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Article(id=1222482901199999330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1587052800000, receivedDateStr=2020-04-17, revisedDate=1589817600000, revisedDateStr=2020-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769392236280, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1613750400000, pubDateStr=2021-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769392236280, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769392236280, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769392236280, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1222482900604408161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='107', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769392236137, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1770971768252, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229107938527342697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229107938527342698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482900604408161, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222482901476823396, articleId=1222482901199999330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research Prospect on Improving Economy of XLPE HVDC Submarine Cable, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Combining with the relationships among the DC submarine selection, voltage level, and transmission capacity of HVDC submarine cable projects in China, taking the raw material input of DC submarine cable required per unit transmission capacity as a typical economic index, we find that with the increase of voltage level and current capacity of the single loop DC submarine cable, the economy of DC submarine cable increases. By comparing the materials consumable variation of different routes after improving the voltage level and transmission capacity, we find that it is more effective to improve the economy of DC submarine cable by increasing the electrical level of DC submarine cable insulation and the maximum operating temperature of conductor to improve the voltage level and transmission capacity, respectively. In addition, a ±525 kV DC submarine cable with the highest conductor operating temperature of 70℃ was selected as the typical specification, and its insulation field strength distribution variations were analyzed through finite element simulation when the applied voltage and conductor operating temperature increased to 972 kV and 90℃, respectively. The results show that the increase of voltage level and conductor operating temperature will both cause a further increase of field strength close to insulation shield after the insulation field strength reversal, and there is a synergism effect between them. On this basis, a semicircular protuberance with 0.125 mm of depth was set on the interface of insulation shield into insulation, and the finite element simulation results show that the field strength at the protuberance increased by 35.4% compared with the case without protuberance.

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结合我国高压直流海缆工程直流海缆选型、电压等级和输送容量的关系，以单位输送容量所需直流海缆原材料投入作为典型经济性指标，发现随着单回路直流海缆电压等级和载流量升高，直流海缆经济性呈上升趋势。通过对比不同路线提高电压等级和载流量后直流海缆耗材的变化，可知分别通过提高直流海缆绝缘电气水平和导体最高允许运行温度的方式实现电压等级和载流量提升对提高直流海缆经济性更为有效。此外选取导体最高运行温度为70℃的±525 kV直流海缆为典型规格，利用有限元仿真分析外加电压提高至972 kV和导体运行温度提高至90℃后直流海缆绝缘场强分布的变化，结果表明电压等级和导体运行温度的提高均会造成绝缘场强翻转后靠近绝缘屏蔽处的场强进一步升高，且二者存在协同作用，在此基础上，设定绝缘屏蔽与绝缘界面存在向绝缘内尺寸为0.125 mm的半圆形突起，有限元仿真结果表明该点的场强对比无突起情况增大了35.8%。

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张洪亮（1987-），男（汉族），黑龙江双鸭山人，高级工程师，主要从事聚合物纳米复合绝缘材料性能与应用、电力设备状态检测与评估和固体介质空间电荷测量技术等研究；

尹毅（1972-），男（汉族），江苏金坛人，教授，主要从事聚合物绝缘材料的电老化、聚合物纳米复合材料的介电性能、电力设备的在线监测等研究。

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2电力传输与功率变换控制教育部重点实验室，上海 200240, bio={"content":"

张洪亮（1987-），男（汉族），黑龙江双鸭山人，高级工程师，主要从事聚合物纳米复合绝缘材料性能与应用、电力设备状态检测与评估和固体介质空间电荷测量技术等研究；

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张洪亮（1987-），男（汉族），黑龙江双鸭山人，高级工程师，主要从事聚合物纳米复合绝缘材料性能与应用、电力设备状态检测与评估和固体介质空间电荷测量技术等研究；

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尹毅（1972-），男（汉族），江苏金坛人，教授，主要从事聚合物绝缘材料的电老化、聚合物纳米复合材料的介电性能、电力设备的在线监测等研究。

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尹毅（1972-），男（汉族），江苏金坛人，教授，主要从事聚合物绝缘材料的电老化、聚合物纳米复合材料的介电性能、电力设备的在线监测等研究。

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articleId=1222482901199999330, language=EN, label=null, caption=Tab.1Main parameters of DC submarine cable ofNan’ao, Zhoushan, and Three Gorges Project, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目南澳舟山三峡
输送容量/MW2004001 100
电压等级/kV160200400
导体截面/mm25001 0001 600
绝缘厚度/mm16.016.026.0
), ArticleFig(id=1222482916173664286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482901199999330, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

南澳、舟山、三峡柔直项目直流海缆参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目南澳舟山三峡
输送容量/MW2004001 100
电压等级/kV160200400
导体截面/mm25001 0001 600
绝缘厚度/mm16.016.026.0
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结构参数
导体截面/mm23 000
导体标称外径/mm62.9
导体屏蔽标称厚度/mm2.5
绝缘层标称厚度/mm30.0
), ArticleFig(id=1222482916328853537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482901199999330, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

±525 kV-2 500 mm2直流海缆绝缘结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构参数
导体截面/mm23 000
导体标称外径/mm62.9
导体屏蔽标称厚度/mm2.5
绝缘层标称厚度/mm30.0
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提高XLPE高压直流海缆经济性的研究展望
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张洪亮 1, 2 , 肖晋宇 3 , 侯金鸣 3 , 刘耀 3 , 赵小令 3 , 吴佳伟 3 , 尹毅 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 综述 2021,54(3): 1-9
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2021, 54(3): 1-9
提高XLPE高压直流海缆经济性的研究展望
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张洪亮1, 2, 肖晋宇3, 侯金鸣3, 刘耀3, 赵小令3, 吴佳伟3, 尹毅1, 2
作者信息
  • 1上海交通大学 电子信息与电气工程学院 电气工程系，上海 200240
  • 2电力传输与功率变换控制教育部重点实验室，上海 200240
  • 3全球能源互联网发展合作组织，北京 100031

    • 张洪亮（1987-），男（汉族），黑龙江双鸭山人，高级工程师，主要从事聚合物纳米复合绝缘材料性能与应用、电力设备状态检测与评估和固体介质空间电荷测量技术等研究；

    尹毅（1972-），男（汉族），江苏金坛人，教授，主要从事聚合物绝缘材料的电老化、聚合物纳米复合材料的介电性能、电力设备的在线监测等研究。

Research Prospect on Improving Economy of XLPE HVDC Submarine Cable
Hongliang ZHANG1, 2, Jinyu XIAO3, Jinming HOU3, Yao LIU3, Xiaoling ZHAO3, Jiawei WU3, Yi YIN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Control of Power Transmission and Conversion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 3Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization, Beijing 100031, China
出版时间: 2021-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.001
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摘要
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结合我国高压直流海缆工程直流海缆选型、电压等级和输送容量的关系，以单位输送容量所需直流海缆原材料投入作为典型经济性指标，发现随着单回路直流海缆电压等级和载流量升高，直流海缆经济性呈上升趋势。通过对比不同路线提高电压等级和载流量后直流海缆耗材的变化，可知分别通过提高直流海缆绝缘电气水平和导体最高允许运行温度的方式实现电压等级和载流量提升对提高直流海缆经济性更为有效。此外选取导体最高运行温度为70℃的±525 kV直流海缆为典型规格，利用有限元仿真分析外加电压提高至972 kV和导体运行温度提高至90℃后直流海缆绝缘场强分布的变化，结果表明电压等级和导体运行温度的提高均会造成绝缘场强翻转后靠近绝缘屏蔽处的场强进一步升高，且二者存在协同作用，在此基础上，设定绝缘屏蔽与绝缘界面存在向绝缘内尺寸为0.125 mm的半圆形突起，有限元仿真结果表明该点的场强对比无突起情况增大了35.8%。

XLPE高压直流海缆  /  单位输送容量耗材  /  有限元仿真  /  经济性

Combining with the relationships among the DC submarine selection, voltage level, and transmission capacity of HVDC submarine cable projects in China, taking the raw material input of DC submarine cable required per unit transmission capacity as a typical economic index, we find that with the increase of voltage level and current capacity of the single loop DC submarine cable, the economy of DC submarine cable increases. By comparing the materials consumable variation of different routes after improving the voltage level and transmission capacity, we find that it is more effective to improve the economy of DC submarine cable by increasing the electrical level of DC submarine cable insulation and the maximum operating temperature of conductor to improve the voltage level and transmission capacity, respectively. In addition, a ±525 kV DC submarine cable with the highest conductor operating temperature of 70℃ was selected as the typical specification, and its insulation field strength distribution variations were analyzed through finite element simulation when the applied voltage and conductor operating temperature increased to 972 kV and 90℃, respectively. The results show that the increase of voltage level and conductor operating temperature will both cause a further increase of field strength close to insulation shield after the insulation field strength reversal, and there is a synergism effect between them. On this basis, a semicircular protuberance with 0.125 mm of depth was set on the interface of insulation shield into insulation, and the finite element simulation results show that the field strength at the protuberance increased by 35.4% compared with the case without protuberance.

XLPE HVDC submarine cable  /  material consumable per unit transmission capacity  /  finite element simulation  /  economy
张洪亮, 肖晋宇, 侯金鸣, 刘耀, 赵小令, 吴佳伟, 尹毅. 提高XLPE高压直流海缆经济性的研究展望. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (3) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.001
Hongliang ZHANG, Jinyu XIAO, Jinming HOU, Yao LIU, Xiaoling ZHAO, Jiawei WU, Yi YIN. Research Prospect on Improving Economy of XLPE HVDC Submarine Cable[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (3) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.001
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0 引言
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以交联聚乙烯（XLPE）为代表的挤包绝缘高压直流电缆在基于电压源换流器（VSC）换流技术的柔性直流输电领域已经得到了广泛的应用，对不利于开展高压架空输电线路建设的海洋输电领域贡献尤其突出，逐渐替代油纸绝缘电缆成为远距离、大容量海洋输电装备的首选[1-2]，这主要得益于直流电缆用XLPE绝缘材料的开发。目前国内外学者的研究重点主要集中于直流电缆用XLPE绝缘材料的性能研究和改进，在直流电缆空间电荷特性和电导率对绝缘电场分布影响等方面取得了丰富的研究成果[3-13]。
高压直流电缆在取得技术突破后快速应用在实际工程建设中，除了系统控制更为灵活外，究其原因为对比传统交流输电表现出的大容量、低损耗的经济优势，随着输电距离和输电容量增加，经济优势越明显。但是区别于高压交流电缆，由于高压直流电缆大规模应用时间尚短，国内外在产品标准建设方面进展较为缓慢，因此已有的高压直流电缆工程建设均采用定制化产品，其经济性也各不相同。
本文结合国内已建的高压直流典型工程，分析不同工程单位输电容量下海缆的经济性情况，给出后期提高直流海缆经济性的建议，并讨论直流海缆批量化生产的关键控制因素。
1 中国高压直流电缆典型工程及电缆经济性分析
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国际上首次将XLPE绝缘直流电缆投入商用的时间为1999年，应用项目是由瑞典ABB公司在哥特兰岛建设完成的±80 kV直流电缆线路[14]。在此后的十几年内欧洲逐渐将XLPE直流电缆电压等级提升至±320 kV，并实现了商业化应用。我国挤包绝缘高压直流电缆研究较晚，分别在2013年、2014年和2015年连续完成了±160、±200、±320 kV 3个电压等级电缆的商业化应用[15]。2019年三峡新能源集团正式开启了±400 kV直流输电示范工程的建设，此项目是继日本住友电工完成英国联网比利时的±400 kV直流海缆建设之后，世界范围内第二个该电压等级的海缆工程，也将我国直流海缆电压等级提升到了目前世界最高水平。
1.1 南网南澳±160 kV直流海缆工程
南网南澳±160 kV直流输电工程依托于国家“十二五”期间立项的863计划项目“大型风电场柔性直流输电接入技术研究与开发示范工程”，以20.6 km架空线、10.6 km直流海底电力电缆和9.5 km直流陆地电力电缆混合连接南澳岛塑城、金牛和青澳3个换流站，于2013年建设完成，该项目路由示意图见图1。
南澳工程直流线路最大输送容量为200 MW，直流海缆和直流陆缆的导体均为设计截面为500 mm2的铜导体。直流海缆结构选型为交联聚乙烯绝缘铅套粗圆钢丝聚丙烯纤维外被，复合光纤单元型号为DC-HYJQ41-F-160 kV 1×500+2×16B1+2×2A1b，示意图见图2；直流陆缆选用国内常规的皱纹铝套结构，绝缘结构与直流海缆相同。
南澳工程验证了我国在高压直流电缆及附件的自主设计和批量制造能力，为世界首次同时采用架空线、直流海缆和直流陆缆进行换流站三端互联的工程项目，项目的线路建设和系统控制对后续研究具有重要的示范作用。
1.2 国网舟山±200 kV直流海缆工程
2014年由国家电网公司主持建设的舟山±200 kV多端柔性直流输电工程，将舟山本岛与泗礁、洋山、衢山、岱山等岛屿通过直流海缆实现电力互联，该项目的路由示意图见图3。
该工程是现阶段我国已投入运行的长度最长的直流海缆工程，选用的直流海缆结构及主绝缘材料均与南澳项目相同。舟山工程主线路选用的 ±200 kV直流海缆输送容量可达到400 MW，选取的铜导体截面为1 000 mm2。
区别于交流电缆，直流输电过程中无需考虑导体中存在邻近效应和趋肤效应，因此本工程中1 000 mm2导体仍为紧压圆形结构，并未采用分割导体形式，此设计同样有利于提高导体纵向阻水性能。
1.3 国网厦门±320 kV直流电缆工程
国网厦门±320 kV直流电缆项目于2015年建设完成，输送容量为1 000 MW，建成时为国际上最高电压等级和最大输送容量的商业化直流电缆项目。该项目采用长度为11.5 km的单回直流电缆线路，并额外敷设一条回流电缆，为世界上首次采用真双极接线方式，彻底解决了厦门本岛无源电网的问题[16]。图4为厦门工程的路由示意图。
厦门工程全线为海底隧道管廊敷设，选用截面为1 800 mm2的±320 kV铜芯XLPE绝缘皱纹铝套直流陆地电缆，回流电缆电压等级为±10 kV，相同的敷设条件下，设计导体截面为1 600 mm2，可达到与极性电缆相同的载流量。图5为±320 kV直流电缆的结构示意图。
1.4 中国现有高压直流电缆工程直流电缆经济性分析
高压直流电缆工程主要造价包括换流站成本、电缆线路成本及施工成本等，其中换流站成本由系统电压等级决定，直流电缆线路成本主要受电缆原材料成本影响，施工成本与线路长度、施工条件和电缆结构尺寸及质量有关。
直流电缆市场售价与诸多因素有关，本文排除市场因素影响，以客观的材料消耗作为经济性指标，结合上述3个工程选用的直流电缆产品结构及工程额定输送容量，计算直流电缆单位输送容量下的耗材。其中厦门柔直项目中选用±320 kV直流陆地电缆完成1 000 MW容量输送，由于陆地电缆结构形式与海底电缆存在差异，将会造成明显的耗材偏差，此处选择结构形式与南澳柔直项目和舟山柔直项目相同的三峡±400 kV直流海缆作为对比对象，在建的三峡柔直项目输送容量为1 100 MW。南澳、舟山、三峡3个项目执行过程中均选用了北欧化工提供的直流电缆用XLPE绝缘材料及半导电屏蔽材料，其余金属材料和辅材均选用型号相同的国产材料，因此原材料单价水平不会对材料整体成本造成较大差异。表1列出了±160 kV直流海缆、 ±200 kV直流海缆和±400 kV直流海缆的主要参数，海缆单位长度耗材及每100 MW输送容量下海缆单位长度耗材分别见图6和图7。
高压直流输电线路中设计输送容量、电压等级和额定电流3者的基本关系可由式（1）表示[17]。
P = 2U0I
式（1）中：P为单回直流线路的设计输送容量；U0为直流电缆的电压等级；I为单根直流电缆的额定电流。
在外部环境确定的条件下，单根直流电缆的载流量取决于自身的产品结构和工作特性，载流量升高要求电缆具有更大的载流体截面，即导体截面需要增大。由表1可知，为满足南澳、舟山和三峡柔直项目逐渐增加的输送容量要求，项目选用的海缆在电压等级提升的同时增加了导体截面，因此造成了图6所示的3个项目在单位长度上海缆金属和塑料耗材的依次增加。结合各项目的输送容量，可以得到完成单位传输容量下海缆的材料消耗，如图7所示，可见单位耗材消耗最少的三峡柔直工程±400 kV直流海缆具有更高的经济性。此外，由表1数据可知两回路±160 kV-500 mm2直流海缆同样可满足400 MW的传输容量需要，但是结合图7中±200 kV-1 000 mm2直流海缆耗材结果可知，采用单回路海缆线路设计，通过提升电压等级和导体截面来提高输送容量的方式经济性更高。
综上，本文从降低单位长度和单位输送容量下海缆的耗材投入讨论提高XLPE直流海缆经济性的方法。
2 提高直流电缆电压等级及路径
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现阶段，国内外已在建或规划多项输送容量超过2 000 MW的XLPE绝缘直流海缆输电工程，随着输送容量的提升和线路长度的增加，海缆本体造价占全部工程建设成本的比例也将逐渐增加。由前文列举的典型高压直流工程发展情况可知，随着未来远距离大容量输电需求增加，继续提高直流海缆电压等级将是未来的重点研究方向。
目前国际上已投运的最高电压等级挤包绝缘直流海缆为英国至比利时的“NEMO-Link”工程，该工程选用±400 kV XLPE绝缘直流海缆作为主线路，输送容量为1 000 MW，在规划中的XLPE绝缘直流海缆工程最高电压等级为±525 kV，拟实现输送容量为2 000 MW。下面以XLPE绝缘±525 kV直流海缆为基础，探讨XLPE绝缘直流海缆向电压等级 ±640 kV和±800 kV提升的研究展望。
直流海缆绝缘中电场分布与材料电导率相关，会随温度变化而变化[18]，且同时受空间电荷引起的电场畸变影响，导致直流海缆绝缘结构设计非常复杂，目前国际上尚无统一的设计标准。为了便于在工程应用范畴内对不同结构设计的海缆产品进行资格认证，国际电工委员会（IEC）2017年公布实施的IEC 62895:2017[19]中给出了高压直流电缆型式试验和预鉴定试验认可方法的有关规定，其中以拉普拉斯场强作为衡量高压直流电缆电气绝缘水平的一个基本指标，并给出了拉普拉斯场强的近似计算方法，见式（2）和式（3）。
Ei=2U0dii·lnDio/dii
Eo=2U0Dio·lnDio/dii 
式（2）~（3）中：Ei为导体屏蔽处绝缘场强；Eo为绝缘屏蔽处绝缘场强；U0为电缆额定电压；dii为导体屏蔽层外径；Dio为绝缘层外径。
该标准中规定对于相同电压等级下不同的导体截面设计，当待认可的电缆绝缘层中Ei和EO均不大于已被认可的电缆系统时，可认为待认可的电缆设计有效，无需重新通过新的试验进行认定。
基于上述原则，可由现有±525 kV直流海缆设计结构结合式（2）和式（3）得出相同电气绝缘水平下±640 kV和±800 kV直流海缆的初设结构。
以导体截面为2 500 mm2、型号为DC-HYJQ41-F的直流海缆为例，以最高运行温度为70℃的±525 kV直流海缆性能指标为基础，基于目前商业化应用最广泛的北欧化工直流海缆材料，研究相同电气水平下±525、±640、±800 kV 3个电压等级直流海缆的参数对比关系。
本研究基于式（2）和式（3）计算得到当±640 kV和±800 kV直流海缆的绝缘最大场强与±525 kV直流海缆相同时对应的绝缘厚度。设定±525 kV直流海缆的绝缘厚度、近似外径、近似质量和输送容量指标均为100%，对比不同电压等级下上述参数的变化情况，结果如图8所示。由图8可知，随着电压等级升高，直流海缆设计的绝缘厚度不断增加，同时海缆近似外径和近似质量也随之增加。对于批量化生产来说，按此方式提高海缆电压等级意味着生产难度增加、设备能力要求提高和材料成本增加。
基于此，参照南澳、舟山和三峡柔直工程中直流海缆工作场强的提升比例，设定±640 kV和±800 kV直流海缆绝缘最大场强对比±525 kV直流海缆绝缘最大场强分别提升25%和50%，再次对3个电压等级直流海缆的参数关系进行对比，结果见图9。
由图9可知，对比±525 kV直流海缆，±640 kV和±800 kV直流海缆绝缘最大场强提升后，绝缘厚度并无明显变化，也未导致海缆近似外径和近似质量的增加。通过对比图8和图9中±640 kV和±800 kV直流海缆的输送容量可知，在提高绝缘最大场强后，输送容量较绝缘场强水平未提高时有进一步提升，这是由于在相同电气水平下通过增加绝缘厚度提升电压等级的同时，也造成了海缆本体的热阻增加，导致海缆载流量下降，从而降低了相同电压等级下的输送容量。
综合图8和图9可得到单位传输容量下不同电压等级直流海缆的耗材情况如图10所示，其中 ±525 kV为铜导体截面为2 500 mm2的参考直流海缆，±640、±640#、±800、±800# kV依次表示最大绝缘场强与参考海缆相同的±640 kV直流海缆、最大绝缘场强较参考海缆提升25%的±640 kV直流海缆、最大绝缘场强与参考海缆相同的±800 kV直流海缆和最大绝缘场强较参考海缆提升50%的±800 kV直流海缆。
由图10可知，随着电压等级升高，直流海缆单位输送容量下耗材整体呈现下降趋势，海缆本体经济性有所提升。根据±640 kV和±640# kV的对比结果及±800 kV和±800# kV的对比结果可发现，基于提升直流海缆绝缘场强水平的路线提高电压等级对提高直流海缆的经济性有明显作用。
3 提高直流海缆载流量及路径
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由式（1）可知，提高直流海缆输送容量的途径除了提高电压等级外的另一个关键点在于提高单根直流海缆的载流量。关于直流海缆载流量的计算现阶段尚无公认通用的计算标准。在忽略交流输电过程中的介质损耗和磁滞损耗等因素，同时不考虑泄漏电流产生温升的情况下，可借鉴交流海缆载流量计算中的热分析法得到直流海缆的近似载流量，见式（4）[17]。
I=(θc-θ0)/R'T
式（4）中：I为直流海缆长期允许载流量，A；θc为导体最高允许运行温度，K；θ0为环境介质温度，K；R'为导体最高允许运行温度下的直流电阻，Ω/m；T为海缆运行时的全部热阻之和，K·m/W。
由式（4）可知，在环境温度相同的情况下，提高直流海缆载流量的可行途径包括提高θc和降低R'，其中降低R'最直接的方式为增加导体截面。
基于本文选定的±525 kV-2 500 mm2典型规格海缆，在一定敷设环境下计算其输送容量，同时分别通过增大最高允许运行温度为70℃的直流海缆导体截面和提高直流海缆导体最高允许运行温度至90℃两种方式计算相同条件下输送容量达到3 000 MW时的直流海缆参数，结果见图11。
图11中选取±525 kV-2 500 mm2直流海缆作为参照规格，将导体截面、近似外径、近似质量和输送容量等参数水平均设定为100%，1#样本与参照规格同为导体最高运行温度为70℃的±525 kV直流海缆，2#样本为导体最高运行温度提升至90℃的±525 kV直流海缆，在与参照规格相同的条件下1#样本和2#样本的输送容量均为3 000 MW。
由图11可知，在本文拟定的运行条件下，相同电压等级的直流海缆为了满足3 000 MW输送容量均增加了导体设计截面，对比参照规格近似外径和近似质量也相应增加。但是对比1#样本和2#样本可知提高导体最高允许运行温度至90℃后导体截面对比70℃时有明显下降。为了直观对比两种方案的经济性，将单位传输容量下最高允许运行温度为70℃和90℃的±525 kV直流海缆有色金属耗材和塑料耗材情况进行对比，结果见图12。从图12可以看出，在提高了导体最高允许运行温度后，直流海缆的耗材下降明显，经济性相对更高。
综合第2节的内容可知，对比现有直流海缆绝缘材料水平，提高材料电气强度和耐受运行温度是开发更高经济性直流海缆的最佳途径，但是提高材料性能所带来的原材料附加成本暂不可预期。
4 直流海缆对绝缘加工的要求
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以XLPE为代表的挤包绝缘直流海缆批量制造过程中最关键的工序为绝缘结构的三层（图2和图5中所示的导体屏蔽、绝缘、绝缘屏蔽）共挤。三层共挤是通过3个独立挤出机完成材料熔融塑化后推进至共挤机头，再通过模具系统进行设计尺寸下的连续挤出。导体屏蔽和绝缘屏蔽均为半导电材料，与绝缘共挤后将形成内外两个界面，光滑均一的界面对直流海缆电场分布及长期电气性能稳定性至关重要。直流海缆批量生产中绝缘结构可能存在的典型问题包括杂质、气孔、偏心度过大和界面突起[20]等。区别于交流海缆，直流海缆在工作过程中出现温升后可能导致绝缘内最大场强由靠近导体屏蔽处向靠近绝缘屏蔽处迁移，因此对比交流海缆，直流海缆绝缘屏蔽与绝缘界面的完好要求更高[21]。此外裸露在外的绝缘屏蔽还有可能受到外力导致破损或变形，因此本文重点关注直流海缆绝缘屏蔽与绝缘界面情况对性能的影响。
为了便于说明绝缘屏蔽与绝缘界面处加工效果对直流海缆电气性能的影响，以±525 kV-2 500 mm2直流海缆为例，基于土壤埋设2 m、环境温度为20℃的条件，利用有限元电热场耦合仿真方法分析直流海缆绝缘结构在不同情况下的电场分布情况，直流海缆结构选型与图2相同，绝缘结构尺寸见表2。
高压直流电缆电场分布随绝缘电导率变化明显，电导率同时受外加电场和温度的影响，电导率与场强和温度关系如式（5）所示[22]。
γ(E,T)=Aexp(-ϕqkBT)sinh(B|E|)|E|
式（5）中：A为与材料有关的常数，V/(Ω·m2）；ϕ为活化能，eV；q为电子电量，C；kB为玻尔兹曼常数，J/K；T为绝缘温度，K；B为电导率对场强的依赖系数， m/V；E为电场强度，V/m。
基于绝缘材料的电导率测试结果，可拟合得出电导率与电场和温度的关系如式（6）所示。
γ(T,E)=1.1×10-5exp(-0.35ekT)sinh[(1.6×10-10T+3.2×10-8)E]E-0.6
基于上述电导率与电场和温度的关系建立绝缘线芯的有限元仿真模型，得到±525 kV直流海缆在零负荷下运行时的绝缘电场分布情况，如图13所示。
由图13可知，零负荷时±525 kV直流海缆绝缘内最大场强为19.5 kV/mm，出现在靠近导体屏蔽处。当导体温度升高至70℃时的电场分布如图14所示。
对比图13和图14可知，当导体温度上升至70℃后绝缘最大场强发生翻转，出现在靠近绝缘屏蔽处，为17.6 kV/mm。为了明确提高电压等级和运行温度后电场分布的变化情况，基于相同的直流海缆结构和边界条件，将外加电压提高至直流海缆型式试验水平[23]，即1.85U0=972 kV进行仿真，此外维持原电压将导体运行温度提升至90℃，仿真结果分别见图15和图16。
为了确定两者共同作用对直流海缆电场分布的影响，在外加电压为1.85U0，导体温度为90℃情况下进行仿真，结果如图17所示。
由上述结果可知，随着直流海缆通电运行，绝缘温差达到一定水平后场强发生翻转，此时将对靠近外层的绝缘提出更高的耐受要求，这种情况随着电压等级和温度的提升都有所加剧，并且在同时提高外加电压和导体温度时发生协同作用，使靠近绝缘屏蔽处的绝缘场强进一步上升。
因此，在采用提高绝缘场强水平和导体运行温度的方式提高直流海缆经济性时，需要重点关注直流海缆批量化生产过程中绝缘结构的三层共挤过程，保证绝缘屏蔽和绝缘界面的光滑均一是直流海缆在高电压和高负荷下长期稳定运行的关键因素之一。根据GB/T 31489.1—2015的规定，导体屏蔽和绝缘屏蔽禁止存在指向绝缘内部的深度大于0.125 mm的突起[24]。在此基础上，在导体温度为90℃、外加电压为1.85U0的模型上建立绝缘屏蔽指向绝缘内部深度为0.125 mm的半圆形突起，模拟上述缺陷存在时的电场变化，结果如图18所示。
从图18可以看出，直流海缆最大场强集中在突起嵌入绝缘的凹陷处，对比无缺陷时的场强增大了35.8%。该点绝缘除了需要承受更大的电场作用外，对比光滑界面构成的电极系统，嵌入点还将造成明显的电荷注入，形成空间电荷积累。因此对于直流海缆批量化绝缘挤出加工过程需要重点关注模具系统、原材料洁净度及挤出加工过程等，避免绝缘屏蔽与绝缘界面缺陷造成直流输电的运行风险。
5 结论
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（1）结合中国已建和在建的直流海缆工程情况可知，单位输送容量下直流海缆原材料成本投入随电压等级和载流量升高呈现逐渐降低的趋势，且在相同输送容量下，增加单回路直流海缆电压等级和载流量比选择低电压等级、低载流量的双回路方案节省原材料投入，因此提高直流海缆电压等级和载流量是提升直流海缆经济性的有效方式。
（2）在通过提高直流海缆电压等级以提升经济性的路线中，对比在相同电气水平下通过大幅增加绝缘厚度提高电压等级的方式，采用在提升电压等级的同时提升绝缘耐受电气水平的方式经济性更高。在通过提高直流海缆载流量提升经济性的路线中，对比增大直流海缆设计导体截面提高载流量的方式，采用提高导体最高允许运行温度的方式经济性更高。
（3）直流海缆运行过程中会出现绝缘场强翻转的现象，最大场强会出现在靠近绝缘屏蔽处，通过提高电压等级和运行温度均会使翻转后该位置的最大场强进一步增加，并且绝缘屏蔽与绝缘界面的突起将造成突起处场强的明显畸变，影响直流海缆的长期稳定运行，需要在直流海缆批量化生产过程中重点关注绝缘挤出过程。
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  • 国家电网有限公司总部科技项目和全球能源互联网集团有限公司科技项目资助(SGGEIG00JYJS1900009)
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2021年第54卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.03.001
  • 接收时间：2020-04-17
  • 首发时间：2026-01-26
  • 出版时间：2021-02-20
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  • 收稿日期：2020-04-17
  • 修回日期：2020-05-19
基金
国家电网有限公司总部科技项目和全球能源互联网集团有限公司科技项目资助(SGGEIG00JYJS1900009)
作者信息
    1上海交通大学 电子信息与电气工程学院 电气工程系，上海 200240
    2电力传输与功率变换控制教育部重点实验室，上海 200240
    3全球能源互联网发展合作组织，北京 100031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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