Article(id=1304921539242128294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750003200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-16, revisedDate=1753632000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047139225, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047139225, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047139225, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047139225, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921526004904728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047136068, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118116024, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219237560217895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921526004904728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=50, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921539456037799, articleId=1304921539242128294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on comprehensive properties of rosin-based epoxy vitrimer based on boronic ester bonds, columnId=1304921526780850970, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Low-carbon Environmental Protection Advanced Insulation Materials, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the resource dependence and recycling challenges faced by traditional petroleum-based epoxy resins in power equipment applications, this study synthesized a fumarate epoxy matrix (FPAE) from renewable rosin through Diels-Alder addition reaction. A curing agent (BDB) containing boronic ester dynamic bonds was used to construct a cross-linked network via thiol-epoxy click chemistry, and a rosin-based epoxy vitrimer material (FPAE-BDB) was prepared. The thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties, as well as degradation and recyclability characteristics of the material were systematically characterized by dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile tests, dielectric spectroscopy tests, breakdown strength tests, and degradation/reprocessing experiments. The results show that the material exhibits excellent thermal properties. Its glass transition temperature (131.8℃) increased by 8.3% compared to the commercial DGEBA-MHHPA system (121.6℃). Its initial decomposition temperature (Td5%=332.4℃) and 50% thermal weight loss temperature (Td50%=408.6℃) are comparable with those of DGEBA-MHHPA system. Its characteristic breakdown strength reaches 44.38 kV/mm, which is 7.3% higher than the 41.35 kV/mm of DGEBA-MHHPA. Its dielectric constant remains stable at 3.5-3.8, and its dielectric loss factor is slightly higher than that of DGEBA-MHHPA. Additionally, the material demonstrates good chemical degradation and recyclability, which can efficiently degrade in acidic H2O2 solution at room temperature. After crushing, it is hot pressed at 160℃ and reshaped, its breakdown strength retention rate attains 92.5%. However, due to its rigid phenanthrene ring structure, the material exhibits high brittleness, leading to shortcomings in mechanical properties, and its tensile strength (38.9 MPa) is lower than that of the DGEBA-MHHPA system(72.1 MPa). In summary, compared to the DGEBA-MHHPA system, the FPAE-BDB system shows good thermal, electrical, and recovery properties. Future work may involve toughening modification to enhance its mechanical properties.

, authors=Yibo HU, Changhai SUN*, Baitong CHEN, Yitao QIU, Wei LI, Zhixuan LI, authorsList=Yibo HU, Changhai SUN, Baitong CHEN, Yitao QIU, Wei LI, Zhixuan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Changhai SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921541993591748, articleId=1304921539242128294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=基于硼酸酯键的松香基环氧Vitrimer综合性能研究, columnId=1304921527053480732, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决传统石油基环氧树脂在电力设备应用中面临的资源依赖与回收难题,本研究以可再生松香为原料,通过Diels-Alder加成反应合成富马海松酸环氧基体(FPAE),并利用含硼酸酯动态键的固化剂(BDB)经硫醇-环氧点击化学构建交联网络,成功制备松香基环氧Vitrimer材料(FPAE-BDB)。通过动态热机械分析、热重分析、拉伸试验、介电谱与击穿强度测试以及降解/再加工实验,系统表征了材料的热性能、力学性能、电气性能以及降解与回收特性。结果表明:该材料热性能优异,玻璃化转变温度(131.8℃)较商用DGEBA-MHHPA体系(121.6℃)提升8.3%,初始分解温度(Td5%=332.4℃)与50%热失重温度(Td50%=408.6℃)与之相当。电气性能方面,特征击穿强度(44.38 kV/mm)较DGEBA-MHHPA体系(41.35 kV/mm)提高7.3%,介电常数稳定于3.5~3.8,介质损耗因数略高于DGEBA-MHHPA体系。此外,该材料具备良好的化学降解及可回收性能,可在室温酸性H2O2溶液中高效降解,经粉碎后在160℃下热压再成型,击穿强度保持率达92.5%。但由于刚性菲环结构导致脆性较大,该材料力学性能存在短板,拉伸强度(38.9 MPa)低于DGEBA-MHHPA体系(72.1 MPa)。综上所述,相比于DGEBA-MHHPA体系,FPAE-BDB体系热性能、电气性能和回收性能良好,后续可通过增韧改性以提升其力学性能。

, authors=胡倚搏, 孙长海*, 陈百通, 仇怡涛, 厉玮, 李智轩, authorsList=胡倚搏, 孙长海, 陈百通, 仇怡涛, 厉玮, 李智轩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙长海, authorNote=

胡倚搏(2001-),男(汉族),河南许昌人,硕士生,主要从事环保绝缘材料等方面的研究

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孙长海(1967-),男(汉族),辽宁大连人,正高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、智能微电网技术等方面的研究。
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胡倚搏(2001-),男(汉族),河南许昌人,硕士生,主要从事环保绝缘材料等方面的研究

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胡倚搏(2001-),男(汉族),河南许昌人,硕士生,主要从事环保绝缘材料等方面的研究

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Storage modulus, glass transition temperature, and crosslink density of DGEBA-MHHPA and FPAE-BDB epoxy resin systems

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树脂体系G25℃/MPaTg/℃νe/(mol/m3)
FPAE-BDB2 217.5131.81 240.90
DGEBA-MHHPA2 093.8121.6970.78
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DGEBA-MHHPA和FPAE-BDB环氧树脂体系的储能模量、玻璃化转变温度和交联密度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂体系G25℃/MPaTg/℃νe/(mol/m3)
FPAE-BDB2 217.5131.81 240.90
DGEBA-MHHPA2 093.8121.6970.78
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Thermal performance parameters of DGEBA-MHHPA and FPAE-BDB epoxy resin systems

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树脂体系Td5%/℃Td50%/℃R700/%
FPAE-BDB332.4408.66.5
DGEBA-MHHPA347.2412.25.8
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DGEBA-MHHPA和FPAE-BDB环氧树脂体系的热性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂体系Td5%/℃Td50%/℃R700/%
FPAE-BDB332.4408.66.5
DGEBA-MHHPA347.2412.25.8
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Weibull distribution parameters of DGEBA-MHHPA and FPAE-BDB epoxy resin systems

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树脂体系α/(kV/mm)β
FPAE-BDB44.3825.99
DGEBA-MHHPA41.3518.87
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DGEBA-MHHPA和FPAE-BDB环氧树脂体系的威布尔分布参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂体系α/(kV/mm)β
FPAE-BDB44.3825.99
DGEBA-MHHPA41.3518.87
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Weibull distribution parameters of FPAE-BDB before and after reprocessing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂体系α/(kV/mm)β
FPAE-BDB44.3825.99
再加工FPAE-BDB41.0617.20
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FPAE-BDB再加工前后的威布尔分布参数

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树脂体系α/(kV/mm)β
FPAE-BDB44.3825.99
再加工FPAE-BDB41.0617.20
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基于硼酸酯键的松香基环氧Vitrimer综合性能研究
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胡倚搏 , 孙长海 * , 陈百通 , 仇怡涛 , 厉玮 , 李智轩
绝缘材料 | 低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题 2026,59(3): 50-59
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绝缘材料 |低碳环保先进绝缘材料专题 2026 , 59 (3) : 50 -59
基于硼酸酯键的松香基环氧Vitrimer综合性能研究
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胡倚搏, 孙长海*, 陈百通, 仇怡涛, 厉玮, 李智轩
作者信息
  • 大连理工大学 电气工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
通讯作者:
孙长海(1967-),男(汉族),辽宁大连人,正高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、智能微电网技术等方面的研究。
作者简介:

胡倚搏(2001-),男(汉族),河南许昌人,硕士生,主要从事环保绝缘材料等方面的研究

Study on comprehensive properties of rosin-based epoxy vitrimer based on boronic ester bonds
Yibo HU, Changhai SUN*, Baitong CHEN, Yitao QIU, Wei LI, Zhixuan LI
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.006
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为解决传统石油基环氧树脂在电力设备应用中面临的资源依赖与回收难题,本研究以可再生松香为原料,通过Diels-Alder加成反应合成富马海松酸环氧基体(FPAE),并利用含硼酸酯动态键的固化剂(BDB)经硫醇-环氧点击化学构建交联网络,成功制备松香基环氧Vitrimer材料(FPAE-BDB)。通过动态热机械分析、热重分析、拉伸试验、介电谱与击穿强度测试以及降解/再加工实验,系统表征了材料的热性能、力学性能、电气性能以及降解与回收特性。结果表明:该材料热性能优异,玻璃化转变温度(131.8℃)较商用DGEBA-MHHPA体系(121.6℃)提升8.3%,初始分解温度(Td5%=332.4℃)与50%热失重温度(Td50%=408.6℃)与之相当。电气性能方面,特征击穿强度(44.38 kV/mm)较DGEBA-MHHPA体系(41.35 kV/mm)提高7.3%,介电常数稳定于3.5~3.8,介质损耗因数略高于DGEBA-MHHPA体系。此外,该材料具备良好的化学降解及可回收性能,可在室温酸性H2O2溶液中高效降解,经粉碎后在160℃下热压再成型,击穿强度保持率达92.5%。但由于刚性菲环结构导致脆性较大,该材料力学性能存在短板,拉伸强度(38.9 MPa)低于DGEBA-MHHPA体系(72.1 MPa)。综上所述,相比于DGEBA-MHHPA体系,FPAE-BDB体系热性能、电气性能和回收性能良好,后续可通过增韧改性以提升其力学性能。

松香基环氧树脂  /  环氧Vitrimer  /  绝缘材料  /  可回收

To address the resource dependence and recycling challenges faced by traditional petroleum-based epoxy resins in power equipment applications, this study synthesized a fumarate epoxy matrix (FPAE) from renewable rosin through Diels-Alder addition reaction. A curing agent (BDB) containing boronic ester dynamic bonds was used to construct a cross-linked network via thiol-epoxy click chemistry, and a rosin-based epoxy vitrimer material (FPAE-BDB) was prepared. The thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties, as well as degradation and recyclability characteristics of the material were systematically characterized by dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile tests, dielectric spectroscopy tests, breakdown strength tests, and degradation/reprocessing experiments. The results show that the material exhibits excellent thermal properties. Its glass transition temperature (131.8℃) increased by 8.3% compared to the commercial DGEBA-MHHPA system (121.6℃). Its initial decomposition temperature (Td5%=332.4℃) and 50% thermal weight loss temperature (Td50%=408.6℃) are comparable with those of DGEBA-MHHPA system. Its characteristic breakdown strength reaches 44.38 kV/mm, which is 7.3% higher than the 41.35 kV/mm of DGEBA-MHHPA. Its dielectric constant remains stable at 3.5-3.8, and its dielectric loss factor is slightly higher than that of DGEBA-MHHPA. Additionally, the material demonstrates good chemical degradation and recyclability, which can efficiently degrade in acidic H2O2 solution at room temperature. After crushing, it is hot pressed at 160℃ and reshaped, its breakdown strength retention rate attains 92.5%. However, due to its rigid phenanthrene ring structure, the material exhibits high brittleness, leading to shortcomings in mechanical properties, and its tensile strength (38.9 MPa) is lower than that of the DGEBA-MHHPA system(72.1 MPa). In summary, compared to the DGEBA-MHHPA system, the FPAE-BDB system shows good thermal, electrical, and recovery properties. Future work may involve toughening modification to enhance its mechanical properties.

rosin-based epoxy resin  /  epoxy vitrimer  /  insulating material  /  recyclable
胡倚搏, 孙长海, 陈百通, 仇怡涛, 厉玮, 李智轩. 基于硼酸酯键的松香基环氧Vitrimer综合性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (3) : 50 -59 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.006
Yibo HU, Changhai SUN, Baitong CHEN, Yitao QIU, Wei LI, Zhixuan LI. Study on comprehensive properties of rosin-based epoxy vitrimer based on boronic ester bonds[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (3) : 50 -59 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.006
环氧树脂作为一种热固性高分子聚合物材料,凭借其优异的力学性能、耐热性、耐腐蚀性及绝缘特性[1-3],在电力设备绝缘领域占据着至关重要的地位,广泛应用于干式电抗器[4]、干式变压器[5]、电流互感器[6]及复合绝缘子[7]等设备中。
当前,电工装备中应用最广泛的双酚A环氧树脂(DGEBA)是一种石油基化合物,其大量使用不仅加剧石油资源危机,还带来环境污染问题。因此,开发绿色可再生的生物基环氧树脂作为新型绝缘材料,用于代替传统石油基环氧树脂,近年来备受关注[8-12]。生物基环氧树脂是指以可再生原料,通过环氧化手段制备的环氧树脂或固化剂。目前,国内外研究人员对松香[13-14]、植物油[15-17]、木质素[18]、生物酚类[19]等多种可再生原材料合成环氧树脂展开了广泛研究。在众多生物质原料中,松香是一种源自松树的天然可再生材料,具有来源广泛、成本低廉、安全无毒等优势。其主要成分松香酸属于三环二萜类化合物,分子中的庞大氢菲环骨架在结构上与芳香树脂的苯环类似。这种结构特征赋予了松香酸优异的综合性能,包括出色的耐高低温性能、绝缘性能、强粘接能力、抗腐蚀及耐紫外线老化特性等,使其有望替代石油基芳香族化合物。此外,松香酸分子结构中的共轭双烯和羧基官能团,为通过Diels-Alder(D-A)加成反应及酯化反应制备环氧树脂提供了可能。将松香的氢菲环结构单元引入环氧树脂,可显著增强树脂的耐热稳定性与耐候性能[20]。LIU X Q等[21]以松香为原料合成了三官能团松香基环氧树脂,其固化产物具有高玻璃化转变温度(164℃)、弯曲强度(70 MPa)和弯曲模量(2 200 MPa),性能可与石油基DGEBA媲美。刘贺晨等[22]以松香为原料制备了马来海松基环氧树脂(MPAER),并用甲基六氢苯酐(MHHPA)固化后测试其电气性能。结果表明,MPAER电气性能总体略低于DGEBA,但仍具有良好的绝缘性能。然而,此类树脂与传统热固性树脂类似,固化后形成永久三维交联网络,导致其难以回收再利用,造成资源浪费。
针对环氧树脂的回收难题,在树脂网络中引入动态共价键被视为极具前景的解决方案[23]。这类共价键在特定条件下可实现网络拓扑结构的动态重组,赋予环氧树脂可重塑与可回收等动态特性。2011年,D MONTARNAL等[24]首次提出类玻璃体高分子(Vitrimer)概念,通过将环氧树脂与多元酸反应,构建了可在锌类催化剂作用下发生酯交换反应的可重塑环氧体系。目前,Vitrimer中应用的动态共价键主要包括酯键[25]、席夫碱[26-27]、二硫键[28-29]、硼酸酯键[30]等。其中,硼酸酯键因易合成、稳定性强且能在温和条件下可逆交换等优势而备受关注。例如,CHEN Y等[31]使用一种含硫醇基团的硼酯化合物(BDB)作为交联剂,通过与商用丁苯橡胶(SBR)进行硫醇-烯点击反应,制备了含硼酸酯键的自修复可回收橡胶材料。该材料不仅力学性能优异,且经多次剪碎并热压回收后,其力学性能基本保持不变,可再生性能优异。ZENG Y N等[32]采用松香基环氧树脂为基材,引入硼酸酯键构建动态交联网络,制备了生物基环氧Vitrimer材料。研究表明,该材料借助硼酸酯键的动态特性实现了高效回收再加工,且回收后性能稳定。然而,目前针对生物基环氧Vitrimer材料(包括上述松香基体系)的研究大多聚焦于热性能与力学性能,对其电气绝缘性能的系统研究仍较为缺乏,阻碍了对其综合性能的全面评估及其在电工装备领域应用前景的准确判断。
将高性能生物基环氧树脂的可再生优势与动态共价键的动态响应特性相结合,在电工装备绝缘材料领域具有显著的应用潜力,然而,目前针对生物基环氧Vitrimer材料在电工装备服役环境下的研究相对匮乏。因此,本文选择具有应用潜力的松香基环氧树脂,并引入硼酸酯动态交联网络,合成兼具优异可回收性及综合性能的环氧Vitrimer材料。对材料的热性能、力学性能、电气性能、回收性能进行表征,并与传统电工环氧双酚A环氧树脂的性能进行对比分析,评估其在电工装备领域的应用潜力,为开发绿色电工绝缘材料提供参考。
松香,主要成分为松香酸,酸值为169 mgKOH/g,上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司;反丁烯二酸,分析纯,天津华盛化学试剂有限公司;环氧氯丙烷(EC)、乙醇、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、氢氧化钾(KOH)、二氯甲烷、1,4-苯二硼酸、1-硫代甘油、硫酸镁、四氢呋喃(THF)、三乙胺、正庚烷,均为分析纯,上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司。
采用富马海松酸(FPA)制备松香基环氧树脂(FPAE)基体,合成流程如图1(a)所示[33]。FPA制备过程如下:向装有冷凝管、温度计、搅拌子和N2入口的三颈烧瓶中加入40 g松香和10 g反丁烯二酸,在200℃下反应2 h进行Diels-Alder反应,得到棕黄色产物富马松香粗产物。对粗产物使用NaOH成盐,并使用乙醇溶液重结晶纯化,最后将钠盐酸化并真空抽滤和研磨,得到白色粉末FPA,产率为83%。FPAE制备过程如下:向配备有回流冷凝器、搅拌子、温度计和N2入口的三颈烧瓶中加入30 g FPA、122 g EC和0.15 g三乙胺(FPA和EC的总质量的1%)。将体系的温度保持在110℃,直到酸值小于0.5 mgKOH/g。待温度冷却至60℃后,向反应中加入10 g固体KOH(0.18 mol),并在65℃下保持1 h。随后向体系中再加入6 g固体KOH(0.11 mol),在65℃下保持3 h后,过滤去除KCl和KOH等无机物以纯化粗产物,滤液用水洗涤至pH=7,然后去除水相。在真空干燥箱中加热至80℃并保持3 h,去除EC和H2O,得到黄色透明液体FPAE,产率为76%。
通过1,4-苯二硼酸和1-硫代甘油制备2,2′-(1,4-苯基)-双[4-巯基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼烷](BDB)作为固化剂[31],合成流程如图1(b)所示,制备流程如下:将3.0 g 1,4-苯二硼酸和4.0 g 1-硫代甘油溶解在80 mL四氢呋喃中,并加入0.1 mL水和5.0 g硫酸镁。在室温下搅拌24 h后过滤不溶物,对混合物进行旋蒸,得到白色固体。然后,将白色固体在正庚烷中于50℃下搅拌1 h后过滤干燥。最后将上一步的白色固体溶解在二氯甲烷中,过滤去除不溶物,旋蒸得到白色固体粉末BDB,产率为98%。
FPAE与BDB的交联反应如图1(c)所示,具体制备流程如下:将FPAE与BDB溶解于THF中,充分搅拌至混合均匀,随后在60℃下加热1 h除去溶剂,并将混合物在80℃的真空干燥箱中恒温脱气0.5 h,气泡消失后,立即转移至预热好的模具内,按照120℃/2 h+150℃/4 h+180℃/2 h的流程进行固化,完成后冷却至室温脱模即得到样品。其中FPAE中的环氧基与固化剂BDB中的巯基化学计量比为1∶1,固化后的松香基环氧Vitrimer体系记为FPAE-BDB。
为准确评估所开发可回收松香基树脂体系的性能,本文选用应用最广泛的传统石油基环氧树脂DGEBA进行对比,并采用酸酐类固化剂甲基六氢苯酐(MHHPA)及催化剂2,4,6-三(二甲氨基甲基)苯酚(DMP-30)制备传统石油基环氧树脂体系,记作DGEBA-MHHPA[34]。其中MHHPA是电力设备绝缘领域常用的酸酐类固化剂,熔点低、相容性好,固化产物热稳定性强且绝缘性能优异,DMP-30为叔胺类催化剂,可高效促进酸酐与环氧基的开环反应,确保DGEBA-MHHPA体系完全固化,保证对比性能的准确性。
(1)傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)
使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Nicolet iS50型,Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)对样品进行测试。固体样品采用KBr压片法,液体样品采用涂膜法。扫描波数范围为4 000~500 cm-1,扫描次数为32次,分辨率为4 cm-1
(2)凝胶含量测试
取尺寸相同的样品浸泡于有机溶剂中,24 h后取出,用滤纸吸干表面溶剂,然后置于真空烘箱中干燥至恒重,根据式(1)计算样品的凝胶率ωG
ωG=m2m1×100%
式(1)中:m1是样品的初始质量;m2是样品干燥后的质量。
(3)热重分析(TGA)
使用同步热重分析仪(TGA/DSC3+型,瑞士梅特勒公司)测试样品的热稳定性。称取约15 mg样品,在氩气气氛保护下,以10℃/min的升温速率从室温升至700℃。
(4)动态热机械分析(DMA)
使用动态热机械分析仪(DMA850型,深圳市泰立仪器仪表有限公司),采用拉伸模式测试样品的热机械性能。样品尺寸为40 mm×5 mm×2 mm,以5℃/min的升温速率从室温加热至180℃,同时施加频率为1 Hz、振幅为15 μm的交变应力。
(5)拉伸性能测试
使用微机控制电子万能试验机(5982型,美国波士顿Instron公司)按照GB/T 1040.3—2006在室温下测试标准哑铃型样品的应力-应变曲线,拉伸速率设定为1 mm/min。
(6)工频击穿强度测试
依据IEC 60243-1:2013,采用球形铜电极,在二甲基硅油介质中进行测试。以1 kV/s的恒定速率升压直至样品击穿,记录10个有效击穿电压数据点,并利用Weibull分布进行统计分析,以确定材料的特征击穿强度。
(7)介电性能测试
使用宽频介电阻抗谱仪(IDAX-300型,美国MEGGER公司)在室温下进行测试,频率范围为10-1~106 Hz,样品尺寸为15 mm×15 mm×1 mm。
图2是松香、富马海松酸(FPA)及环氧树脂预聚物(FPAE)的FTIR谱图。从图2可以看见FPA的特征谱带:1 690 cm-1处的强吸收峰归属于羧基(-COOH)中C=O的伸缩振动;3 200~2 500 cm-1处的宽泛弥散吸收峰为羧基的典型特征;2 962 cm-1和2 870 cm-1处的吸收峰则分别归属于甲基和亚甲基的C-H伸缩振动。
对于FPAE,在1 723 cm-1处观察到羰基(-C=O)伸缩振动的吸收峰,在1 243、910、851 cm-1处出现环氧基的吸收峰,证实了环氧基团的存在。上述特征共同证明了由FPA成功合成了目标环氧预聚物FPAE。
为验证松香基环氧树脂固化物FPAE-BDB的成功制备,对BDB及FPAE-BDB进行了FTIR表征,结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,对于BDB,2 569 cm-1处的吸收峰归属于硫醇基团(-SH)的伸缩振动,1 210 cm-1处的吸收峰对应B-O键的伸缩振动。对于FPAE-BDB,FPAE在1 243 cm-1处的环氧基特征峰以及BDB在2 569 cm-1处的硫醇峰均消失,表明FPAE中的环氧基团与BDB中的硫醇基团通过硫醇-环氧点击化学反应形成了交联网络。
凝胶率(ωG)反映聚合物的平均交联密度,可以用来评估聚合物的交联效果,凝胶率测试结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,两种环氧树脂体系的在4种有机溶剂中的凝胶率均在97%以上,在同种有机溶剂中,两种体系均形成了高度完整的交联网络结构。经过24 h溶胀处理后,两种样品颜色未发生变化,且溶剂也未显色,表明样品在所有测试溶剂中仅发生溶胀而未溶解,进一步证明固化后的环氧树脂体系形成了稳定的三维交联网络,并具有优异的耐溶剂性。
采用DMA研究了DGEBA-MHHPA与FPAE-BDB两种环氧树脂体系的热机械性能。储能模量(G′)反映材料在交变应力下的刚性,G′越高表明材料刚性越强;损耗因子(tanδ)反映能量损耗程度,是衡量材料从玻璃态到高弹态转变的关键指标[35]。两体系的G′及tanδ随温度的变化曲线如图5所示。从图5可以看出,随温度升高,两种环氧树脂体系的G′与tanδ变化趋势一致,均表现出非晶态聚合物典型的相转变特征。在玻璃态区域,随着温度上升,固化树脂的G′呈现缓慢下降趋势,而tanδ值极小。这归因于玻璃态下聚合物分子链及链段运动被冻结,仅存在原子或基团在平衡位置的振动。当进入玻璃化转变区域时,材料的力学性能发生显著变化:G′急剧下降约两个数量级,而tanδ则先上升至峰值后回落。具体而言,在tanδ达到峰值之前,温度升高增强了固化树脂分子链段间的相互作用和内摩擦,导致阻尼效应显著;峰值过后,链段运动能力大幅增强,材料表现出高弹性,能量损耗相应减小。
依据橡胶弹性理论,tanδ的最大值即为材料的Tg,本文根据两种环氧树脂体系的Tg,通过式(2)计算两种体系的交联密度。
νe=Er3RT
式(2)中:νe为交联密度,mol/m3Er为(Tg+30℃)下的储能模量,MPa;R为理想气体常数,其值为8.314 J/(K·mol);T为绝对温度,K。
表1总结了两种环氧树脂体系的关键热力学参数。从表1可以看出,FPAE-BDB体系在室温下的储能模量略高于DGEBA-MHHPA体系,表明FPAE-BDB体系具有较高的刚性。同时,FPAE-BDB的Tg亦高于DGEBA-MHHPA。交联聚合物的Tg主要受交联密度与链段结构刚柔性的影响[36],FPAE-BDB体系表现出更高的Tg,这归因于FPAE-BDB的交联密度高于DGEBA-MHHPA,且松香基的刚性菲环结构限制分子链运动,共同导致其Tg更高,热力学稳定性更优异。从tanδ半峰宽分析,FPAE-BDB体系均一性略逊于DGEBA-MHHPA体系,表明其在玻璃化转变过程中有更多不同运动能力的链段参与协同运动。这可能是由于松香基环氧单体作为三官能团环氧预聚体,受空间位阻等因素制约,并非所有环氧基团均参与交联反应所致。
采用TGA对FPAE-BDB与DGEBA-MHHPA环氧树脂体系的热性能进行评估,热重曲线如图6所示,相关数据总结于表2。从图6表2可以看出,FPAE-BDB与DGEBA-MHHPA的初始分解温度(Td5%)分别为332.4℃和347.2℃,50%热失重温度(Td50%)分别为408.6℃和412.2℃,残留率(R700)分别为6.5%和5.8%。两者的热分解温度及残留率相近,表明FPAE-BDB树脂体系具有良好的热稳定性。
图7展示了FPAE-BDB与DGEBA-MHHPA环氧树脂体系的拉伸应力-应变曲线。从图7可以看出,FPAE-BDB体系的平均拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别为38.9 MPa和2.60%,相较于DGEBA-MHHPA体系(分别为72.1 MPa和3.68%)分别降低了46.0%和29.3%,可见FPAE-BDB体系的拉伸强度显著低于DGEBA-MHHPA体系。这种力学性能差异主要归因于FPAE-BDB中松香衍生物所含刚性菲环结构的脆性。较低的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率可能在一定程度上限制FPAE-BDB在电力设备绝缘领域的实际应用,未来研究可通过引入橡胶弹性体或无机纳米粒子[37-38]等策略,对环氧树脂体系进行增韧改性,从而提高环氧树脂体系的力学性能。
高压条件下,绝缘材料的击穿强度为概率值,实验结果具有分散性。因此,采用Weibull分布模型对实验结果进行拟合,如式(3)所示。
F(x)=1-e(xα)β
式(3)中:F(x)为累积击穿概率;x为击穿强度;α为尺度参数,表示击穿概率达到63.2%时的击穿强度;β为形状参数,反映数据分散程度。
图8展示了FPAE-BDB与DGEBA-MHHPA两种环氧树脂体系的击穿强度Weibull分布图,相关参数及特征值总结于表3。从图8表3可以看出,FPAE-BDB体系的特征击穿强度(44.38 kV/mm)相比DGEBA-MHHPA体系(41.35 kV/mm)高7.3%,这可归因于其更高的交联密度和更刚性的分子链结构。较高的交联密度阻碍了空间电荷的积聚,使得在施加高电场时载流子难以累积足够的能量引发击穿。同时,松香基环氧预聚物中固有的刚性菲环结构增强了分子链段的稳定性,使其更难被高能电子碰撞破坏,从而共同提升了材料的击穿强度。
图9展示了FPAE-BDB与DGEBA-MHHPA两种环氧树脂体系的相对介电常数随频率的变化。
图9可以看出,在整个测试频率范围内,两者的介电常数均表现出与频率的负相关性。这是由于环氧树脂材料的极化主要由偶极子极化和界面极化贡献,随着频率升高,电场变化周期缩短,偶极子极化和界面极化过程逐渐无法跟上电场变化,导致宏观极化作用减弱。在相同频率下,FPAE-BDB体系的介电常数比DGEBA-MHHPA体系的更高,这是因为FPAE-BDB体系中含有极性更强、数量更多的酯键(-COO-),加剧了材料的极化程度。传统环氧绝缘材料的相对介电常数通常介于3~5,FPAE-BDB体系的相对介电常数测量值为3.5~3.8,表明其具有优异的介电性能。
图10展示了FPAE-BDB与DGEBA-MHHPA两种环氧树脂体系的介质损耗因数随频率的变化。从图10可以看出,两种材料的介质损耗因数均随频率的升高而先下降后上升。低频段的下降可归因于界面极化作用的弱化。高频区间的上升可归因于高频下极性分子翻转频率增加以及偶极子取向弛豫损耗的显现。FPAE-BDB体系的介质损耗因数总体高于DGEBA-MHHPA体系,这主要是因为FPAE-BDB体系存在更多的极性分子,使得极性损耗增加。
综合电气性能分析表明,FPAE-BDB体系的介质损耗因数在高频下明显高于DGEBA-MHHPA体系。在高频应用场景(如高频变压器、电力电子器件封装)中,较高的损耗可能导致更显著的发热问题,需予以关注。但在工频(50 Hz)及中低频范围内(101~103 Hz),FPAE-BDB体系的介质损耗值仍处于较低水平,这对电力设备(如变压器、电抗器)的稳态运行影响较小。同时,相比于DGEBA-MHHPA体系,FPAE-BDB体系展现出更强的特征击穿强度(提升7.3%),介电常数(3.5~3.8)处于典型环氧树脂介电常数范围内,适合高压绝缘场景[39]。相较于传统环氧体系,FPAE-BDB体系的介电性能在高电压和中低频的范围内更具优势。
为评估FPAE-BDB环氧树脂的化学降解性能,先取适量H2O2溶液,缓慢滴加HCl至pH=3.0,制得H2O2-HCl降解液,再称取约0.1 g FPAE-BDB样品置于上述降解液中,于25℃下观察并记录样品溶解情况,直至反应停止(硼酸酯键完全断裂)。
FPAE-BDB树脂在H2O2-HCl溶液中的溶解过程见图11,其降解机理见图12。硼酸酯键对活性氧高度敏感,并且在pH远低于其解离常数(pKa)的酸性介质中易于水解并裂解成硼酸和二醇。因此,在酸性条件下,随着H2O2扩散进入交联网络,促使硼酸酯键断裂,导致三维交联网络被切断,最终形成苯二硼酸和环氧低聚物。
为研究FPAE-BDB环氧树脂的再加工性能,将固化后的树脂粉碎成颗粒状粉末,置于金属模具中,在160℃下热压0.5 h,重新成型为样片,如图13所示。
对物理回收后的样片进行工频交流击穿测试,以评估其回收效率,得到FPAE-BDB样品再加工前后的击穿强度Weibull分布如图14所示,相关Weibull参数总结于表4。从图14表4可以看出,回收样品的击穿强度数据仍符合Weibull分布,特征击穿强度为41.06 kV/mm,相当于原始样品的92.5%。说明硼酸酯键在再加工过程中具有良好的稳定性,使得回收样品保持了优异的击穿强度。
(1)成功合成了基于松香和硼酸酯动态键的环氧Vitrimer材料(FPAE-BDB),动态特性赋予其优异的可回收性:可在室温酸性H2O2溶液中温和降解;经粉碎后于160℃热压0.5 h可实现物理再加工,回收样品击穿强度(41.06 kV/mm)达原始值(44.38 kV/mm)的92.5%。
(2)FPAE-BDB的玻璃化转变温度(131.8℃)及储能模量(2217.5 MPa)均略高于DGEBA-MHHPA(Tg为121.6℃,G′为2093.8 MPa),热稳定性(Td5%=332.4℃)与DGEBA-MHHPA相当(Td5%=347.2℃)。
(3)FPAE-BDB的交流工频特征击穿强度(44.38 kV/mm)相较于DGEBA-MHHPA(41.35 kV/mm)提升了7.3%,但因强极性酯键增多,其介电常数(3.5~3.8)及介质损耗因数更高。
(4)力学性能测试结果表明,FPAE-BDB的拉伸强度(38.9 MPa)与断裂伸长率(2.60%)相较于DGEBA-MHHPA(拉伸强度为72.1 MPa,断裂伸长率为3.68%)降低了46.0%和29.3%,主要归因于刚性菲环结构导致的材料脆性。后续可通过纳米粒子共混或弹性体增加体系的韧性,提升材料的力学性能。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.03.006
  • 接收时间:2025-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-16
  • 修回日期:2025-07-28
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    大连理工大学 电气工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024

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孙长海(1967-),男(汉族),辽宁大连人,正高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、智能微电网技术等方面的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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