Article(id=1242756975583412530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242756974576775191, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1621180800000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-17, revisedDate=1626364800000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774225952287, onlineDateStr=2026-03-23, pubDate=1637510400000, pubDateStr=2021-11-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774225952287, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774225952287, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774225952287, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242756974576775191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='139', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774225952044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774226047274, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242757374059066044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242756974576775191, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242757374059066045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242756974576775191, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=11, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242756975931539763, articleId=1242756975583412530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research Progress in Low Expansion Polyimide Films for Electronic Devices, columnId=1198664996516360309, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Polyimide Film Special Issue, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, flexible electronic devices have developed rapidly. As a flexible substrate material and dielectric insulating material, polyimide (PI) film has been widely used in the preparation of flexible electronic devices and flexible circuit boards. However, its high thermal expansion coefficient reduces its dimensional stability in the process of variable temperature processing. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust its thermal expansion coefficient to match with other materials of electronic devices. In this paper, the patent status of low expansion polyimide films at home and abroad, the preparation and application research progress of low expansion polyimide composite films were introduced, and the general trend of synthesis, modification and application research of low expansion PI was forecasted.

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近年来,柔性电子器件飞速发展,聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜作为柔性基板材料及介电绝缘材料大规模应用于柔性电子器件和挠性线路板等的制备,但其较高的热膨胀系数降低了它在变温加工过程的尺寸稳定性,故有必要调整其热膨胀系数与构成电子器件的其他材料相匹配。本文主要介绍了国内外低膨胀聚酰亚胺薄膜的专利现况、低膨胀聚酰亚胺复合薄膜的制备和应用研究进展,展望了低膨胀PI合成、改性及应用研究的总趋势。

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闵永刚(1963-),男(汉族),湖北黄冈人,教授,主要从事聚酰亚胺材料的研究。
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卢小闯(1993-),男(汉族),广东湛江人,硕士生,主要研究功能化聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备。

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卢小闯(1993-),男(汉族),广东湛江人,硕士生,主要研究功能化聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备。

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卢小闯(1993-),男(汉族),广东湛江人,硕士生,主要研究功能化聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备。

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改性技术专利权人专利名称创新点
高校及研究院所专利添加无机填料中国科学院光电技术研究所一种低湿、低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺复合薄膜材料及制备方法[9]该发明通过在聚酰胺酸胶中添加二氧化硅纳米颗粒,制得的聚酰亚胺复合薄膜具低湿膨胀系数、低热膨胀系数及良好的热稳定性,CTE可降至13.01×10-6 K-1
引入氢键中国科学院长春应用化学研究所一种高强度低热膨胀透明聚酰亚胺及其制备方法[10]该发明所制备的聚酰亚胺能够形成分子间氢键,进而形成氢键交联网络,这些强的分子间相互作用使透明聚酰亚胺可以表现出低热膨胀系数(11×10-6 K-1),同时保留聚酰亚胺的透明性(透过率90%)。可以用作柔性光电显示基板方面。
引入交联基团四川大学一种高耐热性低热膨胀系数的聚酰亚胺材料及其制备方法[11]在交联剂和催化剂的作用下制备低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺材料,CTE值可降至2.8×10-6 K-1
引入刚性基团吉林大学一种高粘附性低线膨胀系数聚酰亚胺膜材料及其制备方法[12]合成含刚性结构且引入氰基基团的氨基单体,利用所合成的氨基单体与含刚性结构的其他二胺单体与酸酐单体缩聚成聚酰亚胺膜。粘附性和线膨胀系数两方面性能都达到最优,CTE可由21.42×10-6 K-1降至13.27×10-6 K-1,可应用于高粘附性材料领域并提供低的线膨胀系数。
企业专利引入刚性基团浙江中科玖源新材料有限公司一种低热膨胀系数的聚酰亚胺薄膜及其制备方法[13]通过在分子结构中引入酯键等结构单元,得到兼有低热膨胀系数和高力学性能的聚酰亚胺薄膜,CTE在20×10-6 K-1以下。
武汉依麦德新材料科技有限责任公司一种低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺薄膜及其制备方法[14]在分子结构设计中同时引入酯键/酰胺、咪唑/噁唑等结构单元,提高分子间的相互作用力,聚酰亚胺薄膜的CTE最低可达6×10-6 K-1,对热膨胀系数进行调控,解决不同的基底材料间的匹配问题。

改进制膜

工艺技术

安徽鑫柏格电子股份有限公司一种低膨胀系数的聚酰亚胺薄膜及其制备方法[15]在340~560℃的条件下,先使用纵向拉伸机对凝胶膜进行纵向拉伸,再使用横向拉伸机对凝胶膜进行横向拉伸,PI的CTE可降低至15×10-6 K-1
天津市天缘电工材料有限责任公司高性能低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺薄膜双向拉伸系统[16]发明了一种高性能低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺薄膜双向拉伸系统,通过设置对针板之间距离的调节装置,实现对聚酰亚胺薄膜的横向拉伸,从而制备低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜。
), ArticleFig(id=1245100061261148816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975583412530, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国内高校及研究院所、企业低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜制备方法专利概况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改性技术专利权人专利名称创新点
高校及研究院所专利添加无机填料中国科学院光电技术研究所一种低湿、低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺复合薄膜材料及制备方法[9]该发明通过在聚酰胺酸胶中添加二氧化硅纳米颗粒,制得的聚酰亚胺复合薄膜具低湿膨胀系数、低热膨胀系数及良好的热稳定性,CTE可降至13.01×10-6 K-1
引入氢键中国科学院长春应用化学研究所一种高强度低热膨胀透明聚酰亚胺及其制备方法[10]该发明所制备的聚酰亚胺能够形成分子间氢键,进而形成氢键交联网络,这些强的分子间相互作用使透明聚酰亚胺可以表现出低热膨胀系数(11×10-6 K-1),同时保留聚酰亚胺的透明性(透过率90%)。可以用作柔性光电显示基板方面。
引入交联基团四川大学一种高耐热性低热膨胀系数的聚酰亚胺材料及其制备方法[11]在交联剂和催化剂的作用下制备低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺材料,CTE值可降至2.8×10-6 K-1
引入刚性基团吉林大学一种高粘附性低线膨胀系数聚酰亚胺膜材料及其制备方法[12]合成含刚性结构且引入氰基基团的氨基单体,利用所合成的氨基单体与含刚性结构的其他二胺单体与酸酐单体缩聚成聚酰亚胺膜。粘附性和线膨胀系数两方面性能都达到最优,CTE可由21.42×10-6 K-1降至13.27×10-6 K-1,可应用于高粘附性材料领域并提供低的线膨胀系数。
企业专利引入刚性基团浙江中科玖源新材料有限公司一种低热膨胀系数的聚酰亚胺薄膜及其制备方法[13]通过在分子结构中引入酯键等结构单元,得到兼有低热膨胀系数和高力学性能的聚酰亚胺薄膜,CTE在20×10-6 K-1以下。
武汉依麦德新材料科技有限责任公司一种低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺薄膜及其制备方法[14]在分子结构设计中同时引入酯键/酰胺、咪唑/噁唑等结构单元,提高分子间的相互作用力,聚酰亚胺薄膜的CTE最低可达6×10-6 K-1,对热膨胀系数进行调控,解决不同的基底材料间的匹配问题。

改进制膜

工艺技术

安徽鑫柏格电子股份有限公司一种低膨胀系数的聚酰亚胺薄膜及其制备方法[15]在340~560℃的条件下,先使用纵向拉伸机对凝胶膜进行纵向拉伸,再使用横向拉伸机对凝胶膜进行横向拉伸,PI的CTE可降低至15×10-6 K-1
天津市天缘电工材料有限责任公司高性能低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺薄膜双向拉伸系统[16]发明了一种高性能低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺薄膜双向拉伸系统,通过设置对针板之间距离的调节装置,实现对聚酰亚胺薄膜的横向拉伸,从而制备低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜。
), ArticleFig(id=1245100061382783633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975583412530, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Patent overview on foreign preparation methods of low CTE polyimide, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改性技术专利权人及专利号专利内容CTE值
无机粒子掺杂

美国杜邦

US19930066731[17]

公开了一种低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备,通过将石墨和硅灰石掺杂进聚酰胺酸,制备出低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜。CTE可降低至14.62×10-6 K-1,减少了约59%。
引入刚性基团

韩国晓星

KR2016001423[18]

公开了一种低热CTE的聚酰亚胺薄膜及其制备方法,在二胺主链为联苯结构的透明聚酰亚胺膜侧链引入醚基。CTE可降至7×10-6 K-1;强度为155 MPa以上。
引入刚性链

日本日立

JP19860023828[19]

包含双马来酰亚胺可加成固化的聚酰亚胺,引入刚性链节,获得的聚酰亚胺薄膜具有低CTE值,可用作覆铜层压板、柔性印刷基板。引入刚性链后,CTE可降低至4×10-6 K-1
控制酰亚胺化率

日本索尼化学

JP20030383836[20]

公开了一种低CTE高透明的半芳香族聚酰亚胺薄膜制备方法,通过使聚酰亚胺前体的酰亚胺化率在形成前体时为0.9~1.0,可以得到均质且黏稠的聚酰亚胺前体溶液,获得兼具低介电常数和低线性热膨胀系数的聚酰亚胺薄膜。制备的聚酰亚胺膜介电常数为2.91,CTE为11×10-6 K-1,玻璃化转变温度为442℃。
多单体共聚

韩国旺金化工

KR20110146622[21]

公开了一种低CTE透明聚酰亚胺的制备方法,通过控制均苯四甲酸二酐、1,4-环己基二胺、2,2′-双(三氟甲基)-4,4′-二氨基联苯的摩尔比,从而降低薄膜CTE值,因为其透明性和耐热性极佳,可用于透明导电膜、OLED柔性基板和柔性印刷电路板。当摩尔比为1∶0.2∶0.8时,CTE可达到8×10-6 K-1
), ArticleFig(id=1245100061462475411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975583412530, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国外低CTE聚酰亚胺制备方法专利概况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改性技术专利权人及专利号专利内容CTE值
无机粒子掺杂

美国杜邦

US19930066731[17]

公开了一种低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备,通过将石墨和硅灰石掺杂进聚酰胺酸,制备出低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜。CTE可降低至14.62×10-6 K-1,减少了约59%。
引入刚性基团

韩国晓星

KR2016001423[18]

公开了一种低热CTE的聚酰亚胺薄膜及其制备方法,在二胺主链为联苯结构的透明聚酰亚胺膜侧链引入醚基。CTE可降至7×10-6 K-1;强度为155 MPa以上。
引入刚性链

日本日立

JP19860023828[19]

包含双马来酰亚胺可加成固化的聚酰亚胺,引入刚性链节,获得的聚酰亚胺薄膜具有低CTE值,可用作覆铜层压板、柔性印刷基板。引入刚性链后,CTE可降低至4×10-6 K-1
控制酰亚胺化率

日本索尼化学

JP20030383836[20]

公开了一种低CTE高透明的半芳香族聚酰亚胺薄膜制备方法,通过使聚酰亚胺前体的酰亚胺化率在形成前体时为0.9~1.0,可以得到均质且黏稠的聚酰亚胺前体溶液,获得兼具低介电常数和低线性热膨胀系数的聚酰亚胺薄膜。制备的聚酰亚胺膜介电常数为2.91,CTE为11×10-6 K-1,玻璃化转变温度为442℃。
多单体共聚

韩国旺金化工

KR20110146622[21]

公开了一种低CTE透明聚酰亚胺的制备方法,通过控制均苯四甲酸二酐、1,4-环己基二胺、2,2′-双(三氟甲基)-4,4′-二氨基联苯的摩尔比,从而降低薄膜CTE值,因为其透明性和耐热性极佳,可用于透明导电膜、OLED柔性基板和柔性印刷电路板。当摩尔比为1∶0.2∶0.8时,CTE可达到8×10-6 K-1
), ArticleFig(id=1245100061529584277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975583412530, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Research progress in preparation of polyimide inorganic composite films with low CTE by various teams, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无机纳米填料类型年份研究团队具体内容结论分析
二氧化硅2020韩国K SEO等[25]采用溶胶-凝胶法制备聚酰亚胺/SiO2(CPS)纳米复合薄膜,改善其作为晶圆片级芯片规模封装(WLCSP)应用的热性能和电学性能,并在热固化和冷却步骤中对它们在Si晶片上的残余应力行为进行评估。当SiO2质量分数为1%时,PI薄膜的CTE从36.16×10-6 K-1下降到31.79×10-6 K-1。SiO2表面的硅氧键易与大分子产生作用,与大分子结合较好,将其引入聚酰亚胺体系中可以起到较好的效果。
2019清华大学S K KIM等[26]采用溶胶-凝胶法制备线性聚酰亚胺(PI6FDA-APB)、HBPIBPADA-TAP(OH)(10%和20%)以及不同比例SiO2组成的三元杂化复合薄膜。对于PI6FDA-APB-HBPIBPADA-TAP(OH)-10%、SiO2-30%复合薄膜,CTE降低到15.9×10-6 K-1,减小了约59%,杂化三元复合薄膜在微电子绝缘体领域,如先进电子器件的层间介质等方面具有潜在应用前景。
埃洛石纳米管2018中山大学ZHU T等[27]用导电聚苯胺(PANI)包覆在埃洛石纳米管(HNTs)表面,得到PANI改性的HNTs(PANI-HNTs),再以PANI-HNTs为填料,高性能聚酰亚胺(PI)为基体,制备一系列具有优异耐热性的复合材料。PANI-HNTs/聚酰亚胺复合膜保持低的热膨胀系数,CTE低至7×10-6 K-1。通过加入具有优异尺寸稳定性的无机物,同时聚酰亚胺和聚苯胺链之间存在的缠结,这种缠结增强了分子间的相互作用,提高了复合材料的尺寸稳定性。
氮化硼2021上海交通大学OU X等[28]通过球磨诱导方法将氮化硼片均匀分散在聚酰胺酸溶液中。通过机械力作用,氮化硼部分剥离并与聚合物链形成共价键,在聚酰亚胺基体中成膜,在热亚胺化过程中发生面内取向,促使复合材料中形成传热网络。当BN质量分数从0增加到40%时,BN/PI杂化膜的CTE由33.5×10-6 K-1降低到14.6×10-6 K-1,降低了56.4%。这些结果归因于氮化硼固有的超低CTE和优异的面内填料-填料网络,使热膨胀系数迅速下降。
云母颗粒2019南京科技大学ZHAO W等[29]用偶联剂γ-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTS)对云母颗粒进行改性。采用原位缩聚法制备了聚酰亚胺/云母杂化薄膜。在聚酰亚胺基体中加入10%云母后,杂化膜的CTE和介电常数分别从纯PI的37.87×10-6 K-1、3.56下降到25.36×10-6 K-1和2.42。这是由于云母的CTE非常低,偶联剂APTS在云母与PI基体之间提供了很强的相互作用。同时,云母颗粒通过加热抑制了聚合物链的膨胀。
石墨烯2018武汉大学LIU Y W等[30]采用超声波辅助石墨在N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶液相中剥离制备石墨烯,并将其作为PI的纳米填料。采用原位聚合法制备了聚酰亚胺/石墨烯纳米复合材料。0.5%石墨烯/DAPPI复合材料的CTE为0.19×10-6 K-1。而纯DAPPI的CTE为3.23×10-6 K-1,CTE降低了94%,这是由于层状超薄石墨烯纳米片的引入限制了PI分子链的链段流动性和取向,从而大幅提高了聚酰亚胺/石墨纳米复合材料的热稳定性和尺寸稳定性。
陶瓷材料CaCu3Ti4O12(CCTO)粒子2019中山大学QIAN C等[31]在H2SO4和H2O2的混合溶液中处理陶瓷材料CaCu3Ti4O12(CCTO)粒子颗粒,得到表面羟基化的CCTO填料(CCTO-OH),制备了具有较低热膨胀系数的CCTO-OH/聚酰亚胺(PI)复合膜。纯PI的CTE为51×10-6 K-1,CCTO-OH粒子负载量为25%的复合膜表现出较低的CTE(18×10-6 K-1)。这主要是因为CCTO羟基粒子和π矩阵之间的强相互作用力限制π片段的运动。随着CCTO羟基粒子数量的增加,抑制作用越来越强,严重限制了聚酰亚胺链段的运动。
), ArticleFig(id=1245100061621858967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975583412530, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各研究团队制备低CTE聚酰亚胺无机复合膜的研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无机纳米填料类型年份研究团队具体内容结论分析
二氧化硅2020韩国K SEO等[25]采用溶胶-凝胶法制备聚酰亚胺/SiO2(CPS)纳米复合薄膜,改善其作为晶圆片级芯片规模封装(WLCSP)应用的热性能和电学性能,并在热固化和冷却步骤中对它们在Si晶片上的残余应力行为进行评估。当SiO2质量分数为1%时,PI薄膜的CTE从36.16×10-6 K-1下降到31.79×10-6 K-1。SiO2表面的硅氧键易与大分子产生作用,与大分子结合较好,将其引入聚酰亚胺体系中可以起到较好的效果。
2019清华大学S K KIM等[26]采用溶胶-凝胶法制备线性聚酰亚胺(PI6FDA-APB)、HBPIBPADA-TAP(OH)(10%和20%)以及不同比例SiO2组成的三元杂化复合薄膜。对于PI6FDA-APB-HBPIBPADA-TAP(OH)-10%、SiO2-30%复合薄膜,CTE降低到15.9×10-6 K-1,减小了约59%,杂化三元复合薄膜在微电子绝缘体领域,如先进电子器件的层间介质等方面具有潜在应用前景。
埃洛石纳米管2018中山大学ZHU T等[27]用导电聚苯胺(PANI)包覆在埃洛石纳米管(HNTs)表面,得到PANI改性的HNTs(PANI-HNTs),再以PANI-HNTs为填料,高性能聚酰亚胺(PI)为基体,制备一系列具有优异耐热性的复合材料。PANI-HNTs/聚酰亚胺复合膜保持低的热膨胀系数,CTE低至7×10-6 K-1。通过加入具有优异尺寸稳定性的无机物,同时聚酰亚胺和聚苯胺链之间存在的缠结,这种缠结增强了分子间的相互作用,提高了复合材料的尺寸稳定性。
氮化硼2021上海交通大学OU X等[28]通过球磨诱导方法将氮化硼片均匀分散在聚酰胺酸溶液中。通过机械力作用,氮化硼部分剥离并与聚合物链形成共价键,在聚酰亚胺基体中成膜,在热亚胺化过程中发生面内取向,促使复合材料中形成传热网络。当BN质量分数从0增加到40%时,BN/PI杂化膜的CTE由33.5×10-6 K-1降低到14.6×10-6 K-1,降低了56.4%。这些结果归因于氮化硼固有的超低CTE和优异的面内填料-填料网络,使热膨胀系数迅速下降。
云母颗粒2019南京科技大学ZHAO W等[29]用偶联剂γ-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTS)对云母颗粒进行改性。采用原位缩聚法制备了聚酰亚胺/云母杂化薄膜。在聚酰亚胺基体中加入10%云母后,杂化膜的CTE和介电常数分别从纯PI的37.87×10-6 K-1、3.56下降到25.36×10-6 K-1和2.42。这是由于云母的CTE非常低,偶联剂APTS在云母与PI基体之间提供了很强的相互作用。同时,云母颗粒通过加热抑制了聚合物链的膨胀。
石墨烯2018武汉大学LIU Y W等[30]采用超声波辅助石墨在N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶液相中剥离制备石墨烯,并将其作为PI的纳米填料。采用原位聚合法制备了聚酰亚胺/石墨烯纳米复合材料。0.5%石墨烯/DAPPI复合材料的CTE为0.19×10-6 K-1。而纯DAPPI的CTE为3.23×10-6 K-1,CTE降低了94%,这是由于层状超薄石墨烯纳米片的引入限制了PI分子链的链段流动性和取向,从而大幅提高了聚酰亚胺/石墨纳米复合材料的热稳定性和尺寸稳定性。
陶瓷材料CaCu3Ti4O12(CCTO)粒子2019中山大学QIAN C等[31]在H2SO4和H2O2的混合溶液中处理陶瓷材料CaCu3Ti4O12(CCTO)粒子颗粒,得到表面羟基化的CCTO填料(CCTO-OH),制备了具有较低热膨胀系数的CCTO-OH/聚酰亚胺(PI)复合膜。纯PI的CTE为51×10-6 K-1,CCTO-OH粒子负载量为25%的复合膜表现出较低的CTE(18×10-6 K-1)。这主要是因为CCTO羟基粒子和π矩阵之间的强相互作用力限制π片段的运动。随着CCTO羟基粒子数量的增加,抑制作用越来越强,严重限制了聚酰亚胺链段的运动。
), ArticleFig(id=1245100061701550746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975583412530, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Research on preparation of polyimide with low CTE by copolymerization from various teams in recent years, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型年份研究团队二胺二酐比例Tg/℃CTE/(×10-6 K-1)
Kapton-H薄膜1965美国杜邦公司ODAPMDA1∶1360.0>35
两种二酐单体、一种二胺单体2018中国地质大学张耀佳团队[44]TFMBBPDA、6FDA1∶0.9∶0.1363.013.1
2019哈尔滨理工大学张明艳团队[45]TFMBPMDA、6FDA1.0∶0.6∶0.4365.427.0
两种二胺单体、一种二酐单体2020中国地质大学谭瑶瑶团队[46]NDA、APBIAPMDA0.7∶0.3∶1.0445.58.9
2019北京化工大学李小兰团队[47]TFMB、PDABPDA0.7∶0.3∶1.0356.78.0
2017中国科学院理化技术研究所余晓辉团队[48]APBIA、ODABTDA0.8∶0.2∶1.0371.019.0
), ArticleFig(id=1245100061785436827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756975583412530, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

近年来各研究团队共聚法制备低CTE聚酰亚胺的研究情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型年份研究团队二胺二酐比例Tg/℃CTE/(×10-6 K-1)
Kapton-H薄膜1965美国杜邦公司ODAPMDA1∶1360.0>35
两种二酐单体、一种二胺单体2018中国地质大学张耀佳团队[44]TFMBBPDA、6FDA1∶0.9∶0.1363.013.1
2019哈尔滨理工大学张明艳团队[45]TFMBPMDA、6FDA1.0∶0.6∶0.4365.427.0
两种二胺单体、一种二酐单体2020中国地质大学谭瑶瑶团队[46]NDA、APBIAPMDA0.7∶0.3∶1.0445.58.9
2019北京化工大学李小兰团队[47]TFMB、PDABPDA0.7∶0.3∶1.0356.78.0
2017中国科学院理化技术研究所余晓辉团队[48]APBIA、ODABTDA0.8∶0.2∶1.0371.019.0
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电子器件用低膨胀聚酰亚胺薄膜研究进展
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卢小闯 1 , 余文涛 1 , 翁梦蔓 1 , 刘屹东 1 , 张继升 2 , 方基永 2 , 闵永刚 1
绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2021,54(11): 11-22
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绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2021, 54(11): 11-22
电子器件用低膨胀聚酰亚胺薄膜研究进展
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卢小闯1, 余文涛1, 翁梦蔓1, 刘屹东1, 张继升2, 方基永2, 闵永刚1
作者信息
  • 1广东工业大学 材料与能源学院,广东 广州 510006
  • 2慧迈材料科技(广东)有限公司,广东 佛山 528200
  • 卢小闯(1993-),男(汉族),广东湛江人,硕士生,主要研究功能化聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备。

通讯作者:

闵永刚(1963-),男(汉族),湖北黄冈人,教授,主要从事聚酰亚胺材料的研究。
Research Progress in Low Expansion Polyimide Films for Electronic Devices
Xiaochuang LU1, Wentao YU1, Mengman WENG1, Yidong LIU1, Jisheng ZHANG2, Jiyong FANG2, Yonggang MIN1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2Huimai Material Technology (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Foshan 528200, China
出版时间: 2021-11-22 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.002
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近年来,柔性电子器件飞速发展,聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜作为柔性基板材料及介电绝缘材料大规模应用于柔性电子器件和挠性线路板等的制备,但其较高的热膨胀系数降低了它在变温加工过程的尺寸稳定性,故有必要调整其热膨胀系数与构成电子器件的其他材料相匹配。本文主要介绍了国内外低膨胀聚酰亚胺薄膜的专利现况、低膨胀聚酰亚胺复合薄膜的制备和应用研究进展,展望了低膨胀PI合成、改性及应用研究的总趋势。

聚酰亚胺  /  电子器件  /  专利布局  /  低膨胀

In recent years, flexible electronic devices have developed rapidly. As a flexible substrate material and dielectric insulating material, polyimide (PI) film has been widely used in the preparation of flexible electronic devices and flexible circuit boards. However, its high thermal expansion coefficient reduces its dimensional stability in the process of variable temperature processing. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust its thermal expansion coefficient to match with other materials of electronic devices. In this paper, the patent status of low expansion polyimide films at home and abroad, the preparation and application research progress of low expansion polyimide composite films were introduced, and the general trend of synthesis, modification and application research of low expansion PI was forecasted.

polyimide  /  electron device  /  patent layout  /  low expansion
卢小闯, 余文涛, 翁梦蔓, 刘屹东, 张继升, 方基永, 闵永刚. 电子器件用低膨胀聚酰亚胺薄膜研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (11) : 11 -22 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.002
Xiaochuang LU, Wentao YU, Mengman WENG, Yidong LIU, Jisheng ZHANG, Jiyong FANG, Yonggang MIN. Research Progress in Low Expansion Polyimide Films for Electronic Devices[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (11) : 11 -22 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.002
作为国民经济支柱的主要产业,电子产品在近年来得到了迅猛发展,电子器件行业向高密度、小型化、轻量化、薄型化方向发展[1]
近年来,聚酰亚胺(PI)以其优异的耐热性、化学稳定性和机械强度等性能在微电子工业中得到了广泛的应用[2-3]。在电子元器件加工过程中,PI薄膜通常需要粘结或复合到其他金属或无机材料上,如铜箔、硅片及光学玻璃等,并承受苛刻的高温制备条件及多次高低温冷热循环。为了确保光电器件的质量,柔性PI基膜应同时具有优异的耐热性、柔韧性和尺寸稳定性等[4]。其中,热膨胀系数(CTE)是材料最重要的尺寸稳定性参数,在器件的高温沉积和制造过程中,PI柔性基板与金属(或无机材料)之间CTE的不匹配会在材料界面处产生显著的内应力,引起材料变形、翘曲及开裂等严重问题,极大地影响器件的性能与质量[5-6]
传统PI薄膜通常表现出相对较大的CTE,如最具代表性的商品化Kapton® H薄膜,其CTE在35×10-6 K-1以上,远高于铜箔(15~20×10-6 K-1)、玻璃(0~5×10-6 K-1)的CTE[7-8]。因此,亟需在保持PI薄膜综合性能的基础上进一步改善其尺寸稳定性,特别是在更高温度及更宽温度范围内的尺寸稳定性,以满足先进电子和柔性显示领域日益迫切的技术需求。本文主要分析近年来低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜的专利布局,低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备方法与应用研究进展以及未来发展趋势。
近年来国内关于低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜制备方法的专利数量较少。图1为国内主要单位申请低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜专利数量对比分析。从图1可以看出,申请低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜专利的高校及研究院所主要有中国科学院、重庆文理学院、南京工业大学、郑州大学等;申请低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜专利的企业主要有浙江中科玖源新材料有限公司、沙伯基础创新塑料知识产权有限公司、桂林电器科学研究院有限公司、天津市天缘电工材料有限责任公司等。
对比国内主要单位低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜专利数量分析发现,国内企业对于低CTE聚酰亚胺的研究多于高校,说明企业在这方面迫切想要取得突破,以满足聚酰亚胺在电子器件柔性基板等方面的应用需求。
表1为国内高校及研究院所、企业申请低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜制备方法的专利概况。由表1可知,目前国内高校及研究院所、企业制备低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜方面的专利主要采用无机填料改性、分子结构设计改性、共聚改性以及改进制膜工艺技术等方法。根据电子器件需求,不同CTE的PI薄膜可以通过以上方法进行调控制备。其中,高校主要侧重于降低聚酰亚胺CTE的机理研究,针对分子结构层次的研究较多;企业则更侧重于对制膜工艺技术的改进和创新,降低生产成本,有利于产业化发展。制备的低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜适用于各种电子器件柔性基板,例如软性印刷电路板、显示柔性基底、盖板或光通信材料。
表2为国外低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜制备方法专利概况。通过表2可知,对于低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究,国外具有代表性的企业主要侧重于分子基团以及分子链层次的研究,通过引入刚性基团以及刚性链、控制酰亚胺化率、控制各单体比例的多元共聚法制备出符合电子器件用低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜,CTE根据需求可降低至4×10-6 K-1
无机材料具有较低的热膨胀系数,将无机填料添加到聚酰亚胺基体中是制备低CTE聚酰亚胺复合薄膜较为常见的方法之一[22],几种经典的预测模型均认为添加CTE值较低的无机材料可以提高薄膜的热尺寸稳定性[23],该方法在聚合物材料的工业生产中得到广泛应用。
目前常用的无机纳米填料改性方法有直接掺混法、原位聚合法、溶胶-凝胶法、插层法等。常见的无机纳米填料有:①球型材料,主要有二氧化硅、二氧化钛;②体型材料,主要有金纳米粒子、埃洛石纳米管;③二维材料,主要有SiC、氮化硼、云母、石墨烯等[3, 24]表3总结了近几年来各研究团队通过添加无机纳米填料制备低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究进展情况。总的来说,纳米无机材料因具有表面效应、小尺寸效应、宏观量子隧道效应等特点,当它混合于高分子材料时会发生分子尺度的混合,可以改进高分子材料的性能,通过填料改性可以有效降低PI薄膜的CTE[32]
图2为SiO2、K-HNTs、BN、CCTO-OH含量对聚酰亚胺热膨胀系数的影响。由图2可看出,与纯PI薄膜相比,掺杂物质量分数为30%时,PI-HBPI(OH)/SiO2复合膜的CTE为15.9×10-6 K-1,下降了58.49%;PI/K-HNTs复合膜的CTE为18×10-6 K-1,下降了62.5%;PI/BN复合膜的CTE为15.8×10-6 K-1,下降了52.8%;PI/CCTO-OH复合膜的CTE为18×10-6 K-1,下降了65.1%。
图3为SiO2、Mica含量对聚酰亚胺热膨胀系数的影响。由图3可以看出,与纯PI薄膜相比,掺杂质量分数为5%时,PI/SiO2复合膜的CTE为32.01×10-6 K-1,下降了11.48%;PI/Mica复合膜的CTE为28.5×10-6 K-1,下降了24.74%。由此大概归纳出降低聚酰亚胺CTE有效度顺序为陶瓷材料CaCu3Ti4O12(CCTO)粒子、埃洛石纳米管、SiO2、氮化硼、云母颗粒。
无机纳米粒子填充聚酰亚胺制备得到低CTE聚酰亚胺无机复合膜主要有以下5个原因:①无机材料具有较低的热膨胀系数,将其引入聚酰亚胺体系中,无机粒子与大分子发生作用可以产生优异尺寸稳定性的效果,从而降低PI的CTE;②长而连续的纳米网络起到了保持稳定尺寸和赋予薄膜高力学性能的框架作用;③无机纳米粒子能抑制PI分子链的热运动,在高温下有效地抑制了基体的膨胀,使热膨胀系数迅速下降;④层状超薄无机纳米材料的引入限制了PI分子链段流动性和取向;⑤无机纳米粒子良好的分散性以及其与PI链之间界面极化增强作用。粒子与PI基体相容性对CTE也有较大的影响,前期对无机粒子进行物理化学修饰,有助于无机粒子和基体的相容性,从而降低聚酰亚胺的CTE,使其适用于电子器件。
交联结构可以限制链的运动,从而确保PI薄膜具有较低的CTE[33-34]。TIAN Y Y等[35]开发了一种基于分子间交联限制和氢键相互作用来提高高温下聚酰亚胺稳定性的方法。在PAAs中加入α,α′-二氯对二甲苯,在热亚胺化过程中发生交联反应,如图4所示。通过控制交联剂的加入量控制PI的交联度,当交联度保持在18%时,薄膜的拉伸强度和韧性之间能得到良好平衡,交联度在0~18%,PI的CTE随着交联度的升高而大幅降低。稳定的氢键相互作用和交联限制使高温(300~400℃)下PI薄膜的CTE从33.8×10-6 K-1急剧降低到6.0×10-6 K-1,并且随着温度的升高,稳定氢键对降低CTE的贡献越来越显著。最终,PI薄膜表现出超低的CTE(1.9×10-6 K-1)。
研究结果说明聚酰亚胺薄膜交联后的高温氢键比未交联的更稳定,对于纯PI,300℃以上氢键严重解离,而交联反应后,400℃时强氢键的含量比纯PI高110%,说明这种分子间交联抑制了氢键的解离。
ZHOU H等[36]以联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)和对苯二胺(PDA)为组成单元,1,3,5-三(4-氨基苯氧基)苯(TAPOB)为交联剂,制备了一系列具有微支化交联结构的PI薄膜。设计良好的微支化结构使PI薄膜的自由体积增大,介电常数降低,同时在没有拉伸或纳米杂化的情况下,与纯BPDA/PDA-PI膜(12.39×10-6 K-1)相比,在TAPOB添加量为0.10 mmol时,其CTE降低到2.88×10-6 K-1,在TAPOB添加量为0.15 mmol时,其CTE降低到1.09×10-6 K-1。该研究为突破高分子材料低介电常数和低CTE之间的相互制约提供了一种新的思路。
在微支化交联结构的加热过程中,分子链的运动受到相邻支化链和交联点的限制,其运动能力低于线性聚合物,同时交联也增加了聚合物的刚性,从而降低了薄膜的CTE。
聚合物薄膜的CTE主要取决于其化学结构、分子形态和分子链取向。具有刚性主链或高度取向的平面内链聚合物往往表现出相对较低的CTE。
在PI单元结构中引入刚性棒状、平面结构或短链二胺和二酐单体,可以提高聚合物链的有序排列和分子取向度,从而降低PI薄膜的CTE。设计具有刚性和有序分子链的平面结构聚合物是提高热稳定性和尺寸稳定性的最佳途径之一[37-39]
LIU Y W等[40]合成了一种带有刚性平面芴和酰胺基的新型二胺,使用该二胺和均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)获得了低CTE聚酰亚胺(FAPPI),CTE为5.8×10-6 K-1,如图5所示。同时FAPPI表现出优异的热稳定性,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为416℃。引入芴结构和酰胺基团改善了分子链的规则性和刚性,这种结构特性可以提高聚合物链的堆积密度,降低聚合物链流动性,增加聚酰亚胺链间相互作用,促使链的自由体积和运动能力降低,在微电子封装领域有着广泛的应用。
QIAN G T等[41]设计并合成了4-氨基-N-(5-氨基-苯并咪唑-2-基)-苯甲酰胺,如图6所示。由该二胺和联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)制备了聚(苯并咪唑-酰胺-酰亚胺)膜,反应如图7所示。制备的PI薄膜显示出高玻璃化转变温度(Tg=365℃),低热膨胀系数(CTE为8.2×10-6 K-1),通过在聚酰亚胺主链中引入平面结构苯并咪唑和酰胺单元,提供了一种提高玻璃化转变温度和降低CTE的可行方法。
CHEN W等[42]合成了一种含氟酯桥联芳香二胺(CF3-BPTP),如图8所示,将其与PDA作为共聚单体与s-BPDA共聚,制备出具有低CTE和低吸湿性的PI薄膜。系统研究了聚合物主链中CF3基团对PI薄膜模量、吸湿量和CTE等的影响。通过控制CF3基团的负载量,PI薄膜的CTE可控制在18.3×10-6 K-1,并制备了拉伸强度为103 MPa的PI薄膜/铜箔层压板和热处理过程中不产生卷曲的双层PI薄膜/铜箔层压板(2L-FCCL)。
整体来说,链的平面化具有较高的刚性和规整性,有利于聚合物链的紧密堆积,引入刚性平面芴结构,可制备出CTE为5.8×10-6 K-1的PI薄膜;通过在PI合成中引入苯并咪唑结构,CTE可降低至8.2×10-6 K-1;引入氟酯桥联芳香基团,可制备CTE为18.3×10-6 K-1的PI薄膜。
特殊的平面分子结构和延伸链构象有利于提高聚合物的链堆积程度,减少聚合物的自由体积,链刚度的增加伴随着节段迁移率的降低[43],从而降低聚合物的CTE。
采用两种或两种以上二酐或二胺单体进行共聚是制备低CTE聚酰亚胺一条十分有效的途径,它良好的可设计性使得聚酰亚胺材料兼顾耐高温、耐低温、易加工、低热膨胀系数、高粘接等性能。事实上目前已经工业化的低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜基本上都是共聚或共混物。
ZHANG Y J等[44]采用两种芳香族二酐,联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)和六氟二酐(6FDA)与TFMB共聚,制备了一系列透明无色的石英光纤保护用聚酰亚胺(CPI)薄膜,反应如图9所示。实验结果表明,当BPDA、6FDA、TFMB摩尔比为0.9∶0.1∶1.0时,CPI薄膜的CTE为13.1×10-6 K-1,比PI-ref(PMDA-ODA)降低了64.6%,说明CPI薄膜中共聚引入刚性棒状联苯结构大幅提高了聚合物的尺寸稳定性。
张明艳等[45]以六氟二酐(6FDA)为含氟二酐,4,4′-二氨基-2,2′-双三氟甲基联苯(TFMB)为原料,采用共聚的方法引入分子结构对称的刚性单体均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA),合成了3种含氟比例不同的透明PI薄膜,反应如图10所示。薄膜的CTE与PMDA含量成反比,分子结构中PMDA的相对含量由0升到40%,其CTE由74×10-6 K-1降至27×10-6 K-1,这主要由于PMDA分子呈棒状,刚性大,将其引入共聚体系能够增加大分子链的刚性;而且两种刚性不同的聚酰亚胺可以形成互穿网状结构,阻碍分子链的运动,因此随着PMDA含量的上升,聚酰亚胺分子实现自由转动和伸展消耗的能量变大,从而使CTE降低。
TAN Y Y等[46]将4,4′-二氨基二苯胺(NDA)和2-(4-氨基苯基)-5-氨基苯并咪唑(APBIA)与均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)共聚,得到分子结构中含有亚胺基的黑色PIs,反应如图11所示。PMDA与混合二胺制备的PI-b薄膜(PMDA、NDA、APBIA的摩尔比为1.0∶0.7∶0.3)的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为445.5℃,CTE为8.9×10-6 K-1,明显优于PI-a(PMDA-NDA,Tg=431.6℃,CTE为18.8×10-6 K-1)和PI-ref(PMDA-ODA,Tg=418.8℃,CTE为29.5×10-6 K-1)薄膜,表明含刚性苯并咪唑单元单体的引入明显提高了PI薄膜的热稳定性和尺寸稳定性。
LI X L等[47]以BPDA为二酐,PDA和TFMB为二胺,共聚制备了Co-PI薄膜,反应如图12所示,研究了Co-PI组成对PI薄膜热性能的影响。当TFMB、PDA、BPDA摩尔比为0.7∶0.3∶1.0时,薄膜的综合性能最佳,CTE低至8.0×10-6 K-1,实验结果与模拟结果吻合较好,表明聚酰亚胺薄膜由于具有高刚性的联苯键和阻碍聚合物主链的CF3而具有良好的热尺寸稳定性。体积庞大的CF3基团即使在其自身的轴上也会阻碍自由旋转,从而产生高扭转应变。
YU X H等[48]以2-(4-氨基苯基)-5-氨基苯并咪唑(APBIA)、4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)和3,3′,4,4′-二苯甲醚四羧酸二酐(BTDA)为原料,采用连续共聚合、叶片涂布的方法制备了一系列PI薄膜。通过调整刚性APBIA和柔性ODA组分的比例,有效地调节和优化了PI薄膜的物理性能。实验表明含苯并咪唑的PI薄膜具有优异的热稳定性、力学性能和尺寸稳定性。当APBIA摩尔含量从0变化为100%时,PI薄膜的Tg从280℃升高到400℃,CTE(50~250℃)从67×10-6 K-1降低到15×10-6 K-1,拉伸强度从146 MPa提高到220 MPa。
此外,当APBIA摩尔分数为80%时,薄膜的CTE与铜的CTE相等,用来制备PI/铜层压板时,该层压板加热时不会出现变形或分层。由于APBIA和柔性结构的ODA、PI与铜之间形成了很强的界面相互作用,这种PI/铜层压板具有优良的平整度、耐折叠性和高剥离强度,表明PI薄膜在柔性印刷电路板、柔性显示基板和下一代电子器件中具有潜在的应用前景。
通过以上分析,汇总了近年来各研究团队共聚法制备低CTE聚酰亚胺研究情况如表4所示。
综上所述,通过调节两种或两种以上的二酐或二胺单体摩尔比共聚而成的聚酰胺酸易形成互穿网络或半互穿网络结构,赋予PI薄膜许多优异性能,如高弹性、高抗热性、高力学性能以及更低的热膨胀系数和吸湿率等,多元共聚是制备低CTE聚酰亚胺一条十分有效的途径,它良好的可设计性使得聚酰亚胺薄膜材料可以兼顾低热膨胀系数、高粘接性、耐高温、易加工等性能。因此可以通过控制单体摩尔比获得工艺要求的CTE,当调节其CTE等于铜的CTE时,可以将其用于制备聚酰亚胺/铜层压材料,由于聚酰亚胺的化学性质和柔性结构,聚酰亚胺薄膜和铜之间形成了强的界面相互作用力,使得该层压材料在加热时不会变形或分层。聚酰亚胺/铜层压板具有优异的平坦度、耐折性和高剥离强度,表明该聚酰亚胺膜具有用于柔性印刷电路板、柔性显示基板和其他下一代电子器件的潜力。
挠性覆铜板(flexible copper clad laminate,FCCL)是挠性印制电路板(flexible printed circuit board,FPC)的加工基板材料,由挠性绝缘基膜与金属箔组成。低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜具有较低的CTE,与金属基板的CTE相匹配,从而避免在热处理及降温过程中由于CTE相差太多,造成薄膜发生卷曲、断裂、剥离等问题。
三层FPC通常采用环氧基、丙烯酸基等热固性胶粘剂,随着对FPC耐热性、柔性、电可靠性等要求的提高,常规三层FPC逐渐不能满足要求。
通过直接在金属层涂覆聚酰亚胺或使用热塑性聚酰亚胺作为胶粘层的FPC,称为双层FPC(2L-FPC)。双层FPC具有优于三层FPC的特性,其中双层无胶FPC能轻松解决三层FPC厚度偏大、耐热性能较差的特点,因此对双层FPC的需求日益增加[49]
近年来,针对2L-FPC加工难的问题,研究人员提出了3种方法:
(1)涂覆法[50]。将PAA溶液直接涂覆在铜箔的粗糙面,再在生产流水线上对PAA去溶剂、亚胺化得到双层单面FPC,如图13所示。
(2)层压法[51]。将低CTE的PI薄膜和两张铜箔相对,使用热塑性聚酰亚胺作为胶粘层,在外加压力和高温下,使低CTE的PI薄膜和铜箔直接压合在热塑性聚酰亚胺上,制备得到两层双面FPC。
(3)真空溅镀[52]。在PI薄膜表面溅镀上一层铜箔,可以得到2L-FPC,根据镀的面数,可以分别得到双层单面FPC、双层双面FPC。针对常规FPC的耐高温性一般不会超过200℃,而2L-FPC的耐热温度只与PI膜有关,耐热温度可达350℃。
电子封装技术的发展对于封装基板材料提出了更高的技术要求。低CTE聚酰亚胺以其优异的绝缘性能以及随温度变化形变量小、介电常数低等特点成为电子封装基板的主要材料。图14为塑封球栏阵列封装(PBGA)中聚合物的应用分布情况示意图,它与芯片级封装、晶圆级封装都是目前的主流封装技术[53]
电子封装材料作为保护层并支撑其内部高精度电子电路单元,要求具有优异的力学性能、热传导性、绝缘性、密封性,尤其需要优异的尺寸稳定性[54]。由于聚酰亚胺材料出色的物理和化学性能能够最大程度的达到要求,现已经成为电子封装领域使用最为广泛的聚合物之一。
柔性显示技术是目前平板显示领域重要的发展方向。柔性、灵活、轻薄的柔性显示器件,例如柔性有机发光二极管(OLED)显示器、柔性太阳能电池等,已经成为电子领域高科技产品的必备要素,电子器件加工逐渐从刚性玻璃基板转移到柔性有机薄膜基底[10]
柔性OLED的生产加工需经历数十道工序,包括成膜工艺、刻蚀工艺、后处理工艺,对柔性基板材料性能提出了严苛的挑战。此外,OLED显示屏工艺要求达到微米或亚微米量级的对位精度,因此要求基板材料在加工过程中历经多次冷热循环工序后保持良好的尺寸稳定性,至少要求基板材料在室温到400℃范围内CTE小于5×10-6 K-1
低热膨胀系数(CTE<5×10-6 K-1)聚酰亚胺是现有聚合物中耐热性最好的种类之一,除具备优异的耐热性外,其热稳定性、尺寸稳定性、力学性能、化学稳定性和耐辐射性也十分理想。此外,聚酰亚胺较强的分子可设计性以及特殊的两步反应特点使其相对于其他刚性链聚合物在加工、应用与研究方面更具优势,因此聚酰亚胺成为了柔性OLED显示屏基板材料的最佳选择之一[11]
本文系统阐述了低CTE聚酰亚胺的制备方法,主要集中在低CTE聚酰亚胺无机复合膜制备、分子结构修饰制备低CTE聚酰亚胺、多元共聚法制备低CTE聚酰亚胺,这3种制备方法均能将聚酰亚胺的CTE降到理想值:①采用无机纳米粒子与PI复合的方法,是目前制备低CTE聚酰亚胺很有效的途径之一;②采用分子结构设计引入氢键、刚性、平面结构单元的芳香族聚酰亚胺,分子链较平直,空间位阻小,聚合物分子链在亚胺化时会自发地形成紧密的堆砌,并形成高度取向的面内有序排列,薄膜CTE降低。但是若PI分子结构的刚性太强,分子链过分僵硬,分子链之间没有卷曲纠缠,则聚酰亚胺在固化后脆性大、韧性太低而没有实用价值;③多元共聚法是目前制备低CTE聚酰亚胺的重要方法之一,把具有不同优异性能的单体组合在一起共聚而成的聚酰胺酸形成半互穿或互穿网络结构,有望在大幅降低聚酰亚胺薄膜CTE和吸水性的基础上,提高其耐热性、粘结性及力学性能,而这些特性正是挠性印制电路板、电子封装基板、光电显示基板等的重要性能指标,也是未来低CTE聚酰亚胺的主要研究方向。
目前,虽然国内外已经开发出一系列综合性能比较优异的低CTE聚酰亚胺薄膜,但总体来说仍然有一些问题亟待解决,未来可以从以下3个方面展开:①降低热膨胀系数的同时兼顾材料的力学性能和粘结性能,避免纳米粒子在聚酰亚胺基体中的团聚现象;②继续开发性能优异的共聚型聚酰亚胺材料;③改进加工工艺,制备综合性能良好的聚酰亚胺材料,使其适用于柔性电子器件领域。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFB0408100)
  • 广东省“珠江人才计划”引进创新创业团队项目(2016ZT060412)
  • 广州市越秀区科技计划项目(2019-GX-013)
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2021年第54卷第11期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.002
  • 接收时间:2021-05-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-23
  • 出版时间:2021-11-22
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-17
  • 修回日期:2021-07-16
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFB0408100)
广东省“珠江人才计划”引进创新创业团队项目(2016ZT060412)
广州市越秀区科技计划项目(2019-GX-013)
作者信息
    1广东工业大学 材料与能源学院,广东 广州 510006
    2慧迈材料科技(广东)有限公司,广东 佛山 528200

通讯作者:

闵永刚(1963-),男(汉族),湖北黄冈人,教授,主要从事聚酰亚胺材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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