Article(id=1222495715939574436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222495713427186326, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.04.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1591286400000, receivedDateStr=2020-06-05, revisedDate=1595347200000, revisedDateStr=2020-07-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769395291551, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1618848000000, pubDateStr=2021-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769395291551, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769395291551, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769395291551, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1222495713427186326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='108', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769395290953, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1770971792201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229108038972534891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222495713427186326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229108038972534892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222495713427186326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=72, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222495717491466952, articleId=1222495715939574436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Interface Test Unit of Orthogonal Electric Field for Interface Partial Discharge Research, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Partial discharge (PD) caused by interface defects is one of the main causes of interface breakdown, but the initiation and evolution of interface PD of cable accessories is not clear now. In this paper, the electric field distribution of actual cable accessory interface was simulated and analyzed. According to the calculation results of electric field, an interface test unit was designed and manufactured using the built-in electrode method, and then the test unit were conducted partial discharge initiation experiments. The results show that the electric field distribution of the interface test unit is similar to that of the actual cable accessory interface, and the PD development law obtained by the interface test unit is the same to that of the actual cable accessory interface. The interface test unit can effectively simulate the electric field of actual cable accessory interface, and at the same time, the introduction of metal electrodes were avoided into the test interface. It is concluded that the test unit can be used to study the initiation and evolution of PD at the cable accessory interface.

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界面缺陷引发的局部放电是导致界面击穿的主要原因之一,而电缆附件界面局放的引发、演变规律尚不明确。本研究首先仿真分析了实际电缆附件界面电场分布,并依据电场计算结果采用内置电极法设计制作了界面测试单元,最后对设计的界面单元进行局部放电引发试验。结果表明:该界面测试单元与实际电缆附件界面电场分布类似,使用该界面单元获得的局部放电发展规律与实际电缆附件的局部放电发展规律相同。该界面单元能够有效模拟实际电缆附件界面电场,同时避免了向测试界面内引入金属电极,可以用于电缆附件界面局部放电引发、演变规律等方面的研究。

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李泽瑞(1996-),男(汉族),湖北十堰人,博士生,研究方向为电力设备状态监测。
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桂媛(1988-),女(汉族),安徽桐城人,高级工程师,研究方向为电气设备故障分析、电力系统分析与控制。

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桂媛(1988-),女(汉族),安徽桐城人,高级工程师,研究方向为电气设备故障分析、电力系统分析与控制。

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桂媛(1988-),女(汉族),安徽桐城人,高级工程师,研究方向为电气设备故障分析、电力系统分析与控制。

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材料相对介电常数
XLPE2.3
SIR2.7
铜电极默认值
空气1
), ArticleFig(id=1243119746800005921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222495715939574436, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真模型物理参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料相对介电常数
XLPE2.3
SIR2.7
铜电极默认值
空气1
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用于界面局放研究的正交电场测试单元
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桂媛 1 , 王智晖 1 , 徐兴全 1 , 王志勇 1 , 马光耀 1 , 刘若溪 1 , 李泽瑞 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021,54(4): 72-77
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021, 54(4): 72-77
用于界面局放研究的正交电场测试单元
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桂媛1, 王智晖1, 徐兴全1, 王志勇1, 马光耀1, 刘若溪1, 李泽瑞2
作者信息
  • 1国网北京市电力公司,北京 100075
  • 2四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 桂媛(1988-),女(汉族),安徽桐城人,高级工程师,研究方向为电气设备故障分析、电力系统分析与控制。

通讯作者:

李泽瑞(1996-),男(汉族),湖北十堰人,博士生,研究方向为电力设备状态监测。
Interface Test Unit of Orthogonal Electric Field for Interface Partial Discharge Research
Yuan GUI1, Zhihui WANG1, Xingquan XU1, Zhiyong WANG1, Guangyao MA1, Ruoxi LIU1, Zerui LI2
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Beijing Electric Power Company, Beijing 100075, China
  • 2College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2021-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.04.012
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界面缺陷引发的局部放电是导致界面击穿的主要原因之一,而电缆附件界面局放的引发、演变规律尚不明确。本研究首先仿真分析了实际电缆附件界面电场分布,并依据电场计算结果采用内置电极法设计制作了界面测试单元,最后对设计的界面单元进行局部放电引发试验。结果表明:该界面测试单元与实际电缆附件界面电场分布类似,使用该界面单元获得的局部放电发展规律与实际电缆附件的局部放电发展规律相同。该界面单元能够有效模拟实际电缆附件界面电场,同时避免了向测试界面内引入金属电极,可以用于电缆附件界面局部放电引发、演变规律等方面的研究。

电缆附件  /  交联聚乙烯  /  界面测试单元  /  局部放电

Partial discharge (PD) caused by interface defects is one of the main causes of interface breakdown, but the initiation and evolution of interface PD of cable accessories is not clear now. In this paper, the electric field distribution of actual cable accessory interface was simulated and analyzed. According to the calculation results of electric field, an interface test unit was designed and manufactured using the built-in electrode method, and then the test unit were conducted partial discharge initiation experiments. The results show that the electric field distribution of the interface test unit is similar to that of the actual cable accessory interface, and the PD development law obtained by the interface test unit is the same to that of the actual cable accessory interface. The interface test unit can effectively simulate the electric field of actual cable accessory interface, and at the same time, the introduction of metal electrodes were avoided into the test interface. It is concluded that the test unit can be used to study the initiation and evolution of PD at the cable accessory interface.

cable accessory  /  cross-linked polyethylene  /  interface test unit  /  partial discharge
桂媛, 王智晖, 徐兴全, 王志勇, 马光耀, 刘若溪, 李泽瑞. 用于界面局放研究的正交电场测试单元. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (4) : 72 -77 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.04.012
Yuan GUI, Zhihui WANG, Xingquan XU, Zhiyong WANG, Guangyao MA, Ruoxi LIU, Zerui LI. Interface Test Unit of Orthogonal Electric Field for Interface Partial Discharge Research[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (4) : 72 -77 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.04.012
随着我国城市化发展以及电缆入地改造,交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电力电缆以其优异的电气、力学、耐热性能得到了广泛应用[1-2]。电缆附件由于其独特的多层复合绝缘结构以及受复杂的现场安装条件等因素影响,成为电力电缆系统的薄弱环节[3-4]
在电缆的制造、敷设以及电缆附件的安装过程中,有可能在电缆本体XLPE与附件绝缘硅橡胶(SIR)界面处造成气隙、半导体突起、悬浮导电颗粒等潜伏缺陷[5]。这些缺陷的存在会引起界面电场畸变,并引发局部放电(partial discharge,PD)。在电缆附件绝缘界面正交电场的驱动下,局部放电不断加速绝缘劣化,最终导致电缆附件绝缘界面击穿。局部放电作为电缆附件绝缘劣化诱因的同时,也成为评估电缆附件绝缘状态的有效手段[6-7]
国内外学者针对电缆附件的局部放电问题开展了广泛的研究[8-10],并做出了突出的贡献。常文治等[11]通过在电缆中间接头XLPE-SIR界面上设置金属颗粒引发局部放电的方式,发现界面导电悬浮颗粒的局部放电发展过程分为4个阶段,放电次数、放电能量等特征量均呈现增大的趋势,并基于该规律建立了沿面导电悬浮颗粒局放严重程度的评估方法。万利等[12]通过在半导电层截断处附近设置电缆本体绝缘刀痕,研究了电缆终端气隙缺陷的局部放电发展机理,结果表明气隙缺陷在不同老化阶段表现出不同的放电特征,放电的阶段性差异与气隙通道的贯穿过程密切相关。文献[13-14]中,分别采用向XLPE、SIR薄片样本中扎针的方式,研究了绝缘材料在电树枝老化过程中局部放电的演变特性以及与电树枝老化发展过程的对应关系。以上研究揭示了不同类型缺陷的局部放电发展规律,有助于理解局部放电的演变机理。然而在以往的研究中,以实际电缆附件作为研究对象时,均加大了缺陷尺寸,增大了缺陷的严重程度,与实际运行过程中电缆附件内微弱缺陷缓慢发展的过程不符;而且以薄片样本作为研究对象时,针尖处的电场强度远大于实际电场运行过程中的电场强度,且电场分布也与实际情况有较大差异。
为研究实际运行过程中温度、气压、电场等单一物理条件下电缆附件的局放引发特征及演变规律,有必要将真实电缆附件抽象为一种结构简单且电场分布与实际电缆附件类似的界面单元模型,来模拟实际电缆附件中的电场分布情况,从而实现单一物理场可控条件下局部放电的引发及放电特性的研究,增强试验的可复现性。
本研究介绍一种模拟电缆附件界面电场的内置电极正交电场界面单元。首先使用COMSOL软件对电缆附件界面电场进行仿真计算,然后根据计算结果设计界面单元的电极放置方式,最后进行局放引发试验验证该界面单元与实际电缆附件电场的等效性。
在电缆附件安装过程中对电缆进行的剥切处理破坏了电缆原始的径向电场分布,导致在外半导电层截断处产生严重的电场畸变,并存在较强的切向电场分量。预制式电缆附件均采用了应力锥的结构以均匀半导电截断处的电场畸变。首先分析电缆附件绝缘界面处的电场分布。
为考察实际电缆附件XLPE-SIR绝缘界面的电场分布情况,采用COMSOL多物理场仿真软件搭建了10 kV电缆终端模型,对该电缆终端模型进行电场仿真。电缆附件为三维轴对称结构,因此仅选取二维轴截面进行分析,以降低仿真计算量,仿真模型如图1所示,其中各部分物理参数如表1所示。
用COMSOL软件的静电场模块对上述搭建的10 kV电缆终端模型进行稳态电场求解,初始条件设置为外半导电层接地。为模拟10 kV电缆实际运行工况,缆芯初始电势设置为8.7 kV,其余各部分初始电势设置为0,根据静电场电荷守恒方程进行求解,如式(1)所示。
E=-VD=ρvD=εE
式(1)中:E为电场强度;∇V为电压梯度;∇D为电位移的散度;ρv为自由电荷密度;ε为介电常数。
所得仿真结果如图2(a)所示。为进一步考察电缆附件绝缘界面的电场分布情况,选取外半导电层截断处为原点,计算绝缘界面沿电缆轴向的电场强度切向分量与法向分量,即图2(a)中虚线方框内沿箭头方向的界面电场分布情况,计算结果如图2(b)所示。
图2可以看出,电缆终端XLPE-SIR绝缘界面处电场最强点出现在应力锥与XLPE绝缘接触面的末端,其电场强度约为2.11×106 V/m。此外,电缆附件界面的切向电场分量小于法向分量,切向电场与法向电场的比值为0~0.6,并且在应力锥覆盖XLPE绝缘处该比值最小。在接触面末端切向分量达到最大值,随着与应力锥距离的增加逐渐减小,与法向向量比值也逐渐减小。
基于上述对电缆附件绝缘界面电场分布及电场分量比例关系分析,根据界面单元设计原则设计XLPE-SIR界面单元物理模型,并对界面单元的电场进行仿真分析。
开发了一个用于研究耐缺陷水平、材料相容性、压力和温度等外部影响因素作用的界面测试单元,并制定了相应的界面单元设计规则。根据CIGRE WG 15-10给出的界面测试单元设计规则进行界面单元设计[15],具体规则如下:①测试单元结构简单,易于制备;②测试单元界面不与金属电极直接接触;③测试单元内可以引入不同的界面缺陷(气隙、导电悬浮颗粒等);④测试单元界面压力可控;⑤可考虑界面粗糙度的影响;⑥可考虑界面涂覆填充(硅脂)的影响。
基于上述规则,设计了内置电极法的界面测试单元,如图3所示。下层为XLPE,上层为SIR,内置金属圆柱铜电极,置于XLPE内的铜电极接于高压测试端,置于SIR内的铜电极接地。为满足制备要求,选定XLPE-SIR样本尺寸为30 mm×30 mm×5 mm,金属棒电极直径为3 mm,金属棒距离绝缘界面1 mm。
该界面样本的制作流程如下:
(1)XLPE样本制作
将直径为3 mm的金属棒打磨光滑,并用酒精纸擦拭干净,称取XLPE颗粒与电极一并放入金属模具中。将模具置于真空压模机中,在120℃、3~5 MPa下抽真空预热处理10 min,使颗粒模压成型。然后将压模机温度升至180℃,同时调节压力为15 MPa进行交联处理30 min,冷却退模后得到XLPE样本。
(2)SIR样本制作
将直径为3 mm的金属棒打磨光滑,并用酒精纸擦拭干净,称取一定质量硫化剂处理后的硅橡胶生胶与电极放入金属模具中。将模具置于真空压模机中,对其进行二段高温加硫处理,其中一段硫化处理10 min,并抽真空,调节温度为170℃,压力为15 MPa。二段硫化处理1 h,无需抽真空,调节温度为200℃,不施加压力。冷却退模后得到SIR样本。
(3)样本夹持装置
将XLPE样本与SIR样本重叠后(电极呈十字交叉布置),放置在两块有机玻璃板之间,有机玻璃板四角打孔,使用螺栓从孔自下而上穿过,上侧放置弹簧,螺栓顶部的羊角螺母用于压缩弹簧,对样本形成一定压力,通过控制螺母旋进量来改变界面压力值。
为避免样本压模成型时在铜棒周围形成空气间隙,需在压模前将打磨光滑并擦拭干净的金属棒外侧均匀涂抹一层液体室温硫化硅橡胶(RTV),待RTV在金属棒表面硫化形成硅橡胶薄膜后,再将金属棒与绝缘料放入压模机硫化成型。XLPE-SIR界面测试装置示意图和实物图如图4所示。根据以上方法制备的界面测试单元及测试装置结构简单、易于制备,采用内置电极法,同时能满足界面不同种类缺陷、压力、粗糙度、填充物等影响因素的试验要求,符合CIGRE WG 15-10工作组制定的界面测试单元设计规则。
为考察设计的界面测试单元电场分布情况,验证设计界面测试单元与实际电缆附件界面电场的等效性,采用COMSOL仿真软件搭建比例为1∶1的界面测试单元仿真模型,如图5所示。薄片尺寸为30 mm×30 mm×5 mm,金属棒电极直径为3 mm,金属棒距离界面1 mm。为了模拟界面存在气隙时的电场分布,在XLPE与SIR界面设置了厚度为0.02 mm的气体薄层。
仿真模型中各部分物理参数设置如表1所示。初始条件设置为内置于SIR薄片的金属电极接地,内置于XLPE的金属电极初始电压设置为10 kV,其余各部分初始电势设置为0,根据电荷守恒条件进行求解。对仿真模型进行求解得到界面单元界面等势线如图6所示,箭头指向为电场方向。通过等势线图可以看出电场主要集中于金属电极及交叉点附近,同时由于电极分布为中心点对称,其电场分布也为中心点对称。
为了进一步考察测试单元界面电场分布情况,分别绘制了界面单元切向电场和法向电场分量分布情况,如图7所示。由图7可以发现,该测试单元在施加10 kV电压的情况下,界面切向电场分量主要在0.01×106~1.15×106 V/m。考虑电缆附件界面切向场强范围为0.4×106~0.7×106 V/m15,因此在外施电压为10 kV时,界面单元模型可模拟电缆附件界面正交电场分布。此外,本研究设计的界面单元切向场强与法向场强的比值范围为0~1.05,从样本顶点至中心点(靠近电极交点)呈逐级减小,分布规律与电缆附件类似,表明本研究设计的正交界面单元较真实地模拟了电缆附件界面电场分布规律。为了使界面缺陷处有足够高的切向电场,降低起始放电电压而避免其他位置(电极尖端)先放电产生干扰,缺陷应设置在沿样本对角线靠近电极交点位置。同时考虑为使缺陷处电场分布符合真实情况,宜将缺陷设置在切向与法向场强比值为0.6的区域附近。
为了进一步考察使用界面测试单元模拟电缆附件缺陷的有效性,在界面单元XLPE样本表面以距离原点5 mm处为中心沿对角线方向设置一处尺寸为5.0 mm× 0.5 mm×1.0 mm的气隙,以模拟实际电缆附件的气隙缺陷,缺陷设置如图8所示。
对界面单元气隙缺陷仿真模型进行电场分布仿真计算,主要考察图8气隙缺陷内沿箭头方向的电场分布情况,计算结果如图9所示。由图9可以发现,由于XLPE与空气的相对介电常数不匹配,导致气隙内电场发生畸变,在气隙起点及2 mm处电场强度均超过3×106 V/m,超过空气的击穿场强,在此处可能引发局部放电。根据以上分析,进一步说明了本研究中提出的界面单元能够有效模拟实际电缆附件缺陷,并进行界面局部放电的研究。
为了验证上述界面测试单元进行XLPE-SIR界面局部放电试验的实际效果,基于界面缺陷单元与工频局放试验平台,进行局放引发及监测试验。在界面测试单元XLPE样块表面,电极附近切向与法向场强比值为0.6的区域设置尺寸为2.0 mm×1.0 mm×0.2 mm的气隙作为局放源,缺陷设置完成后,将界面测试单元按图4(b)安装。为了避免电极尖端电晕及表面放电对缺陷放电产生影响,需将羊角螺母旋紧,施加一定压力,再将整个装置置于纯净绝缘油中。由于界面压力的存在,绝缘油不会进入界面,对界面缺陷放电无影响。为了避免弹簧及羊角螺母产生悬浮放电,通过夹子线将其有效接地。
为了避免装置放电干扰,实测无缺陷界面单元样本的局放起始电压为23 kV,界面缺陷样本试验电压设置为20 kV。该气隙缺陷界面测试样本局放试验总时长为11 h,每隔10 s进行一次PD采样,每次包含1个周期PD数据。统计每10个工频周期内的放电频率及放电量,所得放电频率及放电量演变规律如图10所示。
气隙缺陷在正交电场下可等效为内部放电,PD不因电极电压极性改变而改变,正、负半周放电变化趋势相同。放电量与放电频率呈负相关,即放电频率增加,放电量减小。由图10可以发现,老化过程可以分为3个阶段:阶段①:局放量减少,放电频率增加。该阶段可能是由于初始状态下,空腔内氧气的消耗导致电负性气体减少,气体吸附自由电子能力减弱,放电时延缩短,放电发生时过电压减小,放电量减少。阶段②:放电量开始增加,放电次数减少。该阶段空腔内电负性气体生成速率大于氧气消耗速率,使得放电时延进一步延长,放电频率减小,放电幅值增大。阶段③:放电次数减小,幅值增加,但较阶段②分散性更大。这可能是由于空腔体积较大,随着老化的进行,出现多点放电,不同放电区域处于不同阶段导致。
该界面测试单元获得的气隙缺陷局放发展规律与文献[12]中测得的实际电缆附件气隙缺陷的局部放电发展规律及各阶段的局放特征类似,证明该界面单元与实际电缆附件界面的电场分布及局部放电发展规律具有良好的等效性,因此本研究提出的XLPE-SIR界面测试单元可以用于电缆附件界面局部放电的相关研究。
(1)电缆附件绝缘界面电场最强点在应力锥与XLPE绝缘接触面的末端,界面处的切向电场分量小于法向分量,切向电场与法向电场的比值为0~0.6。
(2)该内置法的XLPE-SIR界面测试单元,避免了在测试界面内引入金属电极,同时能够模拟电缆附件界面的电场分布情况,能满足界面不同种类缺陷、压力、粗糙度、填充物等影响因素的实验要求。
(3)使用该测试单元获得的气隙缺陷局部放电发展规律与实际电缆附件气隙缺陷的局部放电发展规律类似,两者具有良好的等效性,因此该界面测试单元适用于电缆附件界面局部放电的相关研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877142)
  • 国网北京市电力公司科技项目(52022319004C)
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2021年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.04.012
  • 接收时间:2020-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2021-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-06-05
  • 修回日期:2020-07-22
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877142)
国网北京市电力公司科技项目(52022319004C)
作者信息
    1国网北京市电力公司,北京 100075
    2四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065

通讯作者:

李泽瑞(1996-),男(汉族),湖北十堰人,博士生,研究方向为电力设备状态监测。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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