Article(id=1304921578437890191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744041600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-08, revisedDate=1748016000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047148570, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047148570, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047148570, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047148570, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921526004904728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047136068, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118116024, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=140, endPage=147, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921578840543376, articleId=1304921578437890191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on hydrophilicity of polyethylene separator improved by atmospheric pressure plasma jet modification, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polyethylene is the preferred material for lithium battery separators, its hydrophilicity directly determines the electrolyte ion transmission efficiency and the interface stability of battery. To improve the hydrophilicity of polyethylene separator, we employed atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as a reaction medium to activate and modify the separator surface. The effects of treatment time and treatment distance on the hydrophilicity of the separator surface were studied by experiments, and the optimal treatment conditions and effects were obtained. The surface morphology and chemical structure of the separator were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to analyze the effect of plasma treatment on its micro-physical and chemical properties, thereby analyzing the mechanism of its performance improvement. The results show that with the increase of treatment time and distance, the hydrophilicity of the separator increases at first and then decreases. The optimal performance is achieved at a treatment time of 6 min and a treatment distance of 20 mm, where the water contact angle of the modified separator approaches 0°, achieving super-hydrophilic effect. After treatment, the separator tends to be hard and brittle, and its thermal shrinkage rate decreases by 51%. The plasma jet introduces -NH3+ hydrophilic groups onto the separator surface, and through etching, cross-linking, polymerization, and deposition, a nano-silicon oxide film with larger pores is formed on the material surface, which significantly enhance the surface hydrophilicity and thermal shrinkage resistance of seperator.

, authors=Muyang LI, Jingcheng XIE, Guoping ZHOU, Weiwei WAN, Huamin LI, authorsList=Muyang LI, Jingcheng XIE, Guoping ZHOU, Weiwei WAN, Huamin LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921582187597995, articleId=1304921578437890191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=大气压等离子体射流改性聚乙烯隔膜提高亲水性研究, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

聚乙烯作为锂电池隔膜的首选材料,其亲水性直接决定了电解液离子传输效率和电池的界面稳定性。为了提高聚乙烯隔膜的亲水性,本文以3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷为反应媒质,采用大气压等离子体射流对其活化后改性隔膜表面。通过实验研究了改性时间和改性距离对隔膜表面亲水性的影响规律,进而获得最优改性条件和效果。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱仪对隔膜的表面形貌和化学结构能进行表征,分析等离子体改性对隔膜表面微观物化特性的影响,进而分析其性能提升的机制。结果表明:隔膜亲水性随改性时间和改性距离的增加均呈先提升后降低趋势,在改性时间为6 min、改性距离为20 mm时效果最优,隔膜的水接触角接近0°,达到超亲水效果。改性后隔膜趋于变硬而脆,热收缩率减小了51%。等离子体射流在隔膜表面引入-NH3+亲水性基团,并通过刻蚀、交联、聚合、沉积等作用在材料表面形成较大孔隙的纳米硅氧薄膜,实现了隔膜表面亲水性与抗热收缩性能的显著提升。

, authors=李牧洋, 谢竟成, 周国平, 万薇薇, 黎华敏, authorsList=李牧洋, 谢竟成, 周国平, 万薇薇, 黎华敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李牧洋(1984-),男(汉族),江苏南京人,高级工程师,主要从事低温等离子体材料改性的研究工作。

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李牧洋(1984-),男(汉族),江苏南京人,高级工程师,主要从事低温等离子体材料改性的研究工作。

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李牧洋(1984-),男(汉族),江苏南京人,高级工程师,主要从事低温等离子体材料改性的研究工作。

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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=国能南京电力试验研究有限公司,江苏 南京 210000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1304921586822303956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of APPJ modified PE experimental platform, figureFileSmall=LZDb+2mw0yi+8HlipUmkfA==, figureFileBig=7vwHZ3bSpm1U6Qz0MCEzcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921586885218517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=CN, label=图1, caption=APPJ改性PE隔膜实验平台示意图, figureFileSmall=LZDb+2mw0yi+8HlipUmkfA==, figureFileBig=7vwHZ3bSpm1U6Qz0MCEzcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921587245928663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Typical voltage and current waveforms, figureFileSmall=CbXJxOyRpMmQV5CImTNC2A==, 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figureFileBig=RW++6V20YTOj6WCV9OYVEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921588265144546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PE隔膜改性前后热收缩照片

(a) 改性前 (b) 改性后

, figureFileSmall=LJJ1T1oOJXLpm+b8PCWftw==, figureFileBig=RW++6V20YTOj6WCV9OYVEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921588332253411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=SEM images of PE separator before and after modification, figureFileSmall=6gnUXTjcuQ2CJgtHV+ZByQ==, figureFileBig=GKe+6tNYJtwUko2HrWWktw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921588462276836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=CN, label=图8, caption=PE隔膜改性前后的SEM图像, figureFileSmall=6gnUXTjcuQ2CJgtHV+ZByQ==, figureFileBig=GKe+6tNYJtwUko2HrWWktw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921588537774309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=XPS full spectrum scanning and Si and N element peak fitting results, figureFileSmall=Qd/XcqlllzfATLTBKp4B4w==, figureFileBig=7D+ePI1+4TkQk367AgiVsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921588596494566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=CN, label=图9, caption=XPS全谱扫描及Si、N元素分峰拟合结果, figureFileSmall=Qd/XcqlllzfATLTBKp4B4w==, figureFileBig=7D+ePI1+4TkQk367AgiVsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921588676186343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Jet emission spectra of Ar/APTES, figureFileSmall=FRFWtSsShkEXX+ZLlcRrSQ==, figureFileBig=yCjuDZ9A3zEYT/RuZrKuUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921588739100904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=CN, label=图10, caption=Ar/APTES射流发射光谱, figureFileSmall=FRFWtSsShkEXX+ZLlcRrSQ==, figureFileBig=yCjuDZ9A3zEYT/RuZrKuUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921588818792682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical bond ratio of Si element on the surface of PE separator before and after modification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含量占比Si2pSi-CSiO1/2C(M)SiO2/2C(D)SiO3/2C(T)SiO4/2C(Q)
未改性1.4%0072.1%19.4%7.9%
改性后24.3%002.8%43.4%53.8%
), ArticleFig(id=1304921588911067371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921578437890191, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

改性前后PE隔膜表面Si元素化学键比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含量占比Si2pSi-CSiO1/2C(M)SiO2/2C(D)SiO3/2C(T)SiO4/2C(Q)
未改性1.4%0072.1%19.4%7.9%
改性后24.3%002.8%43.4%53.8%
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大气压等离子体射流改性聚乙烯隔膜提高亲水性研究
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李牧洋 , 谢竟成 , 周国平 , 万薇薇 , 黎华敏
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2026,59(3): 140-147
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绝缘材料 |材料研究 2026 , 59 (3) : 140 -147
大气压等离子体射流改性聚乙烯隔膜提高亲水性研究
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李牧洋, 谢竟成, 周国平, 万薇薇, 黎华敏
作者信息
  • 国能南京电力试验研究有限公司,江苏 南京 210000
作者简介:

李牧洋(1984-),男(汉族),江苏南京人,高级工程师,主要从事低温等离子体材料改性的研究工作。

Study on hydrophilicity of polyethylene separator improved by atmospheric pressure plasma jet modification
Muyang LI, Jingcheng XIE, Guoping ZHOU, Weiwei WAN, Huamin LI
Affiliations
  • Guoneng Nanjing Electric Power Test and Research Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.016
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聚乙烯作为锂电池隔膜的首选材料,其亲水性直接决定了电解液离子传输效率和电池的界面稳定性。为了提高聚乙烯隔膜的亲水性,本文以3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷为反应媒质,采用大气压等离子体射流对其活化后改性隔膜表面。通过实验研究了改性时间和改性距离对隔膜表面亲水性的影响规律,进而获得最优改性条件和效果。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱仪对隔膜的表面形貌和化学结构能进行表征,分析等离子体改性对隔膜表面微观物化特性的影响,进而分析其性能提升的机制。结果表明:隔膜亲水性随改性时间和改性距离的增加均呈先提升后降低趋势,在改性时间为6 min、改性距离为20 mm时效果最优,隔膜的水接触角接近0°,达到超亲水效果。改性后隔膜趋于变硬而脆,热收缩率减小了51%。等离子体射流在隔膜表面引入-NH3+亲水性基团,并通过刻蚀、交联、聚合、沉积等作用在材料表面形成较大孔隙的纳米硅氧薄膜,实现了隔膜表面亲水性与抗热收缩性能的显著提升。

大气压等离子体射流  /  表面改性  /  聚乙烯隔膜  /  超亲水

Polyethylene is the preferred material for lithium battery separators, its hydrophilicity directly determines the electrolyte ion transmission efficiency and the interface stability of battery. To improve the hydrophilicity of polyethylene separator, we employed atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as a reaction medium to activate and modify the separator surface. The effects of treatment time and treatment distance on the hydrophilicity of the separator surface were studied by experiments, and the optimal treatment conditions and effects were obtained. The surface morphology and chemical structure of the separator were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to analyze the effect of plasma treatment on its micro-physical and chemical properties, thereby analyzing the mechanism of its performance improvement. The results show that with the increase of treatment time and distance, the hydrophilicity of the separator increases at first and then decreases. The optimal performance is achieved at a treatment time of 6 min and a treatment distance of 20 mm, where the water contact angle of the modified separator approaches 0°, achieving super-hydrophilic effect. After treatment, the separator tends to be hard and brittle, and its thermal shrinkage rate decreases by 51%. The plasma jet introduces -NH3+ hydrophilic groups onto the separator surface, and through etching, cross-linking, polymerization, and deposition, a nano-silicon oxide film with larger pores is formed on the material surface, which significantly enhance the surface hydrophilicity and thermal shrinkage resistance of seperator.

atmospheric pressure plasma jet  /  surface modification  /  polyethylene separator  /  super-hydrophilicity
李牧洋, 谢竟成, 周国平, 万薇薇, 黎华敏. 大气压等离子体射流改性聚乙烯隔膜提高亲水性研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (3) : 140 -147 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.016
Muyang LI, Jingcheng XIE, Guoping ZHOU, Weiwei WAN, Huamin LI. Study on hydrophilicity of polyethylene separator improved by atmospheric pressure plasma jet modification[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (3) : 140 -147 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.016
聚乙烯(PE)因具有低成本、耐化学腐蚀性强和绝缘强度高等特点,是目前制作锂电池隔膜的首选材料。但PE作为一种非极性聚合物材料,其表面亲水性差,导致锂离子电池中间产物在隔膜中的穿梭受到抑制[1-5]。同时,由于其表面孔隙率低、热稳定性差,导致电池内的电解液无法均匀渗透到隔膜内部,无法满足电池的平稳、高效、安全运行需求。另外,锂电池在大功率充放电过程中会出现明显的发热现象,因此隔膜的抗热收缩特性对电池的安全可靠运行至关重要。相关研究表明,对PE隔膜材料进行改性,提高表面亲水性,能够增强电解液渗透性和离子的传导速度,有效提高电池整体性能[6-11]
已有研究学者通过化学气相沉积(CVD)、离子注入、表面修饰和低温等离子体表面改性等方法改性PE隔膜,其中低温等离子体表面改性技术因具有环境友好、成本低、效率高等优点,得到了广泛关注[12-15]。在各种常见的等离子体产生方式中,大气压低温等离子体射流(APPJ)具有高活性、反应温和、无污染和可控性强等特点,并且可以在开放环境中与材料表面相互作用,如应用于改性PE、聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)等低耐热性薄膜材料的表面具有独特的优势[16-18]。YAN L X等[19]利用二氧化硅纳米颗粒涂层改性PP隔膜,改性后的水接触角(WCA)由未改性的107.4°降低至41°,热收缩率由未改性的14.1%降至8.3%。WANG R X等[20]利用Ar等离子体射流对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)表面进行改性,通过提高表面粗糙度和引入极性基团实现表面亲水改性,WCA由69°降低到27°。A V DEYNSE等[21]通过在Ar中混入不同浓度的水蒸气以提高低温等离子体活性,通过在PE表面引入C-O、C=O、O-C-O、O-C=O等极性基团,将其WCA由53.5°降低到35.6°。然而,由于极性基团不稳定,在空气中会自动发生极性翻转,导致这些方法所提升的亲水性通常几个小时就会发生退化,抗老化性能较差。3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)因支链上具有亲水性基团,且具备良好的抗老化性能,可作为主要媒质用来沉积亲水性薄膜,使薄膜具备良好的抗老化性能。LIN Y C等[22]利用APTES为媒质产生等离子体射流,通过改变改性时间,在不锈钢材料表面沉积出WCA为20°的亲水薄膜。尽管等离子体亲水性薄膜沉积可行性已被证实,但在PE隔膜材料表面实现亲水性薄膜沉积的同时,改善耐热性能的相关研究较少,等离子体沉积改性后隔膜表面亲水性、机械强度和耐热性等综合性能和改性参数之间的关系尚不清楚,如何进一步提高亲水改性效果仍有待研究。因此,有必要对等离子体在PE材料上沉积薄膜的方法、效果及相关机制进行研究。
本文以APTES作为媒质,采用APPJ技术对PE隔膜进行亲水改性。研究不同改性距离、改性时间对PE隔膜表面亲水性能的影响规律,得到最优改性条件。通过WCA测试、机械强度测试和热收缩率测试分析其综合性能变化,利用X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察等手段研究改性前后PE隔膜表面的物理化学特性变化,揭示等离子体改性提高PE表面性能的机制。
使用APPJ改性PE隔膜的实验平台如图1所示,由气路、APPJ反应器、纳秒脉冲电源和放电特性诊断系统组成。APTES作为亲水前驱物,通过辅助气道鼓泡并与主气道中的Ar(纯度为99.9%)混合后进入APPJ反应器。APPJ反应器由石英管(内径为2 mm,外径为4 mm)、高压电极和接地电极组成。使用中空钢管作为高压电极,其尖端距离石英管喷嘴40 mm,Ar/APTES混合气体由高压电极内部进入放电区域。接地电极由铜片制成,距离石英管喷嘴10 mm。
放电电压和电流分别由高压探头(型号为Tektronix P6139A)和电流线圈(Pearson 4100型)测得,通过示波器(Tektronix TDS-3054c型)进行数据采集。采用光纤光谱仪(Ocean Optics HR4000CG型)测量发射光谱,探头距离等离子体羽30 mm。经过前期预实验,调节电源和气流运行参数,以获得稳定的放电和亲水膜沉积效果。电源参数确定如下:电压幅值为11 kV、重复频率为5 kHz、脉冲宽度为800 ns、上升沿和下降沿持续时间为100 ns。APTES载气流速为18 mL/min,总气体流速为1 000 mL/min。
典型电压及电流波形如图2所示。从图2可以看出,放电并未发生在脉冲上升沿阶段而是在平顶过程。根据气体击穿理论,放电的发生需要电子在电场作用下获得能量,并通过碰撞电离引发雪崩击穿。在电压脉冲上升沿阶段,未能在气隙积累足够多的高能电子,不具备有效击穿条件。达到11 kV后,电子继续发生碰撞电离,当气隙中积累足够的电子,电场强度才能克服气体分子的绝缘性,引发电子雪崩,进而发生放电[23]。当放电发生后,气体被电离形成等离子体,等离子体电导率高,相当于在电极间形成了一个低阻抗通路,导致外加电压迅速“被拉低”[24]
PE由云南恩捷新材料股份有限公司生产,厚度为20 µm。实验前将其裁剪成尺寸为5 cm×5 cm的矩形样片,用无水乙醇擦拭,然后用去离子水超声清洗5 min。为了表征改性效果,对改性前后PE隔膜的WCA、机械强度和热收缩率进行测试。使用水滴角测试仪(ZJ-CAZ 2型,深圳市致佳仪器设备有限公司)测量WCA,将1 μL水滴滴在样品表面,取5个等间距位置测量,对每个位置进行3次测量以减小测量误差。将改性后的样品放置在大气压干燥室温条件下,每隔24 h进行WCA测试以评价其亲水性能。使用纸张测量法测量PE隔膜的热收缩率,将等离子体改性前后的PE隔膜裁剪成尺寸为2 cm×2 cm的矩形样品,放在恒温烘箱中在130℃下烘焙1 h后进行测量。根据GB/T 12914—2018,使用精度为±0.01%的电子拉伸试验机(CMT6103型,深圳泰欣荣科技有限公司)进行拉伸测试,记录应力-应变曲线,样品尺寸为50 mm×10 mm。为了分析材料性能变化的机制,对材料表面微观物化特性进行表征。通过高分辨率热场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM,ZEISS Ultra 55型)观测改性前后PE表面的微观形貌。用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS,Kratos AXIS-ULTRA DLD型)检测表面化学组成的变化,通过单色Al kα(1486.6 eV)X射线获得分辨率为0.05 eV的光电子谱线。利用XPSPEAK 41软件将光谱线与284.8 eV处的C1s光谱线作为参考线进行分峰拟合。
APPJ改性距离决定了等离子体传输到材料表面的反应性颗粒的数量,对沉积薄膜的性质具有显著的影响[21]图3是改性时间为6 min时,PE隔膜表面亲水性能与改性距离之间的关系。从图3可以看出,改性后PE亲水性显著提升,由未改性时的100°憎水表面转变为亲水表面。改性距离为5 mm时WCA为84.7°,亲水性提升效果不显著,这可能由于改性距离较近,气体到达材料基体表面时流速较高,导致活性粒子在表面驻留时间短,表面沉积聚合反应不充分[24]。随着改性距离的增加,WCA先减小后增大,其中改性距离为20 mm时,可达到WCA接近0°的超亲水效果(通常情况下润湿角度低于10°可认定为超亲水效果)。由于水滴完全润湿表面,WCA接近0°,达到检测极限,因此测试结果无误差。当改性距离继续增加到25 mm时,亲水性能相对变差。这是由于改性距离过远,射流体羽中活性粒子与周围环境空气的碰撞损失能量导致作用在材料基体表面的粒子活性不足,改性效果变差[25]
在改性距离为20 mm时,PE隔膜表面WCA随改性时间的变化如图4所示。从图4可以看出,随着改性时间的增加,WCA呈现先减小后增大的趋势。在改性时间为6 min时,隔膜的WCA由100°下降至0°。进一步延长改性时间导致改性效果变差,这是由于过长的改性时间会对表面结构产生破坏[20]
图5给出了改性距离为20 mm、改性时间为6 min时改性PE的抗老化性能。从图5可以看出,样品在放置1天内仍能保持超亲水效果。第2天开始出现老化,WCA逐渐增大,并在第7天水接触角稳定至20.3°。该结果表明,本文改性方法相较于等离子体直接活化能够获得更好的抗老化性能。这可能是由于等离子改性过程中产生的亲水性官能团可有效地交联聚合在隔膜表面,抑制其向材料本体内迁移,从而保持较为持久的亲水性[26]
综上所述,在改性距离为20 mm、改性时间为6 min的条件下,PE隔膜可获得最佳改性效果。因此,后续PE隔膜的改性均采用该优化条件。
锂电池在工作过程中,电池隔膜需要承受充放电过程中形成的分支晶体的缠绕、组装和刺穿等作用力。改性前后PE隔膜的应力-应变曲线如图6所示。从图6可以看出,未改性的PE隔膜拉伸强度为32.52 MPa,经过等离子体改性后,改性PE隔膜的拉伸强度和应变略有降低。这是因为等离子体打开了PE隔膜表面原有的化学结构,经过交联、沉积聚合了一层纳米薄膜,使得隔膜表面变得硬而脆,改变了PE隔膜本身的力学性能。
锂电池在大功率充放电过程中会出现明显的发热现象,因此隔膜的抗热收缩特性对于锂电池的安全性至关重要。图7是经过烘箱加热(130℃/1 h)改性前后的PE隔膜照片。
图7可以看出,改性前的PE隔膜出现了明显的收缩,热收缩率达到20%,经过最优条件改性的PE隔膜热收缩率降至9.8%,减小了51%。上述结果表明,Ar/APTES等离子体改性能够显著增强隔膜的热稳定性。这是因为改性隔膜表面引入了SiOxCyHz纳米结构,在高温下提供隔膜有效的支撑保护,从而提升了耐热性能[12]。此外,结合图6力学性能测试结果可知,经过等离子体改性后的隔膜表面形成了纳米薄膜,使得PE材料变硬,也有效抑制其在高温条件下的收缩。
图8是PE隔膜改性前后的表面SEM图。从图8可以看出,未改性的PE隔膜纤维基体为细丝状,且有大量微小细孔;经过等离子体改性后,PE隔膜表面形貌发生了显著变化,原先呈细丝状分布的纤维结构转变为纵横交错的三维网状结构,原有的纳米量级微小孔隙在等离子体作用下显著扩大,形成了百纳米量级的孔隙结构。这是由于在气流和电场的作用下,APPJ中的活性粒子(如O*、Ar*、N2*)对PE隔膜表面产生高能轰击,破坏其表面化学键(如C-H、C-C键)与纤维基体的孔隙结构。与此同时,经过活化的APTES媒质碎片穿透表面进入纤维内部,所引入的含硅碎片和氨基基团与PE材料发生接枝、交联和沉积反应,在纤维表面生成了含Si-Ox骨架的交联纳米薄膜,进而改变其物理形貌[27]。这对于提高隔膜亲水性及锂电池中间产物的穿梭性能发挥了重要作用,其相关机制将在下文进一步探讨。
为了研究表面化学成分的变化,本文对改性前后的PE隔膜进行了XPS测试。图9给出了XPS全谱扫描及Si、N元素分峰拟合结果,表1给出了改性前后PE隔膜表面Si元素化学键比例的变化。未改性PE表面主要由C元素、O元素以及少量的Si元素组成,3种元素占比分别为92.1%、5.1%、1.4%。其中C和O元素来源于PE,Si元素可能来源于生产加工空气中漂浮的硅基颗粒或者工业生产中添加的有机硅类润滑剂[28]
图9表1可以看出,等离子体改性后PE表面C元素含量下降,O元素和Si元素含量上升。结合图8表面物理形貌结果可知,PE表面沉积含有Si-Ox骨架的薄膜,覆盖了PE原有表面。Si元素分峰结果表明,Ar/APTES等离子体改性后,PE表面Si-O4(103.6 eV)峰和Si-O3(102.9 eV)峰占主导地位,占比分别达到53.8%和43.4%。键合Si原子(从Si-O2到Si-O4)的O原子增多,这说明等离子体促使APTES分子碎片之间的聚合,作用在PE表面可以沉积出高度交联的含Si薄膜。N元素分峰结果表明,未改性的PE表面C-NH2(399.4 eV)峰占主要地位,含量占比为64.2%,C-NH3+(401 eV)含量占比为35.8%,经过射流等离子体改性后,PE表面C-NH3+(401 eV)峰占主导地位,含量占比为81.8%。在材料表面引入-NH3+等亲水性基团的同时界面中的氢键含量增多,加强了交联聚合薄膜与纤维基体之间的结合强度[29],使得材料表面变硬,因此拉伸强度和断裂伸长率略有降低。
上述研究结果表明,Ar/APTES等离子体射流能够改变PE隔膜表面物理形貌和化学成分,从而实现亲水性能的提升,这与等离子体内部活性粒子的产生及材料表面反应过程直接相关。本节将结合Ar/APTES等离子体反应过程讨论PE隔膜亲水性能提升的机制。
将Ar通入放电空间,在电场作用下发生放电,产生高能活性粒子,得到发射光谱诊断结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出,产生的激发态活性粒子主要由N2峰(337.1、357.6、380.5 nm)、Ar峰(696.5~852.1 nm)和O峰(777.4 nm和844.6 nm)组成。
自由电子在纳秒脉冲的驱动下,被激发为高能电子(e*),e*激发Ar工作气体和环境空气,通过分子解离、碰撞电离、潘宁电离等反应产生大量的活性粒子,例如激发态Ar*、N2*、O*和亚稳态Arm粒子的产生过程如式(1)~(5)所示[30]
e+ArArm+e
Ar+Arm2Ar*+e
e*+ArAr*+e
e*+N2N2*+e
Ar*+O2O+O*+e
由式(1)~(5)可知,在放电过程中产生了大量激发态Ar*、N2*、O*和O等高能粒子,这些粒子具有足够的能量破坏APTES分子中的化学键,从而产生活性碎片。APTES中C-O和C-C键的解离能分别为4.45 eV和4.95 eV。APTES中的乙氧基很容易被水分子破坏,发生水解反应生成硅醇基团和乙醇分子[31]。APTES在高能电子和激发态Ar*的作用下解离成NH2(CH2)3SiO3和C2H5片段,其原因是等离子体中产生的活性粒子促进了化学键的裂解[32]。此外,APTES碎片分子会与H发生复合解吸反应,形成NH2(CH2)3Si(OH)3、NH2(CH2)3Si-(OSi(CH3)3)3,如式(6)~(8)所示[33-34]。这是因为高极性NH2基团中的N原子具有孤对电子,而硅氧烷键中的O原子具有高亲核性。值得注意的是,无论是在等离子体中还是在材料表面,APTES反应过程都是非常复杂的。为了解释薄膜沉积相关的关键反应步骤,结合本文的XPS和FTIR结果以及文献报道进行反应推断。
3Ar*+C9H23NO3SiNH2(CH2)3SiO3+3C2H5+3Ar
NH2(CH2)3SiO3+3HNH2(CH2)3Si(OH)3
3(CH3)3Si+NH2(CH2)3SiO3NH2(CH2)3Si-(OSi(CH3)3)3
在气流的驱动下,这些活性粒子和APTES碎片被吹离放电空间,形成等离子体射流体羽,作用在PE隔膜表面。当等离子体与PE隔膜表面相互作用时,等离子体中的高能活性粒子轰击材料表面,打开PE表面的化学键(如C-C、C-H、C-O)等。活化的APTES碎片在材料表面上接枝取代原本断裂的化学键,并进一步发生聚合反应形成Si-Ox骨架[35-36]。与此同时,空气中的O2断裂所产生的O*原子与Si原子结合,形成稳定的Si-O键,促进材料表面交联、接枝、聚合等反应过程,最终在PE隔膜表面形成高度交联的含Si薄膜。
图8图9表明,PE隔膜表面亲水性能的提升与Ar/APTES等离子体射流改变了材料表面的物理形貌和化学特性密切相关。一方面,在射流的作用下,APTES分子断裂、重组,与基底材料发生交联聚合反应,从而沉积出如图8所示的孔隙增大的纤维网状结构。根据Wenzel润湿理论,孔隙变大可以有效增加水滴与材料之间的接触面积,同时较大的孔隙结构可以增强毛细吸附效应,加速水分子进入隔膜基体的扩散与渗透过程,从而使得亲水性能提高[37]。另一方面,Ar/APTES等离子体射流改变了材料表面的化学特性。等离子体体羽中的活性粒子和APTES碎片作用在材料表面,引入了-NH3+高极性基团,含量占比为81.8%。这些基团能够与水分子产生氢键作用或静电作用,进而提高了表面亲水性。综上,Ar/APTES等离子体射流改性PE隔膜,通过改变表面物理形貌和化学特性,两者共同作用实现了材料表面超亲水改性。
本文通过纳秒脉冲电源激励Ar/APTES等离子体射流对PE隔膜材料进行改性,通过改变改性时间、改性距离等运行条件参数,实现超亲水改性,得到如下主要结论:
(1)在Ar/APTES等离子体射流改性PE隔膜时,亲水改性效果随改性距离和改性时间增加均呈先增大后减小的变化规律,当改性距离为20 mm、改性时间6 min时,可以达到最优超亲水效果。
(2)亲水改性效果具有良好的时间稳定性,可在1天内保持超亲水,7天内水接触角稳定在20.3°。改性后隔膜趋于变硬而脆,热收缩率减小51%。
(3)Ar/APTES等离子体射流可以在隔膜表面引入-NH3+等亲水性基团,并通过刻蚀、交联、聚合、沉积等作用使得表面形成百纳米量级的孔隙结构,实现了隔膜表面亲水性的显著提升。

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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.016
  • 接收时间:2025-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-08
  • 修回日期:2025-05-24
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    国能南京电力试验研究有限公司,江苏 南京 210000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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