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The main negative effect of transformer insulation ageing is the decline of mechanical properties. Once the winding coil is impacted by external short circuit, it will probably produce deformation, which will lead to the loss of insulating ability and eventually cause transformer fault. A mechanical analysis model of insulating paper materials was established according to their structural characteristics on the basis of material mechanics. Combined with the ageing mechanism and influencing factors of insulating paper materials, a test platform for the mechanical properties of insulating paper materials was built. The mechanical properties of insulating paper materials under different ageing degrees were studied to obtain the ageing mechanical properties of insulating paper materials. The results show that the plasticity of the insulating paper material basically disappears under repeated cyclic loading, and the insulating paper under different ageing times can be approximately simplified as an elastic material.

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变压器绝缘老化的负面影响主要是绝缘力学性能下降,一旦遭受外部短路冲击,绕组线圈极可能发生形变,导致变压器丧失绝缘能力,最终引起变压器故障。本研究基于材料力学理论,针对绝缘纸材料结构特点,建立绝缘纸材料力学分析模型。结合绝缘纸材料老化机理及其影响因素,搭建绝缘纸材料力学特性试验平台,利用循环载荷下的应力应变曲线,开展不同老化程度下绝缘纸材料的力学特性试验研究,获得绝缘纸老化力学特性。结果表明:多次循环载荷作用下绝缘纸材料的塑性基本消失,不同老化时间下的绝缘纸可以被近似简化为弹性材料。

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梁兆杰(1990-),男(汉族),广东深圳人,工程师,主要从事电力设备振动噪声及故障诊断方面的研究。

陈硕(1983-),男(汉族),广东深圳人,高级工程师,主要从事变电运行工作的研究。

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梁兆杰(1990-),男(汉族),广东深圳人,工程师,主要从事电力设备振动噪声及故障诊断方面的研究。

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陈硕(1983-),男(汉族),广东深圳人,高级工程师,主要从事变电运行工作的研究。

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变压器绝缘纸材料的老化力学特性研究
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梁兆杰 , 陈硕 , 田杰
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021,54(8): 52-59
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021, 54(8): 52-59
变压器绝缘纸材料的老化力学特性研究
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梁兆杰, 陈硕, 田杰
作者信息
  • 深圳供电局有限公司,广东 深圳 518000
  • 梁兆杰(1990-),男(汉族),广东深圳人,工程师,主要从事电力设备振动噪声及故障诊断方面的研究。

    陈硕(1983-),男(汉族),广东深圳人,高级工程师,主要从事变电运行工作的研究。

Research on Ageing Mechanical Characteristics of Insulating Paper for Transformer
Zhaojie LIANG, Shuo CHEN, Jie TIAN
Affiliations
  • Shenzhen Power Supply Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
出版时间: 2021-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.009
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变压器绝缘老化的负面影响主要是绝缘力学性能下降,一旦遭受外部短路冲击,绕组线圈极可能发生形变,导致变压器丧失绝缘能力,最终引起变压器故障。本研究基于材料力学理论,针对绝缘纸材料结构特点,建立绝缘纸材料力学分析模型。结合绝缘纸材料老化机理及其影响因素,搭建绝缘纸材料力学特性试验平台,利用循环载荷下的应力应变曲线,开展不同老化程度下绝缘纸材料的力学特性试验研究,获得绝缘纸老化力学特性。结果表明:多次循环载荷作用下绝缘纸材料的塑性基本消失,不同老化时间下的绝缘纸可以被近似简化为弹性材料。

变压器  /  绝缘纸  /  老化  /  力学特性

The main negative effect of transformer insulation ageing is the decline of mechanical properties. Once the winding coil is impacted by external short circuit, it will probably produce deformation, which will lead to the loss of insulating ability and eventually cause transformer fault. A mechanical analysis model of insulating paper materials was established according to their structural characteristics on the basis of material mechanics. Combined with the ageing mechanism and influencing factors of insulating paper materials, a test platform for the mechanical properties of insulating paper materials was built. The mechanical properties of insulating paper materials under different ageing degrees were studied to obtain the ageing mechanical properties of insulating paper materials. The results show that the plasticity of the insulating paper material basically disappears under repeated cyclic loading, and the insulating paper under different ageing times can be approximately simplified as an elastic material.

transformer  /  insulation paper  /  ageing  /  mechanical characteristics
梁兆杰, 陈硕, 田杰. 变压器绝缘纸材料的老化力学特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (8) : 52 -59 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.009
Zhaojie LIANG, Shuo CHEN, Jie TIAN. Research on Ageing Mechanical Characteristics of Insulating Paper for Transformer[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (8) : 52 -59 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.009
电力变压器在完成电压变换和电能配送的同时,还有助于改善电网结构、系统潮流分布、提高电力系统运行的稳定性和可靠性。然而电力变压器长期运行在恶劣的环境中,事故故障率一直很高[1-2]
变压器中的油纸介质与其他金属部件(铁芯、绕组等)相比较为薄弱,长期遭受多物理场耦合应力的劣化作用[3]。在变压器总故障中,约有80%以上是由变压器绝缘问题引起的,其中绝缘老化造成的故障占了很大比例[4-5]。因此,准确有效地评估在役变压器绝缘老化程度,既有助于及时发现变压器的绝缘故障,避免事故发生,又可以准确判断绝缘的健康状况,充分利用变压器的服役潜力,在保证可靠运行的前提下最大限度地延长变压器的使用寿命。
在所有绝缘材料中,绝缘纸老化后性能衰退的影响要远远大于其他材料,且由于固体绝缘材料自身的特点,很难通过脱气过滤等方法来恢复材料的性能,其老化引起的性能下降是单向、不可逆转的。目前,常见的变压器油纸绝缘老化评估技术主要是基于理化特征量和电气特征量实现的,集中在固体绝缘材料的离线取样检测、变压器油中溶解的老化产物检测和介电响应检测等方面[6]。主要方法有抗张强度检测、聚合度检测[7]、油中溶解气体分析[8-9]、油中糠醛含量检测[10-11]、回复电压法、极化去极化电流法、频域介电谱法等,其中绝缘纸聚合度测试和油中糠醛测试最为常用。虽然这些方法都是积累了大量的经验并经数据统计后得到的结果,但每种技术手段都有其局限性。绝缘纸的机械特性是评估绝缘纸寿命的主要判据[12]。学者们将变压器绕组中固体绝缘材料力学性能的失效视为表征变压器寿命的特征参量,但目前对于绝缘纸材料的力学特性研究主要是通过静态的测量方式,然而在变压器实际运行过程中,绝缘纸材料会受到周期电磁力的作用,因此需研究循环载荷下不同老化程度绝缘纸的力学特性参数。
本研究搭建绝缘纸材料的力学特性试验平台,通过循环载荷力学试验分别研究不同老化程度绝缘纸材料的力学特性,主要包括弹性模量和阻尼比等。
油浸式电力变压器中的绝缘纸是以100%纯硫酸盐木浆为原料制成的,可彻底干燥、去气和浸油,具有优良的电气性能和力学性能。绝缘纸的主要组成成分有纤维素、半纤维素和一些制浆过程中残留的木质素等,其中纤维素约占90%,半纤维素约占7%,木质素约占3%[13]。纤维素是由一种单糖组成的均一聚糖,平均每条纤维素聚合链所包含的葡萄糖单体的个数叫做绝缘纸的聚合度(degree of polymerization,DP)。半纤维素属于低分子量聚糖类,是由不同分子量的多种糖单元组成的共聚物,其分子葡萄糖单体少于200,比纤维素更容易被酸水解,它的少量存在会降低绝缘纸整体的机械强度。木质素是一种由肉桂醇立体聚合而成的酚类聚合物,具体结构复杂各异。绝缘纸纤维材料是油浸式变压器中主要的绝缘材料,其内部几乎没有自由电子,介质中的电导电流主要源自离子电导。纤维素的大分子链聚集成纤维束,纤维束是一种薄壁中空的管状结构,所以纤维材料容易被其他物质填充,如水和油。
全新的变压器绝缘纸聚合度较大,具有优良的力学性能、韧性和强度。因绝缘纸长期在温度、水、氧气等因素影响下发生老化,绝缘纸的纤维素分子发生裂解,分子链发生断裂,长链逐渐变短,由大分子变为小分子,聚合度不断减小,绝缘纸的韧性和强度等力学特性随之变差。变压器绝缘纸的老化主要有以下途径:热解降解反应、水解降解反应、氧化降解反应、电场作用老化及机械作用老化。
绝缘纸在热的作用下不断发生分子裂解,叫做热解降解反应。热解降解反应速率受到温度的影响,温度升高,老化速率迅速加快。热老化是老化的主要形式,它的速率取决于化学反应速率,可以用阿伦尼乌斯(Arrhenius)公式[14]表示,如式(1)所示。
k=Aaexp(-EaRT)
式(1)中:k为化学反应速率;AaEa分别为化学反应的指前因子(或称频率因子)和活化能;R为摩尔气体常数;T为热力学温度。绝缘材料寿命与其化学反应速率成反比关系,温度每升高10℃,寿命大约缩短一半。
绝缘纸纤维素分子链在高温及水的作用下,容易发生水解反应而断裂,生成自由的糖,使纤维素聚合度减小,即水解降解反应。水分子进入纤维素分子链间,与相邻两个葡萄糖环间的氧反应,生成两个羟基,纤维素被断裂成两部分。纤维素糖苷键每次水解断裂都会吸收一个水分子[15]。酸对水解降解反应的发生十分重要,水解降解反应主要由游离酸中的氢离子催化,主要取决于氢离子浓度而不是总酸浓度。水会影响羧酸的电离,从而影响水解降解反应,对老化产生重要影响。
绝缘纸的电老化是指在高电场的长期作用下发生的老化,其机理比较复杂,通常伴随一系列物理化学变化,主要是放电引起的介质热效应、放电产生的带电质点轰击、放电活性生成物及放电产生辐射效应等共同作用,破坏其分子结构,从而导致绝缘纸的完整性受到损坏。例如电场作用会加速油的降解,酸性产物附着在绝缘纸上,加速绝缘纸的老化。
变压器在运行过程中发生周期性的机械振动以及外部短路故障或暂态过电压造成的冲击力也会造成绝缘纸的老化,这种由机械作用引起的老化具有明显的累积效应。
综合以上对绝缘纸材料老化机理的分析,绝缘纸老化的本质是纤维素高分子聚合物的解聚和消去过程,其中解聚的过程主要涉及长链断链以及葡萄糖环状结构破坏,纤维材料的宏观机械强度会随老化而降低。除老化外,过度受热使水分从纤维材料中脱离,也会加速纤维的脆化。
油浸式变压器中的绝缘纸结构一般由不同等级的纸层压堆叠而成。绝缘纸在干燥状态下具有复杂的动态刚度特性。纤维素大分子链聚集成的纤维束具有薄壁中空的管状结构,纸纤维之间也存在着很多孔隙结构。当绝缘纸浸渍在变压器油中,变压器油会进入这些孔隙,浸油绝缘纸材料的力学特性比干燥绝缘纸更加复杂,其力学特性很大程度上还受到温度、湿度、材料聚合度等因素的影响。
理想的弹性固体在外力作用下平衡形变瞬间完成,与时间无关。理想的黏性流体在外力作用下形变随时间线性变化。绝缘纸属于典型的黏弹性材料,兼具弹性固体和黏性流体的双重特性。浸渍在变压器油中的绝缘纸受到载荷作用时,纸纤维间微小孔隙中的变压器油会被挤压流出,这一过程会释放一定的油压。绝缘纸材料受静载荷作用足够长的时间,孔隙中油压逐渐减小,趋向于零,这种情况下的绝缘纸可以用静态刚度来考虑。然而在变压器实际运行时,绝缘纸材料往往受到交变应力的作用,因此需要考虑整个动态过程。当外施载荷减小时,变压器油又将会重新进入并填充绝缘纸纤维间的孔隙。随着油液进出孔隙,绝缘纸的力学特性也将随之变化,这是一个动态变化的过程。这一复杂的动态力学特性可以由黏弹性等效模型表示,如图1所示。
串联模型常用于描述流体材料,也称为Maxwell流体。绝缘纸材料可以用并联模型作为其力学分析模型,即将其视为一个Kelvin体。在Kelvin-Voigt模型中,弹性元件和黏壶元件相互并联。连续介质力学主要研究3种不同类型的物理量:应力、应变和位移。在Kelvin-Voigt模型中,两个元件的应变时刻相等,两个元件的应力表示如式(2)~(3)所示。
σ1=Kε
σ2=Cdεdt
式(2)~(3)中:σ1为弹性元件的应力;K为弹性元件的弹性模量;ε为应变;σ2为黏壶元件的应力;C为黏壶元件的黏性系数,与变压器油在流动时所受阻力有关。
材料所受的总应力σ为弹性元件和黏壶元件应力之和,如式(4)所示。
σ=σ1+σ2=Kε+Cdεdt
式(4)写成标准形式,如式(5)所示。
σ=q0ε+q1dεdt
式(5)就是Kelvin-Voigt模型的本构方程。
绝缘纸材料在受力后的形状变化是一个随时间变化的过程,卸载后的形状恢复是一个延迟过程。因此,绝缘纸材料中的应力不仅与当时的应变有关,还与应变的所有变化历史有关,其应力应变之间不是一一对应的关系。
绝缘纸形变随时间变化的过程主要有以下4个特点:①蠕变:在持续不变的加载下形变会逐渐增加;②应力松弛:在持续不变的应变下应力会逐渐减弱;③迟滞:材料的应变滞后于应力,一个完整的加卸载过程对应的应力应变曲线是一个迟滞回线,迟滞回线下的面积可以表征该加卸载过程的能量损失;④塑性:绝缘纸受力后,当应力超出其最大弹性区间后,会发生不可恢复的形变。
传统上,研究一般材料的力学特性可以采用单次加卸载试验,其典型应力应变曲线如图2所示。然而,浸油绝缘纸是一种具有一定塑性的黏弹性材料,其应力应变曲线是比较复杂的非线性迟滞回线。在变压器运行过程中,绕组存在周期性振动,绝缘纸经历多次循环载荷过程。单次加卸载试验方法存在明显的缺陷,无法准确获得长期受到循环作用力的绝缘纸力学特性,不能满足绝缘纸材料的力学特性研究。黏弹性材料在循环载荷作用下,应变会滞后于应力,且还存在塑性形变,导致应力应变曲线中存在残存应变。因此,为了准确获得实际运行条件下绝缘纸的力学特性,可以采用多次循环加卸载的载荷方式进行试验,重点研究其应力应变曲线。典型的绝缘纸应力应变曲线如图3所示。
基于MTS 858 Mini Bionix.II力学分析仪搭建力学特性测试系统,研究浸油绝缘纸的力学特性,测量循环加卸载作用下绝缘纸的应力应变曲线,力学特性测试系统如图4所示。浸油绝缘纸的力学测试装载示意图如图5所示,其中被测绝缘纸样品由4张1.5 mm厚的绝缘纸对齐堆叠而成。为模拟实际绝缘纸在变压器油中的情况,将试样充分浸渍在变压器油中。
在变压器实际运行过程中,绝缘纸经历多次循环载荷过程。因此,首先利用力学特性测试系统,研究多次循环载荷作用下绝缘纸的力学特性变化规律。结合绝缘纸实际工况的应力范围,试验采用以下加卸载方式:保持环境温度恒定为室温25℃,均匀加卸载,最大加载应力为5 MPa,共进行11次循环。得到多次循环载荷作用下绝缘纸的应力应变曲线如图6所示,其中图6(a)为11次循环载荷下完整的应力应变曲线,图6(b)为11次循环中第1、2、6、10次循环载荷下的应力应变曲线。从图6可以看出,在循环载荷作用下,绝缘纸的动应变总是稍滞后于动应力,加载曲线总是位于卸载曲线的上方,每次加卸载形成的应力应变曲线均形成明显的滞回环。随着加载次数的增加,滞回环逐渐向右偏移,滞回环逐渐变细。
滞回环在载荷翻转处的形状一定程度上体现材料的力学特性。多次循环载荷下,载荷翻转处的局部应力应变曲线如图7所示。从图7可以看出,绝缘纸的滞回环在载荷翻转处除第1次循环呈宽叶型,其余各次循环均呈尖叶型,这说明载荷翻转时试样的弹性形变响应除第1次外均较为迅速。
绝缘纸在多次循环荷载作用下,其形变过程可以分为两个阶段:压密阶段和近似黏弹性形变阶段。绝缘纸中的纤维孔隙结构比较脆弱,在前几次循环载荷下,部分孔隙结构被挤压,发生不可逆破坏,变压器油被压出孔隙后不再回流,残存应变较大,绝缘纸塑性形变程度较严重。随着循环载荷次数的增加,试样逐渐被压密,绝缘纸由不连续介质转化为近似连续介质,从而进入近似黏弹性的稳定形变阶段。随着载荷次数增加,残存应变的增量逐渐减小,塑性特性逐渐减弱甚至可以忽略。绝缘纸的残存应变与循环载荷次数的关系如图8所示。
图8可以看出,第1次残存应变增量最大,达到了4.88%,后9次残存应变增量只有约0.55%。绝缘纸的最大应变与循环载荷次数的关系如图9所示。从图9可以看出,绝缘纸的最大应变在多次循环载荷作用后基本保持稳定。
理想的滞回环应力应变曲线如图10所示。材料的应力应变曲线形成的滞回环面积可以反映在一个循环加卸载过程中能量损耗的大小,也可以用来计算材料阻尼比的大小[16]。绝缘纸材料滞回环面积与循环载荷次数的关系如图11所示。从图11可以看出,滞回环面积随载荷次数的增加而变小,说明绝缘纸在循环载荷下的能量损耗减小,且逐渐趋于稳定。
滞回环的平均斜率反映材料的动弹性模量大小,可以近似用图10中的AC斜率来计算。根据理想滞回环应力应变曲线,可以用式(6)~(7)近似计算材料的动弹性模量和阻尼比[17]
Ed=σdmax-σdminεdmax-εdmin
λ=A4πAs
式(6)~(7)中:Ed为动弹性模量;σdmax为滞回环应力应变曲线最大应力;σdmin为滞回环应力应变曲线最小应力;εdmax为滞回环应力应变曲线最大应变;εdmin为滞回环应力应变曲线最小应变;λ为阻尼比;A为滞回环ABCDA的面积;AsAFE的面积,4As近似反映材料在一个循环中所能储备的最大弹性应变能。
利用式(6)~(7)分别计算各次载荷作用下绝缘纸材料的动弹性模量和阻尼比,结果如图1213所示。从图12可以看出,计算得到第1次载荷动弹性模量只有62 MPa,且前3次载荷下的动弹性模量都较小,动弹性模量随着载荷次数增加而增大。直到第4次载荷作用后,动弹性模量趋于稳定,保持在161 MPa左右。这主要是因为前3次材料处于压密阶段,仍存在较大塑性,抵抗形变的能力较弱。从图13可以看出,第1次载荷下的阻尼比很大,达到0.175,第2次载荷之后,材料的阻尼比迅速减小,并最终保持在0.03左右。
结构系统的无阻尼固有频率ωn与有阻尼固有频率ωd关系可以用式(8)表示。当阻尼比λ=0.03时,ωd=0.999 5ωn,阻尼几乎不影响结构的固有频率。
ωd=ωn1-λ2
综合以上试验研究,在多次循环载荷作用下绝缘纸材料的塑性基本消失,应力应变曲线逐渐趋于一致,力学特性逐渐稳定。最后,绝缘纸处于稍带黏性阻尼的弹性形变状态,外施载荷做功主要转化为弹性势能,加卸载过程的能量损耗较低。变压器在实际运行中,绝缘纸由于长期受到交变力载荷,其力学特性与多次循环载荷作用后的绝缘纸试样相近。所以,力学特性研究主要针对材料最后一次的循环载荷过程,材料塑性可以忽略不计。
基于力学特性试验系统,研究不同老化程度绝缘纸的力学特性。根据绝缘纸材料的老化机理分析,采用加速热老化获得不同老化程度的绝缘纸,具体老化方法如下:
(1)干燥:在加速热老化前,将绝缘纸放置在烘箱中干燥48 h,温度保持105℃,保持真空状态,确保水分质量分数低于0.1%。
(2)浸油:在使用25#变压器油前,将变压器油放置在烘箱中干燥48 h,温度保持80℃,保持真空状态;再将干燥后的绝缘纸浸入油中,继续在80℃下干燥48 h,保持真空状态,保证充分浸渍。
(3)老化:充入氮气保护气,在130℃下进行加速热老化,持续进行800 h。每次取样后均先抽真空并充入氮气保护气,获得一系列不同老化程度的绝缘纸样品(取样时间分别为100、196、244、292、340、436、484、528、580、628、676、720、800 h)。
在室温25℃下,采用多次循环载荷测得不同老化程度绝缘纸的应力应变曲线,最后一次载荷的应力应变曲线如图14所示。从图14可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,应力应变曲线斜率不断降低,相同应力作用下,老化时间越长的绝缘纸应变量越大,说明绝缘纸的动弹性模量及阻尼比具有随老化时间增加而降低的趋势。
根据最后一次载荷的应力应变曲线,得到不同老化时间下绝缘纸的动弹性模量及阻尼比,结果如图15所示。从图15(a)可以看出,老化时间与绝缘纸的动弹性模量之间Pearson相关系数的绝对值达0.993,两者具有强线性相关性,绝缘纸动弹性模量与老化时间可以用式(9)近似表示。从图15(b)可以看出,老化时间与绝缘纸的阻尼比之间Pearson相关系数的绝对值为0.429,两者线性相关性较差。随着老化时间的增加,阻尼比有下降的趋势,且阻尼比均小于0.04,这说明不同老化时间下绝缘纸的黏性阻尼都很小,可以忽略不计,即绝缘纸可以被近似简化为弹性材料。
E=161.44-0.088t
式(9)中:E为绝缘纸的动弹性模量,单位为MPa;t为老化时间,单位为h。
根据绝缘纸材料的老化机理分析,绝缘纸材料在实验室加速热老化过程中,纤维素大分子发生热解降解反应,纸纤维逐渐变细、变短,结构遭到损坏,甚至发生断裂,并形成许多孔隙,这一系列变化对材料刚度的影响较大。绝缘纸的弹性模量与其单位体积纤维素结构以及数目有关。利用VE9800S型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对不同老化时间的绝缘纸表面进行观察,结果如图16所示。从图16可以看出,老化后的纸纤维显著变细,甚至出现孔隙、断裂等情况,这些都会引起绝缘纸宏观机械强度下降。
(1)绝缘纸在多次循环荷载作用下,其形变过程可以分为两个阶段:压密阶段和近似黏弹性形变阶段。在多次循环载荷作用下绝缘纸材料的塑性基本消失,应力应变曲线逐渐趋于一致,力学特性逐渐稳定。
(2)绝缘纸处于稍带黏性阻尼的弹性形变状态,外施载荷做功主要转化为弹性势能,加卸载过程的能量损耗较低。力学特性研究主要针对材料最后一次的循环载荷过程,材料塑性可以忽略不计。变压器在实际运行中,绝缘纸由于长期受到交变力载荷,其力学特性与多次循环载荷作用的绝缘纸试样相近。
(3)老化时间与绝缘纸的动弹性模量之间Pearson相关系数的绝对值达0.993,两者具有强线性相关性。随着老化时间的增加,阻尼比有下降的趋势,且阻尼比均小于0.04,说明不同老化时间下的绝缘纸都可以被近似简化为弹性材料。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.009
  • 接收时间:2020-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2021-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-09-05
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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