Article(id=1242757050397212791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1611417600000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-24, revisedDate=1613750400000, revisedDateStr=2021-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774225970123, onlineDateStr=2026-03-23, pubDate=1639929600000, pubDateStr=2021-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774225970123, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774225970123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774225970123, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242757048333611957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774225969632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774226074518, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242757488324494073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242757488324494074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242757050715979908, articleId=1242757050397212791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Surface Fluorination of Epoxy Resin by Plasma and Its Surface Flashover Characteristics, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to accelerate the dissipation of the surface charge and improve the flashover voltage of insulator, we propose the plasma fluorination modification technology. Changing the surface modification time, the surface physical, chemical, and dielectric properties of epoxy resin sample with the same formula as insulator was test before and after modification. The results show that as a method of both physical and chemical surface modification, plasma modification can introduce hydrophilic groups to the surface of the sample and change its wettability. With the increase of modification time, the surface roughness of the sample increases at first and then decreases. At the same time, the plasma modification can introduce fluorine to the surface of the material, shallow the surface traps, improve the surface conductivity, and reduce the accumulation of surface charge. Under the selected parameters, the surface flashover voltage increases to the maximum after modification for 9 minutes, and the Weibull distribution calculation shows that the increase rate is about 37.17%. After plasma surface modification for too long, the material structure is damaged, the surface traps become deeper, the surface conductivity and surface flashover voltage decrease.

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为加快绝缘子表面电荷消散,提升绝缘子沿面闪络电压,本研究提出了等离子体氟化改性技术,选用与绝缘子配方一致的环氧树脂试样,改变材料表面的处理时间,测试处理前、后试样的表面物理、化学及介电特性。结果表明:等离子体处理作为一种兼具表面物理改性及化学改性的方法,可以在试样表面引入亲水性基团,改变试样表面的浸润性,试样表面粗糙度随处理时间的增加呈先提高后降低的趋势,同时等离子处理可以在材料表面引入F元素,浅化表面陷阱,提升材料的表面电导率,减少表面电荷积聚;在选定参数下,处理9 min后,沿面闪络电压提升至最大值,威布尔分布计算表明提升了约37.17%;过长时间的等离子体表面处理会破坏材料结构,深化表面陷阱,降低表面电导率,降低沿面闪络电压。

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闫海鸥(1984-),男(汉族),河南郑州人,高级工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料改性的研究。

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闫海鸥(1984-),男(汉族),河南郑州人,高级工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料改性的研究。

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闫海鸥(1984-),男(汉族),河南郑州人,高级工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料改性的研究。

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处理时间/min闪络电压/kV形状参数
08.3493.85
39.1979.01
610.1974.01
911.4499.14
129.5685.50
), ArticleFig(id=1245106601791697334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242757050397212791, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

闪络电压绝对值威布尔分布参数

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处理时间/min闪络电压/kV形状参数
08.3493.85
39.1979.01
610.1974.01
911.4499.14
129.5685.50
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等离子体表面氟化处理环氧树脂及其沿面闪络特性研究
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闫海鸥 , 吴星
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021,54(12): 52-57
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021, 54(12): 52-57
等离子体表面氟化处理环氧树脂及其沿面闪络特性研究
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闫海鸥, 吴星
作者信息
  • 国网河南省电力公司,河南 郑州 450000
  • 闫海鸥(1984-),男(汉族),河南郑州人,高级工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料改性的研究。

Surface Fluorination of Epoxy Resin by Plasma and Its Surface Flashover Characteristics
Haiou YAN, Xing WU
Affiliations
  • State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450000, China
出版时间: 2021-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.009
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为加快绝缘子表面电荷消散,提升绝缘子沿面闪络电压,本研究提出了等离子体氟化改性技术,选用与绝缘子配方一致的环氧树脂试样,改变材料表面的处理时间,测试处理前、后试样的表面物理、化学及介电特性。结果表明:等离子体处理作为一种兼具表面物理改性及化学改性的方法,可以在试样表面引入亲水性基团,改变试样表面的浸润性,试样表面粗糙度随处理时间的增加呈先提高后降低的趋势,同时等离子处理可以在材料表面引入F元素,浅化表面陷阱,提升材料的表面电导率,减少表面电荷积聚;在选定参数下,处理9 min后,沿面闪络电压提升至最大值,威布尔分布计算表明提升了约37.17%;过长时间的等离子体表面处理会破坏材料结构,深化表面陷阱,降低表面电导率,降低沿面闪络电压。

环氧树脂  /  表面氟化  /  沿面闪络  /  等离子体处理

In order to accelerate the dissipation of the surface charge and improve the flashover voltage of insulator, we propose the plasma fluorination modification technology. Changing the surface modification time, the surface physical, chemical, and dielectric properties of epoxy resin sample with the same formula as insulator was test before and after modification. The results show that as a method of both physical and chemical surface modification, plasma modification can introduce hydrophilic groups to the surface of the sample and change its wettability. With the increase of modification time, the surface roughness of the sample increases at first and then decreases. At the same time, the plasma modification can introduce fluorine to the surface of the material, shallow the surface traps, improve the surface conductivity, and reduce the accumulation of surface charge. Under the selected parameters, the surface flashover voltage increases to the maximum after modification for 9 minutes, and the Weibull distribution calculation shows that the increase rate is about 37.17%. After plasma surface modification for too long, the material structure is damaged, the surface traps become deeper, the surface conductivity and surface flashover voltage decrease.

epoxy resin  /  surface fluorination  /  surface flashover  /  plasma modification
闫海鸥, 吴星. 等离子体表面氟化处理环氧树脂及其沿面闪络特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (12) : 52 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.009
Haiou YAN, Xing WU. Surface Fluorination of Epoxy Resin by Plasma and Its Surface Flashover Characteristics[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (12) : 52 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.009
气体绝缘输电线路(gas insulated transmission line,GIL)是一种充有绝缘气体的、包含金属外壳与同轴导体的输电装备。自1972年首条GIL线路由美国Hudson电厂敷设以来,GIL已经在全球范围内敷设超过750 km,涵盖高、中、低各类电压等级[1]。然而目前大部分投运的GIL均在交流电压下运行,直流GIL鲜有报道。绝缘子是GIL中重要的组成部件,在直流电场中,受单一电场的作用,管道内电荷运动方向单一,同时难以中和,会在绝缘子表面发生积聚,导致局部电场畸变,最终引发沿面闪络[2-3]
表面处理作为一种新兴的绝缘材料优化改性手段,已经在国内外较多的研究机构中开展了尝试与研究。在表面形貌方面,郑楠等[4]对PTFE和可加工陶瓷等绝缘材料进行打磨处理,发现当打磨方向与电极连线方向垂直时,冲击电压下沿面闪络电压提升较大。J D SMITH等[5]研究表明,对绝缘试样进行无序的打磨对提升绝缘试样沿面闪络电压更有利。李逢等[6]设计了含有不同槽宽、槽距的绝缘子试样,比较了含有微槽结构的试样与平面结构试样的真空沿面闪络特性,结果表明微槽在一定范围时能有效地控制二次电子运动,选择参数合适的微槽,可使闪络电压最多提升约1.4倍。在表面化学方面,研究者通过在绝缘材料表面涂覆不同成分的化学涂层,引入新的元素,可以起到减少绝缘材料表面电荷积聚、调控表面陷阱分布的作用,最终提升材料的绝缘性能。F MESSERER等[7]对圆柱形绝缘子涂覆掺杂有金属氧化物的杜邦导电粉,试验表明涂层可以改善绝缘子表面的电场分布,同时直流沿面闪络电压提升了约11%。田浩等[8]对绝缘子表面涂覆不同电导率的环氧涂层,研究认为当绝缘材料体积电阻率与表面电阻率呈一定关系时能有效减少表面电荷积聚。近年来表面氟化作为一种新的材料调控手段,可以将电负性的氟(F)元素引入材料表面中,达到提升材料绝缘性能的目的。刘亚强等[9]将环氧树脂放入通有F2/N2混合气体的反应釜中,氟化处理不同的时间,氟化后试样表面的电导率提升,电荷衰减速率加快,表面陷阱变浅。ZHANG B Y等[10]对掺杂氧化铝(Al2O3)填料的盆式绝缘子进行分区域的氟化处理,根据热刺激电流法计算得出氟化后绝缘子的电子陷阱和空穴陷阱均变浅。此后包括天津大学等科研院所将直接氟化法应用于多种绝缘材料中,并得到了类似的结果[11]。低温等离子体技术作为一种节能环保、高效可控的技术,已经在生物、医学等领域开展了较多的研究。由于低温等离子体技术具备大面积处理复杂外形试样的能力,同时避免了氟化采用F2对人身的威胁,在绝缘材料改性处理的应用中较多学者也开展了相关的研究,律方成等[12]基于等离子体氟化的方法处理氮化铝(AlN)填料,研究发现填料处理45 min后,制备的绝缘试样沿面闪络电压提升最多,可达39.9%。马云飞等[13]采用自制的微秒脉冲电源激发等离子体,实现对聚乙烯等材料的处理,结果表明等离子体处理能在材料表面生成羰基,降低材料表面的水接触角,浅化表面陷阱。
本研究采用介质阻挡放电的形式,对环氧树脂试样进行表面等离子体氟化处理,表征处理前、后试样的物理形貌及化学组分,测试试样的电气性能,得到等离子体改性优化的建议。
图1为试验采用的等离子体表面处理平台。平台分为气路系统与电路系统两部分。气路系统用于提供气体氛围和反应物,包含待处理气体、气体流量计、干燥管等。其中Ar由于具备化学惰性需要较低的电离能用于提供气体氛围,CF4作为反应气体提供F元素,两路气体通过D07-19B气体流量计控制流速后,经干燥管干燥去除水分,通入DBD反应器中。电路系统由高频电源、示波器、高压探头、取样电阻、DBD反应器和平板电极组成。高频电源的型号为CTP-2000k,其中频率为50 kHz,输出电压为0~30 kV,待处理试样放入DBD反应器中,DBD反应器由石英玻璃制成,上方加盖石英玻璃片,与反应器一同形成阻挡介质,之后将反应器放入平板电极中,使得DBD反应器紧贴电极上下极板,平板电极上下电极结构为圆形,直径为7 cm,平板电极一端接入高频电源,一端经50 Ω取样电阻接地,示波器型号为Tektronix DPO 2024B,通过高压探头测量高频电源输出电压,测量取样电阻两端的电压计算反应中的电流。
试验中选择泰开高压开关有限公司生产的圆形环氧树脂试样,其直径为50 mm,厚度为5 mm,配方与该厂家实际盆式绝缘子配方一致,主要填料为微米Al2O3。试验前用超声波清洗机将其清洗20 min,去除试样表面的污渍,之后将试样放入干燥箱中烘干备用。将干燥后的试样放入DBD反应器中,通过气体流量计控制Ar气体流速为3.0 slm,CF4气体流速为0.3 slm,使得处理效果最佳[14]。高频电源输出设定为10 kV,控制试样的处理时间为3、6、9、12 min。
采用HITACHI S-4800型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对处理后的试样进行表面物理形貌测试;采用KEYENCE vk-x型表面粗糙度仪测量处理前、后试样的表面粗糙度;采用Thermo SCIENTIFIC ESCALAB 250Xi型X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试处理前、后试样的表面化学组分。
在电气性能方面,采用曲率半径为25 μm的充电针对试样进行表面充电,之后用Trek 347静电计测量试样表面电位的变化,同时采用三电极,借助DCPS 4023精密直流源对试样表面施加不同电压,配合Keithley 6514低电流表计算试样表面电导率。
对改性前、后的试样,采用指形电极测试试样的沿面闪络电压,电极材质为钢,电极的底面半径为2.0 mm,曲率半径为0.1 mm,其与试样夹角为30°,整体由聚四氟乙烯支撑,电极之间的距离为7 mm,电极与LAS-100kV-1mA-N负极性直流电源相连,如图2所示。采用均匀升压法测试试样沿面闪络电压,升压速度保持2 kV/s,当试样闪络后,记录闪络电压,略微移动试样,避免下次闪络在同一位置发生,每个试样测试10次,并计算其威布尔分布。
改性前、后试样的水接触角测试结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,未处理的初始试样接触角平均值为100.95°,整体表现为憎水性,等离子体处理后试样表面浸润性发生变化,试样表面变为亲水性,且随着处理时间的增加,试样接触角变化逐渐变慢,处理9 min后,接触角达到最小值,此时浸润性较好,试样接触角平均值为50.10°。
处理前、后试样的表面粗糙度如图4所示。从图4可以看出,随着处理时间的增加试样表面粗糙度有所提升,处理9 min后,试样的表面粗糙度Ra为318 nm,随着处理时间继续增加,表面粗糙度有所下降。
处理前、后试样SEM如图5所示。从图5可以看出,SEM结果与表面粗糙度测试结果较为对应,随着处理时间的增加,试样表面出现沟壑与凸起,推测是由于在高能等离子体的作用下,试样内部的填料暴露出来,随着处理时间的增加,由于填料与环氧基体熔点不同,表面环氧基体不断被蚀刻,表面暴露的填料逐渐增多,随之试样的表面粗糙度也进一步提升;当处理时间进一步增加,最先暴露出来的填料被等离子体撞击,填料也被蚀刻,由于加入的填料本身粒径有一定的限制,并未有更大尺寸的填料暴露出来,导致长时间处理后,试样表面粗糙度反而有所下降。
为明确等离子体能将F元素引入试样表面,对处理9 min的试样进行XPS测试,同时与未处理的试样进行比较,测试结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,处理9 min后,试样表面出现较为明显的F元素特征峰,表明采用等离子体的方法可以有效地将F元素引入至试样表面。
根据XPS的测试结果,对处理9 min试样的F元素特征峰进行分峰处理,探究F元素在表面的结合状态,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,经过等离子体氟化处理,F元素一部分与试样中的环氧基体结合形成有机氟化物,另一部分与Al2O3填料结合形成金属氟化物[15]。Al2O3填料因经过氟化处理后,金属氟化物特征峰对应为Al-F键[16-17]。F-F键键能(153 kJ/mol)与C-H键键能(414 kJ/mol)较C-F键键能(485 kJ/mol)与H-F键键能(565 kJ/mol)低[18],因此C-F键与H-F键相对更稳定。等离子体处理时,CF4中被电离的F离子一部分会与试样中的H离子形成HF,另一部分则与基体中的有机物形成稳定的C-F键,新生成的HF进一步又会与暴露出来的Al2O3填料发生反应,在Al2O3中形成金属氟化物。
采用负极性电源,设置电源电压为5 kV,记录试样表面电位60 min内的变化规律。对处理后的试样采用电晕充电的方式进行充电,充电后,电荷会被试样表面的陷阱所捕获;撤去电源后,表面电荷会脱陷消散。试样负极性充电后,表面带电极性与充电电源极性一致,为了便于比较,对测试完后的数据进行归一化处理,归一化公式如式(1)所示。
A=V(t)V(0)
式(1)中:A为归一化率;V(0)为测量起始时刻的表面电位;V(t)为t时刻的表面电位。
归一化计算后的试样表面电位消散情况,即试样表面电荷衰减特性如图8所示。从图8可以看出,随着等离子体处理时间的增加,表面电位衰减速率增加,等效于电荷消散速率加快,当处理时间增加到12 min后,表面电位衰减速率有所降低,电荷消散速率变慢。
进一步对试片表面电导率进行测试,由于温度和施加电压会对表面电导率造成影响,试验时三电极放置于保温箱中,保温箱温度设置为25℃,分别测试不同施加电压下,试片的表面电导率,结果如图9所示。从图9可以看出,表面电导率的变化趋势与电荷消散特性相反,随着处理时间的增加,表面电导率先提升,但仍保持在同一数量级,处理时间达到12 min,表面电导率有所下降,但对于同一试片,其表面电导率随着施加电压的增加呈下降趋势。
测得10次沿面闪络后,采用双参数威布尔分布对闪络电压进行分析。根据GB/T 29310—2012,采用威布尔累计概率计算方程,如式(2)所示[19]
p(U)=1-exp[-UU0β]
式(2)中:p(U)为闪络的累计概率;U为试验测得的沿面闪络电压;β为评估数据分散性的形状参数;U0为尺度参数,代表当累计失效率为63.2%时的闪络电压。本研究采用的近似计算方程如式(3)所示。
p(m)=m-0.44n+0.25
式(3)中:m为测得的闪络电压按升序排列后的结果;n为所有数据的数目。
由于威布尔分布中数据应为正数,此处对所测得的闪络电压取绝对值后进行威布尔分析。威布尔分析结果及计算得到的闪络电压和形状参数分别和表1图10所示。
表1图10可以看出,处理前、后试样形状参数变化不大。对于未处理试样闪络电压为8.34 kV,随着处理时间的增加,试样闪络电压逐步增大,处理9 min后,试样闪络电压达到最大值,提升了约37.17%,随着处理时间进一步增加,闪络电压有所下降。
经等离子体氟化处理后,试样中环氧基体成分产生了变化,在试样表面形成-COF等含氟基团,并在空气中水解,形成-COOH、-OH等亲水性基团[20],使得处理后试样表面浸润性发生变化。同时等离子体氟化会在试样表面形成一层氟化层,F作为一种有较强电子亲和能的元素会吸附电子[21],使得试样表面陷阱能级有所提升。但同时,等离子体氟化改性会对试样中环氧基体造成改变,使得环氧中的基团发生断链,引起表面结构发生改变,此外,等离子体氟化改性对试样表面物理形貌也会造成改变。基体结构及表面物理形貌的变化会在试样表面引入物理陷阱,而物理陷阱深度比化学陷阱深度浅得多,因此改性后试样表面陷阱能级会变小,表面电导率会增加,表面积累的电荷会更容易从样品表面消散,电荷消散速率增加[22-23]。当对试样施加电压时,由于高压电极处电场较强,且存在畸变,在高压电极、试样和气体的三结点处的气体分子首先会发生电离,由于处理后试样表面电导率提升,电离出来的电荷难以在试样表面积聚,试样表面缺少足够的电子引起二次电子发射,阻碍闪络的发展,因此闪络电压会增大。等离子体氟化改性使得试样表面粗糙度增加,形成凹槽,延长闪络路径,闪络难以形成。
随着氟化时间的增加,试样表面F元素含量增加,对电子的吸附能力增强,导致电荷消散速度有所降低,试样表面电导率减小。而此时电荷会在表面积累,导致闪络发生。过长的处理时间会破坏试样表面环氧基体的化学结构,试样受到高能粒子轰击,导致表面接枝的F元素基团剥离,表面电子亲和能力减弱,同时造成试样表面粗糙度有所下降,表面暴露的填料形成的沟壑对带电粒子的阻碍作用减弱,使得带电粒子容易在电极间运动最终形成贯穿性放电通道。
(1)等离子体改性方法可以在环氧树脂材料表面引入亲水性基团,改变材料的浸润性,且随着处理时间的增加,试样表面粗糙度呈现先提高后降低的趋势。
(2)在高能等离子体及CF4反应气体环境中,等离子体处理可以在材料表面引入F元素,并在材料中分别与填料和环氧基体形成金属氟化物和有机氟化物。
(3)等离子体处理后,开始会在材料表面引入浅陷阱,电荷不易在试样表面积聚,同时表面粗糙度增加会使得放电路径延长,材料沿面闪络电压提升。
(4)等离子体过长时间处理会导致材料表面基体受损,材料表面陷阱变深,电荷积聚在材料表面,导致电场畸变,同时表面粗糙度下降,闪络电压有所降低。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.009
  • 接收时间:2021-01-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-23
  • 出版时间:2021-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-24
  • 修回日期:2021-02-20
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国家电网公司总部科技项目(超特高压GIL三支柱绝缘子炸裂击穿机理分析及新型国产环氧配方研究)
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    国网河南省电力公司,河南 郑州 450000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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