Article(id=1235576336916476586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1606492800000, receivedDateStr=2020-11-28, revisedDate=1613923200000, revisedDateStr=2021-02-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772513954619, onlineDateStr=2026-03-03, pubDate=1624118400000, pubDateStr=2021-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772513954619, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772513954619, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772513954619, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1235576335565902637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772513954297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773989561930, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241765482630546068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241765482634740373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1235576337226855086, articleId=1235576336916476586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on Interface Thermal Conductivity of Boron Nitride/Low Density Polyethylene Composite Materials Based on Scanning Thermal Microscopy, columnId=1222482827711603484, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Thermal Conductive Insulating, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The interface of thermal conductive polymer composite matrix and filler can affect the overall thermal conductivity of the composite. However, limited by traditional testing technologies, it is difficult to study the interface thermal conduction mechanism from microscopic view. In this paper, the interface thermal conduction mechanism of boron nitride (BN)/low density polyethylene (LDPE) composites was studied by scanning thermal microscope (SThM), and the interface thermal properties of the BN/LDPE composites were analyzed quantitatively. The test process of SThM was simulated by finite element analysis, and the interface thermal conduction process at the inorganic-organic interface was revealed. The results show that with the increase of BN content, the thermal conductivity of the composite increases. When the mass fraction of the BN reaches 20%, the thermal conductivity of the composite increases by 22%. The sample morphology in micro-nano scale and the voltage distribution image reflecting the thermal properties were obtained by SThM, it is found that the thermal conductivity interface width of the BN/LDPE composite is 150–200 nm. At the area that two BN particles are in contact with each other, the high thermal conductivity area increases, and the thermal conductivity interface width changes little. The fitting curve between thermal conductivity and the square of output voltage is obtained by testing the standard samples, and the interface thermal conductivity of the BN/LDPE composites is calculated to be 0.33–39.81 W/(m·K). The simulation results show that the probe tip can distinguish the filler, interface, and matrix, and the thermal conductivity of the composite increases with the increase of the interface width and thermal conductivity.

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导热高分子复合材料基体和填料形成的界面会影响复合材料整体的导热性能。然而受到传统测试技术的限制,很难从微观角度更深入地研究界面导热机理。本文利用扫描热显微镜(SThM)研究了氮化硼(BN)/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)复合材料的界面导热机制,对BN/LDPE复合材料的界面热学性质进行了定量分析,并通过有限元仿真模拟了SThM的测试过程,揭示了无机-有机界面处的界面热传导过程。结果表明:随着BN颗粒含量的增加,复合材料的热导率也随之提高。当BN的质量分数达到20%时,复合材料的热导率提高了约22%。采用SThM得到了微纳尺度样品形貌和反映热学性质的电压分布图像,发现BN/LDPE复合材料的热导界面宽度为150~200 nm。在两个BN颗粒相互接触的地方,显示高导热区间增大,热导界面宽度变化较小。通过测试标样获得了热导率与输出电压平方的拟合关系曲线,并计算得到BN/LDPE复合材料的界面热导率为0.33~39.81 W/(m·K)。仿真结果表明探针针尖能够区分填料、界面以及基体,复合材料的导热性能随着界面宽度和热导率的增大而提高。

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周峻(1985-),男(汉族),甘肃陇南人,副教授,研究方向为绝缘材料电学、热学性能表征。
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陈承相(1995-),男(汉族),福建三明人,硕士生,研究方向为纳米复合材料微观性能表征。

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陈承相(1995-),男(汉族),福建三明人,硕士生,研究方向为纳米复合材料微观性能表征。

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陈承相(1995-),男(汉族),福建三明人,硕士生,研究方向为纳米复合材料微观性能表征。

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材料Uout/VUout2/V2k/(W/(m·K))
LDPE3.5512.600.33
Pt3.8915.1371.4
Zn4.0216.16116
Al4.3518.92237
Ag4.6921.99411
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4种标样和LDPE的表面输出电压与热导率值

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材料Uout/VUout2/V2k/(W/(m·K))
LDPE3.5512.600.33
Pt3.8915.1371.4
Zn4.0216.16116
Al4.3518.92237
Ag4.6921.99411
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基于扫描热显微技术的氮化硼/低密度聚乙烯复合材料界面导热性能研究
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陈承相 1 , 朱玲颉 1, 2 , 贾贝贝 1 , 李永飞 1 , 姜映烨 3 , 周峻 1 , 吴锴 1
绝缘材料 | 导热绝缘专题 2021,54(6): 18-25
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绝缘材料 | 导热绝缘专题 2021, 54(6): 18-25
基于扫描热显微技术的氮化硼/低密度聚乙烯复合材料界面导热性能研究
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陈承相1, 朱玲颉1, 2, 贾贝贝1, 李永飞1, 姜映烨3, 周峻1, 吴锴1
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2国网江苏省电力公司常州供电公司,江苏 常州 213003
  • 3深圳供电局有限公司,广东 深圳 518048
  • 陈承相(1995-),男(汉族),福建三明人,硕士生,研究方向为纳米复合材料微观性能表征。

通讯作者:

周峻(1985-),男(汉族),甘肃陇南人,副教授,研究方向为绝缘材料电学、热学性能表征。
Study on Interface Thermal Conductivity of Boron Nitride/Low Density Polyethylene Composite Materials Based on Scanning Thermal Microscopy
Chengxiang CHEN1, Lingjie ZHU1, 2, Beibei JIA1, Yongfei LI1, Yingye JIANG3, Jun ZHOU1, Kai WU1
Affiliations
  • 1Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
  • 2Changzhou Power Supply Company of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213003, China
  • 3Shenzhen Power Supply Co., Ltd., China Southern Power Grid, Shenzhen 518048, China
出版时间: 2021-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.003
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导热高分子复合材料基体和填料形成的界面会影响复合材料整体的导热性能。然而受到传统测试技术的限制,很难从微观角度更深入地研究界面导热机理。本文利用扫描热显微镜(SThM)研究了氮化硼(BN)/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)复合材料的界面导热机制,对BN/LDPE复合材料的界面热学性质进行了定量分析,并通过有限元仿真模拟了SThM的测试过程,揭示了无机-有机界面处的界面热传导过程。结果表明:随着BN颗粒含量的增加,复合材料的热导率也随之提高。当BN的质量分数达到20%时,复合材料的热导率提高了约22%。采用SThM得到了微纳尺度样品形貌和反映热学性质的电压分布图像,发现BN/LDPE复合材料的热导界面宽度为150~200 nm。在两个BN颗粒相互接触的地方,显示高导热区间增大,热导界面宽度变化较小。通过测试标样获得了热导率与输出电压平方的拟合关系曲线,并计算得到BN/LDPE复合材料的界面热导率为0.33~39.81 W/(m·K)。仿真结果表明探针针尖能够区分填料、界面以及基体,复合材料的导热性能随着界面宽度和热导率的增大而提高。

SThM  /  LDPE基复合材料  /  界面热传导  /  有限元仿真

The interface of thermal conductive polymer composite matrix and filler can affect the overall thermal conductivity of the composite. However, limited by traditional testing technologies, it is difficult to study the interface thermal conduction mechanism from microscopic view. In this paper, the interface thermal conduction mechanism of boron nitride (BN)/low density polyethylene (LDPE) composites was studied by scanning thermal microscope (SThM), and the interface thermal properties of the BN/LDPE composites were analyzed quantitatively. The test process of SThM was simulated by finite element analysis, and the interface thermal conduction process at the inorganic-organic interface was revealed. The results show that with the increase of BN content, the thermal conductivity of the composite increases. When the mass fraction of the BN reaches 20%, the thermal conductivity of the composite increases by 22%. The sample morphology in micro-nano scale and the voltage distribution image reflecting the thermal properties were obtained by SThM, it is found that the thermal conductivity interface width of the BN/LDPE composite is 150–200 nm. At the area that two BN particles are in contact with each other, the high thermal conductivity area increases, and the thermal conductivity interface width changes little. The fitting curve between thermal conductivity and the square of output voltage is obtained by testing the standard samples, and the interface thermal conductivity of the BN/LDPE composites is calculated to be 0.33–39.81 W/(m·K). The simulation results show that the probe tip can distinguish the filler, interface, and matrix, and the thermal conductivity of the composite increases with the increase of the interface width and thermal conductivity.

SThM  /  LDPE-based composites  /  interface thermal transfer  /  finite element simulation
陈承相, 朱玲颉, 贾贝贝, 李永飞, 姜映烨, 周峻, 吴锴. 基于扫描热显微技术的氮化硼/低密度聚乙烯复合材料界面导热性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (6) : 18 -25 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.003
Chengxiang CHEN, Lingjie ZHU, Beibei JIA, Yongfei LI, Yingye JIANG, Jun ZHOU, Kai WU. Study on Interface Thermal Conductivity of Boron Nitride/Low Density Polyethylene Composite Materials Based on Scanning Thermal Microscopy[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (6) : 18 -25 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.003
近几十年来,电力设备和电子器件的集成度和功率密度不断提高,对电介质材料的导热性能提出了更高的要求[1]。选择合适的导热材料来提升电子器件的热传导效率具有重要的意义。传统的导热材料如陶瓷等,由于各种缺陷无法广泛使用,而聚合物材料具有质量轻、耐化学腐蚀、电气绝缘性能优异、价格低廉、加工简便、抗结垢等优点,受到人们的青睐。但大部分聚合物导热性能较差,热导率一般为0.1~0.5 W/(m·K)[2-3],较差的导热性能限制了聚合物在电气绝缘领域中的应用。因此,研发高导热的绝缘聚合物材料是当前的重点与热点[4-7]
向传统的高分子聚合物中添加性能优异的纳米粒子,能够显著提升复合材料的绝缘和热学等性能[8-10]。然而由于复合材料中填料和基体的结构明显不同,在两者的界面处会产生阻碍热流传输的界面热阻,影响复合材料整体的导热性能[11-13]。虽然测量复合材料宏观热导率的技术已经较为成熟,但是对于纳米颗粒与聚合物之间的界面导热机理仍然没有明确的定论。由于尺寸效应的存在,宏观尺度下的接触热阻理论无法使用傅里叶定律进行解释[14]。当填料颗粒尺寸为纳米级别时,复合材料的性能会被颗粒与聚合物形成的界面所影响,因此需要深入研究界面形成的机理和结构模型[15]
在过去几十年里,研究者们基于原子力显微镜(atomic force microscope,AFM)进一步开发了扫描热显微镜(SThM)[16],它具有亚微米级的空间分辨率。扫描热显微镜可以同时测量样品的表面形貌和热学信息,从而更好地表征原子尺度的材料性质,在二维材料[17]、热电材料[18]、相变材料[19]、聚合物[20]、生物相关材料[21]等领域具有良好的应用前景。M M ROJO等[22]使用SThM测量了嵌到聚合物基质中的纳米线的热导率,E GUEN等[23]通过SThM测量了聚合物的局部相变温度,但目前使用SThM探究高性能导热颗粒与绝缘聚合物间界面导热机理的研究仍然较少。
本研究首先基于扫描热显微镜技术,研究氮化硼(BN)颗粒/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)基体复合材料的界面导热机理;然后通过有限元仿真,模拟探针对不同导热性质的材料加热的情况,进一步讨论探针的导热机理;最后通过SThM测量的热学电压分布图来计算BN/LDPE复合材料的界面热导率,并基于仿真初步探讨界面的宽度和热传导对聚乙烯基复合材料热学性能的影响。
选取LDPE作为基体,BN作为填料。其中LDPE的平均粒径约为500 μm,密度为0.92 g/cm3,热导率约为0.33 W/(m·K),BN的粒径约为1 μm。环己烷沸点约为80℃,在实验中作为LDPE和BN的溶剂。标样制备选取了铂(Pt)、锌(Zn)、铝(Al)、银(Ag)4种金属丝参考材料。铝的直径为0.2 mm,热导率为237 W/(m·K);锌的直径为0.3 mm,热导率为116 W/(m·K);铂的直径为0.3 mm,热导率为71.4 W/(m·K);银的直径为0.3 mm,热导率为411 W/(m·K)。
本研究通过溶液混合法制备氮化硼/低密度聚乙烯复合材料,具体步骤如下:称取适量的BN粉末加入到环己烷中,超声分散2 h;称取适量的LDPE粉末加入到环己烷中,在120℃下以250 r/min的转速进行搅拌;然后将BN-环己烷悬浊液加入到LDPE-环己烷混合溶液中搅拌均匀,在90℃下真空干燥24 h,待样品降温后用酒精和去离子水进行超声清洗,再次放入烘箱干燥,将干燥后的样品用硅片和玻璃片压制,并放入120℃烘箱加热,随后进行真空退火处理,得到BN/LDPE复合材料试样。
标样是在LDPE中混入上述4种金属,先往烧杯中加入适量LDPE颗粒并打上记号,自记号处顺时针方向,等间距依次插入Pt、Zn、Al、Ag金属丝,在120℃下抽真空24 h,然后进行降温和打磨,得到样品。
扫描热显微镜是在原子力显微镜(AFM)的基础上成像。AFM的原理如图1所示,可以看到当探针扫描样品时,针尖与样品间存在一个物理量,它随距离变化而单调变化。以测量形貌图像里的接触模式为例,则该物理量为悬臂的弯曲量。光电探测器和激光器用于通过激光反射测量悬臂的偏转来检测针尖的位置和接触力。当探针扫描不同高度的形貌时,光电探测器上接受的激光信号发生改变。实时测量这个物理量时,反馈系统会把这个输入值与参考值作比较,从而控制扫描管去改变探针的高度,最后让测量值接近参考值。扫描管是通过压电效应来控制探针的位置,记录施加在它上面的电压,来绘制材料表面的高度图。
SThM使用带有电阻元件的纳米热探针,在获得被测样品热学性质的同时,得到其表面形貌。SThM的关键部分是热探针[24],它的悬臂末端装有电阻式热敏元件,既可用作AFM探头,也可用来加热,同时用作电阻温度计。虽然探针针尖与样品的间距是基于AFM原理实现的,但热探针却是惠斯通电桥的一个桥臂。如图2所示,惠斯通电桥可以通过反馈来调整和平衡电桥电压,以便测量探头的温度或保持恒定的探头温度。SThM主要功能有两种:①侦测表面热梯度(被动模式);②侦测表面热导率分布(主动模式)。本实验采用主动模式来测量样品的热导率分布。在主动模式中,探针可以通过电流进行焦耳加热[25],当探针扫到样品表面时,如果样品表面各位置的热导率不同,探针在不同位置上传输的热量不一样,由于热敏电阻的特性,针尖上出现不同的温降导致电阻值变化,进而使得惠斯通电桥输出一个电压信号,该电压信号则反映了样品表面的热导率。
实验采用布鲁克公司生产的Dimension Icon型AFM。扫描热显微镜(SThM)使用布鲁克公司生产的针尖由Pd制成,末端覆盖着Au薄膜的VITA-DN-GLA型热探针。
采用LFA447型闪光系统在25℃下测量不同掺杂浓度BN/LDPE复合材料的导热特性,试样尺寸为1 cm×1 cm×1 mm。
闪光法[26]属于瞬态法,测量时仪器向样品的下表面发射一束光脉冲,下表面由于吸收光能会产生一个瞬时温升,并向上表面传输热量,通过红外检测器检测上表面中心位置处的温升来获得反映温度变化的检测器信号曲线。
从曲线上可以得到样品在温度T下的热扩散系数α,然后通过式(1)计算样品的热导率。
λ=αCρ
式(1)中,λ、C、ρ分别为环境温度为T时样品对应的热导率、比热和密度。
图3为BN/LDPE复合材料热导率随BN含量的变化。由图3可以看出,随着BN颗粒含量的增加,复合材料的热导率也随之提高。当BN的质量分数从0增加至20%时,复合材料的热导率从0.428 W/(m·K)提高至0.523 W/(m·K),提高了约22%。从图3还可以看出,当BN的质量分数为5%~15%时,曲线变化平缓,而当BN的质量分数在0~5%和15%~20%两个区间时,曲线变化陡峭。这可能是由于在低掺杂量时在LDPE中加入导热性能优异的BN颗粒后,复合材料的热导率变化明显;当掺杂量不断增加时,复合材料中填料和基体形成的界面也不断增加,界面引入会导致额外的声子散射,界面的高接触热阻也会阻碍热导率的增加[27];当掺杂量达到一定程度时,BN颗粒相互接触形成导热通路,复合材料的热导率变化明显。
在进行测温时,先通过标样进行温度校正,使得加热电压转化成温度。在聚己内酯PCL(熔点Tm=55℃)、高密度聚乙烯HDPE(熔点Tm=116℃)以及聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯PET(熔点Tm=235℃)3种材料表面绘制ramp曲线,并重复3次。将探针加热,当温度达到材料的熔点时,探针压入材料熔化的表面,形成小凹坑,进而引起deflection信号减小。如图4所示,在各材料熔点附近,曲线出现极值点,由上升趋势转变成下降趋势,这些极值点对应的X坐标即为加热电压值,与材料的熔化温度相对应,软件根据此进行校准,并把各参数从电压转换成温度。为了排除硅基底因受热膨胀影响测试结果,使用局部热分析(localized thermal analysis,LTA)技术对不同厚度的LDPE样品进行加热并记录,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,当LDPE样品的厚度小于1 000 μm时,反射信号相差较大,表明此时LDPE与硅基底一起受热膨胀;当LDPE样品的厚度大于1 000 μm时,反射信号接近,表明LDPE受热膨胀程度不受其厚度影响,硅基底的受热膨胀几乎不对LDPE的测试结果产生影响,因此要求样品厚度大于1 000 μm。
在制备了足够平整和厚度适中的样品后,设置合适的扫描参数,使用SThM的主动模式来测量样品表面的热导率分布。图6(a)、(b)分别是复合材料中单个BN颗粒的形貌图和热图,可以看到BN颗粒在材料表面裸露出来的高度约为5.5 nm,颗粒表面中心处电压信号最小,约为-3.7 V,意味着BN颗粒的热导率较高。从图6(a)(b)可以判断两端趋于定值的线段对应于LDPE的信号,电压信号从低到高增加的区间对应于BN和LDPE形成的热导界面,该界面宽度约为170 nm,在图中用白色线段标识。图6(c)、(d)分别是复合材料中两个接触BN颗粒的形貌图和热图,可以看到样品表面存在颗粒团聚接触的现象,比周围基体表面高了约3 nm,在热图上可以测得界面宽度为150~200 nm。两个颗粒相互接触时,反映导热性质的电压信号区间增大,界面宽度变化较小。
虽然SThM的惠斯通电桥输出电压的变化可以反映样品的热导率变化,但是只能定性地分析。根据D I FLORESCU等[28-29]的研究结果可知,样品的热导率(k)和输出电压的平方(Uout2)存在线性关系,可以通过拟合线性关系来求解热导率的值。热导率的测量需要先进行信号校准工作,然后基于已知热导率和相似热容的4种标样和LDPE绘制k-Uout2的关系图并线性拟合得到关系曲线。用SThM绘制4种标样和LDPE的热图,得到标样和LDPE输出平均电压值和对应的热导率如表1所示,并根据表1数据绘制图7
根据标样和LDPE测得的数据进行线性拟合,得到拟合公式y=44.708x-588.9,将BN/LDPE复合材料热图上的电压信号代入公式,即可计算得到界面处的热导率。图8为BN/LDPE复合材料中单个BN颗粒形貌与电压信息图。从图8可以看到,BN颗粒电压绝对值为3.73~3.75 V,颗粒周围的基体电压绝对值为3.57~3.58 V,BN颗粒和LDPE基体上存在宽约150 nm的热传导界面。根据图7拟合的公式计算得到BN颗粒周围基体的热导率为负值,这是由曲线拟合的误差和忽略了探针与样品的热接触半径[30]等因素造成的。LDPE的热导率为0.33 W/(m·K),界面的热导率应该处于颗粒与LDPE基体的热导率之间,分析可得界面热导率的取值区间为0.33~39.81 W/(m·K)。
为了更好地分析探针加热样品过程中温度变化与热阻分布的关系,将测试系统简化。热阻RT的定义为式(2)
RT=ΔTQ
式(2)中:ΔT是探针与周围大气环境的温度差;Q代表热流。
整个系统的热阻Rp表示为式(3)[30]
dQjTH-T0=1RP=1Rc+1Rair+1Rts+Rs
式(3)中:Rc、Rair、Rts、Rs分别表示探针悬臂到基座之间的热阻、探针悬臂与大气之间的热阻、探针与样品接触产生的有效热阻以及样品本身的热阻;Qj表示由于电流流过探针产生的焦耳热;TH是加热后的温度;T0是环境温度(293 K)。
为了更直观地了解探针加热BN-LDPE复合材料的导热分布情况,构建了LDPE包埋球形BN颗粒的复合材料模型,并分别设置了探针接触到BN颗粒、界面以及基体材料3种条件。当探针加热时,3种条件下复合材料模型的温度分布如图9所示,其中左边为侧视图,右边为俯视图。从图9可以看出,当探针加热BN颗粒时,颗粒内部温度分布较均匀,且其温度比周围基体材料高约2.5 K,由于界面热阻的存在,自颗粒向基体的温度过渡自然、连续且不存在明显的边界。当探针加热界面时,由于界面吸收探针传输的热量产生温升,填料的温升高于基体材料的温升。当探针加热基体材料时,由于其较低的导热性能,温升仅出现在与探针接触的区域,界面和填料的温度无明显变化。探针初始温度为317.12 K,加热样品后,图9(a)、(b)、(c)对应的探针温降分别为18.6、12.7、3.8 K。与实验测量的热电压信号分布图类似(热电压信号最低值出现在填料颗粒上,界面、基体依次增大),由于填料、界面、基体的热导率依次降低,导致探针在各位置处的温降依次减小,热敏电阻下降,进而导致输出电压绝对值依次减小。以上结果表明探针具有区分填料、基体以及它们之间所存在的热界面的能力。
SThM区分高热导率材料热特性的能力非常有限[24]。仿真过程中,通过改变材料热导率,观察探针加热接触样品后,样品表面接触点位置的温度变化,结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出,当样品的热导率小于0.01 W/(m·K)时,材料的传热能力较低,各材料温度升高幅值接近;当样品热导率为0.01~100 W/(m·K)时,此时曲线斜率大,探针对热导率处于该区间内的材料区分能力较强;而当材料的热导率超过1 000 W/(m·K)时,如大多数金属材料,样品表面温升较小,探针难以区分多个热导率较高的样品。
分析实验结果可知,BN颗粒和LDPE基体之间的界面宽度为150~200 nm,其热导率为0.33~39.81 W/(m·K)。为了分析界面的宽度与导热性能对材料内部导热过程的影响,改变界面宽度和热导率进行仿真计算,结果如图11所示。由图11可看出,当界面宽度均为150 nm时,k=15 W/(m·K)的温度曲线明显低于k=1 W/(m·K)的温度曲线,因此,界面热导率越大,界面对热流的阻碍作用越小。当保持其他条件一定时,界面宽度越大,复合材料内部的导热性能越好。界面的宽度受颗粒和基体的结合程度影响,通过添加适量的偶联剂,可以增强界面的相互作用,从而提高复合材料整体的热导率[31-32]
基于扫描热显微镜,研究了BN/LDPE复合材料的导热性质,并且对BN颗粒与LDPE基体间的热学界面进行了表征,通过有限元仿真分析了其界面导热机理,初步探讨了界面宽度及界面热导率对整体材料导热性能的影响,主要得到以下结论:
(1)使用LTA技术对不同厚度样品进行单点局部加热分析时,当样品厚度大于1 μm时,可以排除硅基底对测量结果的影响。
(2)在SThM测量中,颗粒处的电压信号最低,基底上的信号最高,两者之间形成界面,样品的界面宽度为150~200 nm。颗粒相互接触时,高导热区间增大,界面宽度变化较小。计算得到样品的界面热导率所在区间为0.33~39.81 W/(m·K)。然而由于测试和拟合数据的局限性,利用SThM方法来定量分析复合材料微区的热导率还需要进一步优化。
(3)探针可以根据热导率的大小来区分颗粒、界面以及基体,但探针对高热导率的材料分辨能力较低。在颗粒尺寸等其他条件不变的情况下,随着界面宽度和热导率的增加,样品整体的导热性能提高。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0903803)
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2021年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.003
  • 接收时间:2020-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-03
  • 出版时间:2021-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-11-28
  • 修回日期:2021-02-22
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0903803)
作者信息
    1西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
    2国网江苏省电力公司常州供电公司,江苏 常州 213003
    3深圳供电局有限公司,广东 深圳 518048

通讯作者:

周峻(1985-),男(汉族),甘肃陇南人,副教授,研究方向为绝缘材料电学、热学性能表征。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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