Article(id=1222482906166059503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1582387200000, receivedDateStr=2020-02-23, revisedDate=1586448000000, revisedDateStr=2020-04-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769392237464, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1613750400000, pubDateStr=2021-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769392237464, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769392237464, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769392237464, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1222482900604408161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='107', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769392236137, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1770971768252, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229107938527342697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229107938527342698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=98, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222482906526769658, articleId=1222482906166059503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Experimental and Simulation Study on Dielectric Barrier Discharge Characteristics of Gas Liquid Two-phase Under Different Solution Concentrations, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The discharge characteristics of column-plate electrode structure under high frequency excitation were studied by combining experiment and simulation under different solution concentrations. The discharge characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) were measured through experiment, and the electrical and luminescent characteristics under different solution concentrations and applied voltage amplitudes were obtained. On this basis, the equivalent circuit model corresponding to this experiment was established by combining with the physical process of gas-liquid two-phase discharge. The model parameters were determined by combining the experiment with the electric field simulation, and the circuit simulation model was established in Simulink. The voltage and current waveform, and Lissajous graph under different concentration and voltage amplitude were obtained through simulation. The correctness of the simulation model was verified by comparing simulation and experimental results. The discharge parameters, such as air gap voltage, liquid phase voltage, discharge channel current, and energy ratio, which could not be obtained in the experiment directly, were further extracted by the above model. The results show that the solution concentration has no significant influence on the voltage and current waveform and luminescence characteristics of the loop obtained by experiment. However, it is found through simulation that the proportion of energy consumed by gas phase and liquid phase are affected by it greatly. With the increase of solution concentration, although both liquid power and gas power increase, the liquid power increases faster, resulting in that the energy ratio of liquid phase increases obviously. The energy ratio of gas phase can be improved by increasing the excitation source voltage, which can inhibit the energy obtained by liquid phase to a certain extent.

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采用实验与仿真结合的方式研究高频激励下柱-板电极结构在不同溶液浓度条件下的放电特性。通过实验方式测量气液两相介质阻挡放电(DBD)的放电特性,得到了不同溶液浓度和外加电压幅值条件下的电学特性和发光特性。在此基础上,结合气液两相放电物理过程,建立了与本实验对应的等效电路模型,通过实验与电场仿真结合的方式确定了模型参数,并在Simulink中建立电路仿真模型。通过仿真得到不同浓度和电压幅值下的电压电流波形及Lissajous图形,经仿真与实验结果对比,验证了仿真模型的正确性。利用上述模型进一步提取实验中无法直接获取的放电参量,如气隙电压、液相电压、放电通道电流及能量占比等。结果表明:溶液浓度对于实验得到的回路电压电流波形及发光特性影响不显著,然而通过仿真发现,气相及液相消耗能量的占比受其影响较大。随着溶液浓度的升高,尽管气相和液相功率都增大,但液相功率增加速度更快,导致液相能量占比显著增加,而通过提升激励源电压可提高气相能量占比,从而在一定程度上抑制液相获得的能量。

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方志(1975-),男(汉族),黑龙江嫩江人,教授,研究方向为高电压绝缘、气体放电等离子体及应用。
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卞菁菁(1995-),女(汉族),江苏苏州人,硕士生,研究方向为气体放电等离子体及应用。

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卞菁菁(1995-),女(汉族),江苏苏州人,硕士生,研究方向为气体放电等离子体及应用。

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不同溶液浓度下气液两相介质阻挡放电特性实验及仿真研究
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卞菁菁 , 崔行磊 , 方志
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021,54(3): 98-107
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021, 54(3): 98-107
不同溶液浓度下气液两相介质阻挡放电特性实验及仿真研究
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卞菁菁, 崔行磊, 方志
作者信息
  • 南京工业大学 电气工程与控制科学学院,江苏 南京 211816
  • 卞菁菁(1995-),女(汉族),江苏苏州人,硕士生,研究方向为气体放电等离子体及应用。

通讯作者:

方志(1975-),男(汉族),黑龙江嫩江人,教授,研究方向为高电压绝缘、气体放电等离子体及应用。
Experimental and Simulation Study on Dielectric Barrier Discharge Characteristics of Gas Liquid Two-phase Under Different Solution Concentrations
Jingjing BIAN, Xinglei CUI, Zhi FANG
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
出版时间: 2021-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.016
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采用实验与仿真结合的方式研究高频激励下柱-板电极结构在不同溶液浓度条件下的放电特性。通过实验方式测量气液两相介质阻挡放电(DBD)的放电特性,得到了不同溶液浓度和外加电压幅值条件下的电学特性和发光特性。在此基础上,结合气液两相放电物理过程,建立了与本实验对应的等效电路模型,通过实验与电场仿真结合的方式确定了模型参数,并在Simulink中建立电路仿真模型。通过仿真得到不同浓度和电压幅值下的电压电流波形及Lissajous图形,经仿真与实验结果对比,验证了仿真模型的正确性。利用上述模型进一步提取实验中无法直接获取的放电参量,如气隙电压、液相电压、放电通道电流及能量占比等。结果表明:溶液浓度对于实验得到的回路电压电流波形及发光特性影响不显著,然而通过仿真发现,气相及液相消耗能量的占比受其影响较大。随着溶液浓度的升高,尽管气相和液相功率都增大,但液相功率增加速度更快,导致液相能量占比显著增加,而通过提升激励源电压可提高气相能量占比,从而在一定程度上抑制液相获得的能量。

气液两相介质阻挡放电  /  溶液浓度  /  等效电路模型  /  时变电容  /  放电特性

The discharge characteristics of column-plate electrode structure under high frequency excitation were studied by combining experiment and simulation under different solution concentrations. The discharge characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) were measured through experiment, and the electrical and luminescent characteristics under different solution concentrations and applied voltage amplitudes were obtained. On this basis, the equivalent circuit model corresponding to this experiment was established by combining with the physical process of gas-liquid two-phase discharge. The model parameters were determined by combining the experiment with the electric field simulation, and the circuit simulation model was established in Simulink. The voltage and current waveform, and Lissajous graph under different concentration and voltage amplitude were obtained through simulation. The correctness of the simulation model was verified by comparing simulation and experimental results. The discharge parameters, such as air gap voltage, liquid phase voltage, discharge channel current, and energy ratio, which could not be obtained in the experiment directly, were further extracted by the above model. The results show that the solution concentration has no significant influence on the voltage and current waveform and luminescence characteristics of the loop obtained by experiment. However, it is found through simulation that the proportion of energy consumed by gas phase and liquid phase are affected by it greatly. With the increase of solution concentration, although both liquid power and gas power increase, the liquid power increases faster, resulting in that the energy ratio of liquid phase increases obviously. The energy ratio of gas phase can be improved by increasing the excitation source voltage, which can inhibit the energy obtained by liquid phase to a certain extent.

gas-liquid two-phase dielectric barrier discharge  /  solution concentration  /  equivalent circuit model  /  time-dependent capacitance  /  discharge characteristic
卞菁菁, 崔行磊, 方志. 不同溶液浓度下气液两相介质阻挡放电特性实验及仿真研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (3) : 98 -107 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.016
Jingjing BIAN, Xinglei CUI, Zhi FANG. Experimental and Simulation Study on Dielectric Barrier Discharge Characteristics of Gas Liquid Two-phase Under Different Solution Concentrations[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (3) : 98 -107 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.016
气液两相介质阻挡放电(DBD)能够在大气压下产生具有高能量密度和高化学活性的等离子体,可杀菌除臭、脱色灭藻、降解水中有机物,且具有处理效率高及节能环保的特点,在生物、医疗、环保等诸多领域得到广泛应用[1-3]
与纯气相DBD类似,气液两相DBD的放电特性受电极结构、介质材料、液体成分、激励源参数等因素的影响[4-5]。目前国内外学者已针对不同条件下气液两相DBD的放电特性和应用效果改善等方面做了研究,主要侧重于气液两相DBD的反应器结构设计和参数优化等方面,而关于液体性质对放电特性影响的相关研究涉及较少[6-8]。气液两相DBD在不同领域的实际应用中,所接触的液体种类丰富,如酸雨、印染废水等,这些液体中通常含有不同浓度的带电粒子,以高盐废水为例,其产生带电粒子的盐类物质浓度通常在3.5%~15.0%[9-10]。液体性质的改变会进一步影响放电特性,因此有必要研究溶液性质如浓度、酸碱性等对气液两相DBD放电特性的影响。目前气液两相DBD的研究对象通常为去离子水,虽已有关于溶液酸碱性对于气液两相放电特性影响的研究[11-12],但尚无关于溶液浓度影响的研究,因此有必要研究不同浓度下气液两相DBD的放电特性。
目前研究气液两相DBD放电特性的手段以实验居多,其中电学特性大多通过电压电流波形直接分析,但无法获得放电通道电流、气液和液相功率等重要的电学参数。为此,部分研究者借助于等效电路模型深入研究电学特性。在已报道的气液两相DBD等效电路模型中,液相大多为去离子水或浓度恒定的溶液,没有考虑溶液浓度变化对于电路模型的影响[13-15]。此外,在现有模型中,气隙等效电容和介质等效电容作为影响电学特性的关键参数,在未放电以及放电过程均被视为恒定量[16-17],没有考虑放电引起的电容非线性变化过程[18],从而为仿真结果带来偏差。为了深入研究溶液浓度对放电特性以及气液两相能量转化过程的影响,需要计算放电过程中气相和液相的功率,因此有必要考虑等效电容在放电过程的时变特性,建立更加准确的电路仿真模型。
综合上述分析,本研究通过实验方法研究高频激励下柱-板电极结构DBD在不同溶液浓度条件下的放电特性,并在此基础上建立考虑气隙和介质等效电容非线性时变特性的等效电路模型,通过电路仿真分析,研究溶液浓度和激励源电压幅值对放电功率、传输电荷、气液和液相能量占比等电学特性参数的影响规律。
图1为本研究的实验系统结构示意图。电极结构为双介质柱-板式,高压电极采用柱状电极,其上端呈圆柱状,下端呈半球状,半径为1.25 cm,总高度为8 cm。柱状电极下端覆盖了直径为9 cm、厚度为1 mm的石英玻璃片作为阻挡介质。地电极采用半径为2.5 cm的平板电极。实验时,将直径为8 cm、内壁高度为4 mm的石英玻璃器皿放在地电极上,向其中倒入高度为3 mm的液体,调节图1中高压端阻挡介质位置,使其与液面间的气隙距离为4 mm。高压电极和地电极之间外接幅值范围为0~25 kV、频率为10 kHz的高频电源。为研究溶液浓度对气液两相DBD放电特性的影响,采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液,溶液浓度分别取0、5%、10%、15%、20%。
高频电源两端电压采用Tektronix P6015A型高压探头测量,其分压比为1 000∶1,测量电容用于获得Lissajous图形,其两端电压采用LDP-6002型差分探头测量,分压比为200∶1;回路电流采用Pearson 4100型电流线圈测量,其输出比为1 V/A。实验时,将Canon EOS 6D型数码相机置于放电反应器的正前方,设置相机曝光时间为0.5 s,从而快速捕获发光图像。
图2为1组典型放电实验结果,该组对应的激励源幅值为9 kV,溶液浓度为5%。由图2可见,高频激励下的电流波形整体呈正弦状,但在放电过程中叠加了细丝状电流脉冲,相应的发光图像中也有细丝出现。在电压波形的正、负半周期各有一个放电区域,且由于电极结构的不对称性,电流波形在正、负半周期也呈现不对称性。Lissajous图基本呈平行四边形,其中未放电阶段对应图中上、下两条边呈直线状,而放电阶段对应图中左、右两条边呈曲线状。
图3为电压幅值固定为9 kV、不同溶液浓度下气液两相DBD的电压电流波形图。对比图3中正、负半周期的电流波形可以发现,正、负半周期的电流脉冲呈现不对称性,与正半周期相比,负半周期的电流细丝较为密集且幅值较大。以去离子水为例,正半周期电流脉冲幅值为20 mA,负半周期电流脉冲幅值为46 mA。这种不对称性主要是由非均匀电场引起的。除了正、负半周期的不对称性,电流脉冲幅值还随溶液浓度的增大而增大。当液体采用浓度为10%的溶液时,正半周期电流脉冲幅值增大到32 mA,负半周期电流脉冲幅值增大到62 mA,当溶液浓度增加到20%时,正、负半周期的电流脉冲幅值分别增加到37 mA及81 mA,溶液浓度越高,电流细丝越密集。
图4图5分别给出了电压幅值固定为9 kV时,去离子水以及浓度为20%的溶液对应的Lissajous图形及发光图像。由图4可见,不同浓度溶液对应的Lissajous图形基本相同。由图5可见,随着浓度的增大,放电区域面积增大,发光强度稍有增强,但区别并不显著,由此说明溶液浓度对于回路电压电流特性及发光强度的影响较小。
激励源幅值是影响气液两相DBD放电特性的重要参数。图6为溶液浓度为5%、不同电压幅值下气液两相DBD的电压电流波形图。从图6可以看出,随着电压幅值的增大,放电细丝数增多,电流峰值增大,由此说明放电有明显的增强。图7给出了相应的Lissajous图形,由图7可见,在不同电压幅值下,其形状基本保持不变,但面积随着外施电压幅值的增大而增大。
不同电压幅值对应的发光图像如图8所示。从图8可见,当外施电压幅值为10 kV时,放电间隙有明显的深紫色放电细丝出现。随着外施电压幅值的增加,发光强度增强,放电面积增大,放电空间内的细丝逐渐向四周扩散且越来越密集,当外施电压幅值达到13 kV时,发光强度达到最强,电流细丝也最密集。
气液两相DBD在放电过程中包含了复杂的物理化学过程[19],在实际测量过程中往往会受到测量手段的限制,使得气液两相DBD的一些放电参量无法直接测量得到,因此本研究通过建立等效电路模型的方法对气液两相DBD的放电特性进行更为深入的研究和分析。
建立的等效电路模型如图9所示。目前部分研究者已针对气液两相DBD的放电通道建立了不同类型的等效电路模型[20-24]。根据图5图8实验结果,在本研究的实验条件下,DBD反应器内有大量的微放电电流细丝存在于气隙层,可采用受控电流源来等效[25]。在本实验中,由于上、下层阻挡介质均采用了石英玻璃,在放电过程中有电荷积累在上层石英玻璃的下表面以及下层石英玻璃的上表面,形成内电场,使其呈现容性,因此在等效电路模型中,将上、下层石英玻璃均等效为电容。同理,气隙层的主要等效部件也采用电容,又因为当气隙击穿时,气隙层中存在较多放电通道,因此在放电期间将放电通道等效为一个电压控制电流源(VCCS)。而对于放电液体,不同浓度溶液中存在自由移动的带电粒子,且放电过程中在气相产生的带电粒子会进入到液相中,使溶液的导电性进一步增强,故在本研究中将液相等效为电阻。综上,结合放电物理过程,将高压端阻挡介质和地电极阻挡介质分别等效为电容Cd1Cd2,将气隙层等效为电容Cg与电压控制电流源(VCCS),将液相等效为电阻Rw
关于反映电荷累积的等效电容,传统模型在放电后采用定值,该电容并不是真正意义上的放电阶段等效电容,而是放电气隙空间内充满空气的条件下得到的局部静态电容值[26]。在本研究中,实际放电过程中气隙层发生丝状放电,当有绝缘介质覆盖时,等效电容与放电面积直接相关[27]。根据图4图7的实验结果,本研究测得的Lissajous图形在放电阶段呈现弧形,更加符合电流细丝即放电通道个数在气隙击穿后逐渐增加的趋势,因此可将电容进一步等效为时变电容以提高仿真模型的准确性,从而更加深入地研究溶液浓度对于气液两相DBD的影响。
综上分析,在该等效电路模型中,高压端阻挡介质电容、气隙电容、地电极阻挡介质电容分别用时域表达式Cd1(t)、Cg(t)以及Cd2(t)表示。对于受控电流源(VCCS),推导所得的表达式如式(1)所示,推导过程参考文献[28]。
iccst=1+Cg(t)Cd(t)iat+Cg(t)duw(t)dt-Cg(t)duatdt
式(1)中:iccs(t)为受控电流源电流;ia(t)为回路电流;Cd(t)为介质等效电容,即Cd1(t)和Cd2(t)的串联等效电容;uw(t)为液相电压;ua(t)为电源输出电压。
本节将通过理论、仿真和实验结合的方式确定图9中等效电路模型参数,即Cd1(t)、Cg(t)、Cd2(t)和Rw。关于电容参数,现有研究大多采用公式法计算,但该方法在本研究中并不适用,原因主要有两方面:一方面,从前文实验结果可知,放电区域并没有覆盖整个介质表面,而且受溶液浓度和电压幅值等条件影响,放电面积的改变无法通过实验直接获得;另一方面,公式法应用的前提是电容内部电场分布均匀,而本研究采用的柱-板结构反应器放电间隙内电场分布不均匀,放电通道的产生和变化影响了各介质表面电荷分布,进而影响介质等效电容内部电场分布。因此,本研究先利用实验测得的Lissajous图形确定回路总电容值C,再结合COMSOL电场仿真确定各分电容占总电容的比例,从而确定每个分电容大小。
下面以电压幅值9 kV、溶液浓度为5%情形为例,说明电容参数具体计算过程。实验所得的Lissajous图形如图10所示,其中AB、CD段为未放电阶段,BC、AD段为放电阶段,利用该图形拟合出未放电阶段定值总电容值及放电阶段时变总电容的时域表达式。在电压正半周期,AB段斜率即为未放电阶段的总电容值,图10中未放电电容值为15.25 pF。BC段代表放电阶段的电荷Q关于外施电压幅值U的表达式,通过曲线拟合得到,结果如式(2)所示。对电荷Q取关于电压U的微分,可进一步得到总电容C关于U的表达式如式(3)所示,单位为pF。最后将U的时域表达式代入式(3),得到总电容C的时域表达式,如式(4)所示,其中ω为激励源频率对应的角速度。
Q(U)=5.905×10-3×(U-13081.5)2+1.3485
C(U)=dQdU=1.181×10-2×(U-13081.5)
C(t)=1.736×10-2×(9000×sin(ωt-90°)-6363.5)
在一个放电周期内,外施电压U及总等效电容C随时间的变化曲线如图11所示。从图11可以看出,气隙击穿瞬间,传输电荷量急剧增加,因此等效电容值C在放电击穿瞬间有大幅度的增加,且在放电过程中随着传输电荷量的增多而进一步增大,在外施电压幅值达到峰值时,C也达到最大。
在确定总电容值后,通过静电场仿真确定各分电容占总电容C的比例。根据本实验采用的反应器结构,在COMSOL中建立仿真模型,仿真几何模型及分网结果分别如图12(a)和12(b)所示。为了确定放电面积,改变放电区域半径r,仿真获得不同半径条件下的总电容,如图13(a)所示,由图13(a)可见,仿真总电容随着放电区域半径的增大而增大。将仿真与实验获得的总电容比较,当二者一致时即可确定放电区域半径。以外施电压幅值为9 kV情形为例,由Lissajous图形得出未放电阶段的总电容值为15.25 pF,借助该变化曲线上的E点得出此时的r为4.38 mm。结合该半径对应的电场强度分布仿真结果,如图14(a)(b)所示,进一步得到各分电容占总电容的比例,最终得到各分电容的时域表达式。Cd1CgCd2与总电容C的比值kd1kgkd2随外施电压幅值U的变化曲线如图13(b)所示。由图13(b)可见,介质电容明显高于气隙电容,并且气隙电容比值kgU的增大而增大,而介质电容比值kd1kd2U的增大而减小。
下面介绍液相等效电阻Rw的计算方法。对于同一浓度的溶液,放电过程中液相从激励电源获得能量,导致温度上升,而且放电过程中气相产生的带电粒子注入到液相中也会影响液相电阻。已有研究表明[29-30],尽管放电过程中Rw值会略有减小,但总体变化不大,故放电前后仍可视为常量。液相等效电阻由式(5)计算得到[31-32]
Rw=ρlS
式(5)中:ρ为溶液电阻率;l为液面高度;S为液面面积。
在建立了等效电路模型并确定各模型参数后,利用Matlab平台的Simulink动态系统建模工具建立动态仿真模型,从而对气液两相DBD的电学特性进行模拟。现有基于定值电路元件参数建立的仿真模型大多采用Powergui模块,然而对于图9所示的基于时变参数元件的等效电路模型,在Powergui模块中无法定义其中的时变参数,故将仿真模块由Powergui模块转换为Simscape模块。在Simscape模块中构造了可定义时变参数的动态仿真模型。仿真模块中的电阻、电容分别采用上面推导出的表达式。对于放电电流的正、负半周期不对称现象,本研究在仿真模型中通过调整正、负半周期电流脉冲的起始和终止时刻体现[19,28]
利用建立的模型对不同条件下的柱-板结构气液两相DBD电学特性进行仿真,并将仿真与实验结果进行对比分析。图15为外施电压幅值为9 kV、溶液浓度为5%条件下的回路电压电流波形及Lissajous图仿真结果。与图2所示的实验电压电流波形及Lissajous图形进行对比,仿真与实验结果总体一致。
气液两相DBD放电参量很多,利用实验直接获取的电压电流波形计算放电参量较复杂且很难得到时变特性,而仿真模型为获取此类放电参数提供了另一种途径。本节利用仿真模型进行波形分离,从而得到部分通过实验无法直接获取的电压电流数据,如气隙电压ug(t)、液相电压uw(t)以及放电通道电流iccs(t)等。
图16(a)为电压幅值为9 kV、溶液浓度为5%时,通过仿真模型得到的介质层电压ud(t)、液相电压 uw(t)及气相电压ug(t)的波形,图16(b)为放电通道电流iccs(t)以及容性电流igap(t)的波形。从图16(a)可以看出,未放电期间,ug(t)随着激励电压的增大而增大,当ug(t)增大到气隙击穿电压时,气隙被击穿,出现第一个放电电流脉冲,同时电极介质表面开始积累电荷,当积累到一定数量时,在放电空间内形成一个反向的电场,导致第一个放电电流脉冲截止。当ug(t)再次达到气隙击穿电压时,空间内再次发生放电并产生电流脉冲,如此反复。对于液相电压,由于液相呈阻性,液相电压uw(t)随时间的变化规律与图15(a)中的回路电流一致,最大电压为数十伏,远小于气相电压和介质电压。从图16(b)可以看出,容性电流igap呈正弦变化,而放电电流iccs呈脉冲形式,且正、负半周具有显著的不对称性,正半周期的最大电流峰值约为20 mA,负半周期的最大电流峰值约为50 mA,与图2的电流波形具有很好的一致性。
在气液放电过程中,激励源的输出电压主要用于气体放电,但是由于液体具有一定的阻值而分压,导致部分能量损失。计算气相和液相部分的功率及能量占比,可以获得气液放电过程中电源的能量效率,从而为探究气液两相放电的能量转化过程、提高气相等离子体的能量利用率以及为优化放电条件和参数提供依据。因此,本研究利用上述仿真模型对气液两相介质阻挡放电的放电功率、传输电荷以及气液两相能量占比进行研究。回路放电总功率P以及总传输电荷Q分别可由式(6)式(7)得到。
P=1Ttt+Tua(t)ia(t)dt
Q=tt+Tia(t)dt
式(6)~(7)中:T表示电源电压周期;ua表示回路电压;ia表示回路电流。
放电过程中的气相平均功率Pg以及液相平均功率Pw可分别由式(8)式(9)计算得到,式中涉及的电压和电流可通过上述波形分离方法得到。
Pg=1Ttt+Tug(t)iccs(t)dt
Pw=1Ttt+Tuw(t)ia(t)dt
图17为不同溶液浓度下通过实验和仿真得到的回路放电总功率P以及传输电荷Q的对比结果。
图17可见,随着溶液浓度的增加,PQ都呈上升趋势,且仿真与实验结果的总体变化趋势一致。以溶液浓度为5%时为例,实验及仿真得到的回路放电功率分别为1380 mW及1351 mW,仿真相对于实验的误差为2.2%。实验及仿真得到的传输电荷分别为255 nC及248 nC,仿真相对于实验的误差为2.8%。误差可能来源于仿真中未考虑放电空间内液面波动对气隙电容的影响及放电过程中导线电阻及杂散电感的变化。但不同溶液浓度下总放电功率P及总传输电荷Q的最大误差不超过3%,说明仿真与实验结果具有良好的一致性。
气相功率Pg和液相功率Pw随溶液浓度的变化规律如图18(a)所示。由图18(a)可见,气相功率始终高于液相功率,并且气相及液相功率均随着溶液浓度的提高而增大,但液相功率增大速度明显高于气相功率。当溶液浓度由0提高到20%时,液相功率增大了195%,而气相功率仅增大了12.2%。气相和液相的能量占比随溶液浓度的变化曲线如图18(b)所示,由图18(b)可见,随着溶液浓度的提高,气相能量占比逐渐减小,由此说明溶液浓度对放电过程中气液两相的能量转化具有显著的影响。为了使气相获得充足的能量以产生应用所需活性粒子,需将溶液浓度控制在合理范围内。
图19为不同电压幅值下通过仿真和实验计算得到的回路放电总功率P以及传输电荷Q的对比结果。由图19可见,随着电压幅值的增加,PQ都呈上升趋势,且仿真与实验结果具有良好的一致性。以电压幅值为11 kV为例,实验及仿真得到的放电功率分别为1 730 mW及1 690 mW,仿真相对于实验的误差为2.3%。实验及仿真得到的传输电荷分别为312 nC及304 nC,仿真相对于实验的误差为2.6%,误差也均未超过3%。
气相功率Pg及液相功率Pw随外施电压幅值的变化规律如图20(a)所示。从图20(a)可以看出,随着外施电压幅值的增大,气相及液相功率也均随之增加,其中气相功率增加幅度较大。当外施电压幅值由9 kV增大到13 kV时,气相功率增大了44.2%,而液相功率仅增大了9.8%。能量转换效率随电压幅值的变化曲线如图20(b)所示。从图20(b)可以看出,随着电压幅值的增加,气相消耗功率所占比重增加,由此可将提高电压幅值作为提高气液两相DBD放电过程中气相能量占比的手段。
针对柱-板电极结构的气液两相DBD进行了不同溶液浓度及电压幅值下的实验及仿真研究,主要得到如下结论:
(1)实验结果表明,受柱-板电极结构不对称性的影响,电流波形呈现出不对称性。当外加电压幅值相同,溶液浓度提高时,放电强度没有显著变化。当溶液浓度相同时,外加电压幅值越大,放电强度越大。
(2)建立了考虑气隙和介质等效电容非线性时变特性的等效电路模型,通过将实验获得的Lissajous图形与COMSOL电场仿真相结合,得到了电容值在一个周期内的时域表达式。结果表明,在放电过程中,随着激励源电压的升高,等效电容值增大。
(3)在Matlab/Simulink中建立了动态仿真模型,获得了不同条件下的回路电压和电流仿真结果。在此基础上进行波形分离,获得了放电功率、传输电荷及气液两相能量占比。结果表明,尽管实验得到的电压电流波形及总功率受溶液浓度影响不显著,但经过仿真分析发现浓度对于气相及液相能量占比影响显著,随着溶液浓度的增大,液相能量占比明显增大。随着激励源电压幅值的升高,气相和液相功率都升高,但气相能量占比增加。
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2021年第54卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.016
  • 接收时间:2020-02-23
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-02-23
  • 修回日期:2020-04-10
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    南京工业大学 电气工程与控制科学学院,江苏 南京 211816

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方志(1975-),男(汉族),黑龙江嫩江人,教授,研究方向为高电压绝缘、气体放电等离子体及应用。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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