10%)和在800℃下的质量保持率(Rw)均明显提高,表明HAB的引入提高了分子链的刚性,抑制聚合物链段的运动,有利于PI分子链的堆积紧密,从而提升PI薄膜的耐热性[18]
图5(c)为PI薄膜的TMA曲线。结合图5(c)表2数据可以看出,HAB的引入显著降低了PI薄膜的CTE。当温度为50~250℃时,随着HAB含量的增加,PI薄膜的CTE由46.2×10-6 K-1逐渐降低至26.5×10-6 K-1,这主要是由于联苯结构HAB含量的增加提高了PI分子链的刚性,PI薄膜内自由体积减小,分子链堆积紧密,分子间作用力增强,因而热膨胀系数降低[19]
图5(d)为PI薄膜的DMA曲线。结合图5(d)表2数据可以看出,与未添加HAB的PI-1薄膜相比,HAB的引入使薄膜的Tg从336.3℃最高升至362.9℃;同时,随着HAB含量的增加,α转变峰强度逐渐减弱,这进一步表明HAB含量的增加导致分子链刚性增强,链段运动能力减弱。
图6是PI薄膜的力学性能测试结果,具体数据如表3所示。从图6表3可以看出,PI-1薄膜的拉伸强度和弹性模量分别为52.8 MPa和2.1 GPa,HAB的引入降低了PI薄膜的力学性能,当HAB摩尔分数为30%时,PI-4薄膜的拉伸强度和弹性模量降低至28.7 MPa和1.4 GPa,这可能是由于HAB单体的反应活性低于6FAP,导致聚合物分子量降低;另一方面HAB的引入破坏了均聚物分子链的规整性,使PI薄膜的力学性能减弱。然而,进一步提升HAB的摩尔分数至40%时,薄膜的力学性能提高,其拉伸强度和弹性模量分别达到了49.3 MPa和2.4 GPa。这可能是由于HAB联苯刚性结构的比例增大,分子链排列规整,薄膜内部缺陷减少,力学性能提升。
图7为光敏剂PAC的紫外吸收曲线和PAE薄膜的紫外透过曲线。从图7(a)可以看出,光敏剂PAC对波长为295、365(i线)、436 nm(g线)处的紫外光线具有较强的吸收能力。对于PSPI光刻胶而言,辐照显影需要的g线和i线通常由高压汞灯释放,其生产技术较为成熟,能够产生稳定的辐照能量。其中,i线辐照形成的图案分辨率比g线高,故后续光刻工艺选用i线(波长为365 nm)紫外灯为辐照光源。
图7(b)可以看出,随着HAB含量的增加,PAE薄膜在波长为365 nm处透过率下降。其中,PAE-1具有最高的紫外透过率,这是由于PAE-1中高含量的-CF3大体积侧基使PI分子链堆积松散,分子间作用力弱,能够抑制分子链间的电荷转移络合(CTC)效应,提高PAE-1薄膜的光学性能[20]。HAB的引入使分子链中-CF3含量降低,对CTC效应的抑制作用下降,薄膜颜色逐渐变深,紫外透过率降低。
综合考虑上述PI薄膜的热性能、力学性能以及PAE薄膜的紫外透过率,最终选择HAB摩尔分数为10%的PAE-2为光刻胶用基体树脂。
PSPI的光刻过程是利用光敏化合物在光照下发生光化学反应,将掩模板上的图案转移至衬底上。重氮萘醌类化合物(DNQ)的光化学反应过程如图8所示。在紫外光照下,DNQ的辐照部分发生光化学反应溶于碱性显影液,未辐照部分不溶于显影液,二者形成溶解性差异,留下的未辐照部分即为正性光刻图案。p-PSPI的光刻流程主要包括旋涂光刻胶溶液、前烘、紫外灯辐照、显影、后固化等流程。
研究不同质量分数的PSPI-2光刻胶在浓度为0.074%的TMAH(aq)显影液中的留膜率,结果如表4所示。从表4可以看出,光刻胶的质量分数越高,膜越厚,但留膜率有所降低。这是由于PAE树脂在碱性显影液中的溶解速率过快,不利于后续的辐照显影。质量分数为20.5%的光刻胶留膜率随显影时间的增加而增,这可能是由于光刻胶在显影液中发生溶胀。在浓度为0.074%的显影液中,未辐照区域的留膜率保持在90%以上,这是获得高对比度光刻图案的关键[21]。综合薄膜厚度、显影时间与留膜率,本文选择固体质量分数为17.5%的PSPI-2光刻胶,研究PSPI的特征辐照曲线。
PSPI-2体系光刻胶的特征辐照曲线如图9所示,归一化膜厚代表辐照显影前后薄膜厚度值之比,辐照剂量的改变可以通过调整辐照时间来实现。从图9可以看出,在波长为365 nm的紫外光辐照下,PSPI-2体系的对比度为2.5,灵敏度为80 mJ/cm2,表明在该光刻工艺下光刻胶溶液的溶解对比度较高,能够获得高质量的光刻图案。
图10是HAB摩尔分数为10%的PSPI-2光刻图案在固化前后分辨率的比较。从图10可以看出,PSPI-2固化前后图案精度保持不变,线条干净清晰,且边缘没有发生收缩导致的起皱等现象,图案分辨率较高。
图11为PSPI-2光刻胶经辐照、显影、固化后得到光刻图案。从图11(a)可以看出,20 μm线宽的光刻图案线条清晰,无明显缺陷,图案一致性较好。从图11(b)可以看出,5 μm线宽的光刻图案线条形貌规整,酰亚胺化后体积略微收缩。从图11(c)可以看出,4 μm线宽的光刻图案完整清晰、线条干净,固化后仍保持较高的图案精度。
图12是通过台阶仪测试PSPI-2图案化薄膜在固化前后的厚度变化。从图12可以看出,固化前图案化薄膜的厚度约为1 416 nm,固化后薄膜的厚度约为1 169 nm,表明图案化的薄膜固化收缩率约为17.4%,同时表明本研究设计合成的PSPI-2光刻胶相对于其他PSPI光刻胶体系具有更低的收缩率[22],这对于提高光刻胶图案的精细结构具有重要意义。
本文以BPDA和6FAP、HAB为原料,通过调控6FAP与HAB的比例,合成了不同HAB含量的PAA,并通过异酰亚胺化、酯化反应合成了PAE。以此为树脂基体分别通过热环化反应制备了PI膜和p-PSPI光刻胶。当HAB摩尔分数为10%时,PI薄膜的CTE值由46.2×10-6 K-1降低至38.1×10-6 K-1Tg由336.3℃提升至354.1℃,PI薄膜的弹性模量由2.1 GPa提升至3.2 GPa。以HAB摩尔分数为10%的PAE-2树脂为前驱体,通过添加光敏剂等组分制备了p-PSPI光刻胶,其灵敏度为80 mJ/cm2,对比度为2.5,经辐照显影工艺可得到最佳分辨率为4 µm的图案。

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2026年第59卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.002
  • 接收时间:2025-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-31
  • 修回日期:2025-09-22
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    1东华大学,材料科学与工程学院,上海 201620
    2东华大学,先进纤维材料全国重点实验室,上海 201620

通讯作者:

董杰(1985-),男(汉族),江苏徐州人,教授,博士,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺材料及其工程化应用的研究工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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