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Article(id=1235576336673206952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1602691200000, receivedDateStr=2020-10-15, revisedDate=1605024000000, revisedDateStr=2020-11-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772513954561, onlineDateStr=2026-03-03, pubDate=1624118400000, pubDateStr=2021-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772513954561, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772513954561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772513954561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1235576335565902637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772513954297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773989561930, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241765482630546068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241765482634740373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1235576336996168363, articleId=1235576336673206952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Domestic Development of HXD1 Locomotive High Voltage Wall Bushing, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

According to the structure characteristics of HXD1 locomotive high voltage wall bushing, the electric fields of an imported high voltage wall bushing and the domestic high voltage wall bushing were analyzed by COMSOL finite element method. Then a domestic high voltage wall bushing was produced by the automatic pressure gel (APG) forming technology combining with the application situation of the imported high voltage wall bushing, its electrical properties were compared, and environmental tolerance tests of thermal-cold oil cycling, vibration impact, and high and low temperature alternating were conducted. The results show that the domestic high voltage wall bushing has reasonable structure and good environmental adaptability, which is suitable for the traction transformer field of HXD1 locomotive.

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针对HXD1型机车高压穿墙套管的结构特点，采用COMSOL有限元法对某进口高压穿墙套管及国产高压穿墙套管进行电场仿真，然后结合该进口高压穿墙套管的应用情况，采用自动压力凝胶（APG）成型技术进行国产化研制，对比测试了两者的电气性能，并开展冷-热油循环、振动冲击、高低温交变等环境适应性试验。结果表明：国产高压穿墙套管结构设计合理，具有良好的环境适应性，适用于HXD1型机车牵引变压器领域。

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冯修军（1985-），男（汉族），河南信阳人，工程师，主要从事变压器绝缘技术的研究；

陈红生（1966-），男（汉族），湖南衡阳人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事电机、变压器绝缘技术的研究。

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冯修军（1985-），男（汉族），河南信阳人，工程师，主要从事变压器绝缘技术的研究；

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冯修军（1985-），男（汉族），河南信阳人，工程师，主要从事变压器绝缘技术的研究；

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陈红生（1966-），男（汉族），湖南衡阳人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事电机、变压器绝缘技术的研究。

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HXD1型机车T型插拔头和高压穿墙套管烧损原因分析及解决措施[J]. 电力机车与城轨车辆,2009,32(3):63-64., articleTitle=HXD1型机车T型插拔头和高压穿墙套管烧损原因分析及解决措施, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1235576352796111054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235576336673206952, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=37, issue=4, pageStart=76, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=许华, journalName=电力机车与城轨车辆, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许华. HXD1C型机车主变压器A端子故障原因分析[J]. 电力机车与城轨车辆,2014,37(4):76-79., articleTitle=HXD1C型机车主变压器A端子故障原因分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1235576352879997140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235576336673206952, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=British Standards Institution, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=British Standards Institution. Bushings above 1kV up to 52kV and from 250A to 3,15kA for liquid filled transformers: BS EN 50180:2010[S]. London,UK:BSI,2010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1235576352976466135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235576336673206952, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=164, pageEnd=167, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=张士宇, 马昭钰, 周博, journalName=电瓷避雷器, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张士宇,马昭钰,周博,等. 动车组高压套管电场分布特性研究[J]. 电瓷避雷器,2017(2):164-167., articleTitle=动车组高压套管电场分布特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1235576353072935128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235576336673206952, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=56, issue=4, pageStart=222, pageEnd=228, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=张赟, journalName=高压电器, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张赟. 基于有限元分析的热塑性绝缘套管的开发[J]. 高压电器,2020,56(4):222-228., articleTitle=基于有限元分析的热塑性绝缘套管的开发, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1235576353181987037, 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language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=PD measurement results after environmental test at different stages, figureFileSmall=QiwzFuIXYw2alJcbd5kRGQ==, figureFileBig=xMLJCVOIOV7UvwRvb06k0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1235576350292111506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235576336673206952, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同阶段环境试验后局放测试结果, figureFileSmall=QiwzFuIXYw2alJcbd5kRGQ==, figureFileBig=xMLJCVOIOV7UvwRvb06k0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1235576350409552021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235576336673206952, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=The parameters of main part materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组件相对介电常数εr电导率δ/(S·m-1)
矿物油2.201.0×10-12
环氧浇注体3.501.0×10-15
屏蔽网1.001.5×107
导电杆1.005.8×107
T型插拔头2.271.0×10-15
), ArticleFig(id=1235576350506021019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235576336673206952, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各主要部件材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组件相对介电常数εr电导率δ/(S·m-1)
矿物油2.201.0×10-12
环氧浇注体3.501.0×10-15
屏蔽网1.001.5×107
导电杆1.005.8×107
T型插拔头2.271.0×10-15
), ArticleFig(id=1235576350615072932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235576336673206952, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Properties of the high voltage wall bushings, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目某进口套管参考值国产套管测试值
拉伸强度/MPa70～8085.7
断裂伸长率/%1.0～1.31.6
拉伸模量/GPa10～1110.6
弯曲强度/MPa110～125133
弯曲模量/GPa11～1211.6
冲击强度/(kJ/m2)7～1010.6
压缩强度/MPa140～150196
电气强度/(kV/mm)24～3028.8
吸水率/%0.10～0.150.15
玻璃化转变温度/℃105～125118
), ArticleFig(id=1235576350745096359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235576336673206952, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

高压穿墙套管浇注体性能测试值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目某进口套管参考值国产套管测试值
拉伸强度/MPa70～8085.7
断裂伸长率/%1.0～1.31.6
拉伸模量/GPa10～1110.6
弯曲强度/MPa110～125133
弯曲模量/GPa11～1211.6
冲击强度/(kJ/m2)7～1010.6
压缩强度/MPa140～150196
电气强度/(kV/mm)24～3028.8
吸水率/%0.10～0.150.15
玻璃化转变温度/℃105～125118
), ArticleFig(id=1235576352217297071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235576336673206952, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Conventional properties of bushings, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试项目测试要求测试结果
进口国产
绝缘电阻/GΩ加载电压2.5 kV，＞2 GΩ1.2×1059.4×104
雷电冲击测试

170 kV，正负极性各15次，

无闪络或击穿

无闪络或击穿
工频耐压(PF)

75 kV下持续1 min，

无闪络或击穿

无闪络或击穿，

泄漏电流为4.9 mA

工频耐过电压

94 kV下持续1 min,

无闪络或击穿

无闪络或击穿，

泄漏电流为8 mA

局部放电(PD)

加载电压3 kV-42 kV-3 kV，

每3 kV测试1次，36 kV下的局放量小于5 pC

0.13 pC
油密封试验油温25℃，油压0.196 MPa持续5 h，无渗漏现象无渗漏现象
振动冲击试验

IEC 61373 1.B类，

无破裂且通过PD/PF

无破裂且PD/PF通过，泄漏电流为6.149 mA
冷热油循环密封试验油温25～110℃，升温速度为0.5℃/min，降温速度为0.3℃/min，60个循环，无渗漏且通过PD/PF无渗漏且PD/PF通过，泄漏电流为6.149 mA
), ArticleFig(id=1235576352317960372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1235576336673206952, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

高压穿墙套管常规性能

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测试项目测试要求测试结果
进口国产
绝缘电阻/GΩ加载电压2.5 kV，＞2 GΩ1.2×1059.4×104
雷电冲击测试

170 kV，正负极性各15次，

无闪络或击穿

无闪络或击穿
工频耐压(PF)

75 kV下持续1 min，

无闪络或击穿

无闪络或击穿，

泄漏电流为4.9 mA

工频耐过电压

94 kV下持续1 min,

无闪络或击穿

无闪络或击穿，

泄漏电流为8 mA

局部放电(PD)

加载电压3 kV-42 kV-3 kV，

每3 kV测试1次，36 kV下的局放量小于5 pC

0.13 pC
油密封试验油温25℃，油压0.196 MPa持续5 h，无渗漏现象无渗漏现象
振动冲击试验

IEC 61373 1.B类，

无破裂且通过PD/PF

无破裂且PD/PF通过，泄漏电流为6.149 mA
冷热油循环密封试验油温25～110℃，升温速度为0.5℃/min，降温速度为0.3℃/min，60个循环，无渗漏且通过PD/PF无渗漏且PD/PF通过，泄漏电流为6.149 mA
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编号原始第一阶段第二阶段第三阶段
进口A14.94.95.05.1
进口A24.94.95.05.1
进口A34.94.95.05.1
国产B15.05.05.05.1
国产B24.94.95.05.1
国产B34.94.95.05.1
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不同阶段环境试验后工频耐压泄漏电流测试结果

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编号原始第一阶段第二阶段第三阶段
进口A14.94.95.05.1
进口A24.94.95.05.1
进口A34.94.95.05.1
国产B15.05.05.05.1
国产B24.94.95.05.1
国产B34.94.95.05.1
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HXD1型机车高压穿墙套管国产化研制
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冯修军 1 , 陈红生 1 , 梁西川 1 , 金姗姗 1 , 申剑磊 1 , 薛长志 1 , 王振良 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021,54(6): 44-48
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021, 54(6): 44-48
HXD1型机车高压穿墙套管国产化研制
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冯修军1, 陈红生1, 梁西川1, 金姗姗1, 申剑磊1, 薛长志1, 王振良2
作者信息
  • 1中车株洲电机有限公司 电气绝缘技术湖南省重点实验室，湖南 株洲 412000
  • 2麦克奥迪（厦门）电气股份有限公司，福建 厦门 361101

    • 冯修军（1985-），男（汉族），河南信阳人，工程师，主要从事变压器绝缘技术的研究；

    陈红生（1966-），男（汉族），湖南衡阳人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事电机、变压器绝缘技术的研究。

Domestic Development of HXD1 Locomotive High Voltage Wall Bushing
Xiujun FENG1, Hongsheng CHEN1, Xichuan LIANG1, Shanshan JIN1, Jianlei SHEN1, Changzhi XUE1, Zhenliang WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Hunan Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation Technology, CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412000, China
  • 2Motic (Xiamen) Electric Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361101, China
出版时间: 2021-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.007
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摘要
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针对HXD1型机车高压穿墙套管的结构特点，采用COMSOL有限元法对某进口高压穿墙套管及国产高压穿墙套管进行电场仿真，然后结合该进口高压穿墙套管的应用情况，采用自动压力凝胶（APG）成型技术进行国产化研制，对比测试了两者的电气性能，并开展冷-热油循环、振动冲击、高低温交变等环境适应性试验。结果表明：国产高压穿墙套管结构设计合理，具有良好的环境适应性，适用于HXD1型机车牵引变压器领域。

机车牵引变压器  /  高压穿墙套管  /  有限元分析  /  环境适应性

According to the structure characteristics of HXD1 locomotive high voltage wall bushing, the electric fields of an imported high voltage wall bushing and the domestic high voltage wall bushing were analyzed by COMSOL finite element method. Then a domestic high voltage wall bushing was produced by the automatic pressure gel (APG) forming technology combining with the application situation of the imported high voltage wall bushing, its electrical properties were compared, and environmental tolerance tests of thermal-cold oil cycling, vibration impact, and high and low temperature alternating were conducted. The results show that the domestic high voltage wall bushing has reasonable structure and good environmental adaptability, which is suitable for the traction transformer field of HXD1 locomotive.

locomotive traction transformer  /  high voltage wall bushing  /  finite element analysis  /  environmental adaptability
冯修军, 陈红生, 梁西川, 金姗姗, 申剑磊, 薛长志, 王振良. HXD1型机车高压穿墙套管国产化研制. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (6) : 44 -48 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.007
Xiujun FENG, Hongsheng CHEN, Xichuan LIANG, Shanshan JIN, Jianlei SHEN, Changzhi XUE, Zhenliang WANG. Domestic Development of HXD1 Locomotive High Voltage Wall Bushing[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (6) : 44 -48 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.007
正文
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0 引言
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牵引变压器作为电力机车的关键设备之一，其可靠性直接影响着重载高速铁路的运输安全。高压穿墙套管是牵引变压器的核心外围部件，其斜向下安装在机车牵引变压器的侧面，空气侧经过T型插拔头连接高压电缆，油侧与变压器内部的高压引线相连，其作用是将接触网侧25 kV高压传输至牵引变压器内部[1-2]。高压穿墙套管作为连接车载变压器和车载高压电缆的主要绝缘设备，已成为影响电气化铁路安全稳定运行的重要因素。
目前国内HXD1型机车牵引变压器用高压穿墙套管长期依赖进口，为打破国外机车牵引变压器关键零部件领域的垄断，降低制造成本，亟需开展机车高压穿墙套管的国产化研制。
本研究从结构设计、浇注树脂选型、工艺路线、产品环境适应性试验验证等方面分析HXD1型机车高压穿墙套管国产化的可行性。
1 结构设计及仿真分析
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1.1 高压穿墙套管结构设计
高压穿墙套管主要由浇注体、中心导电杆、屏蔽网、接地线及工艺螺孔构成，外形结构如图1所示。国产高压穿墙套管空气侧结构按照EN 50180:2010中C型接口[3]设计，油侧结构根据HXD1型机车牵引变压器安装接口尺寸进行自主设计，油侧长度为99 mm，油侧锥度为7°。
1.2 仿真分析模型建立
高压穿墙套管的2D轴对称模型不仅针对高压穿墙套管本身，还应考虑牵引变压器箱体和T型插拔头的影响，其中某进口高压穿墙套管与T型插拔头的尺寸分别参照实际的机车用高压套管与T型插拔头，电气仿真模型见图2，各部分材料的参数见表1。
高压穿墙套管最高工作电压为36 kV，采用Comsol有限元方法分别计算进口与国产高压穿墙套管绝缘系统静电场及瞬态场的电场强度分布，对导电杆施加170 kV雷电冲击耐受电压，屏蔽网、油箱外壳、T型插拔头表面接地层施加零电位。计算得到静电场的电场强度分布见图3～4，雷电冲击电压下瞬态场电场极值的变化见图5。
从图3～4可以看出，高压穿墙套管中间的电场趋近于均匀变化，最大场强均出现在屏蔽网的端部。张士宇等[4]认为这与高压穿墙套管内部接地屏蔽网有关，接地屏蔽网可以改善高压穿墙套管的电场分布，但接地屏蔽网边缘处也会出现最大场强。
图3中某进口高压穿墙套管的最大场强为16.13 kV/mm，小于其浇注体的击穿场强24 kV/mm；图4中国产高压穿墙套管的最大场强为17.13 kV/mm，小于其浇注体的击穿场强28.8 kV/mm。
从图5可以看出，瞬态场下某进口高压穿墙套管的电场极值为16.61 kV/mm，国产高压穿墙套管的电场极值为17.64 kV/mm，二者均远小于其浇注体的击穿场强。无论是静电场还是瞬态场下，国产与某进口高压穿墙套管的最大场强水平均相当。因此国产高压穿墙套管和某进口高压穿墙套管一样完全可以满足绝缘强度要求，且在雷电冲击试验中相对安全。
2 浇注材料分析及生产工艺
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机车运行时，高压穿墙套管内置导体长期处于通流发热状态，同时还要承受高压电缆的拖拽力以及自身强大电场的覆盖。因此要满足高压穿墙套管的应用场合要求，浇注树脂材料需重点考核力学性能、耐热性能、电气性能和吸水率[5]。
基于某进口高压穿墙套管长期车辆运行及应用经验，国产高压穿墙套管选用与某进口高压穿墙套管浇注体性能相当的双酚A环氧树脂进行浇注，表2为两种高压穿墙套管浇注体的综合性能对比。其中拉伸试验采用1A型试样。
由表2可知，高压穿墙套管按电压等级划分属中压产品，中压产品常用环氧树脂浇注体的拉伸强度及弯曲强度分别约为80 MPa及125 MPa，电气强度约为18～20 kV/mm[5]。为降低高压穿墙套管浇注体的热膨胀系数，使其与内置导体相当，同时提高其热导率及耐热性，需在环氧树脂中加入硅微粉，但由于SiO2粒子为无机刚性粒子，自身模量较高，大量的硅微粉加入会使材料的刚性增加，从而导致冲击韧性下降，表现为固化物的模量较高而冲击强度较低。吸水性会直接影响高压穿墙套管在运行过程中的电气性能，因此应严格控制该指标，一般控制在0.2%以内。玻璃化转变温度（Tg）附近是材料出现内应力的关键温度范围，温度在Tg以上，材料的力学性能及电气强度会急剧下降，而HXD1型机车牵引变压器油的最高工作温度约为105℃，因此环氧树脂的Tg应接近或稍高于105℃。
自动压力凝胶（APG）工艺是将浇注物料通过外界的压力经浇道注入模具，凝胶过程中保持注射压力不变，不断对模腔内注入新料，以补偿因固化收缩而引起的缺陷，降低内应力，因此制件具有较好的尺寸稳定性和较高的机械强度[6]；同时其使用的物料是一次固化快的高反应活性环氧树脂混合料，使模具的利用率大幅提高，因此广泛应用于生产中低压环氧绝缘制品，国产高压穿墙套管采用APG工艺成型制作。
3 试验验证
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3.1 常规性能
为验证国产高压穿墙套管设计及浇注材料性能的合理性，采用APG工艺成型制作若干件高压穿墙套管，参照GB/T 4109—2008[7]进行相关验证试验，结果见表3，并进行了振动冲击和冷热油循环密封试验后的局放测试，结果见图6，并与某进口高压穿墙套管进行对比分析。
由表3可以看出，国产高压穿墙套管与某进口高压穿墙套管的绝缘电阻、工频耐压、局部放电和雷电冲击测试均满足要求，其中局部放电和雷电冲击测试结果与在电场仿真计算中高压穿墙套管最大场强小于其浇注体电气强度的结果相一致。从图6可以看出，在分别经历冷热油循环和振动冲击试验后，国产高压穿墙套管与某进口高压穿墙套管在3 kV-42 kV-3 kV升降压试验过程的局放值均小于5 pC，局放性能良好。国产高压穿墙套管与某进口高压穿墙套管在经过60个周期的冷热油循环和振动冲击环境试验后，没有产生放电性缺陷，均表现出良好的耐冷热油变化、耐振动冲击的性能。
3.2 环境耐受性试验
通过考核高压穿墙套管在机车牵引变压器的3种模拟工况下（典型、严酷、极端）绝缘性能的变化，验证国产高压穿墙套管的环境耐受能力，同时与某进口高压穿墙套管进行对比分析。环境试验流程及要求详见图7，图8为不同阶段环境试验后的套管在最高工作电压36 kV下的局部放电测试结果，工频耐压泄漏电流测试结果见表4。
由图8可以看出：①3个阶段温度交变试验期间，某进口高压穿墙套管的局放值整体随着试验阶段增加呈上升趋势，国产高压穿墙套管的局放值则比较稳定；②经过3个阶段温度交变试验后，国产高压穿墙套管在最高工作电压36 kV下的局放值分别为0.26、0.22、0.28 pC，某进口高压穿墙套管则为12.60、17.01、8.83 pC，进口套管整体局放水平均高于国产高压套管。这是由于在高低温交变试验条件下某进口高压穿墙套管屏蔽网端部与环氧浇注体存在细微的接触界面，同时该类套管屏蔽网采用自攻螺丝方式接地导致接地性能稍差也会引起局放不良；而国产高压穿墙套管则在设计初期识别了某进口高压穿墙套管可能存在的风险点并进行了局部结构优化。
4 结论
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（1）分别计算雷电冲击耐受电压170 kV下某进口高压穿墙套管与国产高压穿墙套管绝缘系统静电场及瞬态场的电场强度分布，某进口高压穿墙套管与国产高压穿墙套管的最大场强均出现在屏蔽网的端部且绝缘水平相当，均满足材料场强基准要求，表明国产高压穿墙套管材料选型及结构设计合理。
（2）国产与某进口高压穿墙套管的常规性能均满足设计要求，在分别经过冷热油循环、振动冲击和高低温交变环境试验后，国产高压穿墙套管没有产生放电性缺陷，具有良好的环境适应性，适合应用于HXD1型机车牵引变压器领域。
文献
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2021年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.007
  • 接收时间：2020-10-15
  • 首发时间：2026-03-03
  • 出版时间：2021-06-20
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  • 收稿日期：2020-10-15
  • 修回日期：2020-11-11
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    1中车株洲电机有限公司 电气绝缘技术湖南省重点实验室，湖南 株洲 412000
    2麦克奥迪（厦门）电气股份有限公司，福建 厦门 361101
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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