Article(id=1304921541150528310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745337600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-23, revisedDate=1749398400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047139680, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047139680, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047139680, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047139680, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921526004904728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047136068, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118116024, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=77, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921541507044151, articleId=1304921541150528310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on breakdown field strength of high-pressure clean air under lightning impulse and DC voltage, columnId=1304921526780850970, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Low-carbon Environmental Protection Advanced Insulation Materials, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the strong greenhouse effect of SF₆ insulating gas, finding its alternative medium has become an industry consensus. Clean air, as an environmental friendly insulating medium, is considered as a promising candidate for DC GIS equipment. To investigate the insulation characteristics of high-pressure clean air, the breakdown characteristics of air at different pressures (0.6–0.9 MPa) under positive and negative lightning impulse voltages and DC voltage were measured in uniform and slightly non-uniform electric fields with a 10 mm gap. The time-volume theory was introduced, and a breakdown field strength prediction model was established based on this theory. Finally, the model predictions were compared with the experimental results. The results show that in uniform field, the breakdown field strength under negative polarity exhibits greater dispersion. In slightly non-uniform field, among the four cases, the breakdown field strength under negative lightning impulse is the lowest, and the breakdown field strength exhibits a saturation effect with the increase of pressure. The time-volume theory can accurately capture the trend of breakdown field strength changing with pressure. This model considers the electric field enhancement on the electrode surface caused by micro-protrusions, and the predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

, authors=Liuhuo WANG1, Qiang SUN1, Han QI1, Chenhao JIA2, Boya ZHANG2, *, authorsList=Liuhuo WANG, Qiang SUN, Han QI, Chenhao JIA, Boya ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Boya ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921544489194337, articleId=1304921541150528310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=高气压洁净空气雷电冲击与直流作用下的击穿场强研究, columnId=1304921527053480732, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

鉴于SF6绝缘气体的强温室效应,寻找其替代介质已成为行业共识,洁净空气作为一种环境友好型绝缘介质,被认为是直流GIS设备中极具应用前景的候选者。为了研究高气压洁净空气的绝缘特性,测量了10 mm间隙的均匀电场与稍不均匀电场中,不同气压(0.6~0.9 MPa)的空气在正、负极性雷电冲击电压与直流电压作用下的击穿特性,并介绍了时间体积理论,基于该理论建立了击穿场强预测模型,最后将模型预测结果与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明:均匀电场中,负极性下的击穿场强具有更强的分散性。稍不均匀电场中,4种情况中负极性雷电冲击下的击穿场强最低,且击穿场强随着气压的升高出现了饱和效应。时间体积理论能够准确捕捉击穿场强随气压变化的趋势,该模型考虑了电极表面微突起引起的电极表面电场增强,预测结果与实验结果较为吻合。

, authors=王流火1, 孙强1, 祁含1, 贾晨昊2, 张博雅2, *, authorsList=王流火, 孙强, 祁含, 贾晨昊, 张博雅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张博雅, authorNote=

王流火(1985-),男(汉族),陕西蒲城人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气工程及高压技术的研究

, correspAuthorsNote=
张博雅(1990-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事气体放电与开关电弧物理等的研究。
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王流火(1985-),男(汉族),陕西蒲城人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气工程及高压技术的研究

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王流火(1985-),男(汉族),陕西蒲城人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气工程及高压技术的研究

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Breakdown field strength of air under different pressure and voltage waveforms

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电极气压/MPa击穿场强/(kV/mm)
正极性雷电负极性雷电正极性直流负极性直流
板-板电极0.616.4316.2817.5917.70
0.717.9917.4920.0019.96
0.818.9418.6923.2223.16
0.921.0719.5626.2426.34
球-板电极0.615.7914.813.8912.88
0.716.4915.116.1614.93
0.818.1415.317.9316.57
0.918.6115.6118.8518.30
), ArticleFig(id=1304921552844247992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921541150528310, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同气压与电压波形下空气的击穿场强

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电极气压/MPa击穿场强/(kV/mm)
正极性雷电负极性雷电正极性直流负极性直流
板-板电极0.616.4316.2817.5917.70
0.717.9917.4920.0019.96
0.818.9418.6923.2223.16
0.921.0719.5626.2426.34
球-板电极0.615.7914.813.8912.88
0.716.4915.116.1614.93
0.818.1415.317.9316.57
0.918.6115.6118.8518.30
), ArticleFig(id=1304921553179792313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921541150528310, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Data of electrode surface roughness

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扫描区域Ra/μmRp/μmRq/μmRt/μm
11.0446.1811.96562.874
21.5057.8462.86461.949
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电极表面的粗糙度数据

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扫描区域Ra/μmRp/μmRq/μmRt/μm
11.0446.1811.96562.874
21.5057.8462.86461.949
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高气压洁净空气雷电冲击与直流作用下的击穿场强研究
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王流火 1 , 孙强 1 , 祁含 1 , 贾晨昊 2 , 张博雅 2, *
绝缘材料 | 低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题 2026,59(3): 77-87
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绝缘材料 |低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题 2026 , 59 (3) : 77 -87
高气压洁净空气雷电冲击与直流作用下的击穿场强研究
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王流火(1985-),男(汉族),陕西蒲城人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气工程及高压技术的研究

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王流火1, 孙强1, 祁含1, 贾晨昊2, 张博雅2, *
作者信息
  • 1广东电网有限责任公司,广东 广州 510663
  • 2西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
张博雅(1990-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事气体放电与开关电弧物理等的研究。
作者简介:

王流火(1985-),男(汉族),陕西蒲城人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气工程及高压技术的研究

Study on breakdown field strength of high-pressure clean air under lightning impulse and DC voltage
Liuhuo WANG1, Qiang SUN1, Han QI1, Chenhao JIA2, Boya ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Guangdong Power Grid Corporation, Guangzhou 510663, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.009
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鉴于SF6绝缘气体的强温室效应,寻找其替代介质已成为行业共识,洁净空气作为一种环境友好型绝缘介质,被认为是直流GIS设备中极具应用前景的候选者。为了研究高气压洁净空气的绝缘特性,测量了10 mm间隙的均匀电场与稍不均匀电场中,不同气压(0.6~0.9 MPa)的空气在正、负极性雷电冲击电压与直流电压作用下的击穿特性,并介绍了时间体积理论,基于该理论建立了击穿场强预测模型,最后将模型预测结果与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明:均匀电场中,负极性下的击穿场强具有更强的分散性。稍不均匀电场中,4种情况中负极性雷电冲击下的击穿场强最低,且击穿场强随着气压的升高出现了饱和效应。时间体积理论能够准确捕捉击穿场强随气压变化的趋势,该模型考虑了电极表面微突起引起的电极表面电场增强,预测结果与实验结果较为吻合。

空气绝缘  /  高气压  /  间隙击穿  /  时间体积理论

In view of the strong greenhouse effect of SF₆ insulating gas, finding its alternative medium has become an industry consensus. Clean air, as an environmental friendly insulating medium, is considered as a promising candidate for DC GIS equipment. To investigate the insulation characteristics of high-pressure clean air, the breakdown characteristics of air at different pressures (0.6–0.9 MPa) under positive and negative lightning impulse voltages and DC voltage were measured in uniform and slightly non-uniform electric fields with a 10 mm gap. The time-volume theory was introduced, and a breakdown field strength prediction model was established based on this theory. Finally, the model predictions were compared with the experimental results. The results show that in uniform field, the breakdown field strength under negative polarity exhibits greater dispersion. In slightly non-uniform field, among the four cases, the breakdown field strength under negative lightning impulse is the lowest, and the breakdown field strength exhibits a saturation effect with the increase of pressure. The time-volume theory can accurately capture the trend of breakdown field strength changing with pressure. This model considers the electric field enhancement on the electrode surface caused by micro-protrusions, and the predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

air insulation  /  high pressure  /  gap breakdown  /  volume-time theory
王流火, 孙强, 祁含, 贾晨昊, 张博雅. 高气压洁净空气雷电冲击与直流作用下的击穿场强研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (3) : 77 -87 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.009
Liuhuo WANG, Qiang SUN, Han QI, Chenhao JIA, Boya ZHANG. Study on breakdown field strength of high-pressure clean air under lightning impulse and DC voltage[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (3) : 77 -87 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.009
为应对气候变化,早日实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标,海上风电已成为我国能源绿色转型的重要战略支撑。目前,我国已探明的深远海风电资源储量超过1亿千瓦,深远海风电资源的开发与大规模输出将成为必然趋势。2022年6月,国家发改委等九部门联合发布了《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》,明确提出有序推进海上风电基地建设,为我国海上风电产业发展指明了方向。
柔性直流输电技术作为深远海风电输出的首选解决方案,其发展使深远海风电的并网成为可能。更高电压等级、更大容量的集约化柔性直流技术以及更加轻量化的海上换流平台被广泛认为是降低海上风电开发成本、实现平价上网的有效技术路径。直流场设备是海上平台的重要组成部分,传统敞开式空气绝缘直流场设备占据较大空间,限制了大容量和轻量化海上平台的发展,而在柔性直流输电系统直流侧,通过采用气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)可以显著降低换流平台的占用空间和设备质量。相比传统开关设备,直流GIS体积减小70%以上,且直流GIS设备具有高可靠性、受外界环境影响小等优势,在海上风电换流平台和陆上换流站具有广阔的应用前景,是推动我国直流输电技术发展的关键。
直流GIS设备中的绝缘介质主要是SF6。SF6是强电负性气体,是迄今为止已探明的性能最为优良的气体绝缘介质和灭弧介质,其击穿场强为空气的2.5~3.0倍,灭弧能力更是高达空气的100倍以上,在电气、石油、航空航天等领域得到了广泛的应用[1]。然而SF6具有极强的温室效应,其全球增温潜势值(GWP)为CO2的24 300倍,大气寿命达3 000年以上[2],是目前已知的最强温室气体之一。1997年签订的《京都协议书》中已明确将SF6列为限用或禁用的温室气体,在全球减碳的背景下,使用对环境污染更低的气体来代替SF6气体已成为近年来研究的热点,在直流GIS中采用更加环保的气体作为绝缘介质将拥有巨大前景。
目前,可以用来替代SF6的气体主要有30种,可以分为3类:①常规气体,如空气、N2、CO2等;②SF6混合气体,如SF6/N2混合气体、SF6/CO2混合气体等;③合成气体,如CF3I、C4F7N等[3]。其中SF6混合气体和合成气体的GWP值虽然低于SF6气体,但仍远高于常规气体[4]。而空气与其他气体相比获取成本更低,且对环境无任何污染,这些特点使空气成为了SF6的理想替代气体,有望应用到直流GIS设备中。
由于相同气压下SF6气体的击穿场强约为空气的3倍,将洁净空气应用于直流GIS设备的最有效方法之一是通过压缩空气、提高气体压力来提高其击穿场强[5]。目前已有国内外学者对压缩空气的击穿特性展开研究[6-11],其中大部分研究都聚焦于气压在0.6 MPa以下洁净空气的击穿特性。一般来说,气体的击穿电压会随着气压的增大而升高,但当气压增大到一定程度后,击穿电压会出现饱和现象,且设备的制造成本也会随之增大,因此较少有研究使用直流GIS中的典型工况来研究空气的击穿特性,即准均匀电场和较大的电极间隙。近年来也有部分学者开始关注高气压下洁净空气的击穿场强,例如A HOPF等[12]测量了2.6 MPa气压下准均匀电场中几毫米短间隙下空气的击穿场强。此外,顾乐等[13]设计了一种采用“真空开断+洁净空气”绝缘方案的126 kV环保型GIS,并对洁净空气在0.35~0.9 MPa下的雷电击穿电压进行了测量,最后选用0.65 MPa(表压)作为126 kV洁净空气绝缘环保GIS的工作压力。上述研究大多通过实验得到空气的击穿场强,而为了在直流GIS设备中应用洁净空气作为气体绝缘介质,有必要通过仿真对高气压下洁净空气的击穿场强进行预测,以优化直流GIS设备的绝缘设计,保障其可靠性。时间体积理论作为一种预测击穿场强的方法,具有良好的准确性,已有学者利用该理论对SF6气体在冲击电压作用下的击穿电压进行了预测,并取得良好效果[14]
据此,本文首先研究均匀电场和稍不均匀电场中0.6~0.9 MPa空气在雷电冲击与直流作用下的间隙击穿特性,并利用时间体积理论对间隙长度为10 mm的均匀电场与稍不均匀电场中洁净空气的雷电冲击击穿场强进行预测,验证基于时间体积理论预测的洁净空气击穿场强与实验结果的吻合性。
实验所采用的雷电冲击实验回路如图1所示,包括900 kV雷电冲击电压发生器、实验罐体、300 pF电容分压器、数字示波器(Tektronix MDO3012型,带宽和采用频率分别为100 MHz和2.5 GHz)。直流电压实验回路如图2所示,包括600 kV直流电压源、实验罐体、电阻分压器和高压试验控制台,控制信号的发送与电压数据的采集通过高压试验控制台完成。
实验中采用两个Rogowski电极产生均匀电场,电极直径为86 mm,其中心区域的电场不均匀系数接近1,能够提供一个高度均匀的强切向电场,电场利用系数一般接近或大于0.98,可进一步优化电场分布的均匀性。采用球-板电极产生稍不均匀电场,球电极的直径为30 mm,电极材料均为黄铜,电极间隙长度设置为10 mm。实验罐体在充入洁净空气前已进行多次洗气并抽真空至气压<50 Pa,洁净空气的气压被设置在0.6~0.9 MPa。
采用升降压法获得洁净空气在雷电冲击作用下的击穿场强,施加的电压为正极性或负极性的雷电冲击电压,波前时间为1.2 μs、半峰值时间为50,实验步骤如下:
(1)施加预期击穿电压一次。
(2)如果未发生击穿,则在上一次施加电压的基础上增加2%,重复该步骤,直到发生击穿,记录当前击穿电压。
(3)如果发生击穿,则在上一次电压的基础上减小2%,重复该步骤,直到不再发生击穿,再进行步骤(2)。
(4)重复步骤(1)~(3)20次。未发生击穿时,间隔1 min后重新施压;发生击穿时,间隔3 min以上再进行施压。
采用直接升压法获得直流间隙击穿电压,持续升压至气体间隙发生击穿,记为一次有效实验。每次施加电压间隔在3 min以上,每种实验条件下有效实验次数>20次。
图3为施加正、负极性雷电冲击电压时,不同气压下空气间隙的击穿场强。
图3(a)可以看出,正极性雷电冲击电压下,随着气压增大,击穿场强整体提高,这是由于气压增加后气体分子密度增大,电子在碰撞中被捕获的概率更高,从而增加了绝缘性能。0.8 MPa下击穿场强偏低于拟合线,可能与雷电冲击下击穿电压具有的随机性有关。从图3(b)可以看出,负极性下击穿场强与气压的关系与正极性下呈现的规律一致,击穿场强整体均随着气压增大而提高。与正极性不同的是,负极性下击穿场强的概率分布分散性更大,但这一点在0.6 MPa时并不明显,随着气压增加,击穿场强的分散性增大。这可能与负极性下的击穿机制有关,在负极性下,电场集中在阴极表面,微突起处会引发更强的场发射效应,而场发射电子数量对微突起的几何形状和电场强度极其敏感,这些因素在实验中难以完全均匀控制,导致击穿电压的分散性增加。而在0.6 MPa下,击穿发生所需的电场强度较低,较低的电场强度使得放电过程中场发射或空间电荷积累对整体击穿行为的影响较小,使数据分布更集中。
图4为均匀电场中不同极性下50%击穿场强与气压大小之间的关系。从图4可以看出,在4个气压下,正极性的50%击穿场强均高于负极性;在负极性下,随着气压升高,50%击穿场强增长趋于缓慢,相较于正极性表现出更明显的饱和趋势。这一结果与H GOSHIMA等[15]对于氮气的研究结果一致。正极性下的击穿主要依赖于气体分子的电子雪崩和电离扩展,相比之下电极表面微突起所引起的局部电场增强对正极性击穿的影响较小,随着气压增加,气体分子的密度增大,因此正极性50%击穿场强的增长更稳定。而负极性下的击穿受阴极表面场发射电子主导,在高气压下,电极微突起所引发的场发射效应更显著,对击穿的影响进一步增强,限制了击穿场强的增长。
图5为均匀电场中空气在正、负极性直流电压作用下的间隙击穿场强。从图5可以看出,均匀电场中直流电压的极性对空气的击穿场强没有显著的影响,不同极性同一气压下空气的击穿场强大致相等。空气的击穿场强与气压大小呈现出近似的线性关系。
图6为稍不均匀电场中正、负雷电冲击作用下的击穿场强。从图6可以看出,稍不均匀电场中,空气的雷电冲击击穿场强与均匀场(图3)相比有所下降,且不再与气压呈现线性关系,而是在气压增大时呈现饱和趋势。因此在不均匀电场中,升高气压对提升气体间隙击穿电压的作用有限。
图7为稍不均匀场中不同极性雷电冲击下的50%击穿场强。从图7可以看出,稍不均匀电场中的雷电冲击击穿场强极性效应随着气压增大逐渐变得明显,具体表现为空气间隙在负极性雷电冲击下更易被击穿。这是因为在负极性下电晕更易发生,而稍不均匀场的电晕很不稳定,此时的电晕起始电压接近于间隙击穿电压。
图8为稍不均匀电场中正、负极性直流电压作用下空气间隙的击穿场强。从图8可以看出,与均匀电场(图5)相比,稍不均匀场中直流电压作用下的击穿场强显示出极性效应,除0.9 MPa情况外,正极性击穿场强平均高出负极性击穿场强8%左右。以上实验中测得空气击穿场强数据如表1所示。
用来预测最小击穿电压的传统流柱起始准则如式(1)所示。
Xcr(α-η) dx=k
式(1)中:α为电离系数;η为附着系数;Xcr为临界雪崩长度;k为电子崩中净电离系数的积分阈值。
在电场方向漂移的电子崩包含的电子数量达到某个阈值时,会转化为流注型放电。这个临界雪崩数量,记为ek(e=2.718),其值约为108 [16]。本文中将k设为18,αη的数据引自现有的相关研究[17-18]。文献[19]表明,通过式(1)预测的击穿电压低于实验结果,这是因为该式预测的击穿电压是当气体中存在初始电子时的击穿电压,洁净空气中初始电子的主要来源是负离子的脱附,然而洁净空气中的水分非常少,导致负离子很少[20]。因此,初始电子供应的统计时间延迟影响了冲击电压下的击穿电压。
本文利用时间体积理论来预测均匀场中压缩空气在雷电冲击电压下的间隙击穿场强,根据时间体积理论,间隙击穿发生的概率(P)随时间的变化可以通过式(2)计算,此方程将电场随时间和空间的变化及气体中初始电子生成概率考虑在内[15]
P=1-exp -0tVcrdnedt1-ηαdVdt
式(2)中:Vcr为临界体积,其范围由以下两个条件共同确定:α>η,并且满足式(1)所示的流柱起始条件;dne/dt为单位体积和时间内从负离子上脱离的预期电子数量,可由电子脱离系数kd和负离子密度n-表示,如式(3)所示。
dnedt=kdn-
文献[21]中详细阐述了空气中电子吸附产生负离子的过程及其通过电子剥离而损失的过程,本文沿用其理论,考虑以下反应过程。首先,空气中有式(4)~(5)所示两个主要的电子附着反应,然后空气中的负离子主要反应如式(6)~(9)所示。
e+O2O-+O
e+O2+MO2-+M
O2-+O2+O2+O2
O-+O2e+O2-+O
O-+N2N2O+e
O-+O2+MO3-+M
式(4)~(9)中:M表示O2或N2。在100 TdTd为约化电场强度,是电场强度E与气体分子数密度N的比值E/N)以上时,主要的电子附着反应是通过式(4)生成O-的反应,然后生成的O-立即通过式(7)的电荷交换反应生成O2-。因此,只有式(6)所示的与O2-的电子分离反应才可视为与空气中负离子的电子分离。O2-发生电子脱离反应的平均时间γ=kd-1,可由式(10)[20]得到。
γ=1.17×10-4exp 2.91×107E
式(10)中,E是电场强度。
为了简化计算,假设在0.1 MPa压力下空气中的O2-密度n-=2 cm-3[22]。因宇宙射线产生的离子生成速率与压力成正比,而扩散系数与压力成反比,故假设负离子密度与压力的平方成正比[21-23],如式(11)所示。
n-=2p0.12
实验中所采用的电极表面并非光滑,而是有许多微小的突起,这些突起会在电极表面形成较高的场强,对击穿电压有较大影响。为了将电极粗糙度对击穿电压的影响考虑在内,本文建立了电极表面微小突起模型,并对电极表面的场强分布情况进行模拟。
使用3D光学轮廓仪以及白光光学显微镜对电极表面两块尺寸为1 mm×1 mm的区域进行轮廓扫描测量,表面粗糙度分布结果如图9表2所示,其中Ra为轮廓偏差绝对值的算术平均值,是最常用、最能代表表面平均起伏程度的参数;Rp是在整个测量长度内,轮廓的最高峰到中线的距离,其物理意义为表面轮廓的最高峰高度;Rq是轮廓偏差的均方根值;Rt是在整个测量长度内,轮廓的最高峰和最低谷之间的垂直距离。
现假设电极表面均匀分布着高度为a、半径为b的突起,相邻两个突起之间的间隔为W。在此模型中,取a=12 μm,b=1 μm,W=20 μm,此时的Ra与真实电极的表面情况比较符合。在这种情况下,给两极板间施加1 kV的电压,得到电极之间的场强分布如图10所示。从图10可以看出,电极表面的最大电场强度(Emax)出现在突起的尖端处,约为5.1 kV/cm,电场较强的突起附近,电子雪崩更容易转化为电晕。板-板电极间的电场强度平均值(Ea)约为1 kV/cm,由此可见,电极结构表面的电场强度被放大了5倍左右。为了简化计算,假设电场在电极表面附近是均匀增强的。
而当电极表面形成高电场时,电极表面会发生场致发射现象,电子从电极表面进入气体[24],根据Fowler-Nordheim方程(F-N方程),得到式(12)~(14)。
j=1.54×10-6(βE)2φexp -6.83×109φ32θ(y)βE
θ(y)=0.956-1.06y2
y=3.79×104βEφ
式(12)~(14)中:j是隧穿电流密度,A/m2E是电极表面的电场强度,由上文可知E=5Ea,V/m;φ是电极金属的功函数,eV;β是场强增强因子。
在本研究中,假设电极表面为黄铜材料,电极金属的功函数为4.5 eV。β值基于假设的微突起的长宽比a/b。在电极表面存在微突起的情况下,预计在几十千伏每毫米的电场下会观察到基于F-N方程的阴极电场发射。通过将电流密度j除以基本电荷e=1.6×10-19 C,可以得到随电场变化的单位面积和时间内发射的电子数量。阴极的发射电子数量对电场有强烈依赖,因此在高电场下,阴极发射的影响增大。定义临界面积Scr为通过Vcr的电场线离开电极表面的区域,更精确地说,电子仅从微突起尖端的电场增强区域发射,假设在突起尖端半球形区域(半径为1 μm)的电场被加强,用有效临界面积Scr代替Scr。通过在有效临界面积Scr上积分,j/e可以确定单位时间内发展成电子雪崩的电极表面发射的电子数量。考虑到电极表面场致发射的影响,时间体积理论式(2)可以扩展为式(15)。
P=1-exp -0tVcrdnedt1-ηαdV+Scr'jedSdt
式(15)中:dne/dt(1-η/α)是气体中单位体积和时间内初始电子生成的概率;j/e是单位面积和时间内从电极发射的电子数量。
本文通过结合COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1和MATLAB,基于修改后的时间体积理论(式(15))来计算均匀场中空气间隙在雷电冲击作用下的击穿场强,具体流程如图11所示。
(1)建立几何模型。本文在COMSOL中建立了二维板-板和球-板电极结构模型。给高压电极施加1 kV的电压,通过计算电场分布以求解电场不均匀度(f ),如图12所示。从图12可以看出,板-板电极结构中最大电场强度Emax出现在板电极边缘,而电极中心电场分布较均匀,f接近1,为均匀电场。球-板电极结构中最大电场强度Emax出现在球电极尖端处,f为1.91。
(2)设置相关参数。参数包括电极材料、空气域的设定参数,以及击穿概率计算表达式及其各项系数等。
(3)施加雷电冲击电压。电压为0时,间隙中场强为0,计算隧穿电流密度j与电子脱离系数kd出现奇点而导致程序不收敛的情况,在标准雷电冲击电压波形上添加一微小的直流分量,其大小为所施加雷电冲击电压幅值的2%,经验证,所添加的直流分量对结果的影响可以忽略。
(4)考虑电场粗糙度影响。电极表面突起相对电极本身而言太过微小,而电极表面的微突起所引发的电场增强现象几乎只在电极表面出现。为了简化计算,假设电极表面附近的电场均匀增加,电极结构表面的电场强度约为电极间平均电场强度的5倍。
(5)计算积分区域。本文中通过两个判据来确定积分区域Vcr,即满足α>η以及式(1)条件。为了简化计算,Scr选择下电极表面。
(6)在一个小时间段Δt内,计算初始电子生成的概率dne/dt(1-η/α)在Vcr上的积分和从电极发射的电子数量j/eScr上的积分,接着令t增加一个步长,计算下一个小时间段Δt内的积分,在雷电冲击电压应用的时间段内重复此计算,最终累加得到对时间t的积分,通过式(15)得到此雷电冲击电压下的间隙击穿概率P
(7)计算出当前电压下的间隙击穿概率P后,令电压的幅值V′=V+dV,本文中dV设定为1 kV,通过在施加脉冲电压的时间段内重复这一系列计算,最终可以获得该气压下间隙击穿概率P与雷电冲击电压的关系。
其中步骤(1)~(5)以及步骤(6)的积分部分在COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1中实现,步骤(6)中P的计算及步骤(7)由MATLAB实现。
图13是在0.6~0.9 MPa气压下,对板-板电极施加正极性雷电脉冲电压时的50%击穿场强的实验结果和预测结果对比。其中每个气压下的实验结果与预测结果用符号标记,拟合曲线用虚线绘制。从图13可以看出,实验值与预测值之间的吻合度较高,说明时间体积理论模型可以较好地预测击穿电压和击穿概率。尽管图13未显示,但在正极性雷电脉冲电压作用下,由电极表面微突起所引发的电场增强效果对模拟结果的影响可以忽略不计,这可能是由于在正极性下的击穿主要依赖于气体分子的电子雪崩和电离扩展,并且电子的迁移削弱了正极性下电极表面的局部电场强度,相比之下负极性下的击穿受阴极表面场发射电子主导,且空穴因其低迁移率难以削弱凸起处的场强畸变。在气压较低时,预测值和实验值之间存在一定偏差,这种偏差可能是由于空间电荷引起了电场畸变,因为在低气压下,电子崩的发展会覆盖更大的空间范围,随着气压升高,该偏差有减小的趋势,而0.8 MPa下的偏差最大可能是因为模型是在理想条件下预测击穿电压,而实际击穿往往会受吸附杂质、空间电荷分布等复杂因素影响。除此之外,雷电冲击作用下的击穿场强分布具有较强的分散性也是导致预测值和实验值之间存在偏差的原因之一。
图14是在0.6~0.9 MPa气压下,对板-板电极施加负极性雷电脉冲电压时,考虑电极表面的场致发射影响后的50%击穿场强实验结果与预测结果对比。从图14可以看出,实验值和预测值的趋势基本相同,呈现近乎线性的增长,这说明时间体积理论能够准确捕捉击穿场强随气压变化的趋势。然而预测值整体要稍大于实验值,这可能是由于在建立电极表面的简化凸起模型时采用了与实际电极等效的Ra值,而Ra只能反映电极表面轮廓整体高低起伏的平均值,难以反映轮廓的细节特征(如尖峰或深谷),通常这些特征区域的电场畸变会更大,从而更容易导致击穿。
图15是对球-板电极间隙施加正、负极性雷电冲击电压时,50%击穿场强的实验结果与预测结果的对比。从图15可以看出,即使在稍不均匀场中,时间体积理论也能够预测空气间隙在雷电冲击作用下击穿场强的极性效应,同时也能够预测稍不均匀场中击穿场强具有更为明显的饱和趋势。
(1)在10 mm均匀电场和稍不均匀电场中测量了0.6~0.9 MPa下正、负极性雷电冲击电压与直流电压作用下洁净空气的击穿场强,结果表明,均匀场中,正、负极性雷电冲击下的50%击穿场强都随气压增加而升高,且负极性下的击穿场强具有更强的分散性,而直流作用下的击穿场强没有极性效应。稍不均匀场中,4种情况中负极性雷电冲击下的击穿场强最低,且空气间隙的击穿场强随着气压的升高出现了饱和效应,击穿场强的极性效应也更显著,同一气压下正极性直流击穿场强略大于负极性直流击穿场强(8%左右)。因此,在对使用空气绝缘的直流GIS设备进行绝缘结构设计时,考虑到在稍不均匀场中空气的击穿场强具有饱和现象,应确保电场不均匀系数尽可能低。同时,建议在对电场不均匀系数较小的稍不均匀场结构进行绝缘设计时,以负极性雷电冲击作为绝缘设计的基准条件,并相比正极性预留更高裕度。
(2)利用时间体积理论建立了击穿场强的预测模型,该模型考虑了电极表面微突起引起的电极表面电场增强。结果表明,仿真结果与实验数据较吻合,且能够解释实验结果,包括击穿场强的极性效应,验证了时间体积理论的有效性。理论上,时间体积理论能够预测任意电压波形施加到任意电极形状时的击穿场强,因此该方法有望应用于直流GIS设备的设计中。后续的研究可以围绕不同电极材料和不同场利用率下的放电起始电压来验证这一理论。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.009
  • 接收时间:2025-04-23
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-23
  • 修回日期:2025-06-09
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    1广东电网有限责任公司,广东 广州 510663
    2西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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张博雅(1990-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事气体放电与开关电弧物理等的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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