Article(id=1242757054562153457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1610208000000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-10, revisedDate=1615478400000, revisedDateStr=2021-03-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774225971116, onlineDateStr=2026-03-23, pubDate=1639929600000, pubDateStr=2021-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774225971116, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774225971116, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774225971116, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242757048333611957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774225969632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774226074518, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242757488324494073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242757488324494074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=64, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242757054931252217, articleId=1242757054562153457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Experimental Characteristics and Numerical Simulation of Surface Flashover in Oil-paper Insulation Under DC Voltage, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The physical process of initiation and development of surface flashover in oil-paper insulation of transformer is complicated, and the discharge mechanism remains unclear. In this paper, through experimental measurement and numerical simulation of the needle-plate electrode model for oil gap discharge and the needle-plate electrode model for oil-paper insulation surface flashover, the discharge characteristics and discharge mechanism of oil gap discharge and oil-paper insulation surface flashover under different thickness of paperboard and different surface distance were obtained and analyzed. The results show that under DC voltage, oil-paper insulation surface flashover voltage is lower than the breakdown voltage of oil gap, this is because the paperboard not only changes the distribution of electric field, increases the parallel electric field component at the needle tip, and decreases the initial voltage of the streamer discharge, but also hinders the spread of space charge, enhances the distortion of electric field, and increases the development speed of streamer. In addition, due to the presence of paperboard, the initiation process of streamer in oil-paper insulation surface flashover discharge is completely different from that of oil gap discharge, that the streamer gradually propagates from the tip to the oil-paper interface. Increasing the thickness of paperboard can increase the parallel component of the electric field at the tip, decrease the initial voltage of the discharge, decrease the development speed of the streamer and reduce the surface flashover voltage. The surface flashover voltage of oil-paper insulation increases with the increase of the surface distance, but its nonlinear variation is due to the effect of applied voltage weakens gradually and the effect of space charge distortion electric field is dominant in the process of the streamer developing to the self-supporting discharge stage.

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变压器油纸绝缘沿面放电起始与发展的物理过程较为复杂,放电机理尚未明确。本文通过对油间隙放电针-板电极模型和油纸绝缘沿面放电针-板电极模型进行试验测量和数值模拟,获取并分析油间隙放电和油纸绝缘沿面放电在不同纸板厚度、不同沿面距离下的放电特性和放电机理。结果表明:直流电压下,油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压低于油间隙击穿电压的原因在于绝缘纸板的存在不仅改变了电场的分布,使针尖处平行电场分量增大,流注放电的起始电压降低,还阻碍了空间电荷的扩散,加剧电场畸变程度,提升流注的发展速度。另外,由于绝缘纸板的存在,油纸绝缘沿面放电流注的起始过程也不同于油间隙放电流注的起始过程,存在着流注通道向绝缘纸板贴合的过程。增大纸板厚度可使针尖处平行电场分量增加,流注放电的起始电压降低,流注的发展速度变缓,沿面闪络电压降低。油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压随沿面距离的增加而增大,其呈现非线性变化是由于流注在向自持放电阶段发展的过程中,受外施电压的作用逐渐减弱,空间电荷畸变电场的作用占主导地位。

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周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,博士,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

赵云舟(1995-),女(汉族),河南新乡人,硕士生,主要从事高电压油纸绝缘局部放电的研究。

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周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,博士,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

赵云舟(1995-),女(汉族),河南新乡人,硕士生,主要从事高电压油纸绝缘局部放电的研究。

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周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,博士,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

赵云舟(1995-),女(汉族),河南新乡人,硕士生,主要从事高电压油纸绝缘局部放电的研究。

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名称符号数值
可电离分子数/m3n01.00×1025
分子间距离/ma3.00×10-10
电子有效质量/kgm*9.10×10-32
电离能/eVφ7.20
正离子迁移率/(m2/(v·s))um,cp1.00×10-9
负离子迁移率/(m2/(v·s))um,cn1.00×10-9
电子迁移率/(m2/(v·s))um,ce1.00×10-4
正离子-电子复合速率/(m3/s)Rpe1.64×10-17
正离子-负离子复合速率/(m3/s)Rpn1.64×10-17
电子吸附时间常数/nsTa200
变压器油的电导率/(S/m)σO1.00×10-11
绝缘纸板的电导率/(S/m)σP1.00×10-13
变压器油的相对介电常数εO2.182
绝缘纸板的相对介电常数εP4.565 6
), ArticleFig(id=1245106611031749317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242757054562153457, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称符号数值
可电离分子数/m3n01.00×1025
分子间距离/ma3.00×10-10
电子有效质量/kgm*9.10×10-32
电离能/eVφ7.20
正离子迁移率/(m2/(v·s))um,cp1.00×10-9
负离子迁移率/(m2/(v·s))um,cn1.00×10-9
电子迁移率/(m2/(v·s))um,ce1.00×10-4
正离子-电子复合速率/(m3/s)Rpe1.64×10-17
正离子-负离子复合速率/(m3/s)Rpn1.64×10-17
电子吸附时间常数/nsTa200
变压器油的电导率/(S/m)σO1.00×10-11
绝缘纸板的电导率/(S/m)σP1.00×10-13
变压器油的相对介电常数εO2.182
绝缘纸板的相对介电常数εP4.565 6
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直流电压下油纸绝缘沿面闪络特性及数值模拟
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周远翔 1, 2 , 赵云舟 1 , 陈健宁 2 , 张云霄 2 , 黄欣 2 , 赵磊 1 , 胡德雄 1
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021,54(12): 64-72
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021, 54(12): 64-72
直流电压下油纸绝缘沿面闪络特性及数值模拟
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周远翔1, 2, 赵云舟1, 陈健宁2, 张云霄2, 黄欣2, 赵磊1, 胡德雄1
作者信息
  • 1新疆大学 电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 2清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系 电力系统及发电设备控制和仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,博士,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

    赵云舟(1995-),女(汉族),河南新乡人,硕士生,主要从事高电压油纸绝缘局部放电的研究。

Experimental Characteristics and Numerical Simulation of Surface Flashover in Oil-paper Insulation Under DC Voltage
Yuanxiang ZHOU1, 2, Yunzhou ZHAO1, Jianning CHEN2, Yunxiao ZHANG2, Xin HUANG2, Lei ZHAO1, Dexiong HU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2021-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.011
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变压器油纸绝缘沿面放电起始与发展的物理过程较为复杂,放电机理尚未明确。本文通过对油间隙放电针-板电极模型和油纸绝缘沿面放电针-板电极模型进行试验测量和数值模拟,获取并分析油间隙放电和油纸绝缘沿面放电在不同纸板厚度、不同沿面距离下的放电特性和放电机理。结果表明:直流电压下,油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压低于油间隙击穿电压的原因在于绝缘纸板的存在不仅改变了电场的分布,使针尖处平行电场分量增大,流注放电的起始电压降低,还阻碍了空间电荷的扩散,加剧电场畸变程度,提升流注的发展速度。另外,由于绝缘纸板的存在,油纸绝缘沿面放电流注的起始过程也不同于油间隙放电流注的起始过程,存在着流注通道向绝缘纸板贴合的过程。增大纸板厚度可使针尖处平行电场分量增加,流注放电的起始电压降低,流注的发展速度变缓,沿面闪络电压降低。油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压随沿面距离的增加而增大,其呈现非线性变化是由于流注在向自持放电阶段发展的过程中,受外施电压的作用逐渐减弱,空间电荷畸变电场的作用占主导地位。

油纸绝缘  /  沿面放电  /  油中放电  /  物理机理  /  数值模拟

The physical process of initiation and development of surface flashover in oil-paper insulation of transformer is complicated, and the discharge mechanism remains unclear. In this paper, through experimental measurement and numerical simulation of the needle-plate electrode model for oil gap discharge and the needle-plate electrode model for oil-paper insulation surface flashover, the discharge characteristics and discharge mechanism of oil gap discharge and oil-paper insulation surface flashover under different thickness of paperboard and different surface distance were obtained and analyzed. The results show that under DC voltage, oil-paper insulation surface flashover voltage is lower than the breakdown voltage of oil gap, this is because the paperboard not only changes the distribution of electric field, increases the parallel electric field component at the needle tip, and decreases the initial voltage of the streamer discharge, but also hinders the spread of space charge, enhances the distortion of electric field, and increases the development speed of streamer. In addition, due to the presence of paperboard, the initiation process of streamer in oil-paper insulation surface flashover discharge is completely different from that of oil gap discharge, that the streamer gradually propagates from the tip to the oil-paper interface. Increasing the thickness of paperboard can increase the parallel component of the electric field at the tip, decrease the initial voltage of the discharge, decrease the development speed of the streamer and reduce the surface flashover voltage. The surface flashover voltage of oil-paper insulation increases with the increase of the surface distance, but its nonlinear variation is due to the effect of applied voltage weakens gradually and the effect of space charge distortion electric field is dominant in the process of the streamer developing to the self-supporting discharge stage.

oil-paper insulation  /  surface discharge  /  streamer discharge in transformer oil  /  physical mechanism  /  numerical simulation
周远翔, 赵云舟, 陈健宁, 张云霄, 黄欣, 赵磊, 胡德雄. 直流电压下油纸绝缘沿面闪络特性及数值模拟. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (12) : 64 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.011
Yuanxiang ZHOU, Yunzhou ZHAO, Jianning CHEN, Yunxiao ZHANG, Xin HUANG, Lei ZHAO, Dexiong HU. Experimental Characteristics and Numerical Simulation of Surface Flashover in Oil-paper Insulation Under DC Voltage[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (12) : 64 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.011
油纸绝缘沿面放电作为变压器常见的故障之一,多发生于围屏、饼间垫块等位置的绝缘交界面上。油纸绝缘沿面放电会使油纸绝缘碳化、绝缘强度下降,导致变压器起火、电力系统停运等事故,带来巨大的安全隐患,造成重大的经济损失。因此,明确不同影响因素对变压器油纸绝缘沿面放电的作用机理是改善变压器绝缘结构、预防变压器运行故障的基础。
目前针对变压器油纸绝缘沿面放电特性的研究主要集中在外施电压波形[1-2]、温度[3-4]、水分[5]、老化[6-7]、油流[8]、空间电荷[7]对油纸绝缘沿面放电的影响。周远翔等[9]在交流电场下搭建只含有平行电场分量的放电模型,指出油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压较低是由介电常数不匹配造成的。李元等[10]研究了在正极性纳秒级脉冲电压作用下变压器纯油中的放电过程,提出脉冲电压上升沿主要影响流注头部宽度的观点,并指出其原因为电压上升沿较陡使得带电粒子的产生速率加快,带电粒子来不及迁移至放电集中区域外。王维政等[11]研究了交流电压下电极距离对油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压的影响,指出油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压随间隙距离的增加而增大,且具有饱和性。随着材料科学与计算机科学的发展,也有少部分研究从仿真模拟的角度入手,尝试探究其微观的放电过程和物理机制。J H CHOI等[12]仿真模拟了油-纳米复合材料界面极化引起的沿面放电过程。但针对仿真的相关研究仍主要集中在纯油中流注放电的发展过程等方面,关于油纸绝缘沿面放电发展过程的研究仍十分匮乏。与传统的交流变压器相比,换流变压器绝缘系统同时承受着交流电压、直流电压和冲击电压。在直流电压下,油纸绝缘系统的电场分布、放电特性也完全不同于交流电压作用下油纸绝缘系统的电场分布和放电特性。现有文献对直流电压下油纸绝缘沿面放电特性已有大量研究,但直流电压作用下油纸绝缘沿面闪络的作用机理仍不明朗。
本研究分别搭建油间隙放电针-板电极和油纸绝缘沿面放电针-板电极的试验模型和仿真模型,对油间隙击穿电压和油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压进行试验测量和数值模拟,对比分析油间隙的放电特性以及不同纸板厚度、不同沿面距离的油纸绝缘沿面放电特性,探究相关的放电过程和放电机理,为变压器油纸绝缘的材料与结构设计提供指导。
试验使用的局部放电脉冲电流测量平台如图1所示。
T1为调压器,调压范围为0~380 V;T2是高压试验变压器,100 kV/30 kVA;R1为11 kΩ保护电阻。为获得较高的直流电压,充分利用充电变压器的功率,使用倍压整流回路来产生高压直流。倍压整流回路由电容C1、C2和整流二极管D1、D2构成。Cx为试品间隙,高电压由高压电极施加在油纸绝缘界面上,由地电极引至输出端。试品间隙上施加的电压由R2、R3组成的电阻分压器来测量,R2为高压臂电阻,R3为低压臂电阻,击穿电压由电压测量单元V2测量。R4为无感电阻,阻值为10 Ω,作为宽频带电流传感器实时采集单次脉冲电流信号。局部放电脉冲电流信号由接在R4两端的电压探头测得,并由示波器进行波形记录与数据存储。
油纸绝缘沿面放电易发生在围屏、饼间垫块等位置的绝缘交界面上,该位置表面切向电场远强于法向电场,故搭建了如图2所示的针-板电极模型,该模型虽然不易出现热电离现象,但容易出现沿纸板表面的爬电现象。如图2所示,针电极长度为40 mm,直径为0.22 mm,材料为不锈钢。地电极为圆柱体,厚度为15 mm、直径为100 mm、圆角半径为3 mm,材料为黄铜。地电极的中间设置有一个宽度同绝缘纸板厚度相同的小凹槽,凹槽深度为5 mm,圆角为1 mm,使其既能固定住绝缘纸板,又不会对电场分布产生较大影响。因本试验研究的是短间隙距离下的放电现象,故选用尺寸为35 mm×35 mm的绝缘纸板,纸板厚度为0.25~3.00 mm可调。绝缘纸板与地电极垂直放置,针电极以30°倾斜角紧贴在绝缘纸板上,针尖至地电极的距离为1~3 mm可调。整个电极模型放置在装有适量干燥变压器油的有机玻璃透明腔体内。油间隙放电针-板电极模型如图3所示,为使油间隙放电针-板电极模型与油纸绝缘沿面放电针-板电极模型具有可对比性,其针电极仍以与垂直方向30°的角度固定在与高压电极连接的螺旋杆上,针尖至地电极的距离为1 mm。油间隙放电针-板电极模型的材料及结构与油纸绝缘沿面放电针-板电极模型完全一致,差别仅在于有无绝缘纸板。
本试验使用的变压器油为昆仑25号变压器油。为获得纯净的变压器油,需对变压器油进行过滤,过滤后变压器油中杂质颗粒的含量需满足CIGRE 12.17中的相关规定。将过滤后的变压器油样品放置在温度为60℃的真空干燥箱中进行脱气脱水处理48 h,处理后的变压器油样品的含水量需满足GB/T 7595—2017的相关规定。
本试验所使用的绝缘纸板为魏德曼纸板。由于沿面距离上的误差对试验结果影响较大,需先使用非碳素标记笔在绝缘纸板上做好不同沿面距离的标记。然后将绝缘纸板样品统一放置在温度为105℃、压强为100 Pa的真空干燥箱中干燥48 h。最后,将绝缘纸板浸泡在干燥的变压器油样品中,在温度为80℃的真空干燥箱中干燥48 h,完成浸渍过程,随后密封保存。
为与试验模型相对应,分别搭建了油间隙放电针-板电极和油纸绝缘沿面放电针-板电极的仿真模型,仿真模型尺寸与试验模型尺寸相同。放电主要集中在针尖与地电极之间的变压器油介质区域。由于不同放电区域中电场和各粒子浓度变化梯度较大,需要设置足量的分布节点和较小的单元增长率来保证计算的收敛性。为节省计算时间和运算内存,在剖分时需要建立不同密度的网格剖分区域,油纸绝缘沿面放电针-板电极仿真模型网格剖分如图4所示。在放电集中区域设置了虚拟网格控制边和虚拟网格控制域,优化网格剖分,减少网格顶点的数量。放电集中区域剖分较密,网格尺寸<5 μm,油间隙放电针-板电极仿真模型网格剖分与此相似。
近些年来,针对液体电介质的放电过程,国内外学者开展了大量的研究,相关的击穿理论主要分为两个方面:一方面是以杂质和气泡为击穿依据的小桥理论,且影响变压器油击穿的重要因素是杂质成桥的难易程度,多适用于工程液体电介质;另一方面是由气体击穿领域衍生过来的流注理论,多适用于纯净液体电介质。本试验材料经脱气脱水处理并满足CIGRE 12.17和GB/T 7595—2017的相关要求,且仿真模拟放电过程的时间较短,因此,为更好地分析油纸绝缘沿面放电的发展过程,引入电动流体力学偏微分方程组作为放电过程的控制方程,如式(1)~(4)所示,主要由电流体力学方程(1)~(3)和电流守恒方程(4)组成。
cpt+zpum,cpfcpE=GenE+cpceRpe+cpcnRpn
cnt+znum,cnfcnE=c3Ta-cpcnRpn
cet+zeum,cefceE=-GenE-cpceRpe-ceTa
σE+Dt=Qj,v
式(1)~(4)中:ci表示粒子的浓度;zi表示电荷数;um,ci表示粒子在常温下的迁移率,i=pne分别为正离子、负离子以及电子;f为法拉第常数;Rpn表示正离子和负离子的复合速率;Rpe表示正离子和电子的复合速率;Ta为电子吸附时间常数;σ表示电介质材料的电导率,液体的电导率比固体的电导率大1~2个数量级;D为电位移,其对时间的求导表示流注在起始与发展过程中电场的变化过程;Qj,v表示空间电荷在电场下移动时等效电流源的密度[13]。由以上方程,可获得放电区域内正离子、负离子以及电子的时空分布图以及电势分布图等。
正确了解粒子的产生、消失、复合以及吸附过程是理解流注形成与发展的关键。研究者认为在液体电介质的放电过程中,引起电导率上升的原因主要有场致发射、碰撞电离、热电离、场致电离、光电离等[14-20]。对于液体电介质而言,场致电离发生时需满足电场强度大于20 MV/cm的条件,该电场强度的数值远高于该仿真达到的最高电场强度。碰撞电离多用于解释气体放电理论。而气体分子运动的平均自由行程远大于液体分子运动的平均自由行程,气体放电特点也不同于液体放电特点。热电离的起始温度远高于该仿真达到的最高温度。目前尚无研究可以证明液体电介质的放电过程中存在明显的光电离现象。因此,场致电离是目前解释液体电介质中放电的主要机制。场致电离产生粒子的速率与电场强度的关系如式(5)所示[21]
GenE=e2n0aEhexp(-π2m*aφ2eh2E)
式(5)中:e为单位电荷量;n0表示可电离的分子数;a表示分子间距离;E为电场强度;h表示普朗克常数;m*表示液体电介质中电子有效质量;φ表示液体电介质的电离能。
式(5)可知,场致电离产生粒子的速率随电场强度的增加呈指数型增加。本研究的参数设置如表1所示。
对间隙距离为1 mm的油间隙放电针-板电极模型和油纸绝缘沿面放电针-板电极模型,分别测试油间隙击穿电压和沿面闪络电压。为保证试验结果的有效性,对每组样品均测量20次,剔除最大值、最小值以及有明显偏差的数据点,从剩余的点中选取15个有效点绘制Weibull分布图,击穿概率为63.2%,如图5所示。
图5可以看出,油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压为20.94 kV,油间隙的击穿电压为35.07 kV。油间隙的击穿电压相比于油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压高了67.48%[22]。对间隙距离为1 mm的油间隙放电针-板电极模型和油纸绝缘沿面放电针-板电极模型进行仿真,通过流注长度随外施电压的变化趋势,对比观察油间隙的击穿电压和油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压之间的关系,结果如图6所示。流注长度是取流注在发展过程中位于流注头部最前端点的纵坐标与针尖纵坐标差值的绝对值。
图6可以看出,流注发展至贯穿1.0 mm间隙时,油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压较低,约为25 kV;油间隙击穿电压较高,约为53 kV,比油纸绝缘的沿面闪络电压高112%。对比油间隙的击穿电压与油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压的试验数据,仿真趋势与试验趋势相同,但仿真数据略大于试验数据,原因在于仿真模拟是直流电压下放电过程的瞬间,而试验过程中,施加直流电压的过程是长时间逐步升压的过程,在放电前存在着长时间、大量的空间电荷的积聚,致使放电过程更容易发生。
为探究直流电压作用下油间隙击穿电压高于油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压的原因以及绝缘纸板的存在对油间隙放电产生的影响,本文对流注的产生和流注发展至地电极的两个过程分别进行了研究,且为了更好地区分两个过程,将流注开始向前发展时所对应的外施电压定义为流注起始电压。
对间隙距离为1.0 mm的油间隙放电针-板电极模型和油纸绝缘沿面放电针-板电极模型在相同电压下(10 kV)的电场分布进行仿真模拟,结果如图78所示。
图78可以看出,由于绝缘纸板的存在,油纸绝缘沿面放电模型针尖处的平行电场分量是油间隙放电模型针尖处平行电场分量的1.25倍。空间电荷在平行电场分量的作用下畸变电场,平行电场分量越大,空间电荷对电场的畸变程度越大,空间电荷积聚时间越短,流注发展的起始电压越低,与图6所示的趋势相同。油纸绝缘沿面流注放电空间电荷的积聚时间较短,放电起始电压较低,约为23 kV。油间隙流注放电空间电荷的积聚时间稍长,放电起始电压较高,约为25 kV,比油纸绝缘沿面流注放电的起始电压高了约8.7%。此外,从图6还可以看出,油纸绝缘沿面放电流注的发展速度极快,呈现直线式上升。油间隙放电流注的发展速度较为缓慢,尤其是在流注发展的前期。
为进一步探究油纸绝缘沿面放电流注的发展速度快于油间隙放电流注发展速度的原因。图910给出了不同时刻油间隙放电流注的发展过程和油纸绝缘沿面放电流注的发展过程。
图910可知,油间隙放电流注沿着电场线向前发展,最大场强出现在流注的头部,电场强度约为2.5×108 V/m。而在油纸绝缘沿面流注放电过程中,流注先由针尖向绝缘纸板贴合,待贴合完成后,才沿着绝缘纸板向地电极发展,最大场强出现在流注的头部,电场强度约为4.5×108 V/m,是油间隙流注放电头部电场强度的1.8倍。此外,油纸绝缘沿面放电的流注头部紧贴绝缘纸板表面发展,空间电荷扩散范围较小,而油间隙放电流注的头部呈现出较大的圆晕,空间电荷扩散范围较大,由此可见,绝缘纸板的存在阻碍了流注头部空间电荷的扩散,加强了流注头部空间电荷对电场的畸变程度。
流注头部的电场强度不仅表明了外施电场的强度以及空间电荷对电场的畸变程度,还决定了流注的发展速度。流注头部电场强度越大,流注发展速度越快。从图9可以看出,油间隙放电流注的发展速度较慢,t=10 ns时,流注开始向前发展,t=890 ns时,流注贯穿整个间隙,流注发展时间持续了880 ns。从图10可以看出,油纸绝缘沿面放电流注发展的速度较快,t=200 ns时,流注开始发展,t=886 ns时,流注贯穿整个间隙,流注发展时间持续686 ns,流注发展的速度比油间隙流注发展的速度快了28.28%。脉冲电流上升沿的发展速度与仿真中流注单次放电的发展速度的拟合效果如图11所示。为了较好地对比出试验结果与仿真结果之间的差异,对所有数值进行了归一化处理,如式(6)所示。
X*=x(j)xd(j)
式(6)中:j为流注长度、流注宽度或流注发展速度;d为1.0 mm沿面距离、1.0 mm纸板厚度时的参数。从图11可以看出,试验结果与仿真结果之间的拟合趋势良好。
由以上分析可知,油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压低于油间隙击穿电压的原因是绝缘纸板的存在改变了电场的分布状况,使得针尖处的平行电场分量增大,空间电荷对电场的畸变程度增强,空间电荷的积聚时间缩短,降低了流注发展的起始电压。同时,绝缘纸板的存在还阻碍了空间电荷的扩散,使空间电荷对电场的畸变效果增强,流注的发展速度加快,流注的宽度变窄。
将纸板厚度分别设置为0.25、050、1.00、2.00、3.00 mm,对其进行试验测量和仿真模拟。试验结果如图12所示。
图12可以看出,纸板厚度为0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00、3.00 mm的油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压分别为23.70、21.74、20.94、20.04、19.11 kV。随着纸板厚度的增加,沿面闪络电压下降,且下降幅度逐渐减小。
同样条件下,利用COMSOL有限元仿真软件模拟不同纸板厚度下油纸绝缘沿面放电流注长度随外施电压的变化趋势,结果如图13所示。
图13可以看出,纸板厚度为0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00、3.00 mm的油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压分别为28、26、25、24、23 kV。仿真结果趋势与试验结果的变化趋势如图14所示,从图14可以看出,试验结果与仿真结果趋势相同,幅值相差较小,拟合效果较好。
为进一步探究油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压随纸板厚度增加而降低的原因,绘制了不同纸板厚度下平行电场分量、流注的发展速度以及流注的宽度随纸板厚度的变化趋势,结果如图15所示。
图15可以看出,纸板厚度的增加影响电场的分布状况。随着绝缘纸板厚度的增加,针尖处的平行电场分量增大,空间电荷对电场的畸变程度增强,流注放电的起始电压降低,流注的发展速度变慢,流注的宽度增加。流注发展速度仿真结果与试验结果变化趋势如图16所示。从图16可以看出,不同纸板厚度条件下,仿真与试验中流注发展平均速度基本一致,仿真结果与试验结果趋势拟合良好。
将沿面距离分别设置为1、2、3 mm,对其进行试验测量和仿真模拟,试验结果如图17所示。从图17可以看出,沿面距离为1 mm时的沿面闪络电压为20.94 kV;沿面距离为2 mm时的沿面闪络电压为29.51 kV,相比于沿面距离为1 mm时的沿面闪络电压增长了40.93%;沿面距离为3 mm时的沿面闪络电压为34.96 kV,相比于沿面距离为2 mm时的沿面闪络电压增长了18.47%。由此可见,随着沿面距离的增长,油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压呈现增长趋势,增长幅度逐渐减小,呈现非线性变化[11]。同等条件下,利用COMSOL有限元仿真软件模拟不同沿面距离下的油纸绝缘沿面流注放电过程获得不同沿面距离的流注长度在不同外施电压下的变化趋势如图18所示。从图18可以看出,沿面闪络距离为1、2、3 mm时,闪络电压分别为25、35、43 kV,可见,随着沿面距离的增长,油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压呈现增长趋势,仿真结果与试验结果趋势相同。为深入探究这种现象产生的原因,分别绘制了不同沿面距离放电模型针尖处的平行电场分量、流注发展的平均速度以及流注宽度等参量,结果如图19所示。
图19可以看出,较长沿面距离模型针尖处的平行电场分量较小,空间电荷对电场的畸变程度较弱,起始电压也较大,沿面闪络电压也较高,致使其流注发展的速度较大,流注头部宽度较窄。流注发展速度仿真结果与试验结果变化趋势如图20所示,试验结果与仿真结果趋势拟合良好。此外,研究发现,2 mm沿面距离的闪络电压较1 mm沿面距离的增长了40.00%,3 mm沿面距离的闪络电压较2 mm沿面距离的增长了22.85%,沿面闪络电压随着沿面距离的增加呈现非线性的增长规律,这是由于外施电压主要在流注起始的过程中对空间电荷积累起主导作用,当空间电荷密度增大至一定程度,头部电场畸变较严重时,由空间电荷产生的叠加电场对电荷运动与流注发展起主导作用,因此随着沿面距离增大,闪络电压没有线性增大。
(1)油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压低于油间隙击穿电压的原因在于绝缘纸板的存在不仅改变了电场分布,使针尖处平行电场分量增大,空间电荷畸变电场的作用增强,流注放电的起始电压降低,还阻碍了空间电荷的扩散,使流注的发展速度加快。
(2)油纸绝缘沿面放电流注的起始过程与油间隙放电流注的起始过程不同。油间隙放电流注头部的宽度较大,空间电荷的扩散效果明显,对电场的畸变程度较弱,流注发展速度缓慢;而油纸绝缘沿面放电模型由于绝缘纸板的存在,流注通道中的载流子受法向电场的影响存在从针尖向纸板贴合的过渡过程。
(3)绝缘纸板的厚度影响油纸界面电场的畸变程度,纸板厚度的增加使针尖处平行电场分量增加,流注放电的起始电压降低,流注的发展速度变缓,沿面闪络电压降低。
(4)油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压随着沿面距离的增加呈现非线性增大,是由于在向自持放电阶段发展的过渡过程中,流注受内部空间电荷畸变电场的作用逐渐增强,通道空间电荷畸变电场的作用占主导地位。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977186)
  • 国家重点研发项目(2017YFB0902704)
  • 国家电网公司科技项目(5204XQ19004C00K)
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2021年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.011
  • 接收时间:2021-01-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-23
  • 出版时间:2021-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-10
  • 修回日期:2021-03-12
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977186)
国家重点研发项目(2017YFB0902704)
国家电网公司科技项目(5204XQ19004C00K)
作者信息
    1新疆大学 电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    2清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系 电力系统及发电设备控制和仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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