Article(id=1304921548272459792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752595200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-16, revisedDate=1757347200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047141378, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047141378, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047141378, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047141378, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921526004904728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047136068, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118116024, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=40, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921548524118033, articleId=1304921548272459792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and performance of environmental friendly and recyclable superhydrophobic anti-icing materials, columnId=1304921526780850970, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Low-carbon Environmental Protection Advanced Insulation Materials, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the degradation of insulation and mechanical properties and the risk of lightning strikes caused by insulator icing, this study developed an environmental friendly and recyclable superhydrophobic material (DGEAC/SiO2-POTS). Silica was obtained through sol-gel hydrolysis, and SiO2 particles were modified with n-octyltriethoxysilane (POTS). This SiO2 particles were then mixed with multifunctional polyester (DGEAC), and micro/micro/nano three-layer hierarchical superhydrophobic coating was constructed on the surface of the insulator through phase separation technology. The results show that the coating exhibit exceptional superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 162.2° and a rolling angle less than 5°; the coating maintains superhydrophobicity after 400 cycles of sandpaper abrasion, 100 cycles of tape peeling, and acid/base solution corrosion; the coating retains its hydrophobic effect after 15 cycles of high-low temperature alternating tests. Compared with bare insulators, the coating delays ice formation by 5.6 times at -20℃ and significantly reduces ice adhesion to 28.7 kPa. The innovative introduction of a dynamic covalent bond ester exchange mechanism enables the efficient recovery of SiO2-POTS particles with stable performance using ethylene glycol. The material has a volume resistivity greater than 2.8×1014 Ω·cm and a peak breakdown voltage reaches 22.94 kV. This multifunctional material integrates anti-icing, durability, recyclability, and electrical safety, which can offer a promising green solution for protecting transmission equipment.

, authors=Jianwen SUN1, Yongjie NIE1, Jing PENG1, Yutang MA1, Yifan WANG1, Zhanguo CAO1, Ziheng ZHENG2, Peng WANG2, *, authorsList=Jianwen SUN, Yongjie NIE, Jing PENG, Yutang MA, Yifan WANG, Zhanguo CAO, Ziheng ZHENG, Peng WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921551355273266, articleId=1304921548272459792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=环保可回收型超疏水防冰材料的制备与性能研究, columnId=1304921527053480732, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为应对绝缘子覆冰引发的绝缘与力学性能劣化及雷击风险,本研究开发了环保可回收超疏水材料(DGEAC/SiO2-POTS)。首先通过溶胶凝胶法水解得到SiO2,经正辛基三乙氧基硅烷(POTS)改性SiO2颗粒,再与多官能团聚酯(DGEAC)混合,经相分离技术在绝缘子表面构建微米/微米/纳米三层分级结构的超疏水涂层。结果表明:超疏水涂层接触角为162.2°、滚动角小于5°;分别经400次砂纸磨损、100次胶带剥离、酸/碱溶液腐蚀后涂层仍保持超疏水性;经15次高低温循环交变测试后涂层仍具有疏水效果。相比裸露绝缘子,超疏水涂层-20℃下结冰时间延长5.6倍,覆冰粘附力降至28.7 kPa。创新引入动态共价键酯交换机制,借助乙二醇实现了SiO2-POTS颗粒高效回收且颗粒性能稳定。超疏水涂层体积电阻率大于2.8×1014 Ω·cm,闪络电压最高达到22.94 kV。该材料兼具防冰性、耐久性、可回收性与电气安全性,为输电设备提供绿色防冰方案。

, authors=孙建文1, 聂永杰1, 彭晶1, 马御棠1, 王一帆1, 曹占国1, 郑子恒2, 王鹏2, *, authorsList=孙建文, 聂永杰, 彭晶, 马御棠, 王一帆, 曹占国, 郑子恒, 王鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王鹏, authorNote=

孙建文(1998-),男(汉族),云南禄丰人,助理工程师,主要从事电力防灾减灾的研究

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王鹏(1986-),男(汉族),河北保定人,教授,主要从事电力防灾减灾的研究。
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(a) 放大500倍 (b) 放大1 000倍 (c) 放大10 000倍

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(a)接触角 (b) 滚动角 (c) 水测试冲击

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(a) 砂土覆盖状态 (b) 水滴清洁过程 (c) 自清洁后状态

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环保可回收型超疏水防冰材料的制备与性能研究
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孙建文 1 , 聂永杰 1 , 彭晶 1 , 马御棠 1 , 王一帆 1 , 曹占国 1 , 郑子恒 2 , 王鹏 2, *
绝缘材料 | 低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题 2026,59(3): 40-49
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绝缘材料 |低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题 2026 , 59 (3) : 40 -49
环保可回收型超疏水防冰材料的制备与性能研究
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孙建文1, 聂永杰1, 彭晶1, 马御棠1, 王一帆1, 曹占国1, 郑子恒2, 王鹏2, *
作者信息
  • 1云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,云南 昆明 650217
  • 2华北电力大学 电力机械装备健康维护与失效预防河北省重点实验室,河北 保定 071066
通讯作者:
王鹏(1986-),男(汉族),河北保定人,教授,主要从事电力防灾减灾的研究。
作者简介:

孙建文(1998-),男(汉族),云南禄丰人,助理工程师,主要从事电力防灾减灾的研究

Preparation and performance of environmental friendly and recyclable superhydrophobic anti-icing materials
Jianwen SUN1, Yongjie NIE1, Jing PENG1, Yutang MA1, Yifan WANG1, Zhanguo CAO1, Ziheng ZHENG2, Peng WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Electric Power Research Institute, Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Kunming 650217, China
  • 2Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Maintenance and Failure Prevention of Power Machinery and Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071066, China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.005
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为应对绝缘子覆冰引发的绝缘与力学性能劣化及雷击风险,本研究开发了环保可回收超疏水材料(DGEAC/SiO2-POTS)。首先通过溶胶凝胶法水解得到SiO2,经正辛基三乙氧基硅烷(POTS)改性SiO2颗粒,再与多官能团聚酯(DGEAC)混合,经相分离技术在绝缘子表面构建微米/微米/纳米三层分级结构的超疏水涂层。结果表明:超疏水涂层接触角为162.2°、滚动角小于5°;分别经400次砂纸磨损、100次胶带剥离、酸/碱溶液腐蚀后涂层仍保持超疏水性;经15次高低温循环交变测试后涂层仍具有疏水效果。相比裸露绝缘子,超疏水涂层-20℃下结冰时间延长5.6倍,覆冰粘附力降至28.7 kPa。创新引入动态共价键酯交换机制,借助乙二醇实现了SiO2-POTS颗粒高效回收且颗粒性能稳定。超疏水涂层体积电阻率大于2.8×1014 Ω·cm,闪络电压最高达到22.94 kV。该材料兼具防冰性、耐久性、可回收性与电气安全性,为输电设备提供绿色防冰方案。

超疏水涂层  /  可回收材料  /  动态共价键  /  纳米二氧化硅  /  防冰

To address the degradation of insulation and mechanical properties and the risk of lightning strikes caused by insulator icing, this study developed an environmental friendly and recyclable superhydrophobic material (DGEAC/SiO2-POTS). Silica was obtained through sol-gel hydrolysis, and SiO2 particles were modified with n-octyltriethoxysilane (POTS). This SiO2 particles were then mixed with multifunctional polyester (DGEAC), and micro/micro/nano three-layer hierarchical superhydrophobic coating was constructed on the surface of the insulator through phase separation technology. The results show that the coating exhibit exceptional superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 162.2° and a rolling angle less than 5°; the coating maintains superhydrophobicity after 400 cycles of sandpaper abrasion, 100 cycles of tape peeling, and acid/base solution corrosion; the coating retains its hydrophobic effect after 15 cycles of high-low temperature alternating tests. Compared with bare insulators, the coating delays ice formation by 5.6 times at -20℃ and significantly reduces ice adhesion to 28.7 kPa. The innovative introduction of a dynamic covalent bond ester exchange mechanism enables the efficient recovery of SiO2-POTS particles with stable performance using ethylene glycol. The material has a volume resistivity greater than 2.8×1014 Ω·cm and a peak breakdown voltage reaches 22.94 kV. This multifunctional material integrates anti-icing, durability, recyclability, and electrical safety, which can offer a promising green solution for protecting transmission equipment.

superhydrophobic coatings  /  recyclable materials  /  dynamic covalent bonds  /  nano silica  /  anti-icing
孙建文, 聂永杰, 彭晶, 马御棠, 王一帆, 曹占国, 郑子恒, 王鹏. 环保可回收型超疏水防冰材料的制备与性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (3) : 40 -49 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.005
Jianwen SUN, Yongjie NIE, Jing PENG, Yutang MA, Yifan WANG, Zhanguo CAO, Ziheng ZHENG, Peng WANG. Preparation and performance of environmental friendly and recyclable superhydrophobic anti-icing materials[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (3) : 40 -49 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.005
电力输送过程会受到多方面因素的影响,其中环境因素的影响最为明显[1-2]。覆冰是指降雨或空气中的水分在输电线路上凝结成冰的现象,是电力系统所面临的一个重要问题。输电线路覆冰会引发电气事故,如相间闪络、冰闪跳闸等,因此得到了很多关注[3-7]。在低温气候下,雨水和空气中的水分容易结成冰,在高海拔、寒冷地区尤为突出。我国疆域辽阔,塔架较高的高压输电线路数量众多,导致输电线路更易受到结冰的影响[8-10]
输电线路覆冰容易引起沿面闪络,严重时甚至导致杆塔倒塌,威胁电网安全运行。绝缘子在架空输电线路中承担着不可或缺的作用,如提供可靠的机械支撑和电气绝缘[11-13]。在输电线路工程中,绝缘子的覆冰现象会带来多方面的不利影响,覆冰会降低绝缘子的绝缘性能,增加泄漏电流,从而引发短路和闪络等故障。同时,覆冰增加了设备的机械负荷,可能造成绝缘子破裂和支撑结构的变形,甚至导致电力设备瘫痪,并且长时间的覆冰会减少设备的使用寿命,增加维护难度和成本[14]
要解决输电线路覆冰问题,超疏水材料的应用是很好的选择,主要通过微观结构设计和化学涂层的方式,减少水滴与材料表面之间的接触面积和附着力[15-16]。通过在材料表面构建微米或纳米级的凹凸结构,能够使水滴形成球状并迅速滑落,降低水在材料表面的浸润程度和减少冰的形成[17-21]。此外,在材料表面添加超疏水性涂层(如氟化物和硅烷)可进一步增强其超疏水性(接触角>150°,滚动角<10°),使其具备自清洁特性,从而提升防冰效果[22-24]。在涂层中掺杂低表面能物质可以使涂层获得优良的憎水性能,而喷涂纳米复合涂层则使材料表面具有微纳米层结构,从而提高设备的自洁和防结冰能力,减少绝缘设备在开放环境中发生闪络的可能性。
目前,大量的科研工作者提出了不同的解决办法,但很难兼顾经济性、功能性和绿色环保性。针对这一现状,本研究制备一种可回收可降解型超疏水材料,通过溶胶凝胶法水解得到SiO2,再利用正辛基三乙氧基硅烷(POTS)对二氧化硅颗粒进行改性,得到具有超疏水特性的改性SiO2颗粒(SiO2-POTS)。在此基础上使用具有多官能团的聚酯(DGEAC)与SiO2-POTS纳米颗粒混合,加入固化剂后通过不同组分间非溶剂的相分离作用制备超疏水涂层,实现超疏水性、低覆冰粘附力和纳米颗粒回收的兼顾。
4,5-环氧己烷-1,2-二甲酸二缩水甘油酯(DGEAC)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、盐酸(HCl)、无水乙醇(EtOH)、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)、氨水(NH·H2O)、乙酸丁酯(BA)、乙二醇(EG)、正辛基三乙氧基硅烷(POTS),上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。邻苯二甲酸酐(PA),国药集团化学试剂有限公司。以上均为分析级试剂,并且实验中严格按照标准使用。
首先,将1 mL氨水与50 mL无水乙醇混合,经磁力搅拌形成均匀溶液A。随后,在60℃条件下,将5 mL TEOS与40 mL乙醇的混合溶液逐滴加入溶液A中,磁力搅拌90 min,得到混合溶液B。接着,向持续搅拌的溶液B中加入100 μL POTS,继续搅拌4 h。最后,将所得产物进行烘干并研磨,制得SiO2-POTS超疏水粒子。
首先将8 g DGEAC加入到含有15 mL BA的烧杯中,搅拌10 min后得到溶液C,然后将10.072 g PA加入到溶液C中混合并置于85℃的油浴加热搅拌台中,在30 min内逐渐升温至130℃,得到溶液D,随后将其取出自然冷却至常温备用。取2 g上述制备的SiO2-POTS超疏水粒子加入至10 mL无水乙醇中,超声震碎10 min后形成悬浊液E,然后将其加入至溶液D中,剧烈搅拌5 min以触发非溶剂诱导的相分离,获得白色DGEAC/SiO2-POTS悬浮液。
取20 mL DGEAC/SiO2-POTS悬浮液,使用喷涂气枪在距离绝缘子表面30 cm处、于9 MPa压力下进行喷涂,随后将绝缘子置于通风环境干燥24 h,得到DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层。
使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Sigma 360型,德国蔡司公司)对制备的涂层进行形貌分析,测试前,涂层表面喷铂(Pt)以增加其导电性能。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR,Vertex 70型,德国Bruker公司)检测降解回收前后颗粒表面化学成分的变化。使用定制的接触角计测量DGEAC/SiO2-POTS涂层表面水滴的接触角和滚动角,每个样品至少测量5个不同位置,以计算平均值。
通过磨损试验、胶带剥离试验、耐高低温循环交变试验、耐酸碱腐蚀试验和紫外线老化试验评价涂层的耐久性。
磨损试验:将超疏水涂层放置在800目的砂纸上,在500 g载荷下运动,砂纸上每10 cm的运动定义为一个摩擦循环。
胶带剥离试验:将3M胶带(宽度约为2 cm,粘附值为3 000 N/m)粘附在涂层表面,用铜棒(质量约为5 kg)压紧,然后剥离。通过测量液滴在涂层表面的接触角和滚动角来评价涂层的耐久性。
耐高低温循环交变试验:将试样置于可程序控制的高低温湿热试验箱(THC-225PF型,东莞市皓天试验设备有限公司)中,控制相对湿度为95%±5%,试样先在(80±2)℃下保持4 h,然后以1℃/min的速率降温至(-40±2)℃并保持4 h,再以1℃/min的速率升温至(80±2)℃,以上过程为1个周期。测量处理后的试样接触角和滚动角。
耐酸碱腐蚀试验:根据GB/T 9274—1988,将试样浸入质量分数为3%的硫酸溶液中24 h进行耐酸性试验;将试样浸入质量分数为2%的氢氧化钠溶液中24 h进行耐碱性试验,分别测定试样的接触角和滚动角。
紫外线老化测试:根据GB/T 23987—2009,将涂层暴露在专用紫外老化试验箱(FBS-UV3D型,厦门市弗布斯检测设备有限公司)中168 h,每24 h测量一次接触角和滚动角,以监测表面性能的变化。
自清洁性能测试:以沙土为模拟污染颗粒,通过雨水测量滚动水滴带走模拟污染颗粒的能力,评价超疏水涂层的自清洁性能。
为了评价DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层的防/除冰性能,依据HG/T 5367.5—2022《轨道交通车辆用涂料 第5部分:防结冰涂料》开展静态防冰试验、动态防冰试验和覆冰粘附力测试。
静态防冰试验:将样品放置于-10℃低温试验箱(DW-25型,上海悦洽实验设备有限公司)内,记录100 μL水滴在样品表面的静态冻结时间。为了评估样品在不同低温下的抗结冰性能,改变低温试验箱温度为-15℃和-20℃,模拟涂层在不同低温条件下的延迟结冰情况[25]
动态防冰试验:在-10℃恒温低温试验箱中进行,预冷样品至热平衡后,采用微量注射泵将15 μL超纯水从样品表面正上方10 cm高度自由释放。使用2 000 fps高速摄像机(Revealer S1315M/C型,合肥中科君达视界技术股份有限公司)记录液滴撞击动态行为。
覆冰粘附力测试:将去离子水注入表面涂有涂层的不锈钢环(内径为(49±0.5)mm)中,于(-20±2)℃环境下冷冻24 h使其完全结冰,随后在(-10±2)℃条件下采用拉力试验机以30 mm/min的拉伸速度测量冰脱离涂层所需的最大力,以此计算覆冰粘附力。
此外,还对经老化处理后的裸露绝缘子与涂层试样进行覆冰粘附力测试,并将结果与老化前数据进行对比,以分析其耐久性能。
采用介电常数测定仪(AS2838型,京仪(北京)仪器设备有限公司)测量DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层的介电常数。测试样品直径为40 mm,在频率分别为1、10、20、40、50、100 kHz下各测试5组平行试样,结果取平均值。
依据GB/T 1410—2006,采用高绝缘电阻测试仪(ZC-36型,上海精密仪器仪表有限公司),在25℃、相对湿度为50%的恒温恒湿环境中,对直径为80 mm、厚度为3 mm的圆片样品进行体积电阻率测定。每组样品重复测试10次,结果取算术平均值作为最终数据。
对不同SiO2质量分数下超疏水涂层的沿面闪络特性进行比较测试,在室温、大气环境下使用高压电源(DW-P503型)对样品进行沿面闪络测试,采用恒定速率升压法,电极间距为12 mm,样品直径为30 mm、厚度为5 mm。测试数据通过威布尔分布显示,并取63.2%击穿概率下的值作为沿面闪络电压值进行分析。
DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层的SEM和超疏水性测试结果分别如图1图2所示。从图1可以看出,DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层在微米尺度和纳米尺度下都非常粗糙,在低放大倍数下(图1(a)),涂层由于DGEAC的相分离而具有许多微孔和微骨架。
在喷涂过程中,乙醇比乙酸丁酯更早挥发,使一些DGEAC微粒彼此溶解和交联形成微骨架,这种微骨架通过充当涂层的铠甲而有助于增强涂层的机械鲁棒性。在高放大倍数下(图1(c)),涂层表面有许多纳米颗粒组成的微突起,而这些纳米颗粒自身的相互连接比DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层表面的纳米颗粒连接更紧密。因此,DGEAC/SiO2-POTS涂层具有三层分级的微米/微米/纳米结构,这样的表面纹理有利于在涂层和各种液体的界面处捕获稳定的空气层来增强超疏水性。从图2(a)可以看出,静态水滴在超疏水涂层表面已近乎圆球状的形态存在,接触角可达162.2°。从图2(b)可以看出,超疏水涂层的水滴滚动角测量仅为2°,证明了该涂层具有极强的疏水性和自清洁潜力。
通过砂纸磨损试验评价DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水复合涂层在绝缘子基材上的机械稳定性,经过磨损循环后的涂层接触角如图3所示。从图3可以看出,随着磨损次数的增加,涂层表面的水接触角逐渐减小,滚动角相应增大,但是经过400次磨损循环后,涂层仍保持超疏水性(接触角>150°,滚动角<10°),表明所制备的超疏水涂层具有优异的机械稳定性。该涂层优异的机械稳定性主要归功于其表面构筑的微米/微米/纳米三层分级结构,以及非溶剂的相分离作用产生的自相似性。
通过胶带剥离试验以验证DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层面向纵向破坏时的机械稳定性,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层即使在经过100次胶带剥离后仍保持优异的超疏水性,具有良好的机械稳定性。这主要是因为所选用聚酯与基材的粘合性较高,超疏水涂层通过非溶剂的相分离作用构筑的微骨架充当涂层保护层,以及疏水颗粒与微骨架结构错综复杂地联系在一起,形成了自上而下的自相似性。即使上层超疏水颗粒被剥离,其内部的颗粒仍能维持涂层的超疏水性。
DGEBA/SiO2-POTS复合涂层在高低温交变试验中接触角和滚动角的测试结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,经过15次循环后,涂层仍保持超疏水性,接触角与滚动角均满足超疏水标准,且表面未观察到明显脱落或开裂现象,但其超疏水性能较初始状态略有下降。尽管如此,涂层接触角仍高于151.6°,滚动角低于7°,表明该涂层具有良好的耐高低温循环稳定性。
通过耐酸碱溶液腐蚀试验验证超疏水涂层表面的耐久性,结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,涂层在酸、碱溶液中腐蚀24 h后,涂层表面的水接触角保持在152°以上,滚动角低于7.2°,表明该涂层仍保持良好的超疏水性能。这些结果证实了该涂层具有优异的耐化学腐蚀性能。这种优异的化学耐久性主要是因为设计的微米/微米/纳米三层分级结构可以储存更多的空气,有效抑制了腐蚀性液体对超疏水表面的刻蚀,以及通过结构设计和疏水改性后微纳米材料固有的化学稳定性。
超疏水将涂层放置于紫外老化试验机中,使用紫外线灯照射168 h后涂层接触角和滚动角的测试结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,老化后涂层表面接触角和滚动角变化很小,证明其超疏水性在紫外辐照下仍保持稳定。这表明选用的聚酯固化后具有优异的耐紫外线性能,以该聚酯为基材制备的超疏水涂层表现出优异的抗紫外线老化稳定性。
DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层的自清洁测试结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,当涂层表面附着沙土污染物时,模拟雨水冲刷后可迅速清除沉积颗粒,涂层表面恢复洁净状态,表现出良好的自清洁能力。这是因为SiO2-POTS颗粒的高化学稳定性为涂层提供了持久的结构支撑,使其在雨水冲刷条件下仍能维持稳定的超疏水性能与自清洁效果。这一特性使得DGEBA/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层在实际户外应用中具备优异的自清洁性能和环境耐久性。
为了评估涂层在低温下的防冰性能,本文分别进行低温下静态和动态防冰试验。图9(a)、(b)分别是100 μL水滴在裸露绝缘子和DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层表面的结冰过程图像。从图9可以看出,刚开始,在裸露绝缘子和DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层上的水滴都是透明的。在-10℃的低温环境中暴露60 s后,裸露绝缘子表面的水滴开始出现不透明,随着暴露时间的增加,冰层逐渐从底部向顶部推进,在80 s后裸露绝缘子表面上的水滴彻底冻结。而水滴在DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层表面附着180 s后才变得不透明,到530 s时彻底冻结,相比裸露绝缘子表面结冰时间延长了5.6倍。
为了验证所制备涂层在低温下的循环防冰能力,在不同温度下进行了8次循环试验,结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出,不同温度下涂层均有明显的延迟结冰效果,即使在-20℃的极端环境下,涂层表面结冰时间仍比裸露绝缘子延长4倍。这种优异的延迟结冰性能主要归因于涂层表面具有的微米/微米/纳米三层分级结构,使得液滴与涂层表面的接触面积大幅减少,微米/纳米结构中储存的空气进一步降低了传热效率,从而有效降低了冰成核概率,最终延长了结冰时间[27]
图11是DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层与裸露绝缘子的动态防冰性能测试结果。从图11(a)可以看出,一个15 μL的液滴撞击在-10℃的过冷超疏水涂层表面后迅速弹起并脱离,其固液接触时间仅为6.5 ms。这种极短的接触时间有效限制了表面与液滴之间的热传递,从而避免了液滴冲击后发生结冰。与之形成鲜明对比的是,图11(b)显示相同体积液滴撞击在过冷裸露绝缘子表面后发生粘附并迅速冻结。这充分证明,超疏水涂层优异的超疏水性赋予了材料表面强大的被动防冰能力。
理想状态下,应将防冰表面的覆冰粘附力降到最低,以使冰能够在风、重力或轻微震动下脱离,DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层与裸露绝缘子覆冰粘附力测试结果如图12所示。从图12可以看出,DGEAC/SiO2-POTS涂层表面的覆冰粘附力仅为28.7 kPa,与裸露绝缘子(193.1 kPa)相比,覆冰粘附力降低了85%以上,表明所制备的DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层具有优异的防冰性能。为进一步探究材料耐久性,对老化后的试样也进行了覆冰粘附强度测试,可以看出裸露绝缘子在老化前后覆冰粘附力未见明显变化,而超疏水涂层老化后虽覆冰粘附力略有上升,但仍比裸露绝缘子低80%,表明其防冰性能在老化后仍显著优于未处理表面。
本文设计了一个闭环系统来制造和回收由邻苯二酸酐(PA)、聚酯(DGEAC)和纳米颗粒组成的可降解超疏水复合材料。PA可以促使DGEAC固化,并且在固化的过程中促进酯化反应发生,形成可降解共价自适应网络。针对PA/DGEAC网络的成型,固化过程中至少涉及了3种反应:①环氧基团与羧酸基团(-COOH)发生开环反应生成酯键和β-羟基;②仲羟基与环氧基团发生醚化反应;③β-羟基与-COOH发生酯化反应[26]。因为仲羟基较难与其他基团发生反应,所以醚化反应和酯化反应的反应效率和规模将会大幅降低。此时,PA这一催化剂便有了催化固化和促进酯化反应的作用。
固化过程中形成的酯键可以被分解,在高温度下,乙二醇分子会参与到复合材料的酯交换反应中,此时乙二醇分子将环氧聚合物分裂成许多短链。在这种情况下含酯键的环氧树脂基复合材料会被降解,复合材料中的纳米颗粒会分离出来,从而实现SiO2-POTS颗粒的有效回收。该回收方案不会破坏纳米颗粒的结构和性能,即便经过5次循环,涂层仍保持超疏水性。
为了回收SiO2-POTS超疏水颗粒,将制备的超疏水涂层浸入乙二醇溶液内,预湿材料并启动回收过程,如图13(a)所示。从图13(a)可以看出,浸泡24 h后,超疏水复合涂层在乙二醇溶液中大量分解。这种回收策略可以很好地解决超疏水材料稳定性与可降解、可回收之间的矛盾。降解完全后,通过过滤收集从块体中释放的超疏水颗粒,回收的超疏水颗粒仍具有超疏水性。
此外,为验证回收SiO2-POTS超疏水复合材料与原始材料在化学结构上的一致性,对两者进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对比分析,结果如图13(b)所示。从图13(b)可以看出,回收前后SiO2-POTS的特征吸收峰高度一致:在1 100 cm-1附近均存在强烈的Si-O-Si不对称伸缩振动峰,在800 cm-1和450 cm-1附近分别出现了Si-O对称伸缩振动和弯曲振动特征峰。同时未出现其他官能团或杂质所引起的异常吸收峰,表明回收过程未引入显著化学污染或改变材料表面化学状态。该结果表明,回收SiO2-POTS颗粒保持了原始SiO2-POTS的化学组成和键合结构,具有良好的化学一致性和回收稳定性。
图14为DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层在室温下的体积电阻率随SiO2-POTS含量的变化。
图14可以看出,纯DGEAC树脂的体积电阻率为7.52×1014 Ω·cm。随着SiO2-POTS添加量的增加,涂层的体积电阻率不断下降,在SiO2-POTS质量分数为5%时涂层的体积电阻率降至2.8×1014 Ω·cm,但量级总体上没有减小。这是由于SiO2-POTS本身也是绝缘材料,不会对DGEAC的绝缘性能产生很大的影响,但是因为SiO2-POTS和DGEAC的绝缘水平不一致,所以涂层的体积电阻率会有略微的变化[27]。在这个过程中体积电阻率的影响因素主要为SiO2-POTS在DGEAC树脂中的填充程度,随着SiO2-POTS添加量的增加,树脂表面暴露的疏水颗粒逐渐增加、树脂内部的颗粒之间联系更加紧密,SiO2-POTS颗粒在DGEAC中的整体分布更加均匀,体现为DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层在室温下的体积电阻率随SiO2-POTS添加量的增加而逐渐降低。
图15为不同SiO2-POTS含量的DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层在室温下的介电常数测试结果。从图15可以看出,纯DGEAC树脂的介电常数稳定在3.88~4.03。添加SiO2-POTS颗粒后,涂层的介电常数明显降低,最低为3.67。这主要是因为SiO2-POTS纳米颗粒自身介电常数低于纯DGEAC树脂,低介电颗粒均匀分散于高介电树脂基体中会降低体系整体介电常数,同时改性后的SiO2-POTS与树脂相容性良好,均匀分散的微纳结构可阻断电荷传导、减少极化损耗,进一步降低介电常数,这使涂层在具备超疏水、低覆冰粘附力及纳米颗粒可回收性的基础上,获得了适配低介电需求领域的优异介电性能。从图15还可以看出,纯DGEAC树脂和DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层的介电常数均随频率升高而降低。这种频率依赖性源于材料的极化机制:介电常数主要由偶极子取向极化贡献,其定向排列会随外电场反转。然而在较高频率下,由于材料内部存在阻力(内摩擦),偶极子反转无法跟上电场的快速变化,导致取向极化弛豫发生。该弛豫现象是介质损耗的主要来源之一。虽然不同树脂材料的极化弛豫发生的特征频率各异,但介电常数随频率升高而降低是普遍的规律。
图16为不同SiO2-POTS含量的DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层闪络电压测试数据,测试结果用威布尔分布显示,并取63.2%击穿概率下的值作为沿面闪络电压值进行分析[28]
图16可以看出,纯DGEAC树脂的闪络电压在20.57 kV上下波动。随着SiO2-POTS颗粒含量的增加,涂层的闪络电压先上升后下降,在SiO2-POTS颗粒质量分数为4%时达到最高值22.94 kV,相较于纯DGEAC提升了约11.5%。在SiO2-POTS颗粒质量分数为5%时,涂层的闪络电压略有下降,这可能是因为颗粒团聚导致局部电场畸变,但闪络电压仍比纯DGEAC高。
造成这一结果的原因与体积电阻率的降低有关。随着DGEAC树脂中SiO2-POTS颗粒含量的增加,涂层表面的颗粒含量也会逐渐增加,导致材料表面出现更密集的微米/纳米结构,进而提高了涂层表面电子传输路径的长度。此外,由于SiO2-POTS颗粒为无机非金属微米/纳米颗粒,本身具有抵抗电荷传递的性能,导致电子传输路径难以击穿复合材料表面的微米/纳米颗粒。因此,当提升SiO2-POTS颗粒在DGEAC树脂内的含量时,微米/纳米结构界面交互区域增加,材料表面电阻率显著增加,加快了电极间材料表面电荷的转移和消散,避免了材料表面电荷堆叠,显著提高了沿面闪络电压。
(1)采用改性SiO2-POTS纳米颗粒与DGEAC结合,通过非溶剂诱导相分离技术构建了具有微米/微米/纳米三层分级结构的DGEAC/SiO2-POTS超疏水涂层。该结构显著提升了表面粗糙度与空气捕获能力,接触角达162.2°,滚动角低于5°。
(2)该超疏水涂层在分别经过400次砂纸磨损、100次胶带剥离后,仍保持接触角大于150°的超疏水性能,这主要归因于其微骨架结构对表层的有效保护。在分别经过酸/碱腐蚀、168 h紫外老化、15次高低温交变循环测试后,涂层的接触角变化小于8°,滚动角始终保持在10°以内,表明其具有优异的化学稳定性和环境耐久性。
(3)该超疏水涂层在-10℃低温下的结冰时间比裸露绝缘子延长了4倍,有效降低冰核形成概率。液滴在-10℃超疏水涂层表面的固液接触时间仅6.5 ms,覆冰粘附力低至28.7 kPa,较裸露绝缘子降低了85%以上,可借助自然外力实现被动除冰。
(4)通过乙二醇介导的动态共价键酯交换反应,可实现涂层中SiO2-POTS颗粒的高效回收。FTIR测试结果证实回收颗粒化学结构稳定,为资源循环利用提供新途径。
(5)该超疏水涂层的体积电阻率维持在1014
Ω·cm量级,满足绝缘要求,介电常数稳定在3.67~3.91。SiO2-POTS质量分数为4%时,涂层的沿面闪络电压相对于裸露绝缘子提升了11.5%,归因于微纳米结构延长表面电子路径并抑制电荷累积。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.005
  • 接收时间:2025-07-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-16
  • 修回日期:2025-09-09
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    1云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,云南 昆明 650217
    2华北电力大学 电力机械装备健康维护与失效预防河北省重点实验室,河北 保定 071066

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王鹏(1986-),男(汉族),河北保定人,教授,主要从事电力防灾减灾的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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