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Article(id=1242756975851843610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242756974576775191, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1618934400000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-21, revisedDate=1626624000000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774225952351, onlineDateStr=2026-03-23, pubDate=1637510400000, pubDateStr=2021-11-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774225952351, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774225952351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774225952351, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242756974576775191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='139', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774225952044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774226047274, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242757374059066044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242756974576775191, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242757374059066045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242756974576775191, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=41, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242756976149639197, articleId=1242756975851843610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Polyimide Cross-linking for Membrane, columnId=1198664996516360309, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Polyimide Film Special Issue, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since the American DuPont company improved the polyimide (PI) synthesis technology to produce membrane material and applied it to industry for the first time in 1960, PI had shined in the information age, and its related research had been developed by leaps and bounds. In the fields of gas separation industry and new energy, cross-linking modification is an effective way to improve the performance of PI membranes. In this paper, the latest research progress in the PI cross-linking modification for membranes in recent years was reviewed, which included thermal cross-linking, ultraviolet cross-linking, and chemical cross-linking, and the future research direction of cross-linked PI membranes was prospected.

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自1960年美国杜邦公司改进聚酰亚胺（PI）合成技术生产了膜材并首次应用于工业以来，PI在信息化时代大放异彩，其相关研究得到长足的发展。在气体分离工业及新能源等领域，交联改性是提高PI膜性能的有效方式。本文综述了近年来膜用PI交联改性研究的最新进展，主要包括热交联、紫外交联和化学交联3种方式，并对未来交联PI膜的研究方向进行了展望。

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闵永刚（1973-），男（汉族），湖北黄冈人，教授，主要研究聚酰亚胺材料。
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罗旭良（1997-），男（汉族），湖北十堰人，硕士生，研究方向为聚酰亚胺的改性制备。

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罗旭良（1997-），男（汉族），湖北十堰人，硕士生，研究方向为聚酰亚胺的改性制备。

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罗旭良（1997-），男（汉族），湖北十堰人，硕士生，研究方向为聚酰亚胺的改性制备。

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Polymer,2021,212:123288-123299., articleTitle=Polyimide composite separator containing surface-modified hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres for lithium-ion battery application, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245100057117180411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975851843610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=41, issue=21, pageStart=7920, pageEnd=7927, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=KRATOCHVILK A M, KOROS W J, journalName=Macromolecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KRATOCHVILK A M, KOROS W J. Decarboxylation-induced cross-linking of a polyimide for enhanced CO2 plasticization resistance[J]. Macromolecules,2008,41(21):7920-7927., articleTitle=Decarboxylation-induced cross-linking of a polyimide for enhanced CO2 plasticization resistance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245100057180094975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975851843610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=148, issue=null, pageStart=110369, pageEnd=110379, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=YANG Z H, MA P C, LI F R, journalName=European Polymer Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Z H, MA P C, LI F R, et al. Ultrahigh thermal-stability polyimides with low CTE and required flexibility by formation of hydrogen bonds between poly(amic acid)s[J]. European Polymer Journal,2021,148:110369-110379., articleTitle=Ultrahigh thermal-stability polyimides with low CTE and required flexibility by formation of hydrogen bonds between poly(amic acid)s, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245100057276563970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975851843610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=162, issue=null, pageStart=116, pageEnd=120, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=TIAN G F, ZHOU H, LEI H Y, journalName=Polymer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN G F, ZHOU H, LEI H Y, et al. Breaking the mutual restraint between low permittivity and low thermal expansion in polyimide films via a branched crosslink structure[J]. Polymer,2019,162:116-120., articleTitle=Breaking the mutual restraint between low permittivity and low thermal expansion in polyimide films via a branched crosslink structure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245100057385615880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975851843610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=143, issue=null, pageStart=110206, pageEnd=110215, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=TIAN G F, HAN S H, LI Y, journalName=European Polymer Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN G F, HAN S H, LI Y, et al. Ultra-low dielectric constant polyimides: Combined efforts of fluorination and micro-branched crosslink structure[J]. 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制备方法合成步骤优势缺点
一步法将原料放入溶剂中加热至特定的温度，直接使二酐与二胺脱水，形成亚胺环。反应工艺比较简易。聚合反应时间过长，后期不能直接加工，反应中会生成一定量的水，从而抑制反应的进行。
两步法二胺和二酐首先在极性溶剂（DMAc、DMF（N,N-二甲基甲酰胺）等）中进行低温溶液缩聚，获得前驱体聚酰胺酸，再通过热亚胺化或化学法使分子亚胺化生成PI。可以在常温下反应，并且大部分聚酰胺酸可以溶于强极性溶剂。二酐单体暴露在空气中极易吸水变质，对环境湿度有较严格的要求。
三步法将两步法制备的聚酰胺酸前驱体溶液置于一定条件下，使其脱水生成结构稳定的聚异酰亚胺，然后借助催化剂生成PI。热亚胺化期间没有水或者其他小分子气体放出，合成的PI产品性能良好，很少出现瑕疵。步骤较复杂，需要用到脱水剂和催化剂。
CVD法将二胺和二酐单体在高温真空状态下，分别以蒸气的形式各自输送入混炼室，反应混炼成膜。膜超薄且电性能优异，可在比较复杂的结构上成膜，且薄膜厚度均匀，可控性很强。实验步骤较复杂且难以大量生产。
), ArticleFig(id=1245100052448919832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975851843610, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PI薄膜主要制备方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方法合成步骤优势缺点
一步法将原料放入溶剂中加热至特定的温度，直接使二酐与二胺脱水，形成亚胺环。反应工艺比较简易。聚合反应时间过长，后期不能直接加工，反应中会生成一定量的水，从而抑制反应的进行。
两步法二胺和二酐首先在极性溶剂（DMAc、DMF（N,N-二甲基甲酰胺）等）中进行低温溶液缩聚，获得前驱体聚酰胺酸，再通过热亚胺化或化学法使分子亚胺化生成PI。可以在常温下反应，并且大部分聚酰胺酸可以溶于强极性溶剂。二酐单体暴露在空气中极易吸水变质，对环境湿度有较严格的要求。
三步法将两步法制备的聚酰胺酸前驱体溶液置于一定条件下，使其脱水生成结构稳定的聚异酰亚胺，然后借助催化剂生成PI。热亚胺化期间没有水或者其他小分子气体放出，合成的PI产品性能良好，很少出现瑕疵。步骤较复杂，需要用到脱水剂和催化剂。
CVD法将二胺和二酐单体在高温真空状态下，分别以蒸气的形式各自输送入混炼室，反应混炼成膜。膜超薄且电性能优异，可在比较复杂的结构上成膜，且薄膜厚度均匀，可控性很强。实验步骤较复杂且难以大量生产。
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膜用聚酰亚胺交联研究进展
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罗旭良 , 黄锦涛 , 翁梦蔓 , 王子青 , 任国兴 , 刘屹东 , 闵永刚
绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2021,54(11): 41-47
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绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2021, 54(11): 41-47
膜用聚酰亚胺交联研究进展
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罗旭良, 黄锦涛, 翁梦蔓, 王子青, 任国兴, 刘屹东, 闵永刚
作者信息
  • 广东工业大学 材料与能源学院，广东 广州 510006

    • 罗旭良（1997-），男（汉族），湖北十堰人，硕士生，研究方向为聚酰亚胺的改性制备。

通讯作者:

闵永刚（1973-），男（汉族），湖北黄冈人，教授，主要研究聚酰亚胺材料。
Research Progress of Polyimide Cross-linking for Membrane
Xuliang LUO, Jintao HUANG, Mengman WENG, Ziqing WANG, Guoxing REN, Yidong LIU, Yonggang MIN
Affiliations
  • School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
出版时间: 2021-11-22 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.005
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摘要
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自1960年美国杜邦公司改进聚酰亚胺（PI）合成技术生产了膜材并首次应用于工业以来，PI在信息化时代大放异彩，其相关研究得到长足的发展。在气体分离工业及新能源等领域，交联改性是提高PI膜性能的有效方式。本文综述了近年来膜用PI交联改性研究的最新进展，主要包括热交联、紫外交联和化学交联3种方式，并对未来交联PI膜的研究方向进行了展望。

聚酰亚胺膜  /  热交联  /  紫外交联  /  化学交联

Since the American DuPont company improved the polyimide (PI) synthesis technology to produce membrane material and applied it to industry for the first time in 1960, PI had shined in the information age, and its related research had been developed by leaps and bounds. In the fields of gas separation industry and new energy, cross-linking modification is an effective way to improve the performance of PI membranes. In this paper, the latest research progress in the PI cross-linking modification for membranes in recent years was reviewed, which included thermal cross-linking, ultraviolet cross-linking, and chemical cross-linking, and the future research direction of cross-linked PI membranes was prospected.

polyimide membrane  /  thermal crosslinking  /  UV crosslinking  /  chemical crosslinking
罗旭良, 黄锦涛, 翁梦蔓, 王子青, 任国兴, 刘屹东, 闵永刚. 膜用聚酰亚胺交联研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (11) : 41 -47 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.005
Xuliang LUO, Jintao HUANG, Mengman WENG, Ziqing WANG, Guoxing REN, Yidong LIU, Yonggang MIN. Research Progress of Polyimide Cross-linking for Membrane[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (11) : 41 -47 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.005
正文
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0 引言
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聚酰亚胺（PI）作为一种综合性能良好的功能高分子材料，具有耐热、耐低温、耐辐射、阻燃和无毒的特性，力学性能优异，化学性能稳定以及具备良好的生物相容性[1-2]。随着科学技术的发展，研究者针对不同应用方向开发出涂料、泡沫、纤维和膜材等不同形态的PI材料，应用于航空航天、电子工程、信息、生物医学和新能源等领域[3-4]。其中，PI膜的应用最为广泛，被称为解决问题的能手。特殊的应用环境对PI膜性能提出了更高的要求，如气体分离领域要求PI膜耐塑性强，且具有较好的气体选择性和透过性；航空领域则要求PI膜在高温下具有优异的热稳定性和抗原子氧性能；能源领域要求PI膜耐高温的同时，物理、电化学性能显著[5-6]。而传统PI膜难以满足这些领域的要求。
交联能够将线型或支型高分子链间通过键合连接形成网状或体型高分子，是一种对聚合物进行改性的新兴方法，也是人们广泛认可的能够提高PI薄膜材料综合性能的一种方法。在PI的合成过程中，其他的功能性基团可在特定条件下与PI分子链发生交联，进而改变PI性能[7-8]。常用的交联方法有热交联、紫外光辐照交联和化学交联。
1 PI的基本合成方法
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PI合成单体种类纷繁，且合成工艺多样，因此产品结构与品种繁多。常用的聚合方法有一步法、两步法和气相沉积法。其中使用最广泛的是两步法路线，将二元酸酐单体和二元胺单体在极性溶剂如N,N-二甲基乙酰胺（DMAc）或N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）中反应生成聚酰胺酸，然后通过热酰亚胺化或者化学酰亚胺化方法脱水环化得到最终的PI[9-10]。表1是PI各合成路径简介及综合比较。
PI是一种环链类化合物，可按照主链中主要结构分为脂肪链和芳环链两大类。从表1可以看出，无论哪种合成方法都要通过缩合反应生成酰胺键，通过梯度升温或者使用催化剂等方法让酰胺键再和羧酸基团脱水环化[11]。图1为PI结构通式。
虽然PI薄膜的性能优异，但随着应用领域的逐步拓宽，传统PI薄膜已无法满足特殊应用条件的需求。因此，对PI进行改性显得尤为重要。在改性PI的研究中，交联改性的工作较为突出。
2 热交联
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热交联通常不需要引入交联剂，是在较高温度作用下，PI中预先引入活性基团发生交联，产生网络或者体型结构。这种交联方式常用于气体分离和燃料电池等领域。
2.1 热交联气体分离膜
热交联PI膜最初研究应用于气体分离领域，其主要优点是能有效抑制分离膜塑化。分离膜塑化是天然气分离工业中存在的难题之一。塑化包括一系列由聚合物基质中某些组分的溶剂化引起的压力变化现象，这种现象破坏了链堆积并增强了链段间的流动性[12]。
气体分离膜一般为玻璃态和橡胶态聚合物[13]。玻璃态PI薄膜具有优良的热性能、力学性能、分离性能及化学性能，在多种工业气体分离效果上超越了部分橡胶态聚合物[14-15]。然而，有些气体（例如CO2、H2S等）在高压进料时引起的塑化现象会使玻璃态PI薄膜膨胀，膜中微孔逐渐饱和，降低了分离性能。热交联改性可有效提升薄膜的耐塑化性能。ZHANG C L等[16]合成了带有羧基的二胺，与4,4′-（六氟异丙烯）二酞酸酐（6FDA）两步法反应制备PI薄膜，并在450℃下脱羧基诱导热交联。结果发现与未交联的PI薄膜相比，交联PI薄膜的CO2渗透性提升了100倍，从18 Barrer增大到1858 Barrer，且抗塑化性能也大幅提高。AN H等[17]提供了一种新的热交联方法，即溴化/脱溴诱导的热交联。这种方法通过形成乙烯交联键，使得6FDA/均四甲苯PI的聚合物链堆积更加松散，同时保留了其刚性PI骨架，提升了PI薄膜的耐塑化性能以及气体渗透速率。
通过热氧化聚合物交联，可以提高PI膜的气体选择性，但通常会降低其气体渗透性。DENG L M等[18]发现在低于玻璃化转变温度下的热氧化交联可以同时提高PI膜的气体渗透性和选择性。首先设计并合成了一种含6FDA、均四甲苯和3,3-双[4-（4-氨基-3-甲基苯氧基）苯基]苯酞（MPP）的PI，这种PI的玻璃化转变温度（Tg）显著提高且热氧化交联温度大幅降低，在275℃即可通过分解内酯环氧化产生的过氧自由基实现热诱导氧化交联，其Tg达到了355℃。随后测试了交联薄膜对于CO2/CH4混合气体的分离性能，发现对比未交联的PI膜，其CO2/CH4气体选择性提高了69%，CO2渗透性提高了50%。
LIU Z Y等[19]通过引入3,5-二氨基苯甲酸（DABA），采用化学法先合成了含羧基的6FDA基PI，然后在350℃或400℃下脱羧诱导热交联3 h形成致密膜，结构如图2所示，其Tg为350～400℃。测试薄膜对于H2、O2、N2、CO2和CH4气体的渗透率后发现，未经过热交联的PI薄膜气体渗透性随着气体分子的动力学直径增大而降低，遵循H2>CO2>O2>N2>CH4的顺序，且由于塑化阻力的存在，未交联的PI薄膜分离性能也逐渐降低。由于350℃交联与热退火效应相抵消，在350℃热交联，DABA在二胺中所占摩尔分数为20%时的PI薄膜相比未交联的薄膜气体渗透率提升不大。在此温度下当DABA摩尔分数提升至50%，气体渗透率有所提高。在400℃热交联，DABA摩尔分数为50%的PI薄膜气体渗透率提高最为显著，对CO2的渗透率较未交联的PI薄膜提升了234.1%。随后作者研究了极端情况下即经过400℃热处理未添加DABA和完全以DABA作二胺的两种薄膜的气体渗透性差异。结果证实，添加了DABA的PI薄膜比未添加DABA的PI薄膜CO2渗透率提升了10倍。据此推测，交联膜的气体渗透性提高主要是由脱羧诱导热交联的结构演变引起的。
2.2 热交联电池隔膜
PI薄膜的绝缘性能、热稳定性、力学性能以及耐溶剂性能等优异，在锂电池隔膜方面非常有应用前景[20]。PI纳米纤维膜经热交联改性后显示出良好的电解质润湿性、机械强度、热稳定性及电化学性能，可以更好地适用于燃料电池[21-22]。
KONG L Y等[23]使用1,4-双（4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯氧基）苯（6FAPB）和4,4′-氧二邻苯二甲酸酐（ODPA）合成了氟化聚酰亚胺（FPI），再通过静电纺丝技术和热交联工艺制备成平均厚度为35 μm的纳米纤维膜。这种FPI在聚合物主链中引入三氟甲基侧基，增加了PI的自由体积，从而在不降低热稳定性的情况下显著提高了FPI的溶解性、热氧化稳定性和介电常数。热交联过程不仅调节了纳米纤维膜的孔径，还显著提高了膜的机械强度，由热交联的FPI纳米纤维膜制成的电池显示出极佳的循环性能，倍率容量提升。
S BYUN等[24]使用一种四羧酸二酐（BCDA）和4,4′-二氨基二苯醚（ODA）先合成了有机可溶性PI，然后通过静电纺丝技术制备了纳米纤维膜，并在400℃热交联获得用于锂离子电池的热稳定隔膜。一方面热交联克服了PI纳米纤维膜溶于液体电解质的难题，另一方面交联后膜的拉伸强度从1 MPa提升至6 MPa，显示出优异的力学性能。热交联PI隔膜制备的电池在500次充放电循环后仍保持大约78%的容量，远高于仅57.5%的工业聚烯烃隔膜电池容量。
2.3 其他热交联膜
热交联PI膜最初是为气体分离而开发的，以减少塑化现象，后来成功应用于渗透蒸发，并已成为耐溶剂纳滤过程中非常重要的一环[25-26]。蜂窝状多孔PI薄膜力学性能好，表面积大，相较于普通PI薄膜质量更轻，M UMASHANKARU等[27]采用热化学交联方法，制备了抗多种有机溶剂的蜂窝状多孔PI薄膜。通过在低温下进行热化学交联，获得坚固的致密薄膜，再采用KOH处理和再酰亚胺化对薄膜进行强化，其机理如图3所示，得到的交联PI薄膜可以耐酮、苯、乙酸乙酯、甲苯、己烷、氯仿、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃等多种有机溶剂超过20 h。
陈琳等[28]制备了在多种有机溶剂中具有较好溶解性的热交联PI薄膜。通过在PI中引入芴基和羧基，在高温下脱羧诱导热交联制备了共聚PI薄膜，热交联共聚PI薄膜具有很好的热稳定性能，5%热失重温度（T5%）最高为464℃，可以溶解在非质子强极性溶剂DMF、DMAc、NMP、二甲基亚砜（DMSO）和弱极性溶剂THF（四氢呋喃）中。这是由于芴基引入了大量醚键，破坏PI主链的共轭体系，降低了溶解自由能。
XU S等[29]同样采取脱羧诱导热交联的方法来制备PI薄膜，但是其更关注热交联型PI薄膜在渗透蒸发方面的应用。用6FDA和DABA两种单体，分别通过化学亚胺化法和热亚胺化法制备了两种PI薄膜，在250～400℃下处理30 min，随后测试了薄膜对乙醇脱水的渗透汽化性能，结果显示普通PI薄膜经热处理后分离性能下降，在250℃和300℃下热交联的PI薄膜分离系数最高，分别达到了1 175和835，这归因于交联作用可以增强渗透汽化过程中进料溶液中膜的抗溶胀性能，从而增强其分离性能。通过热重分析和红外测试还发现，热处理后PI薄膜的脱羧交联度随温度升高而增加。
3 紫外光交联
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紫外光照射也是PI交联的一种可行方式，利用紫外线照射PI膜生成共价键或氢键发生交联，能够有效提高膜的致密度[30-31]，可应用于制备光敏型PI膜和气体分离膜等。
CHEN Z G等[32]报道了一种光交联PI/功能氧化石墨烯复合薄膜，采用溶液共混法将光敏性的功能性氧化石墨烯（FGO）引入到光敏性聚酰亚胺（PSPI）基体中，通过紫外光照射使FGO与PSPI主链有效共价键合。研究发现，当紫外光照射时间达到900 s时，光交联程度最高约为82%。由于交联结构引起的电子极化限制，交联的PSPI/FGO薄膜介电常数（k）和介质损耗因数（tanδ）有效降低，使得PSPI/FGO复合膜在低介电常数光刻胶领域具有广阔的应用前景。
F WINDRICH等[33]研究发现在光敏型PI薄膜中引入交联剂发生紫外交联后会导致PI不完全酰亚胺化，而完全酰亚胺化对于薄膜的力学性能和介电性能以及耐化学性十分重要。通过研究聚合物侧链中可紫外光交联的甲基丙烯酸官能团含量对酰亚胺化反应的影响，发现对于非交联前体膜，酰亚胺化温度约在250℃。对于不同程度的交联量PI薄膜均需要更高的温度才可达到完全酰亚胺化。当交联量超过一定值后，只有将温度升高至340℃，使得交联剂裂解才能完全酰亚胺化。
紫外光交联为制备气体分离膜提供了另一种思路。1994年，H KITA等[34]报道了紫外线交联对6FDA/BTDA（3,3′,4,4′-二苯甲酮四羧酸二酐）-DAMA共聚物气体传输性能的影响。由于紫外线照射，气体渗透性显著降低，但选择性增强。随着紫外线照射时间的增加，气体渗透率进一步降低，选择性进一步增强。随后他们研究发现，通过紫外线诱导交联使聚合物致密化降低了气体扩散率，进而显著影响了气体渗透性和选择性[35]。
S MATSUI等[36]使用BTDA或4,4′-氧二邻苯二甲酸酐（ODPA）和2,2′-双[4-（4-氨基苯氧基）苯基]-丙烷（BAPP）合成了两种光敏PI，并通过衰减全反射红外光谱仪结果证实了二苯甲酮基团的交联。对于不含二苯甲酮基团的PI膜，紫外线照射仅导致空气发生氧化形成羟基。然而在紫外线照射后，两种膜的平均链间距减小，表明膜致密化。此外两种膜对于所有测试气体的渗透系数都降低，对于较大分子尤为显著，如N2O和CO2。同时，膜材对不同尺寸的气体（如H2/N2）的选择性提高。通过研究发现，交联仅发生在膜表面的薄顶层，不能解释气体吸附性能的变化。相反，紫外辐射引起的致密化和膜厚度的变化对气体渗透性能的影响最大。
J S PARK等[37]制备了硅氧烷（PMDS）和PI的嵌段无规共聚物膜，采用的二酐为2,2′-双-(3,4-二羧基苯基)六氟丙烷二酐（6FDA）和BTDA，二胺单体为2,4,6-三甲基-1,3-苯二胺（DAM）。当用紫外光照射时，BTDA的酮基可以形成自由基，与相邻DAM上的甲基交联，进一步使膜致密化。PMDS为分散相，PI为连续相。一方面，橡胶态PDMS为气体分子输送提供了优先位置，增加了气体渗透性。另一方面，连续相PI在很大程度上提升了气体选择性。随后J S PARK等[38]调整6FDA和BTDA的比例为7∶3，在前体PI中提高大体积含氟基团的含量，制成的膜在空气中通过365 nm紫外线进行两侧照射，经测试，紫外交联提升了共聚物膜的筛分能力，然而与纯PI膜相比，加入PDMS的PI共聚物膜并没有显著改变传输特性。热分析显示，含硅氧烷的PI共聚物膜为相分离的状态，这种情况可能导致PI相中自由体积的减少，从而降低了共聚物膜的渗透性。
4 化学交联
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化学交联也是PI交联的一种重要手段，由于合成PI单体的可设计性，可以通过引入共价键或者氢键交联，也可通过引入交联剂达到交联目的，具有很大的变通性。
LONG J等[39]报道了一种具有咪唑功能化结构的交联多孔PI膜，其交联结构如图4所示，这种PI膜独特的交联结构可以有效阻碍钒离子的迁移，同时PI膜的咪唑基团和多孔结构也能增强离子转移，降低面积电阻，可用作电池质子交换膜。该团队使用这种交联PI膜制备的钒氧化还原液流电池，充放电循环进行了2 250次，与普通商用质子交换膜相比性能提升显著。
聚烯烃隔膜是锂离子电池中使用最广泛的隔膜，但是其在高温下会发生显著收缩，并且物理性能较弱。T Y JEONG等[40]以联苯四羧酸二酐（BPDA）和ODA为单体，与表面改性的中空介孔二氧化硅纳米球复合，通过化学亚胺化制备了PI/纳米二氧化硅复合膜。表面改性后的纳米二氧化硅作为交联剂使PI形成了坚固的网络结构，其结构示意图如图5所示。在重复充电/放电实验中，与未交联的PI相比，复合PI隔膜的这种交联结构使其表现出更高的离子电导率和对电解质的亲和力，即使在快速和重复充放电期间也表现出优异的放电容量。
A M KRATOCHVILK等[41]通过合成二酐6FDA在PI膜中引入了羧基化学交联，提高了膜的耐塑化和耐强溶剂性能。热重分析和核磁共振结果表明，热退火处理导致链侧羧酸基团脱羧成功，之后形成的芳基能够与相邻PI链上的不同实体侧基进行交联。这种新型交联结构使PI膜能够耐环己酮、THF和NMP等溶剂，且大幅提高了对CO2高压力下的耐塑性，PI膜出现塑化时的压强为3 MPa。
有机发光二极管显示器的柔性很大程度上取决于柔性基板的特性，PI薄膜具有优异的热、力学和介电性能，是柔性有机发光二极管显示器聚合物基板的理想候选材料。氢键相互作用的形成（发生于主链中的线性、刚性片段以及链间）是提高PI薄膜热尺寸稳定性的有效方法，YANG Z H等[42]通过均苯四甲酸二酐（PMDA）、两种不同的刚性杂环二胺（2,5-双（4-氨基苯基）嘧啶或2,5-双（4-氨基苯基）吡啶）和另一种柔性二胺ODA的共缩聚反应制备了一系列芳香族PI膜。含有二苯基嘧啶和二苯基吡啶结构的聚酰胺酸通过分子间氢键来调整分子链的堆积和取向，以满足柔性OLED基板的实际性能要求。通过调节刚性二胺和柔性二胺的比例，薄膜的断裂伸长率为40%～60%，拉伸强度为250～380 MPa，模量为4.1～6.1 GPa，且具有超高Tg（450℃）、低热膨胀系数（0.5×10-6/K）和优异的热稳定性（Td5%=570～590℃）。
在不加入纳米粒子的情况下，想要得到同时具有低介电常数和低热膨胀系数的PI膜较为困难。一般情况下，制备低热膨胀系数的PI膜需要降低自由体积分数，这样一来其介电常数就会提高；而降低介电常数则需要提高PI膜的自由体积分数和孔隙率，如此又会导致热膨胀系数升高。TIAN G F等[43]设计了一种具有支化加交联结构的PI分子，希望通过支化提高分子的自由体积分数，通过化学交联限制分子链运动，以此达到同步调控的目的。他们以BPDA和1,4-苯二胺（PDA）为单体合成PI薄膜，并在合成中添加1,3,5-三（4-氨基苯氧基）苯（TAPOB）为交联剂，该单体结构如图6所示，这种结构既能起到支化作用又可达到交联目的。得到的PI薄膜自由体积增大，较未改性PI薄膜的介电常数降低了8.8%，且在没有拉伸或掺杂纳米粒子的情况下，热膨胀系数可以降低至2.88×10-6/K。随后TIAN G F等[44]研究发现，随着体系TAPOB含量的增加，介电常数呈现出先降低后升高的趋势，而热膨胀系数则随之降低。这可能是由于当TAPOB含量低时，该单体主要起到支化作用，随着TAPOB含量增多，交联逐渐占据主导，使体系的自由体积降低。
5 结束语
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膜用PI的交联研究自上世纪80年代开始，随着气体分离、能源工业、电子工业的不断进步，对PI膜材的要求不断提高。不同方式交联的PI膜各具优点。热交联PI膜能够在不添加交联剂的情况下，通过高温形成网络或体型结构，使PI膜致密化，提升薄膜的气体分离性能以及抑制分离过程中的塑化现象，未来发展方向将不限于气体分离膜，也可制备出性能优异的燃料电池隔膜以及耐溶剂薄膜等。紫外交联则可能在电子工业方面进一步发展，在光敏型PI膜或者电子封装领域展开更多的研究。化学交联具有很大的灵活性，可根据使用环境设计出综合性能优异的PI膜，但难点在于如何实现工业化生产。在众多领域中，关于PI薄膜交联改性的研究都取得了一定的突破，未来的研究应更加集中于开发具有综合高性能的PI膜，为解决问题提供新方案，并且注重产业化可行性，降低生产成本和简化工艺流程。
基金
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  • 广东省“珠江人才计划”引进创新创业团队项目(2016ZT060412)
  • 广东工业大学百人计划(220418095)
文献
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2021年第54卷第11期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.005
  • 接收时间：2021-04-21
  • 首发时间：2026-03-23
  • 出版时间：2021-11-22
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  • 收稿日期：2021-04-21
  • 修回日期：2021-07-19
基金
广东省“珠江人才计划”引进创新创业团队项目(2016ZT060412)
广东工业大学百人计划(220418095)
作者信息
    广东工业大学 材料与能源学院，广东 广州 510006

通讯作者:

闵永刚（1973-），男（汉族），湖北黄冈人，教授，主要研究聚酰亚胺材料。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.005
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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