Article(id=1304921571974475983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752422400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-14, revisedDate=1759075200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047147029, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047147029, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047147029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047147029, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921526004904728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047136068, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118116024, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=88, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921572179996880, articleId=1304921571974475983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress on hydrophobicity transfer of silicone rubber, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to its excellent anti-pollution flashover performance, silicone rubber is widely used in the external insulation of high-voltage power equipment. This anti-pollution performance of silicone rubber stems from its unique hydrophobicity transfer, which means that when the material surface is covered with contaminating particles, internal hydrophobic substances will transfer to the surface of the contaminated layer, endowing the contaminated layer with hydrophobicity. The quality of the hydrophobicity transfer of silicone rubber is directly related to its anti-pollution flashover performance. Understanding its hydrophobicity transfer mechanism and influencing factors can provide guidance for the development and use of silicone rubber. This paper summarized the hydrophobicity transfer mechanism of silicone rubber, as well as the influences of insoluble pollutants, soluble pollutants, temperature, humidity, formulation process, and electric field environment on the hydrophobicity transfer of silicone rubber, and put forward prospects for future research directions.

, authors=Yun CHEN1, Yu HAN1, Xiaofang WANG1, Yiliang LU1, Chong ZHANG1, Bingkun YANG1, Yueju ZHAO2, 3, Qiang ZHANG1, Song GAO4, Jinbiao SHI2, 3, authorsList=Yun CHEN, Yu HAN, Xiaofang WANG, Yiliang LU, Chong ZHANG, Bingkun YANG, Yueju ZHAO, Qiang ZHANG, Song GAO, Jinbiao SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921573140492503, articleId=1304921571974475983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=硅橡胶憎水迁移性的研究进展, columnId=1198667062198497665, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

硅橡胶由于优异的抗污闪性能,广泛应用于高压电力设备外绝缘。硅橡胶的抗污闪性能来源于其独特的憎水迁移性,即当表面被污秽颗粒覆盖,内部憎水物质会迁移至污染层表面,使污染层具有憎水性。硅橡胶憎水迁移性的好坏直接关系到其防污闪性能,了解其憎水迁移机理和影响因素可为硅橡胶的开发和使用提供指导。本文综述了硅橡胶的憎水迁移机理,以及不溶污秽、可溶污秽、温度、湿度、配方工艺和电场环境方面对硅橡胶憎水迁移性的影响,并对今后的发展方向提出了展望。

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陈云(1974-),女(汉族),北京人,正高级工程师,主要从事电网材料的研究。

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陈云(1974-),女(汉族),北京人,正高级工程师,主要从事电网材料的研究。

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Effects of temperature and humidity on RTV characteristics[J]. 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Stabilization time of hydrophobicty transfer under different ESDD and NSDD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰密/(mg/cm2)不同盐密下憎水迁移稳定时间/h
0.05 mg/cm20.10 mg/cm20.30 mg/cm2
0.059924
1.00977
2.00344
3.0022.53
4.00222
), ArticleFig(id=1304921578077188396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921571974475983, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同盐密和灰密时硅橡胶憎水迁移稳定时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰密/(mg/cm2)不同盐密下憎水迁移稳定时间/h
0.05 mg/cm20.10 mg/cm20.30 mg/cm2
0.059924
1.00977
2.00344
3.0022.53
4.00222
), ArticleFig(id=1304921578135908653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921571974475983, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Hydrophobicity transfer of silicone rubber with different ATH contents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ATH相对含量/%初始静态接触角/(°)迁移4天后静态接触角/(°)
90104.6121.4
110103.0116.0
130108.9120.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304921578215600430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921571974475983, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同ATH含量的硅橡胶的憎水迁移性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ATH相对含量/%初始静态接触角/(°)迁移4天后静态接触角/(°)
90104.6121.4
110103.0116.0
130108.9120.0
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硅橡胶憎水迁移性的研究进展
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陈云 1 , 韩钰 1 , 王晓芳 1 , 卢壹梁 1 , 张翀 1 , 杨丙坤 1 , 赵悦菊 2, 3 , 张强 1 , 高嵩 4 , 石金彪 2, 3
绝缘材料 | 综述 2026,59(3): 88-98
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绝缘材料 |综述 2026 , 59 (3) : 88 -98
硅橡胶憎水迁移性的研究进展
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陈云(1974-),女(汉族),北京人,正高级工程师,主要从事电网材料的研究。

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陈云1, 韩钰1, 王晓芳1, 卢壹梁1, 张翀1, 杨丙坤1, 赵悦菊2, 3, 张强1, 高嵩4, 石金彪2, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192
  • 2北京国电富通科技发展有限责任公司,北京 100070
  • 3南瑞集团有限公司(国网电力科学研究院有限公司),江苏 南京 211106
  • 4国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,江苏 南京 211103
作者简介:

陈云(1974-),女(汉族),北京人,正高级工程师,主要从事电网材料的研究。

Research progress on hydrophobicity transfer of silicone rubber
Yun CHEN1, Yu HAN1, Xiaofang WANG1, Yiliang LU1, Chong ZHANG1, Bingkun YANG1, Yueju ZHAO2, 3, Qiang ZHANG1, Song GAO4, Jinbiao SHI2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192,China
  • 2Beijing GuodianFutong Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100070, China
  • 3NARI Group Corporation Co., Ltd. (State Grid Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.), Nanjing 211106, China
  • 4Electric Pawer Research Institute, State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.010
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硅橡胶由于优异的抗污闪性能,广泛应用于高压电力设备外绝缘。硅橡胶的抗污闪性能来源于其独特的憎水迁移性,即当表面被污秽颗粒覆盖,内部憎水物质会迁移至污染层表面,使污染层具有憎水性。硅橡胶憎水迁移性的好坏直接关系到其防污闪性能,了解其憎水迁移机理和影响因素可为硅橡胶的开发和使用提供指导。本文综述了硅橡胶的憎水迁移机理,以及不溶污秽、可溶污秽、温度、湿度、配方工艺和电场环境方面对硅橡胶憎水迁移性的影响,并对今后的发展方向提出了展望。

硅橡胶  /  憎水迁移性  /  污秽  /  温度湿度  /  配方工艺

Due to its excellent anti-pollution flashover performance, silicone rubber is widely used in the external insulation of high-voltage power equipment. This anti-pollution performance of silicone rubber stems from its unique hydrophobicity transfer, which means that when the material surface is covered with contaminating particles, internal hydrophobic substances will transfer to the surface of the contaminated layer, endowing the contaminated layer with hydrophobicity. The quality of the hydrophobicity transfer of silicone rubber is directly related to its anti-pollution flashover performance. Understanding its hydrophobicity transfer mechanism and influencing factors can provide guidance for the development and use of silicone rubber. This paper summarized the hydrophobicity transfer mechanism of silicone rubber, as well as the influences of insoluble pollutants, soluble pollutants, temperature, humidity, formulation process, and electric field environment on the hydrophobicity transfer of silicone rubber, and put forward prospects for future research directions.

silicone rubber  /  hydrophobicity transfer  /  pollution  /  temperature and humidity  /  formula process
陈云, 韩钰, 王晓芳, 卢壹梁, 张翀, 杨丙坤, 赵悦菊, 张强, 高嵩, 石金彪. 硅橡胶憎水迁移性的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (3) : 88 -98 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.010
Yun CHEN, Yu HAN, Xiaofang WANG, Yiliang LU, Chong ZHANG, Bingkun YANG, Yueju ZHAO, Qiang ZHANG, Song GAO, Jinbiao SHI. Research progress on hydrophobicity transfer of silicone rubber[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (3) : 88 -98 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.010
在高压电力系统中,户外绝缘设备长期面临污秽、潮湿、电晕等复杂环境因素的影响,污染闪络事故是威胁电网安全运行的主要问题之一。硅橡胶材料由于具有良好的憎水性[1]和独特的憎水迁移性,成为解决这一问题的关键[2]。硅橡胶的憎水性评价通常包括初始憎水性、憎水迁移性、憎水减弱特性和恢复特性。其中硅橡胶的憎水迁移性是指当材料表面被污秽颗粒覆盖后,内部憎水物质会通过扩散迁移至污染层表面,使原本亲水的污染层重新获得憎水性[3],这一特性赋予了硅橡胶绝缘材料优异的抗污染闪络能力。硅橡胶的憎水性一般通过喷水分级法(HC法)、静态接触角法(CA法)、动态滴水法和表面张力法测得。
目前硅橡胶在电网应用的主要有高温硫化硅橡胶(high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber,HTV)、室温硫化硅橡胶(Room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber,RTV)[4]和液体硅橡胶(liquid silicone rubber,LSR)[5]。HTV主要用作复合绝缘子的伞裙材料。复合绝缘子自20世纪80年代大规模应用以来,其运行表现直接证明了硅橡胶憎水迁移性的重要价值[6]。与传统陶瓷绝缘子相比,复合绝缘子能降低污闪事故,这种性能优势源于硅橡胶在污染状态下仍能通过憎水迁移性维持表面非连续水膜状态,抑制泄漏电流的发展。当污染层具有憎水性后,水滴在其表面形成离散的珠状分布,而非连续水膜,显著提高了绝缘表面的闪络电压[7]。RTV是防污闪涂料的主要成膜物质,为防污闪涂料提供了优良的憎水性和憎水迁移性[8],可以涂覆于外绝缘表面,由于施工方便,得到了广泛应用。LSR是中高压电力电缆主要材料[9-10],优良的抗污性能使其能够在潮湿环境或沿海环境中使用。
大多数有机材料都具有憎水性,但硅橡胶是目前唯一具有憎水迁移性的材料。硅橡胶憎水迁移性的机理及其影响因素直接关系到复合绝缘子的耐污闪性能、硅橡胶材料的选用及开发。影响硅橡胶憎水迁移性的内在因素包括其成分配方和制备工艺;外部因素主要是其服役的环境,包括环境中的污秽成分、污秽程度和温湿度。
目前使用硅橡胶绝缘子时,通常考虑的是初始憎水性,很少考虑其憎水迁移性,而硅橡胶在不同的使用环境中憎水迁移性有着较大差异,这种差异会直接影响硅橡胶的耐污闪性能。本文基于硅橡胶的憎水迁移性,综述硅橡胶的憎水迁移性机理以及影响因素的研究进展,以期为硅橡胶外绝缘材料的使用及开发提供参考。
针对硅橡胶的憎水迁移性,目前有3种机理,分别为硅橡胶分子链末端疏水基团的取向、硅橡胶表面分子链段的伸长迁移和低分子硅氧烷的迁移。
硅橡胶分子链疏水基团的取向理论认为,硅橡胶具有憎水迁移性是由其分子链疏水基团的伸长取向贡献的。由于硅橡胶主链为Si-O-Si键,分子容易内旋转,是典型的柔性链,其玻璃化转变温度低(Tg=-123℃),自由体积大,使侧基在绕σ键的扭转力作用下,利于分子链末端的疏水基团向表面取向,降低界面自由能,使表面具有憎水性。分子链末端疏水基团向表面的取向可能发生在憎水迁移的初期或表面污秽较少阶段[11],末端的甲基取向和伸展速度快,在干燥的空气中,能在较短的时间内降低污秽表面自由能[12]
硅橡胶表面分子链段的伸长迁移理论认为硅橡胶有一定程度的交联,但交联密度低,交联的硫桥之间的间距较大,交联点间仍能容许链段内旋转。另外硅橡胶的内聚能密度低,分子链间的作用力小,两者都使硅橡胶分子有较多可以独立运动的链段,链段在运动中可能凸起,包围落在硅橡胶表面的污物,使污物也具有憎水性。
文献[13]的试验证实了该机理,该试验中RTV表面具有憎水性的硅藻土本身不含环硅氧烷、低分子直链聚硅氧烷等成分,由于硅橡胶的大分子链段伸展到硅藻土表面被吸附,使硅藻土表面具有憎水性。
低分子硅氧烷迁移理论认为,硅橡胶内部未交联的低分子量硅氧烷分子链短、自由体积大,具有流动性,当表面被污秽覆盖时,小分子会从材料内部向表面扩散,并进一步迁移至污秽层表面,改变污秽层的表面能,使其获得憎水性。很多研究者的试验验证了该机理[14-16]
文献[17]使用修正后的气体吸附理论解释了RTV涂层与污染物之间的疏水性转移机制:RTV涂层中的低分子量硅氧烷具有高迁移性,会从涂层内部向表面扩散。当污染物覆盖RTV表面时,低分子量硅氧烷进一步向污染物表面迁移并吸附。具体而言,低分子量硅氧烷首先在污染物表面形成单层覆盖,直接与污染物表面相互作用。当污染物表面已被低分子量硅氧烷单层覆盖后,额外的低分子量硅氧烷会通过分子间作用力形成多层吸附。吸附速率受温度、交联度、污染物微观结构等因素影响。试验表明,当污染颗粒的比表面积增大,其与低分子量硅氧烷的界面作用增强时,迁移所需时间会延长。
对于作为迁移主力的低分子硅氧烷的链长n值大小范围,目前研究的结果并不统一。鲁志伟等[18]认为链长n<20的线性或环状低分子量硅氧烷是憎水迁移的主要贡献者。H HOMMA等[19]研究表明,链长n为6~15的线性和环状硅氧烷迁移效率最高,其中n=12的分子因兼具扩散能力和表面吸附稳定性,成为关键活性物质;n<6时链长过短,分子易挥发,难以长期保留;n>15时链长过长,分子扩散速率低,迁移效率不足。憎水迁移程度由污秽层低分子量硅氧烷含量决定,即使硅橡胶中低分子量硅氧烷含量降低至0.1%以下,仍能维持一定憎水迁移性,确保硅橡胶在服役期内持续具备耐污能力。迁移速度受低分子量硅氧烷链长的影响,低分子量硅氧烷的聚合度越小,扩散迁移速度越快[20]。如果硅橡胶表面粉化,内部的低分子量硅氧烷也会迁移到粉化层,使粉化层表面具有憎水性[21-22]。而粉化硅橡胶表面的憎水性并不能作为评价硅橡胶憎水性能是否良好的唯一标准[23],因为老化的硅橡胶由于粉化层形成的小颗粒和内部析出的填料,其表面同样具有很好的憎水性[24-25]
除了低分子量硅氧烷可以迁移到硅橡胶表面,中等分子量硅氧烷也有相同的作用,A HERGERT等[26]发现污秽层中n>20的中等分子量聚硅氧烷含量占比达90%,且随时间延长而持续增加。在长期的迁移中,中等分子量硅氧烷因稳定性高,可在污秽层表面持续留存并形成连续膜,甚至与污染颗粒形成Si-O-Si化学键,提高了憎水性的持久性。该理论补充了传统低分子硅氧烷迁移理论的局限性,表明憎水迁移是多种分子量硅氧烷共同作用的结果。
通过上述机理推断,硅橡胶憎水迁移的3种机理发生在硅橡胶表面逐渐被污秽覆盖的不同阶段,如图1所示。硅橡胶由于表面含有疏水基团而具有憎水性(见图1(a))。当最初洁净的硅橡胶表面出现少量污秽,为了降低污秽的表面能,表层分子链末端的疏水基团能够较快转向空气侧向外伸展(见图1(b)),此时硅橡胶分子链疏水基团的取向机理占主导。随着污秽的增多,污秽层增厚,多数分子链段末端的疏水基团已不能继续伸展,表面独立运动的疏水链段则开始向外伸展(见图1(c)),使污秽表面具有憎水性,此时硅橡胶表面分子链段的伸长迁移机理占主导。当污秽继续增多,有限的独立运动疏水链段已不能使表面自由能降低,硅橡胶内可以运动的低分子量聚硅氧烷开始向气固界面迁移(见图1(d))。因为不受链段交联点的束缚,低分子量硅氧烷可以迁移到污秽层表面,从而降低污秽的表面能,此时低分子硅氧烷迁移机理占据主导。3种憎水迁移机理中哪种机理占主导是由发生迁移时的污秽量及硅橡胶表层分子链末端疏水基团、能独立运动的疏水链段和低分子量硅氧烷的含量决定的。
硅橡胶表面的污秽主要分为不溶污秽和可溶污秽,两类污秽对硅橡胶的憎水迁移性影响有很大差别。
高岭土和硅藻土是在污秽试验中常用的两类不溶污秽。高岭土作为典型的片状无机污秽,因其高吸水性和紧密堆积结构阻碍了低分子量硅氧烷扩散,会明显抑制憎水迁移性[17],同时其表面羟基基团会与低分子量硅氧烷形成氢键,降低迁移活性。高岭土污染层存在于硅橡胶表面时,硅橡胶的憎水迁移时间较硅藻土污染情况下延长了3~5倍[27],增大了短期闪络风险[28],尤其是在高导电率盐雾环境中[29]。而分析纯高岭土因为其具有疏松多孔微观结构有利于小分子量硅氧烷的迁移,使分析纯高岭土污染的硅橡胶比工业级高岭土污染的硅橡胶具有更好的憎水迁移性[30]
硅藻土的蜂窝状结构为低分子量硅氧烷提供了畅通的迁移通道,能很快被浸润[31],硅藻土污染层的孔隙越多,硅橡胶的憎水迁移性越好[32]。硅藻土污染层的孔隙率比高岭土高40%,低分子量硅氧烷可在24 h内渗透至硅藻土污染层深度的60%以上[33]。这种疏松、多孔的结构,使得硅橡胶被硅藻土污染时的憎水迁移速度快于被高岭土污染的情况[34],基于该原因,硅橡胶在硅藻土+NaCl条件下的憎水迁移速度和最终接触角比高岭土+NaCl条件下的高[35]。硅藻土颗粒的大小对憎水迁移性也有影响,文献[36]表明,相同条件下,在初始12 h内,粒径较大(35 μm)的硅藻土污染的硅橡胶憎水迁移速度最快,12 h后则是较小粒径(3.5 μm)的硅藻土污染的硅橡胶憎水迁移速度最快。这是因为硅藻土的颗粒间大孔和颗粒内小孔共同决定了迁移速度,在迁移初期颗粒间的大孔主导迁移,在后期则是颗粒内小孔起主导作用。同硅藻土一样,当污染层中有ZnO时,硅橡胶也表现出较好的憎水迁移性[33]
工业生产过程中会排放各种污秽,影响附近硅橡胶外绝缘的憎水迁移性。铁氧化物污秽颗粒表面致密,粒径小,颗粒之间孔隙的比表面积和比孔容积很大,能吸附低分子量硅氧烷,因而会抑制硅橡胶的憎水性迁移[37]。不溶污秽中铁氧化物含量越高,低分子量硅氧烷被污秽层吸附得越多,越难迁移到污秽层表面,因而硅橡胶憎水迁移性越差。水泥污秽在硅橡胶表面凝固以后会形成六角板状的氢氧化钙,其表面空隙很小,不利于低分子硅氧烷的迁移。当水泥达到一定厚度时,低分子硅氧烷很难迁移扩散到水泥污秽层的表面,使得水泥污秽绝缘子表面憎水性较差[38]
不同的不溶污秽对憎水迁移性的影响有较大差异。在硅藻土、水泥、氧化钙、石英粉、碳酸钙、高岭土6种污秽中,硅橡胶憎水迁移性依次减小[39]
通常可溶污秽具有很好的吸水性,对硅橡胶憎水迁移性有明显的影响。可溶污秽的吸水能力越强,吸附小分子硅氧烷的能力就越弱,硅橡胶的憎水迁移性就越差;反之,污秽的吸水能力越弱,则吸附小分子硅氧烷的能力就越强,硅橡胶表现出的憎水迁移性就越好。如相同条件下,相对湿度为75%时,添加NaCl和CaSO4的污秽表面静态接触角分别为70°和80°,这是由于NaCl比CaSO4的吸水性强,在高湿度情况下,会吸收更多的水分,使硅橡胶表面憎水性向污秽层迁移受到极大的抑制[40]。 ZnSO4的吸湿性远低于NaNO3、NaCl、CaSO4,在相同条件下,含有ZnSO4污秽的硅橡胶表面憎水迁移速度大于分别含有NaNO3、NaCl、CaSO4污秽的表面憎水迁移速度[34]。由于可溶污秽吸水性强,其含水量受周围环境湿度影响,湿度的巨大变化使可溶污秽出现潮解和重结晶,使憎水迁移性具有一定波动性[41]
工业粉尘中的有机成分对憎水迁移的影响呈现复杂特性。硅橡胶表面如果存在油污,会使硅橡胶内部低分子量硅氧烷迁移至油污表面的速度大幅减小,使得污秽表面的憎水迁移性明显低于一般的无机污秽[42]。当油污与高岭土、NaCl混合在一起时,灰密(NSDD)对硅橡胶憎水迁移性的影响大于盐密(ESDD),随着灰密的增大,硅橡胶表面憎水迁移性明显减小,而盐密对硅橡胶憎水迁移性的影响较小[43]。醇类和酚类有机物附着于硅橡胶表面时,根据相似相容原理,硅橡胶迁移的憎水基团会溶于有机污秽中,导致硅橡胶表面憎水失效[44]。糖类有机物因为具有很高的吸水性,在高湿度环境下会吸水抑制硅氧烷的迁移[40]。同样,绿藻也具有较强的保水吸湿特性,当高岭土或硅藻土中混入绿藻时,污秽中容易存留更多的水分,抑制硅橡胶憎水迁移性,导致两种污秽硅橡胶的憎水迁移性均降低[45]
不溶污秽密度即灰密,会显著影响憎水迁移速度。随着灰密的增加,污染层的厚度和致密度也会增加,将延长低分子量硅氧烷迁移至表面的时间,从而延长憎水迁移时间。文献[33]表明,当灰密从1.0 mg/cm2升至5.0 mg/cm2时,RTV表面污染层的接触角达到稳定的时间从200 h延长至400 h,但并不影响小分子量硅氧烷迁移到污秽表面降低界面张力的动力,因此憎水性会逐渐恢复,只是需要更长的时间[34]
对于HTV,污染严重程度和污染层厚度的增加会延长憎水迁移时间。文献[46]表明,高岭土、煤灰、水泥粉3种污染物中,水泥粉对憎水迁移的阻碍作用最大,随着水泥污秽的增加,低分子量硅氧烷迁移速度变慢,HTV最终的憎水性降低。当水泥灰密由2 mg/cm2增加到8 mg/cm2时,HTV最终的接触角由145°降到110°,迁移时间从10 h增加到138 h[47],如图2所示。
在HTV表面使用硅藻土作为污秽时[39],灰密对硅橡胶憎水迁移性的影响比盐密(可溶污秽密度)明显[48],当灰密大于2.0 mg/cm2后,灰密的增大对憎水迁移稳定时间的影响变小,憎水迁移稳定时间趋于饱和,而盐密大小对憎水迁移性几乎无影响,如表1所示[39]
可溶污秽密度即盐密。研究表明[33,49]当灰密为1.0 mg/cm2时,盐密对硅橡胶的憎水迁移性并无明显影响。当灰密为0.8 mg/cm2的不溶污秽与NaCl混合作用于RTV表面,NaCl的盐密小于0.48 mg/cm2时,静态接触角随盐密增大呈减小趋势;当NaCl的盐密大于0.65 mg/cm2时,RTV表面静态接触角随着盐密的增大明显增大,这是由于高盐度污秽干燥过程中溶解度高的盐会在RTV表面逐渐结晶,导致污秽表面产生“伪接触角”[8]
当HTV浸泡于盐溶液时,表面憎水性会明显降低,这主要是由于浸泡时甲基基团因水的极性作用向本体收缩,表面能增加。取出后,随着表面水分不断蒸发,甲基基团重新取向至表面,表面能降低,憎水性恢复[50]
从热动力学角度来看,温度的升高会加快分子的运动,使硅橡胶内低分子量硅氧烷的运动活性增大,利于硅橡胶中小分子硅氧烷的迁移。高温是憎水迁移的主导因素[51],温度越高,憎水迁移性越好[52],如HTV在25℃下需10 h达稳定接触角,而在50℃下只需要5 h[35]。温度越高,硅橡胶起始憎水迁移接触角越大,迁移稳定后接触角也越大,相比较而言,温度对稳定后接触角的影响比湿度的影响更大[39]
相反,低温不利于低分子量硅氧烷的迁移。HTV在5℃时的迁移时间从常温的2 h延长至10 h以上,甚至出现迁移停滞[27]。当硅橡胶长时间暴露在低温条件下时,污染物会在表面逐渐积聚,而低分子量硅氧烷不能像高温条件下迅速地从本体转移到污染表面。因此,在低温条件下更有可能发生污闪。
GUAN Z C等[27]研究发现HTV的憎水迁移特性在50~55℃存在突变,如图3所示。这表明温度在一定范围内的变化会对HTV的憎水迁移产生显著影响,可能是因为温度改变了低分子量硅氧烷聚合物链的活性和扩散能力,当温度达到特定区间时,分子运动的状态发生了较大改变,从而导致憎水迁移特性出现突变。
相对湿度的影响与表面污染物中可溶污秽和不溶污秽的吸湿性有关。吸湿性强的污秽在不同湿度环境下会吸收或释放水分,从而影响低分子量硅氧烷聚合物链向表面的迁移。在高湿度环境下,吸湿性污秽吸收大量水分,可能会在硅橡胶表面形成一层水膜,阻碍低分子量硅氧烷的迁移;而在低湿度环境下,吸湿性污秽对低分子量硅氧烷迁移的阻碍作用可能较小。例如高岭土因吸湿性强,湿度对其影响较大,在85%以上的高湿度下硅橡胶憎水迁移明显减缓。由于硅藻土吸湿性较低,仅在100%湿度时硅橡胶的憎水迁移速度才略有下降,接触角从140°降至120°[27]。对于可溶性盐类污秽则存在临界相对湿度,当超过临界值后,污染物表面明显润湿,憎水迁移性显著减小。NaCl、CaSO4、糖的临界相对湿度分别为85~89%、90~95%、60%[40]
当向不溶污秽如高岭土和硅藻土中分别加入可溶污秽NaCl时,60%的相对湿度下更利于低分子量硅氧烷迁移,硅橡胶憎水迁移性最好;而35%相对湿度下NaCl快速结晶会导致污秽层分布不均,阻塞迁移通道,抑制低分子量硅氧烷的迁移。
电晕放电是一个发光、发热,伴随臭氧和等离子体产生的复杂放电现象。电晕放电会导致硅橡胶憎水性暂时丧失和引发表面结构老化。在电晕老化过程中,由于甲基基团的键断裂,环状硅氧烷低聚物会同时形成并增加[53]。低分子单元环状硅氧烷低聚物优先扩散至橡胶层表面或沉积至污染物层,并形成疏水薄层以维持疏水性。因此,老化带来的有害影响被掩盖,只显现出憎水性快速恢复的有益效果。憎水性的恢复速度及完全恢复后的憎水性水平则由原始存在或作为老化副产物形成的环状硅氧烷低聚物的量所决定。
电晕会使HTV中高氧化态Si含量增多,而高氧化态Si所形成的氧化交联层会阻碍内部低分子量硅氧烷向硅橡胶表面迁移。直流负极电晕后硅橡胶表面的高氧化态Si元素的含量为54.3%,明显小于交流电晕后硅橡胶的90.3%[54],因此直流电晕处理的硅橡胶憎水性迁移性明显优于交流电晕处理的硅橡胶憎水迁移性[55]
由于电场的差异,同一串绝缘子中,不同位置的硅橡胶憎水迁移性也表现不同[56]。高压端硅橡胶老化严重,有机官能团的含量明显降低,憎水迁移性明显低于中压端和低压端[57],导致高压端憎水性明显低于中压端和低压端[58];同一伞裙中,中部位置的憎水迁移性低于根部和边缘。
等离子体通常被用来模拟运行放电,因为等离子体作用于硅橡胶表面时,会使硅橡胶主链大分子发生裂解,生成低分子量硅氧烷,所以很多研究者利用等离子体处理硅橡胶表面来提高憎水迁移性,从而提高外绝缘耐闪络性能[59-63]。同时,利用等离子体放电后硅橡胶表面憎水性的丧失和恢复过程可以获得小分子硅氧烷扩散系数D[64],可定量评价运行复合绝缘子硅橡胶的憎水迁移性。
不同种类硅橡胶由于配方和制备工艺的不同,憎水迁移性有很大差别。RTV中的低分子量硅氧烷比HTV中的高,因此,RTV比HTV有更好的憎水迁移性[65]。LSR因分子量低、交联密度小,低分子量硅氧烷迁移更快,在25℃时接触角恢复速度也优于HTV[65]
同种类硅橡胶由于材料配方不同而具有多样性,不同配方对硅橡胶憎水迁移性影响也不同。三水合氧化铝(ATH)是RTV中的重要填料,ATH的添加会使涂层表面粗糙,从而增加迁移路径,加速低分子量硅氧烷的迁移,促进憎水性恢复。S H KIM[66]研究表明,添加100×10-6 ATH的RTV涂层憎水性恢复时间由未添加时的240 h缩短到1 h,添加200×10-6 ATH的RTV涂层憎水性恢复时间为30 min。由于ATH具有亲水性,当使用量超过一定范围时反而会影响憎水迁移性。卢明等[67]研究发现在其设计的配方基础上,添加10%质量分数ATH时RTV的憎水迁移性最好。杨洪达等[68]向HTV中添加相对生胶含量分别为90%、110%、130%的ATH,研究得到HTV的憎水性迁移性如表2所示。贾志东等[69]研究表明,添加亲水的ATH后,RTV涂层的吸水率大于LSR的吸水率,导致RTV的憎水迁移性对湿度的影响更敏感。
ATH粒径大小对硅氧烷的憎水迁移性也有影响,因为ATH对低分子硅氧烷有吸附作用,粒径小的ATH总表面积大,能吸附更多的低分子量硅氧烷,使能够自由迁移扩散的低分子量硅氧烷数量减少,从而降低了憎水迁移性。文献[7]表明,当RTV中ATH粒径从1 μm增加到75 μm时,低分子量硅氧烷含量从2.74%提升至4.65%。
添加憎水助剂[70]如含氟硅油、苯基硅油、二甲基硅油[71]可以提高硅橡胶的憎水迁移性,并随着助剂用量的增加,憎水迁移变快,但不影响最终的憎水性。文献[72]表明,在RTV中添加低温迁移助剂,可以提升RTV在低温下的憎水迁移性,使RTV的污秽表面在-10~-5℃也具有憎水性。
除了硅橡胶的成分配方,制备工艺对硅橡胶的憎水迁移性也有明显影响。郝璐等[73]研究发现,随着硫化温度的升高,RTV憎水迁移性呈现下降趋势,5℃下硫化的RTV起始静态接触角和稳定后的静态接触角都比65℃下硫化的RTV大,这是由于5℃下硫化的RTV中小分子硅氧烷较多,憎水迁移较快。而随着硫化湿度的增加,RTV憎水迁移性呈现上升的趋势。在95%、55%、15%湿度下硫化的RTV静态接触角恢复到70°的时间分别为10、60、120 h,这是由于水与聚二甲基硅氧烷的反应是可逆的,极端潮湿的情况下会发生水解反应,样品中聚二甲基硅氧烷的含量增加,从而增强了样品的憎水迁移性。
硅橡胶独特的憎水迁移性赋予了其良好耐污闪性能。目前在硅橡胶的使用过程中,通常考虑的是初始憎水性,在选用、维修阶段很少考虑其憎水迁移性的差异。而在不同的环境中,硅橡胶的憎水迁移性表现不同。不同的憎水迁移性会对硅橡胶的耐污闪性能有明显的影响[69]。因此,在硅橡胶的开发、使用过程中应考虑其憎水迁移性。
在材料开发阶段,通过添加不同分子量硅氧烷、不同功能性硅氧烷憎水助剂来调控硅橡胶中可迁移硅氧烷的含量,并通过优化加工工艺过程中的温湿度来开发具有不同憎水迁移性的硅橡胶,以满足不同环境的使用要求,如开发可以满足低温、高湿环境使用的硅橡胶。用于重污秽环境的硅橡胶可以通过添加低分子量硅氧烷使其具有更多的迁移物质,可以缩短憎水性恢复时间,减少闪络风险。
在选材阶段,则需要根据实际运行环境温度、湿度和污秽情况选择合适憎水迁移性的硅橡胶。在重工业区或高污染环境中,宜优先选择RTV或LSR,可以提升绝缘子的长期憎水性。低分子量硅氧烷含量高的硅橡胶相对易于老化,而高温有利于低分子量硅氧烷的迁移,HTV的低分子量硅氧烷含量小于LSR,因此适用于在高温地区使用。低温地区则宜优先选择LSR或RTV,若在低温地区使用HTV,可以考虑在HTV表面涂覆RTV涂层以提高憎水性的恢复能力。污秽的结构影响硅橡胶的憎水迁移性,在选用硅橡胶前,应适当考察使用环境主要污秽的结构,从而有利于选用合理憎水迁移性的硅橡胶。
在运维阶段,则需要考虑环境温湿度和污秽特性,如低温或高湿环境均会抑制憎水性的迁移,这两种环境的重污秽等级的绝缘子闪络风险大,需要加强清洗,避免污染物积累,尤其水泥、冶金和有机物工厂附近。
硅橡胶的憎水迁移性作为其独特性能,可直接关联硅橡胶材料的耐污闪性能。已开展的硅橡胶憎水迁移机制,以及污秽种类、温湿度、电晕等因素对其憎水迁移的影响规律研究,可以为外绝缘用硅橡胶材料的选型使用、运行维护和配方选择提供指导。然而,针对硅橡胶的憎水迁移性仍存在一些问题有待进一步研究,如现有研究中通常采用高岭土或硅藻土模拟不溶污秽、采用NaCl模拟可溶性污秽,而自然污秽成分复杂,试验研究所用污秽与实际偏差较大,多种污秽混合作用时对硅橡胶憎水迁移性的协同作用仍不清楚;硅橡胶使用过程中通常是污秽、温度、湿度、电晕等因素同时作用,这种耦合作用影响的量化研究需要进一步开展;电场对硅橡胶的憎水迁移性有明显的影响,而目前电场对硅橡胶憎水迁移性的作用机制仍不明确,需要进一步研究探明。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.010
  • 接收时间:2025-07-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-14
  • 修回日期:2025-09-29
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    1中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192
    2北京国电富通科技发展有限责任公司,北京 100070
    3南瑞集团有限公司(国网电力科学研究院有限公司),江苏 南京 211106
    4国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,江苏 南京 211103
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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