Article(id=1242757054746702836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1615392000000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-11, revisedDate=1618243200000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774225971160, onlineDateStr=2026-03-23, pubDate=1639929600000, pubDateStr=2021-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774225971160, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774225971160, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774225971160, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242757048333611957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774225969632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774226074518, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242757488324494073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242757488324494074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242757055556202506, articleId=1242757054746702836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on Low Temperature Physical Properties of Silicone Rubber and Fluorosilicone Rubber Materials, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the change law of Shore A hardness and surface roughness of silicone rubber and fluorosilicone rubber under continuous low temperature environment, we put the test pieces made of the two raw materials into the low temperature test box, and carried out low temperature ageing test at -50℃ for 0, 48, 96, 144 h, respectively. The change law of Shore A hardness, surface roughness, and surface morphology with low temperature ageing time were studied, and then its principle was analyzed. The results show that at the constant low temperature environment of -50℃, when the ageing time increase from 0 h to 144 h, the Shore A hardness of the two materials increases slowly at first, then increases sharply, and finally decreases slowly. The surface roughness of the two material decreases at first, then increases sharply, and finally increases slowly. Throughout the ageing process, both the Shore A hardness and surface roughness of fluorosilicone rubber are smaller than that of silicone rubber. It shows that under low temperature environment, fluorosilicone rubber is more stable than silicone rubber.

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为了探究硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶两种材料在持续低温环境下邵氏A硬度与表面粗糙度的变化规律,分别将以硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶为原料制成的试片放入低温试验箱中,在-50℃下低温老化0、48、96、144 h。研究试片的硬度、表面粗糙度以及表面形貌随低温老化时间的变化规律,并分析其原理。结果表明:在-50℃的恒定低温环境中,随着低温老化时间从0 h延长至144 h,硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的邵氏A硬度均呈先缓慢增大,再急剧增大,最后缓慢减小的变化趋势;硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的表面粗糙度均呈先减小,再急剧增大,最后较缓慢增大的变化趋势。在整个老化过程中,氟硅橡胶的邵氏A硬度及表面粗糙度数值均比硅橡胶小,表明在低温环境下,氟硅橡胶比硅橡胶的性能更加稳定。

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张文文(1997-),女(汉族),山东聊城人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

王胜辉(1977-),男(汉族),北京人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

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张文文(1997-),女(汉族),山东聊城人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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张文文(1997-),女(汉族),山东聊城人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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王胜辉(1977-),男(汉族),北京人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

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王胜辉(1977-),男(汉族),北京人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

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低温老化时间/h04896144
硅橡胶67.8068.3574.3073.62
氟硅橡胶62.5262.8667.1667.20
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低温老化不同时间后的邵氏A硬度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
低温老化时间/h04896144
硅橡胶67.8068.3574.3073.62
氟硅橡胶62.5262.8667.1667.20
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低温老化时间/h04896144
硅橡胶0.2740.2010.2840.320
氟硅橡胶0.1730.1630.2030.219
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低温老化不同时间后的表面粗糙度值 单位:μm

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硅橡胶0.2740.2010.2840.320
氟硅橡胶0.1730.1630.2030.219
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硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶材料的低温物理性能研究
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张文文 , 王胜辉 , 律方成
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021,54(12): 28-31
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021, 54(12): 28-31
硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶材料的低温物理性能研究
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张文文, 王胜辉, 律方成
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 张文文(1997-),女(汉族),山东聊城人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

    王胜辉(1977-),男(汉族),北京人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

Research on Low Temperature Physical Properties of Silicone Rubber and Fluorosilicone Rubber Materials
Wenwen ZHANG, Shenghui WANG, Fangcheng LÜ
Affiliations
  • State Key Lab of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2021-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.005
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为了探究硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶两种材料在持续低温环境下邵氏A硬度与表面粗糙度的变化规律,分别将以硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶为原料制成的试片放入低温试验箱中,在-50℃下低温老化0、48、96、144 h。研究试片的硬度、表面粗糙度以及表面形貌随低温老化时间的变化规律,并分析其原理。结果表明:在-50℃的恒定低温环境中,随着低温老化时间从0 h延长至144 h,硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的邵氏A硬度均呈先缓慢增大,再急剧增大,最后缓慢减小的变化趋势;硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的表面粗糙度均呈先减小,再急剧增大,最后较缓慢增大的变化趋势。在整个老化过程中,氟硅橡胶的邵氏A硬度及表面粗糙度数值均比硅橡胶小,表明在低温环境下,氟硅橡胶比硅橡胶的性能更加稳定。

硅橡胶  /  氟硅橡胶  /  低温老化  /  硬度  /  表面粗糙度  /  表面形貌

In order to explore the change law of Shore A hardness and surface roughness of silicone rubber and fluorosilicone rubber under continuous low temperature environment, we put the test pieces made of the two raw materials into the low temperature test box, and carried out low temperature ageing test at -50℃ for 0, 48, 96, 144 h, respectively. The change law of Shore A hardness, surface roughness, and surface morphology with low temperature ageing time were studied, and then its principle was analyzed. The results show that at the constant low temperature environment of -50℃, when the ageing time increase from 0 h to 144 h, the Shore A hardness of the two materials increases slowly at first, then increases sharply, and finally decreases slowly. The surface roughness of the two material decreases at first, then increases sharply, and finally increases slowly. Throughout the ageing process, both the Shore A hardness and surface roughness of fluorosilicone rubber are smaller than that of silicone rubber. It shows that under low temperature environment, fluorosilicone rubber is more stable than silicone rubber.

silicone rubber  /  fluorosilicone rubber  /  low temperature ageing  /  hardness  /  surface roughness  /  surface morphology
张文文, 王胜辉, 律方成. 硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶材料的低温物理性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (12) : 28 -31 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.005
Wenwen ZHANG, Shenghui WANG, Fangcheng LÜ. Research on Low Temperature Physical Properties of Silicone Rubber and Fluorosilicone Rubber Materials[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (12) : 28 -31 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.005
我国因涉鸟故障引起的线路跳闸次数占线路跳闸总数的10%以上,仅次于雷击与外力破坏[1]。鸟粪闪络故障最为典型,其发生次数约占鸟害故障总数的97%。在输电线路上安装绝缘护套具有安装简易、对鸟类的活动影响小、防护效果明显等优点,被广泛应用于鸟害故障多发地区。随着我国远距离跨区输电工程的不断发展,输电线路需要跨越高海拔地区以及气候极寒地区,在这些地区,冬季温度低至-50℃,且低温持续时间较长,而绝缘护套长期直接暴露于该环境中,其结构性质会发生变化,这对护套的绝缘性能以及输电线路的运行安全有着直接的影响,因此对绝缘护套材料在低温下的性能提出了更高的要求[2-7]
绝缘护套一般以有机材料硫化硅橡胶或氟硅橡胶为原料加工而成,针对两种材料的低温老化,已有学者展开了相关研究。文献[2]研究硅橡胶绝缘材料在低温环境下直流击穿特性的变化,测定了不同氢氧化铝含量的硅橡胶材料的直流击穿电压随温度的变化规律,并测量了材料的体积电阻率。文献[3]研究了-20~-60℃低温环境对硅橡胶绝缘材料憎水性的影响,得到了不同温度下、不同氢氧化铝含量硅橡胶绝缘材料的憎水性随时间变化的规律,并分析了硅橡胶绝缘材料憎水性变化的原因。文献[8]采用倒角平头板电极和倒角四分之一圆弧板电极模拟不均匀电场的方法,对不同氢氧化铝含量硅橡胶绝缘材料的直流沿面闪络电压进行了测试,得出在0~-60℃低温环境下硅橡胶绝缘材料的直流沿面闪络特性。文献[9]以高温硫化硅橡胶样品为研究对象,人工模拟低温环境应力,研究了其在-40~25℃环境中的温度频率特性。文献[10]采用热空气老化方法研究了氟硅橡胶自由状态下的撕裂强度和形变状态下的压缩永久变形在不同温度下随时间的变化规律。
基于上述硅橡胶和氟硅橡胶的老化研究现状可知,低温对两种材料的性能有一定影响。目前对两种材料在持续低温下的硬度及表面粗糙度的变化规律暂无研究,而硬度及表面粗糙度是评估护套绝缘性能的两大重要指标。绝缘护套材料的硬度与护套的可塑性成反比,硬度较大时,会对护套的安装及拆卸造成困难;发生风偏时,输电线会偏离垂直位置而弯曲,当弯曲强度较大时,可能会导致护套开裂;护套表面粗糙度较大时,容易累积污秽,在潮湿环境下极易引起污闪放电。因此研究持续低温条件下两种有机材料的硬度及表面粗糙度的变化规律有着重要意义。本研究人工模拟-50℃的极低温环境,将硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶材料在该环境中低温老化0、48、96、144 h,研究材料的硬度、表面粗糙度及表面形貌随低温老化时间的变化趋势,并分析材料性能变化的原理。
分别采用以硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶为原料制成的直径为250 mm、厚度为6 mm的圆形试片(如图1所示),试片采用了室温硫化成型工艺,具有优异的电气性能及物理性能,符合DL/T 376—2019技术条件。
低温试验箱由上海悦洽实验设备有限公司生产,型号为DW-50-80L,该试验箱的温度可调范围为0~-50℃,温控精度为±2℃,温度显示度为0.1℃,外形尺寸为500 mm×510 mm×840 mm,内胆尺寸为360 mm×360 mm×660 mm,该试验箱达到GB/T 2423.1—2001的低温要求。
试片的硬度由艾德堡仪器有限公司生产的型号为LX-A的邵氏硬度计测量,该硬度计的量程为100 HA,误差为±1 HA,压阵行程为2.5 mm,硬度计的测针为适用于测量橡胶、合成橡胶等低中硬度材料的A型平头测针。
表面粗糙度由北京吉泰科仪检测设备有限公司生产的型号为TR200的表面粗糙度仪测量,该表面粗糙度仪在垂直方向的测量范围为0.02~160.00 μm,分辨率为0.01 μm,示值误差不大于±10%。
表面形貌由德国卡尔-蔡司公司生产的G300型场发射扫描电镜(SEM)测量,该扫描电镜的常规放大倍数为50~100 000倍,最大可达200 000倍。
将硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶试片分别分为4组,共计8组,每组4片试片。为避免试片表面吸附的杂质对试验结果造成不良影响,试验前分别用去离子水及无水乙醇对试片表面进行清洗及擦拭,然后将试片放进干燥箱,待试片完全干燥后再进行试验。
将低温试验箱的温度设置为-50℃,24 h后,将清洁干燥的试片依次放入低温试验箱进行恒定低温老化,低温老化时间分别为0、48、96、144 h,低温老化过程中,实时监测低温试验箱的内部温度以及试片状态。待试片低温老化完成后,将试片取出并在温度为20℃的环境中静置1 h,保证试片温度恢复至室温,然后测量试片的硬度、表面粗糙度以及表面形貌。为减小试验数据的误差,每个参数在同一试片上测取5个数据,弃用偏差较大的数据值,取有效数据值的平均值作为最终数据结果。表面形貌在每个试样上测取5张图片,总结形貌变化规律。
在-50℃环境中,低温老化时间分别为0、48、96、144 h的试片邵氏A硬度数据如表1所示,根据表1数据作邵氏硬度随低温老化时间的变化率图如图2所示。
图2可以看出,在-50℃的恒定低温环境中,随着低温老化时间从0 h延长至144 h,硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的邵氏A硬度均呈现先缓慢增大,再急剧增大,最后缓慢减小的变化趋势。在低温老化处理过程中,氟硅橡胶的邵氏A硬度及其变化率始终低于硅橡胶。分析上述现象原因,可能是由于橡胶材料的分子结构较规整,相关研究表明,在-39.5℃左右,橡胶材料分子间的结晶度会增加[9-14]。另外,橡胶材料中引入有机基团时的交联点会促进结晶的形成,使得分子间的作用力增强[12-13],在宏观上则表现为试片的硬度增大。随着低温老化时间的延长,试片将发生降解,材料表面变得疏松,试片的硬度则有所下降。
在-50℃环境中,低温老化时间分别为0、48、96、144 h的试片表面粗糙度数据如表2所示,根据表2数据作表面粗糙度随低温老化时间的变化率图如图3所示。
图3可以看出,在-50℃的恒定低温环境中,随着低温老化时间从0 h延长至144 h,硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的表面粗糙度值均呈现先减小,再急剧增大,最后较缓慢增大的变化趋势。低温老化时间从0 h至96 h内,硅橡胶的表面粗糙度变化率接近30%,远高于氟硅橡胶的变化率,并且在整个老化过程中,氟硅橡胶的表面粗糙度值始终低于硅橡胶。
为了更好地分析试片的表面粗糙度,利用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)对低温老化处理后的硅橡胶试片进行表面形貌测量,试片表面放大倍数为13 000倍,SEM形貌如图4所示。从图4可以看出,未低温老化的试片表面仅有少量分布较均匀的填料;低温老化48 h的试片表面最光滑,几乎没有填料析出;当低温老化时间延长至96 h时,试片表面可观察到大量的填料聚集体;低温老化时间为144 h时,试片表面的填料析出进一步增多。
根据表面形貌图与表面粗糙度数值可知,所呈现的试片表面粗糙度变化趋势完全一致,即老化时间从0 h延长至144 h,两种橡胶试片的表面粗糙度值先减小,再急剧增大,最后较缓慢增大。该试验现象的主要原因为:低温老化时间为0~48 h时,橡胶材料分子间的结晶形成,使得试片结构更加紧致,宏观表现为表面粗糙度下降。随着低温老化时间的延长,橡胶试片发生降解,材料结构变得疏松,试片中的填料逐渐析出,导致其表面粗糙度增大。
综合分析上述3个测量指标可知,在-50℃的恒定低温环境中,低温老化时间不超过144 h时,氟硅橡胶的邵氏A硬度及表面粗糙度均比硅橡胶数值小,主要原因是硅橡胶侧甲基中的C-H键键能小、易断裂,而氟硅橡胶侧链中的C-F键键能较大,稳定性强,所以氟硅橡胶表现出的性能更好[15-17]。因此,在工程中,为了保证输电线路的安全可靠运行,包覆在环境极寒地区的输电线路上的绝缘护套可以采用氟硅橡胶为原料。
(1)在-50℃的恒定低温环境中,随着低温老化时间从0 h延长至144 h,硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的邵氏A硬度均呈现先缓慢增大,再急剧增大,最后缓慢减小的变化趋势。在低温老化处理过程中,氟硅橡胶的邵氏A硬度及其变化率始终低于硅橡胶。
(2)在-50℃的恒定低温环境中,随着低温老化时间从0 h延长至144 h,硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的表面粗糙度均呈现先减小,再急剧增大,最后较缓慢增大的变化趋势。低温处理时间在0~96 h内,硅橡胶的表面粗糙度变化率接近30%,远高于氟硅橡胶的变化率,并且在整个老化过程中,氟硅橡胶的表面粗糙度值始终低于硅橡胶。
(3)在-50℃的恒定低温环境中,低温老化时间不超过144 h时,氟硅橡胶的邵氏A硬度及表面粗糙度均比硅橡胶数值小,原因是相对于烃基自由基而言,氟硅橡胶中具有极化度较大的硅氧烷键(Si-O),当该键作为强的吸电子基时,稳定性较高,因而氟硅橡胶表现出更加优异的物理性能。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFF01011900)
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2021年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.005
  • 接收时间:2021-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-23
  • 出版时间:2021-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-11
  • 修回日期:2021-04-13
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国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFF01011900)
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    华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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