Article(id=1304921556954673223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745078400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-20, revisedDate=1750867200000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047143448, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047143448, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047143447, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047143447, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921526004904728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047136068, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118116024, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=68, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921557357326408, articleId=1304921556954673223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence of electric field on bubble motion characteristics in boiling heat transfer process of environmental friendly cooling medium C6F12O, columnId=1304921526780850970, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Low-carbon Environmental Protection Advanced Insulation Materials, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Phase change cooling technology has high cooling efficiency and represents a novel approach to achieving efficient heat dissipation for high-power and large-capacity electrical equipment. This paper comprehensively investigated the feasibility of C6F12O as a phase change coolant. Combining the phase-field method based on the Cahn-Hilliard equation with the theory of electrohydrodynamic, considering the coupling effect of electric-flow-thermal-phase fields, numerical simulation research was conducted on the phase transition evolution process of C6F12O medium under varying temperature and electric field conditions, and then the bubble motion characteristics in the existing cooling medium C6F14 was compared. The results show that compared with C6F14, without an electric field, the change in temperature has a more significant impact on the bubble motion characteristics in C6F12O. The rise in temperature increases its bubble statistical velocity by 75.75%. An appropriate uniform electric field promotes the bubble evolution in the medium. Under the same superheat degree (∆T=0.056), the higher dielectric constant of C6F12O makes the polarization effect caused by the electric field more obvious, and it can transition to film boiling at a lower field strength. Under the action of horizontal uniform electric field, for different electric Bond numbers (BoE), the statistical velocity of bubbles in C6F12O is generally lower than that in C6F14, while the bubble release period is shorter and the frequency is higher. Under the action of vertical uniform electric field, the bubble statistical velocity in C6F12O increases from 4.131 to 4.760, and the release period shortens from 3.889 s-1 to 2.059 s-1, and the bubble motion is more intense than that in C6F14.

, authors=Shuangshuang TIAN, Dongqin NIE, Runlong YANG, Jiahao WANG, authorsList=Shuangshuang TIAN, Dongqin NIE, Runlong YANG, Jiahao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921559404146779, articleId=1304921556954673223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=电场对环保冷却介质C6F12O沸腾换热过程中气泡运动特性的影响, columnId=1304921527053480732, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

相变冷却技术冷却效率高,是实现高功率、大容量电工装备高效散热的新途径。本文深入讨论C6F12O作为相变冷却介质的可行性,结合基于Cahn-Hilliard方程的相场法与电流体动力学理论,考虑电-流-热-相场的耦合作用,针对C6F12O介质在不同温度、电场条件下的相变演化过程进行数值模拟仿真研究,并与现有冷却介质C6F14中的气泡运动特性进行对比。结果表明:与C6F14相比,无电场作用时,温度的变化对C6F12O中气泡运动特性的影响更加显著,温度的上升使其气泡统计学速度提高了75.75%;适当的均匀电场会促进介质中的气泡演化,在相同的过热度(∆T=0.056)下,C6F12O较高的介电常数使得电场引起的极化效果更明显,在较低的场强下即可过渡到膜态沸腾;在水平均匀电场作用下,对于不同的电邦德数BoE,C6F12O中气泡的统计学速度整体比C6F14中的低,但气泡释放周期更短、频率更高;竖直均匀电场作用下,C6F12O中的气泡统计学速度从4.131提高至4.760、释放周期从3.889 s-1缩短至2.059 s-1,气泡运动比C6F14中的更加剧烈。

, authors=田双双, 聂栋钦, 杨润龙, 王家浩, authorsList=田双双, 聂栋钦, 杨润龙, 王家浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

田双双(1989-),女(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,研究方向为气体绝缘设备在线检测与故障诊断、SF6替代气体。

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田双双(1989-),女(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,研究方向为气体绝缘设备在线检测与故障诊断、SF6替代气体。

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田双双(1989-),女(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,研究方向为气体绝缘设备在线检测与故障诊断、SF6替代气体。

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921563598450830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921556954673223, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同过热度下两种介质的气泡释放周期与统计学速度, figureFileSmall=JamBte9UVoBh8J43Y19Eww==, figureFileBig=O466+iuzofWWXvk1aj0pmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921563665559695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921556954673223, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The bubble release cycles and statistical speed of the two media under horizontal and vertical uniform electric field, figureFileSmall=VE6FS17BDrtlxTy557G+4A==, figureFileBig=CczAyP5Bsiste+OykrOVww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921563736862864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921556954673223, language=CN, label=图9, caption=水平和竖直均匀电场下两种介质中的气泡释放周期与统计学速度, figureFileSmall=VE6FS17BDrtlxTy557G+4A==, figureFileBig=CczAyP5Bsiste+OykrOVww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921563984326801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921556954673223, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical property parameters of C6F12O and C6F14 in gas and liquid phases

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参数C6F12OC6F14
气相液相气相液相
饱和温度/K322330
密度/(kg/m3)1.60×1031.58×103
相对介电常数11.9511.75
表面张力/(N/m)8.46×10-38.20×10-3
动力黏度/(Pa·s)1.29×10-54.41×10-41.17×10-54.23×10-4
比热容/(J/(kg·K))900.521121.60877.651098
电导率/(S/m)<10-15<10-13<10-15<10-13
), ArticleFig(id=1304921564076601490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921556954673223, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

C6F12O与C6F14在气相和液相下的物性参数

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参数C6F12OC6F14
气相液相气相液相
饱和温度/K322330
密度/(kg/m3)1.60×1031.58×103
相对介电常数11.9511.75
表面张力/(N/m)8.46×10-38.20×10-3
动力黏度/(Pa·s)1.29×10-54.41×10-41.17×10-54.23×10-4
比热容/(J/(kg·K))900.521121.60877.651098
电导率/(S/m)<10-15<10-13<10-15<10-13
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电场对环保冷却介质C6F12O沸腾换热过程中气泡运动特性的影响
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田双双 , 聂栋钦 , 杨润龙 , 王家浩
绝缘材料 | 低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题 2026,59(3): 68-76
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绝缘材料 |低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题 2026 , 59 (3) : 68 -76
电场对环保冷却介质C6F12O沸腾换热过程中气泡运动特性的影响
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田双双(1989-),女(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,研究方向为气体绝缘设备在线检测与故障诊断、SF6替代气体。

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田双双(1989-),女(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,研究方向为气体绝缘设备在线检测与故障诊断、SF6替代气体。

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田双双, 聂栋钦, 杨润龙, 王家浩
作者信息
  • 湖北工业大学 新能源及电网装备安全监测湖北省工程研究中心,湖北 武汉 430068
作者简介:

田双双(1989-),女(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,研究方向为气体绝缘设备在线检测与故障诊断、SF6替代气体。

Influence of electric field on bubble motion characteristics in boiling heat transfer process of environmental friendly cooling medium C6F12O
Shuangshuang TIAN, Dongqin NIE, Runlong YANG, Jiahao WANG
Affiliations
  • Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.008
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相变冷却技术冷却效率高,是实现高功率、大容量电工装备高效散热的新途径。本文深入讨论C6F12O作为相变冷却介质的可行性,结合基于Cahn-Hilliard方程的相场法与电流体动力学理论,考虑电-流-热-相场的耦合作用,针对C6F12O介质在不同温度、电场条件下的相变演化过程进行数值模拟仿真研究,并与现有冷却介质C6F14中的气泡运动特性进行对比。结果表明:与C6F14相比,无电场作用时,温度的变化对C6F12O中气泡运动特性的影响更加显著,温度的上升使其气泡统计学速度提高了75.75%;适当的均匀电场会促进介质中的气泡演化,在相同的过热度(∆T=0.056)下,C6F12O较高的介电常数使得电场引起的极化效果更明显,在较低的场强下即可过渡到膜态沸腾;在水平均匀电场作用下,对于不同的电邦德数BoE,C6F12O中气泡的统计学速度整体比C6F14中的低,但气泡释放周期更短、频率更高;竖直均匀电场作用下,C6F12O中的气泡统计学速度从4.131提高至4.760、释放周期从3.889 s-1缩短至2.059 s-1,气泡运动比C6F14中的更加剧烈。

C6F12O  /  C6F14  /  相变冷却  /  电场  /  气泡  /  仿真

Phase change cooling technology has high cooling efficiency and represents a novel approach to achieving efficient heat dissipation for high-power and large-capacity electrical equipment. This paper comprehensively investigated the feasibility of C6F12O as a phase change coolant. Combining the phase-field method based on the Cahn-Hilliard equation with the theory of electrohydrodynamic, considering the coupling effect of electric-flow-thermal-phase fields, numerical simulation research was conducted on the phase transition evolution process of C6F12O medium under varying temperature and electric field conditions, and then the bubble motion characteristics in the existing cooling medium C6F14 was compared. The results show that compared with C6F14, without an electric field, the change in temperature has a more significant impact on the bubble motion characteristics in C6F12O. The rise in temperature increases its bubble statistical velocity by 75.75%. An appropriate uniform electric field promotes the bubble evolution in the medium. Under the same superheat degree (∆T=0.056), the higher dielectric constant of C6F12O makes the polarization effect caused by the electric field more obvious, and it can transition to film boiling at a lower field strength. Under the action of horizontal uniform electric field, for different electric Bond numbers (BoE), the statistical velocity of bubbles in C6F12O is generally lower than that in C6F14, while the bubble release period is shorter and the frequency is higher. Under the action of vertical uniform electric field, the bubble statistical velocity in C6F12O increases from 4.131 to 4.760, and the release period shortens from 3.889 s-1 to 2.059 s-1, and the bubble motion is more intense than that in C6F14.

C6F12O  /  C6F14  /  phase change cooling  /  electric field  /  bubble  /  simulation
田双双, 聂栋钦, 杨润龙, 王家浩. 电场对环保冷却介质C6F12O沸腾换热过程中气泡运动特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (3) : 68 -76 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.008
Shuangshuang TIAN, Dongqin NIE, Runlong YANG, Jiahao WANG. Influence of electric field on bubble motion characteristics in boiling heat transfer process of environmental friendly cooling medium C6F12O[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (3) : 68 -76 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.008
在现代电能输送体系中,高压大功率设备是核心支撑要素,而设备在过热状态下可能会出现性能劣化、寿命缩短,甚至引发故障,因此高效的冷却系统显得尤为重要[1]。传统冷却技术中,风冷效率较低,水冷系统存在腐蚀、结垢、泄漏等问题[2-4]。而相变冷却技术利用环保液体材料在沸腾时通过气化带走热量,其换热效率显著高于传统冷却技术。相变冷却技术的优点包括温度变化小、不燃不爆、运营成本低等特性[5]。如今,相变冷却技术已成功应用于高功率工业设备、低压电器设备、电力电子装置、电池模块[6-9]等多个领域,为电力设备管理提供了更加高效、环保、可靠的散热方案。
相变冷却技术的关键在于冷却介质的选取,目前已被证实的可在电力设备中使用的冷却介质有全氟三乙胺(C6F15N)、三氟三氯乙烷R-113(C2Cl3F3)、十氟戊烷VxF4310(C5H2F10)、全氟己烷FC-72(C6F14)、乙基九氟代丁基醚HFE-7100(C6H5F9O)等,国内外学者针对这些介质的换热效率和绝缘性能开展了理论和实验研究。马志刚等[10-11]通过沸腾换热实验获取了常压下全氟三乙胺的饱和沸腾换热曲线图,为开发新型冷却介质和研制蒸发冷却变压器提供了新的思路。宋明凯[12]研究了蒸发冷却变压器中绕组及制冷剂R-113的温度场分布,发现绕组与R-113的传热温差较小,平均温升远低于油浸式变压器,证明蒸发冷却方式可满足变压器的发展要求。董海虹等[13]对VxF4310在300 MW汽轮发电机中的冷却效果进行了模拟分析,详细分析了不同工况下的汽轮机压降、温度等参数的变化趋势,为VxF4310的实际应用提供了理论支撑。莫申扬等[14-16]对C6F14介质在液态、气态以及两相态下开展了击穿试验,得到了其为液态、气态时的介电强度以及两相态时的击穿电压,揭示了两相态介质绝缘间隙的击穿过程,论证了其在蒸发冷却设备中应用的可行性。毕胜山等[17]测量了常压下HFE7100、2-(三氟甲基)-3-乙氧基十二氟己烷HFE-7500(C9H5F15O)的热导率、液相黏度和表面张力,利用实验数据拟合了黏度和表面张力的计算方程,可为实际工程应用提供数据支持。目前大部分冷却介质存在臭氧消耗潜值(ODP)高、易发生变质、价格昂贵、热导率偏低、相变温度范围狭窄等问题,因此开发兼具环保性、经济性、稳定性与高效性的相变冷却介质是当前的重要目标。
C6F12O不燃、不爆、无毒,全球变暖潜能值(GWP)值接近于1,ODP值为0,冷却性能好,化学性质稳定,绝缘性能优良,作为灭火剂[18]和绝缘介质[19-20]得到了广泛应用。其沸点仅为49℃,较大的汽化潜热可满足相变冷却技术的要求。夏爽[21]针对C6F12O在浸没式相变冷却设备中的换热效率进行了研究,证明了其作为相变冷却介质的优越性,考虑到稳定性、换热效率、环保性、绝缘性能,可将C6F12O介质进一步应用于相变冷却电力设备中。但是电气设备内部存在的高温和强电场环境可能会对介质蒸发冷却过程(气泡的形成发展演化过程)产生影响[22-24],同时,在气-液两相态中气泡的产生及运动过程也会造成介质温度场和电场分布的变化[25-28],厘清多物理场下介质的换热过程是确保介质在设备中应用的关键。
为了深入探究电场对相变冷却介质沸腾换热过程中气泡运动特性的影响,本文结合相场法和电流体动力学理论,耦合电-流-热-相场的相互作用,建立相变冷却介质换热动态演化模型,针对C6F12O介质在不同温度、电场条件下的相变演化过程进行分析,并和现有冷却介质C6F14的演化特性进行对比,通过提取气泡运动的特征参数,分析电场影响气泡运动特性的规律,以验证C6F12O介质作为相变冷却介质的可行性,为其在实际工程中的应用提供理论支撑。
在相变冷却电工装备的实际运行中,其热场、流场、相场与电磁场的多物理场耦合作用[29](如图1所示)是影响设备性能的核心因素。具体而言,当发热部件的局部温度超过冷却介质的饱和温度时,冷却介质将在受热区域发生沸腾,由液相转变为气相,形成动态的气-液两相流体系。此过程涉及以下复杂交互机制:发热部件表面的热流密度通过传导与对流传递至冷却介质,触发局部过热区域的成核沸腾;气泡的生成、脱离行为显著改变流场结构,形成湍流,增强热边界层的扰动,提升传热效率;装备内部电场环境(如均匀电场)通过电场力直接作用于气泡,影响其运动特性。通过迭代求解泊松方程与修正的Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程,量化电场对气泡动力学的影响。
相变两相流控制方程的推导基于以下假设:①液相和气相于界面处的初始温度设定为饱和温度(Tsat);②气-液交界面处温度处于饱和状态,忽略受界面曲率影响的局部平衡温度;③相变过程仅在气-液表面发生;④忽略气泡上升过程中的马兰戈尼作用力,只考虑重力、黏性力和表面张力的作用。
在两相流体系中,气体、液体分别采用弱可压缩、不可压缩的N-S方程表示。电场作用下的流体流动受惯性力、黏性力、电场力等控制,在不可混相不可压缩牛顿流体的假设下[30],N-S方程可表示为式(1)~(2)。
u=0
ρdudt+uu=-p+μu+uT+Fst+ρg+Fes
式(1)~(2)中:ρ为密度;μ为动力黏度;u为速度;p为压强;g为重力加速度;Fst为表面张力;Fes为外加体积力,这里代表电场力;T表示转置。
假设气-液交界面处温度饱和,则液相温度始终维持饱和状态,两相流体系的热传导仅在气相中进行,则能量方程为式(3)。
ρvCpTvt+ρvCpuvTv=-kvTv
式(3)中:Cp为比热容;ρvTvuvkv分别为气相的密度、温度、速度、热导率。
相场法是一种基于Cahn-Hilliard和Ginzburg-Landau方程改进而来的数值方法,通过不同的方程来表示扩散、有序势以及热力学驱动力的综合效应[31]。借助相场参数ϕ(x,t)对系统在不同空间位置和时间点的物理状态进行描述,用无量纲相场变量确定流体中各组份的体积分数分别为(1-ϕ)/2和(1+ϕ)/2。相场变量由Cahn-Hilliard方程定义,为一个四阶偏微分方程,如式(4)~(5)所示。
ϕt+uϕ=γG
G=λ-2ϕ+ϕϕ2-1ε2
式(4)~(5)中:γ为迁移率,m3·s/kg;G为化学势,Pa;ε为毛细宽度,m,λ为混合能量密度,J/m,ελ与表面张力系数密切相关。
相变的Cahn-Hilliard方程为式(6)。
ϕt+uϕ-m˙δVfVρV+VfLρL=γλε2ψ
式(6)中:m˙为相场迁移率,m3·s/kg;VfVVfL分别为气相体积分数和液相体积分数,%;ρL为液相密度,kg/m3ψ为相变化学势,Pa;δ为相间平滑系数,m-1
根据L D LANDAU等[32]的研究结果,作用在流体上的体积电场力由3种不同类型的物理机制组成。体积电场力可以表示为Maxwell应力张量的散度,如式(7)所示。
FE=f1+f2+f3=ρfE-ε0E22gradεR+12ε0gradρE2εRρiso
式(7)中:FE为体积电场力,N/m3ρf为体积电荷密度;ε0为真空介电常数,F/m;εR为相对介电常数;ρ为流体密度;EE分别为矢量电场强度及其模;f1为库仑力;f2为介电泳力;f3为电致伸缩力,f2f3合称为极化力;下标iso表示温度恒定。
本文基于二维模型开展模拟研究,仿真模型及网格划分如图2所示。为了避免壁面效应对两相流的影响,将整体仿真域设置为Lx×Ly=50×50[33]。主要边界包括热源(边界1中间)、气液交界面(边界7)、流体出口(边界4)、壁面(边界2、3、5、6)。
在本研究中,C6F12O与C6F14在气相、液相下各类物性参数均来源于NIST标准参考数据库(REFPROP 10.0),如表1所示,其中C6F12O介质的饱和温度较低,其余物性参数均高于C6F14介质。
在相场条件设置方面,初始气-液界面下方区域定义为相场值为1的饱和液体,界面上方区域定义为相场值为0的饱和蒸汽。设定热源宽度ds=2,并以温度的形式加载在壁面边界。忽略工作过程中外壁和空气的热辐射,所有流场壁均设置为无滑移,气、液两相初始温度设定为介质的饱和温度,体系中初始流速设定为0。
在电场条件设置方面,由表1可知,介质的液相电导率极低,液相中的自由电荷极少,因此库仑力对系统的影响可忽略;同时,流体的可压缩性对气泡的形成和运动过程影响很小,因此电致伸缩力也可忽略不计。电场力F的作用主要以介电泳力的形式体现,如式(8)所示,同时电场强度E可以通过公式(9)计算。
F=f2=-ε0E22gradεR
εε0E=0
竖直电场条件于边界1、7施加,水平电场条件于边界2、6施加。添加匀强电场边界时,边界1为高电位、7为接地,或2为高电位、6为接地。
为了方便描述气泡的运动特性,引入无量纲参数表征气泡的运动特性[34],特征时间和气泡释放频率的关系、统计学速度分别如式(10)、(11)所示。
t*=t/ds/g
u¯=u1*+u2*++uN*/N
式(10)~(11)中:t*为特征时间;t为仿真时间;ds为热源宽度;f *为气泡释放频率;N为气泡生成个数;tall*为计数时间;u*为单个气泡的统计学速度;u为气泡最大运动速度;u¯为沸腾过程中所有气泡的统计学速度;uN*为第N个气泡的统计学速度。
引入电邦德数BoE表征气泡在运动过程中受到的电场力与表面张力之间的相互作用,用以衡量电场对气泡运动的相对主导作用,BoE的变化用于解释气泡在不同电场强度作用下的形态演变,是分析电场影响机制的重要参数,如式(12)所示。
BoE=εVεLE2dsγ
式(12)中:εVεL分别为气相、液相的介电常数;γ为表面张力;E为特征电场强度,取t*=0时电场强度最大值。
温度是影响介质相变演化过程的一个重要因素,因此先研究无电场情况下,温度对于介质中气泡运动特性的影响。本研究设置C6F12O介质的仿真温度为335~355 K,高于其饱和温度322 K,旨在模拟实际应用中可能出现的局部过热沸腾现象。在该温度区间下,能够全面捕捉介质在不同沸腾阶段下的气泡运动特性,确保仿真结果具有实际参考意义。由于C6F14介质的饱和温度更高,其仿真模型温度设置也要更高。
图3呈现了两种介质在不同温度条件下的气泡运动情况。从图3可以看出,C6F12O和C6F14介质在相变过程中沸腾所产生的气泡都经历了成核、生长、变形、脱离一系列气泡动力学行为。在沸腾的初始阶段,第一个气泡在上升过程中的形变最大,后面生成的气泡运动更加稳定。
介质的沸腾过程分为初始核态沸腾、核态沸腾和膜态沸腾3个阶段[34]。从图3(a)可以看出,C6F12O因高表面张力、高动力黏度和高热导率特性,在沸腾过程中表现出气泡尺寸小、分布稀疏、上升缓慢且界限清晰的特点,同时高热导率特性延缓局部过热,有助于维持核态沸腾;但因沸点较低,会在355 K时过渡到膜态沸腾,形成气泡通道。从图3(b)可以看出,C6F14表面张力低、黏度低,气泡尺寸较大、易合并,在更高温度下触发沸腾,在365 K时进入膜态沸腾。对比图3(a)和(b)可以看出,初始核态沸腾过程中,C6F12O在335 K即开始成核,其高表面张力形成界限清晰的小气泡,高黏度特性延缓气泡的脱离速度;而C6F14需在345 K下触发成核。核态沸腾过程中,温度的升高使得C6F12O与C6F14中的气泡释放频率增加。C6F12O的高热导率特性维持温度均匀,延缓局部过热;C6F14中的气泡上升速度快,更易合并形成大气泡。膜态沸腾过程中,C6F12O在355 K时已形成稳定气泡通道,因其高表面张力需更高能量维持气泡通道,而实际因沸点低更易进入该阶段,使得换热效率大幅下降;C6F14在365 K之后才触发膜态沸腾,并在t*=14.7时就形成气泡通道,这一时间早于C6F12O。综上可知,C6F12O在低温段具备更优的热均匀性和稳定性,但由于沸点较低需规避过热膜态沸腾,而C6F14高温适应性更强。为了使C6F12O具有更广泛的应用,可以考虑将其与C6F14介质或者其他沸点更高的冷却介质进行混合使用。
为在同一温度标准下分析均匀电场对气泡运动特性的影响,本研究基于相同壁面过热度∆T=(Tb-Tsat)/Tc[35]的条件(TbTc分别为加热壁面温度和临界温度),对电场作用下C6F12O与C6F14两种介质的演化过程进行对比。本研究选取340 K(∆T=0.056)为研究C6F12O介质气泡运动特性的温度条件,主要基于以下考虑:此时介质处于典型核态沸腾阶段,气泡的生长和脱离频繁且气泡之间的相互干扰较小,单个气泡的生成与迁移行为具有良好的可分辨性,便于研究外加电场对气泡动力学特性的影响。同理,C6F14介质温度选取T=348.5 K(∆T=0.056)。选取特征时间t*=17.5进行数据截取,旨在保持气泡运动进入稳态阶段,气泡生成和脱离规律清晰,避免初期非稳定效应与后期气泡聚并干扰,准确分析电场对气泡动力学特性的影响。
图47分别表示在竖直、水平均匀电场下,C6F12O和C6F14中气泡的运动特性。
图47可以看出,均匀电场会促进气泡的成核与生长,其效应随着场强增大而增强,直到气泡通道的出现。与无电场条件下气泡运动过程中的形态进行对比,均匀电场会对气泡产生对应方向上的拉伸,使得气泡受到的阻力发生变化,这是影响气泡运动特性的关键因素之一。
图45可以看出,竖直均匀电场作用下,当BoE较小时(如图4(a)图5(a)所示),气泡的运动特性与无电场条件下几乎相同;随着BoE不断增大,气泡的释放频率、统计学速度开始增加,核态沸腾进一步强化;当BoE过大时(如图4(e)图5(f)所示),气泡通道开始形成,热源处出现干斑,体系处于膜态沸腾。当C6F12O介质中的BoE≥10 621.28时气泡通道形成,而C6F14介质中的BoE≥13 385.36时气泡通道才形成,且图4(a)中的气泡运动情况与图5(b)中的气泡运动情况相似,可认为C6F12O介质会在更低的BoE下达到与C6F14介质相同的沸腾状态,电场对于C6F12O介质沸腾状态的促进作用更加明显,这是因为C6F12O的介电常数更高,电场带来的极化效果更强,从而降低了气泡通道的形成阈值。
图67可以看出,水平均匀电场作用下,当BoE较小时(如图6(a)图7(a)所示),气泡的运动特性与无电场条件下几乎相同;随着BoE不断增加,核态沸腾加强;BoE过大时(如图6(e)图7(f)所示),体系处于膜态沸腾。在高BoE状态下,气泡通道的形成可能会导致介质绝缘强度的下降,因此要尽量避免气泡通道的形成。当C6F12O介质中的BoE≥2 655.32时气泡通道开始形成,而C6F14介质中的BoE≥3 346.34时气泡通道才形成,水平均匀电场对C6F12O在水平方向上的拉伸更加显著。
为具体地分析温度、电场对C6F12O与C6F14介质中气泡运动特性的影响,现将两者的气泡运动特性进行数值比较,先进行温度对气泡运动特性的影响分析,此时无电场作用,在特征时间t*all=35内,对该时段中所有产生的气泡进行特征统计。首先,统计产生的气泡总数,对其做倒数处理得到气泡的释放周期;然后提取每一个气泡在脱离过程中的最大运动速度u,并根据式(10)换算为单个气泡的统计学速度u*;最后对所有气泡的u*进行算术平均,得到所有气泡的统计学速度,结果如图8所示。
图8可以看出,随着温度的升高,C6F12O与C6F14中的气泡释放周期、统计学速度分别呈现先非线性下降、非线性增加后趋于饱和的趋势。从初始核态沸腾过渡到膜态沸腾的过程中,C6F12O介质的气泡释放周期从11.667 s-1缩小到1.667 s-1,气泡的统计学速度从2.660提高到4.675,提高了75.75%;C6F14介质的气泡释放周期从11.667 s-1缩小到1.667 s-1,气泡的统计学速度从3.021提高到4.788,提高了58.49%。温度的升高会大幅提高C6F12O介质中的气泡运动速度。在0.05≤∆T≤0.07时C6F14与C6F12O的气泡统计学速度接近,其余∆T中C6F12O介质的气泡统计学速度均低于C6F14,但在整个∆T的变化范围内C6F12O的气泡释放频率更高。
在相同的过热度(∆T=0.056)下,比较电场强度、电场方向对两种介质中气泡运动特性的影响,结果如图9所示。对于C6F12O,所加电压由40 kV增加到120 kV时会出现气泡通道,此时体系从核态沸腾过渡到膜态沸腾。对于C6F14,由于其介电常数更小,在相同的过热度下,所加电压由40 kV增加到140 kV时才出现气泡通道,此时体系从核态沸腾过渡到膜态沸腾。从图9可以看出,在水平均匀电场作用下,对于不同的BoE,C6F12O中的气泡统计学速度低于C6F14,但其气泡释放周期更短、频率更高,与无电场情况相似,这是因为水平均匀电场对气泡竖直方向的运动特性影响较小;而在竖直均匀电场作用下,对于不同的BoE,C6F12O中的气泡释放频率更高,且统计学速度更快,这是因为竖直均匀电场在较高的BoE下会有效促进气泡的演化,强化效果更加显著,且由于C6F12O介电常数较高,电场带来的极化效果更强,电场极化力与浮力协同作用显著提升了气泡的释放频率和统计学速度,气泡释放周期从3.889 s-1缩短至2.059 s-1,统计学速度从4.131增加至4.760。
(1)无电场作用时,从初始核态沸腾过渡到膜态沸腾,C6F12O介质中的气泡统计学速度提高了75.75%,远高于C6F14中的58.49%,C6F12O在低温段具备更优的热均匀性和稳定性,但由于沸点较低易过渡到膜态沸腾,考虑到实际工程应用,可将C6F12O与其他沸点较高的冷却介质进行混合使用。
(2)适当的均匀电场会促进介质中的气泡演化,但由于C6F12O的介电常数较高,电场带来的极化效果更强,与C6F14介质相比,C6F12O介质中的气泡通道会在较低的场强下形成。
(3)水平均匀电场下,C6F12O与C6F14中的气泡运动特性与无电场条件下的相似,C6F12O中的气泡释放频率更高,但统计学速度更低。竖直均匀电场下,C6F12O与C6F14中的气泡运动特性差异较水平均匀电场下更加显著,C6F12O的气泡统计学速度从4.131提高至4.760,高于C6F14中的速度,释放周期从3.889 s-1缩短至2.059 s-1,且不形成气泡通道。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.008
  • 接收时间:2025-04-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-20
  • 修回日期:2025-06-26
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    湖北工业大学 新能源及电网装备安全监测湖北省工程研究中心,湖北 武汉 430068
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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