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Article(id=1222482904127623623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1589558400000, receivedDateStr=2020-05-16, revisedDate=1591632000000, revisedDateStr=2020-06-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769392236978, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1613750400000, pubDateStr=2021-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769392236978, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769392236978, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769392236978, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1222482900604408161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='107', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769392236137, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1770971768252, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229107938527342697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229107938527342698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=78, endPage=83, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222482904513499609, articleId=1222482904127623623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Analysis on Ablation Reason of Overhead Insulation Line at Fujian Offshore Area, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Within tens of meters of offshore area in Fujian, a large number of insulation layer is ablated and even on fire for 10 kV overhead insulation line, which causes great security risks to line operation and social security. The ablation location and regional distribution characteristics of the insulation line were investigated, and the main cause was that the offshore lines occurred pollution flashover discharge. Then according to the ablated line samples obtained in the field, the insulating property variation of the line before and after ablation was analyzed. Taking a 10 kV overhead insulation line model as an example, the phenomena and mechanisms of pollution flashover discharge and insulation layer ablation were simulated by finite element analysis and artificial pollution test. At last, according to the mechanism of ablation phenomenon, some specific preventive measures were proposed.

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在福建地区近海数十米区段内，10 kV架空绝缘导线出现了大量绝缘层烧蚀，甚至起明火现象，给线路运行和社会安全造成了极大的安全隐患。本研究调研绝缘导线烧蚀部位和地域分布特点，认为主要成因是近海地区线路发生了污闪放电。然后，根据现场取得的烧蚀导线样品分析烧蚀前后导线绝缘性能的变化。以10 kV架空绝缘导线模型为例，利用有限元分析和人工污秽试验，模拟线路污闪放电和绝缘层烧蚀的现象和发生机理。最后，根据本研究所阐述烧蚀现象的发生机理，提出针对性的防治措施。

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王晓杰（1991-），男（汉族），福建泉州人，工程师，主要从事电力系统外绝缘的研究。

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王晓杰（1991-），男（汉族），福建泉州人，工程师，主要从事电力系统外绝缘的研究。

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王晓杰（1991-），男（汉族），福建泉州人，工程师，主要从事电力系统外绝缘的研究。

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项目新导线烧蚀导线(3年)烧蚀导线(1年)
断裂伸长率/%915659830
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绝缘导线断裂伸长率

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项目新导线烧蚀导线(3年)烧蚀导线(1年)
断裂伸长率/%915659830
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试 样表面电阻/Ω
新导线1.62×1011
烧蚀导线(3年)1.53×1010
烧蚀导线(1年)2.49×1012
新导线(积盐，干态)3.96×109
新导线（积盐，湿态）5.60×107
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绝缘导线的表面电阻

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试 样表面电阻/Ω
新导线1.62×1011
烧蚀导线(3年)1.53×1010
烧蚀导线(1年)2.49×1012
新导线(积盐，干态)3.96×109
新导线（积盐，湿态）5.60×107
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项目新导线烧蚀导线（3年）烧蚀导线（1年）
表面是否烧蚀否否否
是否出现电弧否否否
是否击穿否否否
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绝缘导线的耐电痕试验

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项目新导线烧蚀导线（3年）烧蚀导线（1年）
表面是否烧蚀否否否
是否出现电弧否否否
是否击穿否否否
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试 样熔化变形温度/℃
新导线160～180
烧蚀导线（3年）完好部分＞200
烧蚀导线（3年）烧蚀部分＞200
烧蚀导线（1年）完好部分150～170
烧蚀导线（1年）烧蚀部分130～140
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绝缘导线的熔化变形温度

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试 样熔化变形温度/℃
新导线160～180
烧蚀导线（3年）完好部分＞200
烧蚀导线（3年）烧蚀部分＞200
烧蚀导线（1年）完好部分150～170
烧蚀导线（1年）烧蚀部分130～140
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试 样闪燃点/℃自燃点/℃
新导线273370
3年旧导线（完好部分）269361
3年旧导线（烧蚀部分）278338
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绝缘导线的燃点

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试 样闪燃点/℃自燃点/℃
新导线273370
3年旧导线（完好部分）269361
3年旧导线（烧蚀部分）278338
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项目绝缘层空气污层瓷绝缘子
相对介电常数2.4114
电导率/(S/m)10-12—2010-10
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介质模型参数

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项目绝缘层空气污层瓷绝缘子
相对介电常数2.4114
电导率/(S/m)10-12—2010-10
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福建近海地区配网架空绝缘导线烧蚀原因分析
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王晓杰 , 万芯瑗 , 郑凌娟 , 夏晓健 , 邓超平
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021,54(3): 78-83
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021, 54(3): 78-83
福建近海地区配网架空绝缘导线烧蚀原因分析
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王晓杰, 万芯瑗, 郑凌娟, 夏晓健, 邓超平
作者信息
  • 国网福建省电力有限公司电力科学研究院，福建 福州 350007

    • 王晓杰（1991-），男（汉族），福建泉州人，工程师，主要从事电力系统外绝缘的研究。

Analysis on Ablation Reason of Overhead Insulation Line at Fujian Offshore Area
Xiaojie WANG, Xinyuan WAN, Lingjuan ZHENG, Xiaojian XIA, Chaoping DENG
Affiliations
  • Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Fujian Electric Power Company, Fuzhou 350007, China
出版时间: 2021-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.013
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摘要
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在福建地区近海数十米区段内，10 kV架空绝缘导线出现了大量绝缘层烧蚀，甚至起明火现象，给线路运行和社会安全造成了极大的安全隐患。本研究调研绝缘导线烧蚀部位和地域分布特点，认为主要成因是近海地区线路发生了污闪放电。然后，根据现场取得的烧蚀导线样品分析烧蚀前后导线绝缘性能的变化。以10 kV架空绝缘导线模型为例，利用有限元分析和人工污秽试验，模拟线路污闪放电和绝缘层烧蚀的现象和发生机理。最后，根据本研究所阐述烧蚀现象的发生机理，提出针对性的防治措施。

架空绝缘导线  /  烧蚀  /  污闪放电

Within tens of meters of offshore area in Fujian, a large number of insulation layer is ablated and even on fire for 10 kV overhead insulation line, which causes great security risks to line operation and social security. The ablation location and regional distribution characteristics of the insulation line were investigated, and the main cause was that the offshore lines occurred pollution flashover discharge. Then according to the ablated line samples obtained in the field, the insulating property variation of the line before and after ablation was analyzed. Taking a 10 kV overhead insulation line model as an example, the phenomena and mechanisms of pollution flashover discharge and insulation layer ablation were simulated by finite element analysis and artificial pollution test. At last, according to the mechanism of ablation phenomenon, some specific preventive measures were proposed.

overhead insulation line  /  ablation  /  pollution flashover
王晓杰, 万芯瑗, 郑凌娟, 夏晓健, 邓超平. 福建近海地区配网架空绝缘导线烧蚀原因分析. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (3) : 78 -83 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.013
Xiaojie WANG, Xinyuan WAN, Lingjuan ZHENG, Xiaojian XIA, Chaoping DENG. Analysis on Ablation Reason of Overhead Insulation Line at Fujian Offshore Area[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (3) : 78 -83 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.013
正文
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0 引言
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架空绝缘导线是城镇10 kV供电系统的主要导线形式。相比于架空裸导线，绝缘导线极大程度减少了配网线路因树木、异物等因素造成的接地故障[1]。
雷击断线问题是架空绝缘导线在生产现场应用中常见的故障类型[2-3]。然而在福建沿海，尤其是近海数十米范围内的部分配网线路，绝缘导线存在严重的烧蚀，甚至起明火燃烧现象。在国内其他近海重污秽地区，配网绝缘导线也曾出现绝缘层烧蚀现象[4-5]。此现象通常发生在福建的冬、春季节（10月至次年2月）。冬、春季是福建电网设备污闪放电的易发季节，配网线路在绝缘子绑扎处常出现污闪放电现象。绝缘导线绝缘层材质为交联聚乙烯材料，具有可燃性。在污闪放电过程中，绝缘层被烧融，严重时甚至出现明火现象，烧融物滴落后点燃线路下方可燃物，将引发地面火灾，造成极大的安全隐患。
为研究绝缘导线烧蚀现象的产生原理并制定针对性防范措施，本研究从现场调研、绝缘层材料试验、电场有限元分析和现场试验方面阐述绝缘导线烧蚀的发生和发展过程。基于电场有限元分析绝缘导线烧蚀的主要因素，提出防范绝缘导线烧蚀的针对性措施。
1 现场绝缘导线烧蚀现象调研
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在福建近海数十米范围内，部分地区架空绝缘导线存在严重的绝缘层烧蚀现象。本研究调研福建东山县10 kV吉某线和惠安县10 kV潮某线两条线路近海区段绝缘导线的烧蚀现状。根据现场绝缘导线烧蚀的部位，绝缘导线烧蚀主要分为两种：一是绝缘子在绝缘导线绑扎处出现烧蚀现象，并逐步往绑扎处两侧延伸，见图1；二是绝缘导线在绝缘子绑扎处附近区段安装线夹，在线夹靠近绑扎处的一侧出现烧蚀现象，见图2。
总结现场绝缘导线的烧蚀现象，发生烧蚀的杆塔均处在近海地区，受海洋盐雾沉降和污秽聚集影响，绝缘导线和绝缘子表面积聚大量高电导率污秽。根据烧蚀绝缘导线的地域分布、烧蚀痕迹和烧蚀部位特点，分析烧蚀现象是由于其地处近海地区，在海水盐雾沉降和环境积污的作用下，绝缘子和绝缘导线表面污层电导率增大，绝缘子沿面及导线绑扎处、绝缘导线表面发生放电现象，放电电弧长期烧蚀导致绝缘导线烧蚀破损、甚至起明火的燃烧现象。下面将从绝缘层材质分析、有限元分析和现场试验的角度阐述烧蚀现象发生的机理和过程。
2 绝缘导线材质分析
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为分析绝缘导线发生烧蚀前后的材质性能变化，从东山县现场线路取样烧蚀的绝缘导线（运行年限分别为1年和3年，且均发生了烧蚀现象），从交联聚乙烯绝缘层断裂伸长率、表面电阻、耐电痕试验、熔化变形温度、燃点等方面，对比分析新绝缘导线和烧蚀旧绝缘导线的性能变化情况。
2.1 断裂伸长率
绝缘层材质经电弧烧蚀后出现材质变性，其外表面（接触空气的界面）的交联聚乙烯材质出现烧蚀变性现象，绝缘层中部和内表面（接触导体的界面）仍为交联聚乙烯材质。导线断裂伸长率测试结果见表1。从表1可以看出，随着运行年限增加，绝缘导线的断裂伸长率减小，这是由于运行年限越长，烧蚀现象越严重，分子结构刚性增加，长期的应力作用导致绝缘导线部分分子链发生取向，断裂伸长率减小，在受到外力作用时更容易出现破损或开裂。
2.2 表面电阻
绝缘导线表面电阻的测试结果见表2。
从表2可以看出，新导线表面绝缘电阻约为1.62×1011 Ω，当绝缘导线遭受烧蚀或龟裂后，其表面电阻在干态条件下并未发生明显变化。为评估实际线路受沿海盐雾沉降的影响，对比分析导线表面积聚干态盐颗粒和湿态盐颗粒两种工况的表面电阻。当表面积聚干态盐粒时，表面电阻较新导线略微下降；当表面积聚湿态盐粒时，表面电阻出现明显下降，仅为5.6×107 Ω。烧蚀后的导线表面较新导线更为粗糙，盐分更容易积聚在导线表面，导致在潮湿天气时表面电阻大幅下降，泄漏电流增大，易出现污闪放电。
2.3 耐电痕试验
根据GB/T 3048.7—2007的试验程序，对新旧绝缘导线的耐电痕能力进行测试，结果见表3。从表3可以看出，经过现场烧蚀后绝缘导线的绝缘层仍具有较好的耐电痕能力，试验时电流经过绝缘层表面，并未对导线绝缘层造成破坏。
2.4 交联聚乙烯熔化变形温度和燃点
当污闪发生时，放电电弧跨越导线绝缘层，受电弧温度影响，绝缘层可能出现熔化变形现象。为评估不同导线的熔点变化，经梯度升温试验程序得到绝缘层的熔化变形温度，结果见表4。由表4可知，新导线及运行年限较短的导线熔化变形温度低于运行年限较长的导线。这是由于运行年限越长，绝缘层受紫外光老化的时间越长，熔化变形温度越高。
进一步对绝缘导线的燃点进行分析，结果见表5。由表5可知，当绝缘层受到烧蚀后，闪燃点未见明显变化，但自燃点由370℃降低到338℃。这表明当导线受到电弧烧蚀后，随着自燃点降低，被烧蚀的导线更容易出现起火燃烧现象。
综合上述交联聚乙烯材质的实验结果，烧蚀现象对导线绝缘层的影响主要体现在断裂伸长率和自燃点两个方面。
3 有限元分析
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以10 kV绝缘导线和瓷绝缘子模型为例，通过静电场模型分析在环境积污和盐雾沉降环境下绝缘导线和绝缘子的放电现象。
将绝缘导线以顶部绑扎形式固定于绝缘子上部，设定导线与绝缘子绑扎处存在空气间隙；在近海积污和盐雾环境中，设定污层具有较高的电导率。设置绝缘子底部安装部位为零电位，对导线施加运行电压，具体模型参数见表6。
3.1 绝缘导线带线夹模型
设置绝缘导线在绝缘子绑扎处附近破皮并安装线夹，如图3所示，假设其位于近海地区，绝缘子和绝缘导线表面积污严重。放电发生时，线夹附近的绝缘导线表面污层出现明显干、湿区分界面（设污层为潮湿状态，具有较高的电导率），对比干区长度不同时，其沿干区表面电场强度的分布规律。
由于绝缘导线沿面出现积污且形成干、湿区分界时，电压分布主要集中在干区。当沿干区两端出现较大电场强度，且超过空气击穿场强时，将可能发生放电现象。图4为绝缘导线表面出现不同干区长度(L)时，沿干区方向的电场强度分布情况（图4的电场强度观测路径见图3）。从图4可以看出，干区长度越短，电场强度越高，此时放电现象越容易产生。放电电弧烘干绝缘导线表面，干区长度变长，放电现象逐步消失；随着盐雾继续沉积在导线表面，干区距离变短，放电现象重复发生。长时间的放电电弧灼烧导线表面绝缘层，导致绝缘层出现烧蚀现象。
3.2 绝缘导线绑扎处破损模型
设置绝缘导线绑扎处破损模型如图5所示，将绝缘导线绑扎于瓷绝缘子顶部，污层覆盖绝缘子表面不同范围时，分析导线绝缘层完整且瓷绝缘子表面洁净、导线绝缘层完整且表面全部积污、绝缘导线在绑扎处破口且绝缘子表面全部积污3种条件下，绝缘导线与绝缘子间空气间隙电场强度的变化规律。
图6为沿绝缘子观测路径电场强度的变化规律。从图6可以看出，当表面洁净且绝缘层完整时，运行电压分布主要由绝缘层、空气间隙和瓷绝缘子共同承担，此时空气间隙承受电压较小，电场强度最低，约为0.8 kV/cm；随着瓷绝缘子表面积污和海洋盐雾沉降现象加重，极端情况下绝缘子表面全部积污时，电压降分布于空气间隙和绝缘层，此时 空气间隙电场强度大于表面洁净状态时的电场强度，约为5.4 kV/cm；当绝缘层在绑扎处附近出现破口时，导线和绝缘子之间仅存在空气间隙时，电压降主要由空气间隙承担，空气间隙电场强度最大，约为15 kV/cm。此时空气间隙场强取决于空气间隙的长度和绝缘子沿面污秽的电导率大小。若电导率大，而空气间隙长度减小，沿空气间隙的电场强度将继续增大，甚至发生放电现象。放电电弧烧蚀绝缘层后，将可能造成绝缘层破损进一步加重，加快绝缘层的烧蚀破损速率。
4 实验室模拟试验
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根据上文分析，绝缘导线和瓷绝缘子在积污和海水盐雾沉降环境下发生污闪放电时，电弧长时间灼烧导致绝缘层发生烧蚀破损现象。因此本研究在实验室搭建10 kV配网模拟线路，用盐雾和人工污秽分别模拟现场海洋盐雾沉降环境和绝缘导线、瓷绝缘子表面积污，测量绝缘子的泄漏电流，并还原绝缘导线的烧蚀现象。
为研究绝缘导线绝缘层破损对烧蚀现象的影响，将绝缘导线在绝缘子支撑点左侧30 cm处制造破口，保持导体裸露；在支撑点右侧5 cm制造破口，安装C型线夹，并包覆自固化绝缘胶带。污层由高岭土混合纯净水制成，并涂覆在绝缘子和绝缘导线表面，模拟表面积累污秽；盐雾箱中盐雾由5%质量分数的氯化钠溶液制成。对绝缘子及绝缘导线表面涂覆人工污秽，瓷绝缘子底座接地，整体置于盐雾箱体内部，绝缘导线施加10 kV线路运行电压，试验布置如图7所示。
4.1 未开启盐雾箱盐雾
按照图7布置绝缘导线和绝缘子，当绝缘导线和绝缘子未施加人工污秽，仅施加运行电压时未出现放电现象，此时绝缘子的泄漏电流为正弦波形，有效值为0.03 mA；对绝缘子和绝缘导线涂覆人工污秽并晾干污层，施加运行电压后同样未出现放电现象，此时泄漏电流仍为正弦波形，有效值增大至0.32 mA，如图8所示，图中波形折算系数为1 V=10 mA）。此时绝缘子表面污层虽已晾干，但是空气中水分仍可能润湿污层，导致其泄漏电流较绝缘子表面洁净时大，但此时绝缘子绝缘电阻仍较高，未形成表面放电条件。
4.2 开启盐雾箱盐雾
按图7布置试验条件，对绝缘子和绝缘导线涂覆人工污秽，开启盐雾箱盐雾。当绝缘子和绝缘导线表面积污，污层在盐雾润湿后，绝缘导线破口处和线夹安装处同时出现放电现象，泄漏电流波形如图9所示。泄漏电流在其峰值附近出现脉冲尖峰，有效值为1.43 mA，峰值达到6.26 mA。
关闭设备后发现，绝缘层在破口处出现明显烧蚀破损现象，与现场观察的绝缘层烧蚀形貌一致，见图10。线夹包覆自固化绝缘胶带后，由于包覆的末端密封性较差，泄漏电流透过自固化绝缘胶带沿导线表面和绝缘子表面入地。与绝缘导线裸露情况类似，安装C型线夹的导线表面同样出现放电烧蚀现象，见图11。
绝缘导线绝缘层材质为交联聚乙烯。污闪放电的温度可达数百摄氏度，足以达到材料降解碳化温度。在电场和热的共同作用下，促使绝缘材料表面碳化。交联聚乙烯表面出现碳化后，绝缘电阻减小，更易引发污闪放电。导线表面绝缘被逐步破坏，形成导电通道，最终导致电痕化，即表面烧蚀现象[6-8]。
5 结论和建议
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通过试验分析及人工污秽实验验证，在绝缘子及绝缘导线绑扎处附近区段的表面存在积污时，在毛毛雨、雾天等恶劣天气条件下，易出现污闪放电现象。放电电弧的温度可高达数百摄氏度，足以达到绝缘层材料的降解碳化温度。在电场和热的共同作用下，促使绝缘材料表面碳化。交联聚乙烯表面出现碳化后，绝缘电阻减小，更容易引发污闪放电，导线表面绝缘被逐步破坏，形成导电通道，最终导致电痕化，即表面烧蚀现象，长时间烧蚀作用后，绝缘层被逐步烧蚀殆尽直至露出导体。
因此，为防范沿海配网线路绝缘导线烧蚀现象，可从防污闪角度出发，制定针对性防范措施，主要有以下几种方式：
（1）在产品研制方面，合理调配材料的填料比例，提高导线交联聚乙烯绝缘层的耐电痕烧蚀能力。
（2）在线路设计方面，合理设计近海地区配网线路外绝缘配置，甚至优先采用电缆线路设计。在污区分布图规定配置标准的基础上，适当提高绝缘配置标准，减小污闪发生的可能。
（3）在设备选型方面，优先采用支柱复合绝缘子、复合横担、复合杆塔等作为绝缘导线支撑，利用硅橡胶材料优异的憎水性和憎水迁移性减小污闪发生的可能。
（4）在运行维护方面，在瓷绝缘子表面和线夹处涂覆防污闪涂料，并密切关注涂料的运行状态，及时复涂失效的防污闪涂料。在污闪易发季节，应结合天气情况开展外绝缘清扫和夜巡工作，对外绝缘积污严重存在污闪发生可能的设备，应及时开展清扫作业。
基金
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  • 国网福建省电力有限公司科技项目资助(521304190034)
文献
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谢家伟. 架空绝缘导线在配网改造工程中的使用[J]. 通信电源技术,2014(5):74-75.
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2021年第54卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.013
  • 接收时间：2020-05-16
  • 首发时间：2026-01-26
  • 出版时间：2021-02-20
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  • 收稿日期：2020-05-16
  • 修回日期：2020-06-09
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国网福建省电力有限公司科技项目资助(521304190034)
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    国网福建省电力有限公司电力科学研究院，福建 福州 350007
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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