Article(id=1222482832451162694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482826851771163, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1594051200000, receivedDateStr=2020-07-07, revisedDate=1596729600000, revisedDateStr=2020-08-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769392219888, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1613750400000, pubDateStr=2021-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769392219888, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769392219888, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769392219888, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1222482826851771163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769392218554, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1770971669597, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229107524746670183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482826851771163, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229107524750864488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482826851771163, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222482832790901330, articleId=1222482832451162694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Finite Element Simulation Study on Filled Type High Thermal Conductive Composite, columnId=1222482827711603484, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Thermal Conductive Insulating, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the effect of micron particle fillers on the thermal conductivity of filled type high thermal conductive composites, we constructed a finite element model of composites with randomly distributed particle fillers in this study. The effects of filling ratio, particle size, thermal conductivity, particle shape of filler on the thermal conductivity of the composites were calculated and discussed, respectively. The results show that with the increase of filling ratio and length-to-diameter ratio of filler particle, the thermal conductivity of the composites increases significantly. The particle filler size has little effect on the thermal conductivity without considering the interface thermal resistance and particle agglomeration. The thermal conductivity of filler has little effect on the thermal conductivity of the composites. Without considering the interface thermal resistance, whether the heat conduction channel can be formed effectively is the key to determine the thermal conductivity of the filled type composites.

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为研究微米颗粒填料对填充型高导热复合材料导热性能的影响,本研究构建了填料颗粒随机分布的复合材料有限元模型,分别计算、分析了填料的填充比例、粒径、导热系数、颗粒形状等因素对复合材料导热系数的影响。结果表明:随着填料填充比例提高、填料颗粒长径比增大,复合材料的导热系数明显提高;在不考虑界面热阻和颗粒团聚的情况下填料粒径对导热系数的影响很小;填料自身的导热系数对复合物的导热性能影响很小;在不考虑界面热阻的情况下,能否有效地形成导热通道是决定填充型复合材料导热系数的关键。

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宋绪鹏(1996-),男(汉族),山东泰安人,硕士生,主要从事电工新材料的研究;

卞星明(1985-),男(汉族),江苏扬州人,副教授,博士,主要从事电工装备电磁环境及新材料的教学与科研工作。

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宋绪鹏(1996-),男(汉族),山东泰安人,硕士生,主要从事电工新材料的研究;

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宋绪鹏(1996-),男(汉族),山东泰安人,硕士生,主要从事电工新材料的研究;

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卞星明(1985-),男(汉族),江苏扬州人,副教授,博士,主要从事电工装备电磁环境及新材料的教学与科研工作。

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卞星明(1985-),男(汉族),江苏扬州人,副教授,博士,主要从事电工装备电磁环境及新材料的教学与科研工作。

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language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Parameters of the cylinder, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数长径比
3456
半径/μm8.7367.9377.3686.934
高/μm26.20731.74836.84041.604
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圆柱体的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数长径比
3456
半径/μm8.7367.9377.3686.934
高/μm26.20731.74836.84041.604
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长径比3456
热通量面积分/W0.001 230.001 360.001 550.001 61
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不同长径比复合材料边界法向热通量积分

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长径比3456
热通量面积分/W0.001 230.001 360.001 550.001 61
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填充型高导热复合材料的有限元仿真研究
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宋绪鹏 , 伍珈乐 , 卞星明
绝缘材料 | 导热绝缘专题 2021,54(2): 61-67
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绝缘材料 | 导热绝缘专题 2021, 54(2): 61-67
填充型高导热复合材料的有限元仿真研究
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宋绪鹏, 伍珈乐, 卞星明
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102006
  • 宋绪鹏(1996-),男(汉族),山东泰安人,硕士生,主要从事电工新材料的研究;

    卞星明(1985-),男(汉族),江苏扬州人,副教授,博士,主要从事电工装备电磁环境及新材料的教学与科研工作。

Finite Element Simulation Study on Filled Type High Thermal Conductive Composite
Xupeng SONG, Jiale WU, Xingming BIAN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102006, China
出版时间: 2021-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.011
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为研究微米颗粒填料对填充型高导热复合材料导热性能的影响,本研究构建了填料颗粒随机分布的复合材料有限元模型,分别计算、分析了填料的填充比例、粒径、导热系数、颗粒形状等因素对复合材料导热系数的影响。结果表明:随着填料填充比例提高、填料颗粒长径比增大,复合材料的导热系数明显提高;在不考虑界面热阻和颗粒团聚的情况下填料粒径对导热系数的影响很小;填料自身的导热系数对复合物的导热性能影响很小;在不考虑界面热阻的情况下,能否有效地形成导热通道是决定填充型复合材料导热系数的关键。

复合材料  /  导热系数  /  填料  /  有限元仿真

In order to study the effect of micron particle fillers on the thermal conductivity of filled type high thermal conductive composites, we constructed a finite element model of composites with randomly distributed particle fillers in this study. The effects of filling ratio, particle size, thermal conductivity, particle shape of filler on the thermal conductivity of the composites were calculated and discussed, respectively. The results show that with the increase of filling ratio and length-to-diameter ratio of filler particle, the thermal conductivity of the composites increases significantly. The particle filler size has little effect on the thermal conductivity without considering the interface thermal resistance and particle agglomeration. The thermal conductivity of filler has little effect on the thermal conductivity of the composites. Without considering the interface thermal resistance, whether the heat conduction channel can be formed effectively is the key to determine the thermal conductivity of the filled type composites.

composites  /  thermal conductivity  /  filler  /  finite element simulation
宋绪鹏, 伍珈乐, 卞星明. 填充型高导热复合材料的有限元仿真研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (2) : 61 -67 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.011
Xupeng SONG, Jiale WU, Xingming BIAN. Finite Element Simulation Study on Filled Type High Thermal Conductive Composite[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (2) : 61 -67 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.011
高分子化合物因具有良好的力学和加工性能、绝缘性能、耐腐蚀性能及良好的粘结性而被广泛用于高压设备的绝缘材料[1],但是高分子化合物的热导率往往较低、散热性能较差,长期运行造成内部温度上升,进一步引起高分子材料的分解、碳化,丧失其原有的绝缘性能[2-3]
由于无机填料颗粒具有高导热性和良好的绝缘性,采用无机高导热填料填充制成的复合材料可以显著提高导热系数[4]。通常采用的无机高导热填料颗粒有氮化物,如氮化铝(AlN)、氮化硼(BN);金属氧化物,如氧化铝(Al2O3)、氧化镁(MgO);碳化物,如碳化硅(SiC)等[5]。XU Y S等[6]以AlN为填料制备了环氧树脂基复合材料,以适当比例将AlN颗粒与纤维混合填充时,发现复合材料的热导率比单独用颗粒或纤维状AlN时都要高,且利用硅烷对填料颗粒表面改性可以显著提升复合材料的导热系数。HOU J等[7]制备了BN/环氧树脂复合材料,研究了填料表面改性对复合材料导热系数的影响。CHEN C等[8]制备了纳米SiO2颗粒与银纳米线混合填充的复合材料,利用SiO2颗粒的包覆作用增强了银纳米线的分散性和绝缘性。MU Q H等[9]研究了氧化锌(ZnO)/硅橡胶(SR)复合材料的导热性能。周柳等[10]研究了ZnO晶须/环氧树脂导热绝缘复合材料的性能,结果表明填料颗粒长径比较大时,能够更加有效地构成导热通道。
国外学者在早期建立了数学模型用于预测填充型高导热复合材料的导热系数,如Maxwell-Eucken模型、Bruggeman模型和Agari模型等[11-13]。GAO B Z等[14]通过实验数据验证了数学模型与实际的符合程度。研究表明,利用有限元法可以有效地模拟填料在复合物内的分布状态以及填料颗粒的各种形态,成为复合材料研究计算的热点[15-16]。I A TSEKMES等[17]利用有限元法在考虑界面热阻的情况下计算了纳米填料颗粒的形状、大小、颗粒团聚状态等因素对复合材料导热系数的影响。闫懂等[18]采用有限元法研究了填料质量分数、填料颗粒分散状态对复合材料导热系数的影响,并用实验验证了模型预测的准确性。付伟伟[19]采用粒子均匀分布的有限元模型计算了填充体积分数、填料粒径对复合材料导热系数的影响。刘加奇等[20]建立了填料颗粒非均匀分布的复合材料二维模型,分析了导热网链结构对体系导热系数的影响。童贞等[21]采用有限元法计算了高填充型复合材料的导热性能并得出大小颗粒混合填充可提高复合材料的导热系数。
目前利用有限元仿真方法研究颗粒状态对复合材料导热系数的影响时,在分析材料内部热通量、颗粒体积不变时长径比取值对复合材料导热系数的影响等方面还不充分。本研究建立填料随机分布的三维有限元模型,忽略填料与基体界面热阻的影响,研究填料的填充比例、导热性能、颗粒大小及形状对复合材料导热性能的影响规律。
本文主要研究微米颗粒填充的复合材料的导热特性,宏观角度上材料为统计均匀的,因此可以通过研究一个典型的宏观物质点即代表体积单元来反映材料的性能[22]。代表体积单元要小到能看作一个宏观物质点,同时代表体积单元的尺寸又要大到能够包含足够多的微观结构信息,体现材料的平均统计性能。本研究填料粒径选取5~20 μm,因此选取代表体积单元为100 μm,使代表体积单元内能够包含足够多的颗粒增强相,从而能够体现材料的平均统计性能。材料的导热系数作为一种固有物理属性,不随材料尺寸大小而变化,因此本研究采取代表体积单元仿真计算得出的导热系数能够反映宏观物质的导热性能,并且仿真计算结果与前人的实验结果具有较好的吻合性。在理想的混合状态下,填料颗粒在基体中充分搅拌分散,填料颗粒的位置为随机分布。在仿真区域内生成三维伪随机数组,在随机数所对应位置作球体或圆柱体颗粒并判断所作几何图形两两之间是否相交,删除相交的颗粒,循环直至生成的颗粒个数符合所设定体积分数的要求。将建立的几何模型导入有限元仿真软件,如图1所示。
采用四面体单元对复合材料的几何模型进行网格划分,并利用有限元仿真软件对小球边界及其内部区域自动进行细化划分,如图2所示。
对于固体传热模型,不考虑热对流;由于采用的温度不高,热辐射几乎可以忽略,因此模型的热传递只考虑热传导。导热系数的测量方法主要分为稳态法和瞬态法,其中稳态法测量精度较高、测量范围适中[23],因此本模型采用稳态法对复合材料的导热系数进行计算。
在稳态情况下复合材料内部的温度不随时间而改变,根据傅里叶定律,得到热传导的微分方程,如式(1)所示。
2Tx2+2Ty2+2Tz2=0
将复合材料的四周设为热绝缘,不与外界发生热交换,即第二类边界条件,如式(2)所示。
TnΓ=0
式(2)中,角标Γ表示复合材料四周的表面。左侧面(S1)初始温度设置为60℃,右侧面(S2)设为20℃,即第一类边界条件,如式(3)所示。
TS1=60
TS2=20
边界条件的设置如图3所示。
利用有限元法求出温度场分布,根据热传导的傅里叶定律[23],复合材料的导热系数由式(4)计算得出。
K=QLΔT
式(4)中:K为等效导热系数;Q为在x方向的复合材料的平均传导热通量,可由有限元仿真软件计算得到;L为模型在x方向的厚度;ΔTx方向左右两侧的温度差。
影响填充型高导热复合材料导热性能的因素主要有基体和填料的导热系数、体积分数、颗粒的形状以及粒径的大小等[4]。为了研究填料颗粒对复合物导热系数的影响,分别构建了不同填充比例、不同填料粒径、不同填料的导热系数以及不同填料颗粒形状的模型,并对仿真结果进行讨论。
设置填料为半径10 μm的小球,将填料和基体的导热系数分别设置为30 W/(m·K)、0.2 W/(m·K),仿真球形Al2O3填充的环氧树脂基复合材料的导热性能。
利用式(4)分别计算填料的体积分数为10%、20%、30%、40%时复合材料的导热系数,与文献[14]中Al2O3填充环氧树脂高导热材料的实测数据进行了对比,结果表明仿真数据的数值大小与变化趋势基本与文献中的实验数据一致,验证了模型的准确性。
图4为导热系数随填料体积分数变化的曲线。从图4可知,随着填料体积分数的提高,复合材料的导热系数明显提高,当填料体积分数达到40%时,复合物的导热系数已经达到了纯环氧树脂(0.2 W/(m·K))的282.2%。
平行于xz平面,在y=50 μm处作截面,复合材料内的传导热通量云图如图5所示。由图5可以看出,在填料颗粒附近由于温度场畸变,传导热通量较基体的其他区域有明显提升。当导热填料的添加比例较低时,填料在聚合物基体中形成“海岛”结构,填料增强相之间几乎没有接触,难以在聚合物内部形成有效的导热通道或网络,因此在低填充下填料对复合材料导热系数的提升作用十分有限[24]。随着填料体积分数的增大,复合材料内部填料颗粒排列更加紧密,填料颗粒之间的平均距离缩短,更容易形成有效的导热通道,因此增大填料的体积分数能够明显提高复合材料的导热性能。
填充型高导热绝缘材料常采用金属氧化物或BN、SiC等无机非金属材料作为填料,其导热系数不尽相同,在实验中采用不同填料时,尽管各种填料本身的导热系数有很大差距,但是复合物的导热系数都能够达到较高水平[4-10]。为了研究填料自身导热系数对复合材料导热性能的影响,将模型中 填料的导热系数分别设为30、60、90、120、150 W/(m·K),以填充30%半径为10 μm的颗粒为例进行仿真计算,得到复合材料的导热系数如图6所示。
图6可以看出,当采用的填料导热系数提高时,复合物的导热系数也随之增大,但是增大的效果并不明显。当填料导热系数从30 W/(m·K)提高到120 W/(m·K)时,复合物的导热系数仅增加了1.8%,增幅几乎可以忽略。这表明填充型复合材料的导热系数主要取决于填料间形成的导热通路、填料之间排列的紧密程度等因素,而与填料本身导热性能的关系不大,因此在研究如何提高复合材料导热系数时,主要的研究方向应为填料颗粒形状、粒径及其在基体中分散情况等方面。
取填料体积分数为10%、20%,分别设置填料颗粒的粒径为5、10、15、20 μm,计算得到复合材料的导热系数如图7所示。
图7可以看出,当填料粒径增大时,复合材料的导热系数仅有微小的变化,在填充体积分数分别为10%、20%,填料粒径由5 μm增大到20 μm时,复合材料的导热系数仅减小了3.93%和12.19%。平行于xz平面,在y=50 μm处作截面,在填充体积分数为10%时,复合材料内的传导热通量云图如图8所示。
图8可以看出,粒径大小对导热系数的影响是复杂多样的。①粒径较小时,在相同体积分数下填料粒子表面积增大,界面热阻也会增大,从而使复合材料的导热系数降低,同时粒径减小可能会造成颗粒团聚,而颗粒与基体接触不紧密也会使导热系数下降;②粒径减小时,在相同体积分数下填料粒子之间的距离会减小,会增强填料之间的相互作用,有利于形成有效的导热网络[25-26]。实验中所采用的填料颗粒的粒径往往在加工过程中存在误差,粒径大小呈现正态分布[27-28],在复合材料中实际上会造成大小颗粒复配的效果,在较大的颗粒间隙中混有较小颗粒,减小了颗粒之间的平均距离,增强了排列的紧密程度,有利于导热通路的形成,从而提高复合材料的导热系数[18]
本研究中复合材料模型不考虑填料与基体之间界面热阻、填料颗粒团聚以及颗粒不均一的现象,从微观层面上研究粒径大小对于导热通路构成的影响。当填料的粒径增大时,复合材料的导热系数仅有轻微降低,一个可能的解释是:在相同的体积分数下填料粒径增大后,对应的颗粒数减少,填料颗粒之间形成导热通路的概率降低,导致复合材料的导热系数下降。从仿真结果来看,填料粒径这一因素对复合材料导热系数的影响很小,而实验中因为粒径变化引起的填料分散状态变化、界面热阻或颗粒不均一等现象对复合材料导热系数的影响更为显著。
不同的填料颗粒形状往往是不同的,其中具有代表性的有球形、圆柱体、纤维状等。通过建立不同填料形状的模型并控制其他变量,研究填料颗粒形状对复合材料导热系数的影响。以圆柱体颗粒半径为10 μm,高分别为20、30、40 μm(即长径比分别为2、3、4)创建填料颗粒随机分布的复合材料模型,研究其导热系数的变化,结果如图9所示。
图9可以看出,在不同的填料体积分数下,不同长径比的圆柱形填料的复合材料导热系数各不相同,这是由于固定圆柱体的底面半径并改变圆柱体的高度导致单个颗粒的体积发生了变化,因此在同一体积分数下颗粒的个数不同,颗粒个数与颗粒形状共同作用下无法单独确定填料形状对复合物导热系数的作用。因此建立了保持单个填料体积相同、填料总填充比例相同且填料粒径不同的模型,如图10所示。将圆柱形填料的半径、高分别取表1所示的参数。填料的体积分数设置为20%,计算得到复合材料的导热系数如图11所示。
图11可知,随着圆柱体填料颗粒长径比的增加,复合材料的导热系数明显上升,这是因为在复合材料中长径比越大的颗粒越容易形成有效的导热通路[9-10,29-30]
S1平面上对边界法向传导热通量进行积分,以表征复合材料的导热或散热效果,利用式(5)进行积分,其中qxx方向上的传导热通量密度,结果如表2所示。
Φ=S1qxdS1
表2可以看出,填料长径比增大后,复合材料的高温边界法向传导热通量增大,表明材料的导热能力提高,散热能力增强。
图12为填料颗粒长径比与体平均传导热通量的关系曲线。由图12可以看出,随着填料颗粒长径比的增加,复合材料的体平均传导热通量提高,而填料内部的体平均传导热通量上升更加明显,填料内部传导的热量显著增多,这表明当填料颗粒长径比增大后,填料之间形成了更通畅的导热通路。
本研究构建了微米颗粒填充的高导热复合材料的仿真模型,研究结果表明:①随着填料填充体积分数的提高,复合材料的导热系数明显提高;②填料自身导热系数对复合材料导热系数的影响很小,填料提高复合材料的导热性能主要取决于能否形成有效的导热通路;③在不考虑界面热阻和填料颗粒团聚的前提下,增大球形填料粒径会使颗粒之间排列的紧密程度降低,不利于导热通道的形成,使复合材料的导热系数略微降低;④对于体积相同的颗粒,其长径比越大,越容易在复合材料内形成有效的导热通道,复合材料的导热系数也就越高。
从本研究的仿真计算结果可以看出,有效构造导热通道是提高填充型高导热材料导热性能的关键,增大填料的长径比、提高填料颗粒排列紧密性等都是有效的方法。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2017YFB0903800)
  • 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室开放基金(EERIKF2019002)
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2021年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.011
  • 接收时间:2020-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-07-07
  • 修回日期:2020-08-07
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国家重点研发计划(2017YFB0903800)
省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室开放基金(EERIKF2019002)
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    华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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